1
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Liang L, Wang B, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Zhang S. Antibody drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2: Time for a rethink? Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116900. [PMID: 38861858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) heavily burdens human health. Multiple neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been issued for emergency use or tested for treating infected patients in the clinic. However, SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) carrying mutations reduce the effectiveness of nAbs by preventing neutralization. Uncoding the mutation profile and immune evasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 can improve the outcome of Ab-mediated therapies. In this review, we first outline the development status of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab drugs and provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their prevalence. We next focus on the failure causes of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab drugs and rethink the design strategy for developing new Ab drugs against COVID-19. This review provides updated information for the development of therapeutic Ab drugs against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likeng Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Sihe Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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2
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Chi LA, Barnes JE, Suresh Patel J, Ytreberg FM. Exploring the ability of the MD+FoldX method to predict SARS-CoV-2 antibody escape mutations using large-scale data. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.595230. [PMID: 38826284 PMCID: PMC11142147 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.595230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Antibody escape mutations pose a significant challenge to the effectiveness of vaccines and antibody-based therapies. The ability to predict these escape mutations with computer simulations would allow us to detect threats early and develop effective countermeasures, but a lack of large-scale experimental data has hampered the validation of these calculations. In this study, we evaluate the ability of the MD+FoldX molecular modeling method to predict escape mutations by leveraging a large deep mutational scanning dataset, focusing on the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. Our results show a positive correlation between predicted and experimental data, indicating that mutations with reduced predicted binding affinity correlate moderately with higher experimental escape fractions. We also demonstrate that better performance can be achieved using affinity cutoffs tailored to distinct antibody-antigen interactions rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. We find that 70% of the systems surpass the 50% precision mark, and demonstrate success in identifying mutations present in significant variants of concern and variants of interest. Despite promising results for some systems, our study highlights the challenges in comparing predicted and experimental values. It also emphasizes the need for new binding affinity methods with improved accuracy that are fast enough to estimate hundreds to thousands of antibody-antigen binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. América Chi
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Barnes
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Jagdish Suresh Patel
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - F. Marty Ytreberg
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
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3
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Leducq V, Zafilaza K, Fauchois A, Ghidaoui E, Sayon S, Dorival C, Meledje ML, Lusivika-Nzinga C, Yordanov Y, Martin-Blondel G, Carrat F, Marcelin AG, Soulie C. Spike Protein Genetic Evolution in Patients at High Risk of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treated by Monoclonal Antibodies. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1341-1351. [PMID: 37996072 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk patients, often immunocompromised and not responding to vaccine, continue to experience severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and death. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were shown to be effective to prevent severe COVID-19 for these patients. Nevertheless, concerns about the emergence of resistance mutations were raised. METHODS We conducted a multicentric prospective cohort study, including 264 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19 and treated early with casirivimab/imdevimab, sotrovimab, or tixagevimab/cilgavimab. We sequenced the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome during follow-up and searched for emerging spike mutations. RESULTS Immunocompromised patients have a 6-fold increased risk of developing mutations, which are associated with a prolonged duration of viral clearance but no clinical worsening. Emerging P337S/R/L/H, E340D/K/A/Q/V/G, and K356T/R substitutions in patients treated with sotrovimab are associated with higher viral RNA loads for up to 14 days post-treatment initiation. Tixagevimab/cilgavimab is associated with a 5-fold increased risk of developing mutations. R346K/I/T/S and K444R/N/M substitutions associated with tixagevimab/cilgavimab have been identified in multiple SARS-CoV-2 lineages, including BQ.1 and XBB. CONCLUSIONS The probability of emerging mutations arising in response to mAbs is significant, emphasizing the crucial need to investigate these mutations thoroughly and assess their impact on patients and the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Leducq
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Laboratoire de virologie, Paris, France
| | - Karen Zafilaza
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Laboratoire de virologie, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Fauchois
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Laboratoire de virologie, Paris, France
| | - Emna Ghidaoui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Laboratoire de virologie, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sayon
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Laboratoire de virologie, Paris, France
| | - Céline Dorival
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie clinique des maladies virales chroniques (CLEPIVIR), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Meledje
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie clinique des maladies virales chroniques (CLEPIVIR), Paris, France
| | - Clovis Lusivika-Nzinga
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie clinique des maladies virales chroniques (CLEPIVIR), Paris, France
| | - Youri Yordanov
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Inserm, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Département de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Laboratoire de virologie, Paris, France
| | - Cathia Soulie
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Laboratoire de virologie, Paris, France
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4
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Timofeeva AM, Shayakhmetova LS, Nikitin AO, Sedykh TA, Matveev AL, Shanshin DV, Volosnikova EA, Merkuleva IA, Shcherbakov DN, Tikunova NV, Sedykh SE, Nevinsky GA. Natural Antibodies Produced in Vaccinated Patients and COVID-19 Convalescents Hydrolyze Recombinant RBD and Nucleocapsid (N) Proteins. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1007. [PMID: 38790969 PMCID: PMC11118737 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are protein molecules whose primary function is to recognize antigens. However, recent studies have demonstrated their ability to hydrolyze specific substrates, such as proteins, oligopeptides, and nucleic acids. In 2023, two separate teams of researchers demonstrated the proteolytic activity of natural plasma antibodies from COVID-19 convalescents. These antibodies were found to hydrolyze the S-protein and corresponding oligopeptides. Our study shows that for antibodies with affinity to recombinant structural proteins of the SARS-CoV-2: S-protein, its fragment RBD and N-protein can only hydrolyze the corresponding protein substrates and are not cross-reactive. By using strict criteria, we have confirmed that this proteolytic activity is an intrinsic property of antibodies and is not caused by impurities co-eluting with them. This discovery suggests that natural proteolytic antibodies that hydrolyze proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus may have a positive impact on disease pathogenesis. It is also possible for these antibodies to work in combination with other antibodies that bind specific epitopes to enhance the process of virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Timofeeva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Artem O. Nikitin
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana A. Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
| | - Andrey L. Matveev
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
| | - Daniil V. Shanshin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (D.N.S.)
| | | | - Iuliia A. Merkuleva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (D.N.S.)
| | - Dmitriy N. Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (D.N.S.)
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Altay State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Nina V. Tikunova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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5
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Salamango DJ. Finally neutralizing the threat? A novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platform that elicits enhanced neutralizing antibody responses. mBio 2024; 15:e0006724. [PMID: 38407097 PMCID: PMC11005347 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00067-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak took the world by storm due to its rapid global spread and unpredictable disease outcomes. The extraordinary ascension of SARS-CoV-2 to pandemic status motivated a world-wide effort to rapidly develop vaccines that could effectively suppress virus spread and mitigate severe disease. These efforts culminated in the development and deployment of several highly effective vaccines that were heralded as the beginning-of-the-end of the pandemic. However, these successes were short lived due to the unexpected and continuous emergence of more transmissible and immune-evasive SARS-CoV-2 variants. Thus, attention has shifted toward developing novel vaccine platforms that elicit more robust and sustained neutralizing antibody responses. Recent findings by Muñoz-Alía and colleagues address this by combining a live recombinant measles vaccine platform with novel biochemical approaches to generate vaccine candidates that bolster the potency of neutralizing antibody responses against diverse SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (M. Á. Muñoz-Alía, R. A. Nace, B. Balakrishnan, L. Zhang, et al., mBio 9:e02928-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02928-23).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Salamango
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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6
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Monteiro MES, Lechuga GC, Napoleão-Pêgo P, Carvalho JPRS, Gomes LR, Morel CM, Provance DW, De-Simone SG. Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Motif Linear Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:342. [PMID: 38675725 PMCID: PMC11055068 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has led to a significant economic and social burden on a global scale. Even though the pandemic has concluded, apprehension remains regarding the emergence of highly transmissible variants capable of evading immunity induced by either vaccination or prior infection. The success of viral penetration is due to the specific amino acid residues of the receptor-binding motif (RBM) involved in viral attachment. This region interacts with the cellular receptor ACE2, triggering a neutralizing antibody (nAb) response. In this study, we evaluated serum immunogenicity from individuals who received either a single dose or a combination of different vaccines against the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and a mutated linear RBM. Despite a modest antibody response to wild-type SARS-CoV-2 RBM, the Omicron variants exhibit four mutations in the RBM (S477N, T478K, E484A, and F486V) that result in even lower antibody titers. The primary immune responses observed were directed toward IgA and IgG. While nAbs typically target the RBD, our investigation has unveiled reduced seroreactivity within the RBD's crucial subregion, the RBM. This deficiency may have implications for the generation of protective nAbs. An evaluation of S1WT and S2WT RBM peptides binding to nAbs using microscale thermophoresis revealed a higher affinity (35 nM) for the S2WT sequence (GSTPCNGVEGFNCYF), which includes the FNCY patch. Our findings suggest that the linear RBM of SARS-CoV-2 is not an immunodominant region in vaccinated individuals. Comprehending the intricate dynamics of the humoral response, its interplay with viral evolution, and host genetics is crucial for formulating effective vaccination strategies, targeting not only SARS-CoV-2 but also anticipating potential future coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. S. Monteiro
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (M.E.S.M.); (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (J.P.R.S.C.); (L.R.G.); (C.M.M.); (D.W.P.)
- Program of Post-Graduation on Parasitic Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Lechuga
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (M.E.S.M.); (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (J.P.R.S.C.); (L.R.G.); (C.M.M.); (D.W.P.)
- Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (M.E.S.M.); (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (J.P.R.S.C.); (L.R.G.); (C.M.M.); (D.W.P.)
- Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - João P. R. S. Carvalho
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (M.E.S.M.); (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (J.P.R.S.C.); (L.R.G.); (C.M.M.); (D.W.P.)
- Program of Post-Graduation on Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, RJ, Brazil
| | - Larissa R. Gomes
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (M.E.S.M.); (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (J.P.R.S.C.); (L.R.G.); (C.M.M.); (D.W.P.)
| | - Carlos M. Morel
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (M.E.S.M.); (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (J.P.R.S.C.); (L.R.G.); (C.M.M.); (D.W.P.)
| | - David W. Provance
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (M.E.S.M.); (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (J.P.R.S.C.); (L.R.G.); (C.M.M.); (D.W.P.)
- Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Salvatore G. De-Simone
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (M.E.S.M.); (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (J.P.R.S.C.); (L.R.G.); (C.M.M.); (D.W.P.)
- Program of Post-Graduation on Parasitic Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Program of Post-Graduation on Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, RJ, Brazil
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7
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Li X, Zeng F, Yue R, Ma D, Meng Z, Li Q, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Liao Y, Liao Y, Jiang G, Zhao H, Yu L, Li D, Zhang Y, Liu L, Li Q. Heterologous Booster Immunization Based on Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Enhances Humoral Immunity and Promotes BCR Repertoire Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:120. [PMID: 38400104 PMCID: PMC10891849 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that sequentially administering SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can result in increased antibody and cellular immune responses. In this study, we compared homologous and heterologous immunization strategies following two doses of inactivated vaccines in a mouse model. Our research demonstrates that heterologous sequential immunization resulted in more immune responses displayed in the lymph node germinal center, which induced a greater number of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), resulting in enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses and increased cross-protection against five variant strains. In further single B-cell analysis, the above findings were supported by the presence of unique B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires and diversity in CDR3 sequence profiles elicited by a heterologous booster immunization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Longding Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China (Y.Z.)
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8
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Kibria MG, Lavine CL, Tang W, Wang S, Gao H, Shi W, Zhu H, Voyer J, Rits‐Volloch S, Keerti, Bi C, Peng H, Wesemann DR, Lu J, Xie H, Seaman MS, Chen B. Antibody-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry in cultured cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57724. [PMID: 38277394 PMCID: PMC10702815 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters host cells by first engaging its cellular receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to induce conformational changes in the virus-encoded spike protein and fusion between the viral and target cell membranes. Here, we report that certain monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against distinct epitopic regions of the receptor-binding domain of the spike can replace ACE2 to serve as a receptor and efficiently support membrane fusion and viral infectivity in vitro. These receptor-like antibodies can function in the form of a complex of their soluble immunoglobulin G with Fc-gamma receptor I, a chimera of their antigen-binding fragment with the transmembrane domain of ACE2 or a membrane-bound B cell receptor, indicating that ACE2 and its specific interaction with the spike protein are dispensable for SARS-CoV-2 entry. These results suggest that antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 may help expand the viral tropism to otherwise nonpermissive cell types with potential implications for viral transmission and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golam Kibria
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - Weichun Tang
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMDUSA
| | | | - Hailong Gao
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Haisun Zhu
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of MedicineBostonMAUSA
| | - Jewel Voyer
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Keerti
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardBostonMAUSA
| | - Caihong Bi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardBostonMAUSA
| | - Hanqin Peng
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardBostonMAUSA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Codex BioSolutions, Inc.RockvilleMDUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Hang Xie
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMDUSA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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9
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Liu M, Liang Z, Cheng ZJ, Liu L, Liu Q, Mai Y, Chen H, Lei B, Yu S, Chen H, Zheng P, Sun B. SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody therapies: Recent advances and future challenges. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2464. [PMID: 37322826 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents an unparalleled global public health crisis. Despite concerted research endeavours, the repertoire of effective treatment options remains limited. However, neutralising-antibody-based therapies hold promise across an array of practices, encompassing the prophylaxis and management of acute infectious diseases. Presently, numerous investigations into COVID-19-neutralising antibodies are underway around the world, with some studies reaching clinical application stages. The advent of COVID-19-neutralising antibodies signifies the dawn of an innovative and promising strategy for treatment against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Comprehensively, our objective is to amalgamate contemporary understanding concerning antibodies targeting various regions, including receptor-binding domain (RBD), non-RBD, host cell targets, and cross-neutralising antibodies. Furthermore, we critically examine the prevailing scientific literature supporting neutralising antibody-based interventions, and also delve into the functional evaluation of antibodies, with a particular focus on in vitro (vivo) assays. Lastly, we identify and consider several pertinent challenges inherent to the realm of COVID-19-neutralising antibody-based treatments, offering insights into potential future directions for research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiman Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangkai J Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwen Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyin Mai
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Baoying Lei
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangwei Yu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Zeng Z, Geng X, Wen X, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Dong Z, Hao L, Wang T, Yang J, Zhang R, Zheng K, Sun Z, Zhang Y. Novel receptor, mutation, vaccine, and establishment of coping mode for SARS-CoV-2: current status and future. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1232453. [PMID: 37645223 PMCID: PMC10461067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its resultant pneumonia in December 2019, the cumulative number of infected people worldwide has exceeded 670 million, with over 6.8 million deaths. Despite the marketing of multiple series of vaccines and the implementation of strict prevention and control measures in many countries, the spread and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 have not been completely and effectively controlled. The latest research shows that in addition to angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), dozens of protein molecules, including AXL, can act as host receptors for SARS-CoV-2 infecting human cells, and virus mutation and immune evasion never seem to stop. To sum up, this review summarizes and organizes the latest relevant literature, comprehensively reviews the genome characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 as well as receptor-based pathogenesis (including ACE2 and other new receptors), mutation and immune evasion, vaccine development and other aspects, and proposes a series of prevention and treatment opinions. It is expected to provide a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 along with a research basis and new ideas for the diagnosis and classification, of COVID-19-related disease and for drug and vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomu Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, National Regional Medical Center for Nervous System Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuchao Geng
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Xichao Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixi Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zishu Dong
- Department of Zoology, Advanced Research Institute, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Liangchao Hao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jifeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ruobing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Kebin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Chang X, Liu X, Martina B, Zeltins A, Augusto G, Vogel M, Mohsen MO, Speiser DE, Bachmann MF. Vaccination using mutated receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2: Evidence for partial immune escape but not serotype formation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114396. [PMID: 36845100 PMCID: PMC9950740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 has developed a number of Variants of Concern (VOC) with increased infectivity and/or reduced recognition by neutralizing antibodies specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Extended studies of other viruses have shown that strong and broad viral escape from neutralizing serum antibodies is typically associated with the formation of serotypes. Methods To address the question of serotype formation for SARS-CoV-2 in detail, we generated recombinant RBDs of VOCs and displayed them on virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccination and specific antibody responses. Results As expected, mice immunized with wild type (wt) RBD generated antibodies that recognized wt RBD well but displayed reduced binding to VOC RBDs, in particular those with the E484K mutation. Unexpectedly, however, antibodies induced by the VOC vaccines typically recognized best the wt RBDs, often more than the homologous VOC RBDs used for immunization. Hence, these data do not reveal different serotypes but represent a newly observed viral evolution, suggesting a unique situation where inherent differences of RBDs are responsible for induction of neutralizing antibodies. Discussion Therefore, besides antibody (fine) specificity, other qualities of antibodies (e.g. their affinity) determine neutralizing capability. Immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs only affects a fraction of an individual's serum antibodies. Consequently, many neutralizing serum antibodies are cross-reactive and thus protective against multiple current and future VOCs. Besides considering variant sequences for next generation vaccines, broader protection will be achieved with vaccines that induce elevated titers of high-quality antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chang
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xuelan Liu
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, University of Riga, Riga, Latvia
| | - Gilles Augusto
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mona O. Mohsen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Saiba GmbH, Pfäffikon, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Chang MR, Ke H, Losada Miguéns L, Coherd C, Nguyen K, Kamkaew M, Johnson R, Storm N, Honko A, Zhu Q, Griffiths A, Marasco WA. The variable conversion of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 single-chain antibodies to IgG provides insight into RBD epitope accessibility. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzad008. [PMID: 37561410 PMCID: PMC10505556 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies have rapidly become a powerful class of therapeutics with applications covering a diverse range of clinical indications. Though most widely used for the treatment of cancer, mAbs are also playing an increasing role in the defense of viral infections, most recently with palivizumab for prevention and treatment of severe RSV infections in neonatal and pediatric populations. In addition, during the COVID-19 pandemic, mAbs provided a bridge to the rollout of vaccines; however, their continued role as a therapeutic option for those at greatest risk of severe disease has become limited due to the emergence of neutralization resistant Omicron variants. Although there are many techniques for the identification of mAbs, including single B cell cloning and immunization of genetically engineered mice, the low cost, rapid throughput and technological simplicity of antibody phage display has led to its widespread adoption in mAb discovery efforts. Here we used our 27-billion-member naïve single-chain antibody (scFv) phage library to identify a panel of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 scFvs targeting diverse epitopes on the receptor binding domain (RBD). Although typically a routine process, we found that upon conversion to IgG, a number of our most potent clones failed to maintain their neutralization potency. Kinetic measurements confirmed similar affinity to the RBD; however, mechanistic studies provide evidence that the loss of neutralization is a result of structural limitations likely arising from initial choice of panning antigen. Thus this work highlights a risk of scFv-phage panning to mAb conversion and the importance of initial antigen selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Chang
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hanzhong Ke
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Losada Miguéns
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christian Coherd
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Katrina Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maliwan Kamkaew
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nadia Storm
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anna Honko
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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