1
|
Harder K, England S, Naden K. CANINE HOOKWORM PRESENCE IN TONGATAPU, TONGA. J Parasitol 2024; 110:49-53. [PMID: 38348968 DOI: 10.1645/23-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dogs are common in Tonga, where they exist in a close relationship with humans as pets and guard dogs and often are free-roaming due to limited property fencing and the need to scavenge for food. Little is known about the health status of these dogs and the type and level of pathogens carried by them. In this study, blood and fecal samples were analyzed to identify the presence of endoparasites and determine packed cell volume (PCV) values for dogs in Tonga. The current data deficit in this area made it necessary to develop a methodology and collect preliminary data to assist with future research in Tonga. Fecal analysis revealed hookworm in 73% of dogs, primarily those 4-12 mo old. Hematologic evaluation revealed low to borderline low PCV in 87% of dogs. The zoonotic nature of some of the pathogens identified poses a public health risk, with a particular risk for children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Harder
- School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sarah England
- School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kristina Naden
- School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bradbury R, Inagaki K, Singh G, Agana U, Patterson K, Malloch L, Rodriguez E, Qvarnstrom Y, Hobbs CV. A Pilot Comparison of Fixatives for Hookworm Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:335-339. [PMID: 36509060 PMCID: PMC9896329 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is increasingly used in the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth infections. Despite this, few studies have evaluated the impact of different fecal fixatives on the outcome of fecal helminth qPCR analysis, and none have evaluated the effect of commercial parasitology fixatives commonly used in diagnostic laboratories. We fixed dog feces containing Ancylostoma spp. hookworm eggs in zinc polyvinyl alcohol (Zn-PVA) and Total-Fix, and with 70% ethanol (EtOH) as a control. DNA was extracted at timepoints 11, 33, 64, and 94 days and subjected to Ancylostoma spp. quantitative PCR (qPCR). A linear regression model was created to assess the effect of preservative types on the temporal change of qPCR quantification cycle number (Cq) values, accounting for variances among individual animals. Fixation in 70% EtOH least affected Cq values over 94 days. Total-Fix preservation yielded a higher Cq overall, but there was no significant difference compared with 70% EtOH fixation. Fixation in Zn-PVA resulted in significantly (P < 0.001) higher Cq values than 70% EtOH after only 33 days and loss of amplification at 64 days. Consistent with other helminth fixation studies, 70% EtOH performed well in preserving hookworm DNA over 94 days. Total-Fix provided a comparable alternative for qPCR analysis for hookworm. Fixation in Zn-PVA resulted in loss of detectable hookworm DNA at 64 days, as determined by qPCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kengo Inagaki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Children’s of Mississippi, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Gurbaksh Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Children’s of Mississippi, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Urita Agana
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Children’s of Mississippi, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Kayla Patterson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Children’s of Mississippi, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Lacy Malloch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Children’s of Mississippi, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Eduardo Rodriguez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yvonne Qvarnstrom
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charlotte V. Hobbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Children’s of Mississippi, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu FF, Niu YF, Chen WQ, Liu SS, Li JR, Jiang P, Wang ZQ, Cui J, Zhang X. Hookworm infection in central China: morphological and molecular diagnosis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:537. [PMID: 34649597 PMCID: PMC8518228 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necator americanus is one of the major etiological agents of human ancylostomiasis. Historically, the epidemiology of ancylostomiasis in Henan Province of central China and the molecular characteristics of N. americanus have been poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we report a case of ancylostomiasis in Zhengzhou city of Henan Province. We also review the epidemiology of ancylostomiasis in Henan Province from 1949 to 2020. In addition, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of one clinical isolate is fully characterized using Illumina sequencing. All available mt genomes of hookworms in GenBank were included to reconstruct the phylogeny using both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. RESULTS A total of three worms were collected from the patient. These worms were identified as N. americanus based on morphological characteristics as well as confirmed by genotyping with the barcoding gene cox1. Although ancylostomiasis cases have dropped substantially in recent years, hookworm infection is still a public health problem in underdeveloped areas and remote rural areas in Henan Province. The mt genome features of the N. americanus contained 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a major non-coding region. The nad1 gene showed high sequence variability among isolates, which is worth considering for future genetic studies of N. americanus. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of hookworm isolates from different hosts and distinct geographical locations. CONCLUSIONS The mt genome of N. americanus presented here will serve as a useful data set for studying population genetics and phylogenetic relationships of hookworms. Positive measures for preventing and controlling ancylostomiasis are required by both health services and individuals in Henan Province.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang Xu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yu Fei Niu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wen Qing Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Sha Sha Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jing Ru Li
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Comparative mitogenomics of Spirocerca lupi from South Africa and China: Variation and possible heteroplasmy. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109595. [PMID: 34678674 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of Spirocerca lupi isolated from a dog in South Africa was sequenced using next generation sequencing (NGS) technology and the 12 protein coding genes along with the two rRNA genes were compared to 18 other nematode species as well as S. lupi from China. The mitochondrial genome of S. lupi South Africa had a mean genetic diversity of 6.1 % compared to S. lupi China with some variation in nucleotide composition, gene positioning and size. Pairwise distance results indicated slightly higher variation when compared to the pairwise distances of other closely related species, however, this variation was not high enough for it to be considered a cryptic species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that S. lupi from the two continents are very similar. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the nad2 gene with ten sequence variants identified from 10 clones from a single nematode, suggesting possible heteroplasmy. The origin of the heteroplasmy is currently unknown but it is speculated to have arisen from accumulated mutations in the mitochondria during somatic replication.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Liu Y, Wang W, Zhou X, Yi J, Zuo Z, Xie Y. The complete mitochondrial genome of the beef cattle hookworm Bunostomum phlebotomum (Nematoda: Bunostominae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2021; 6:617-619. [PMID: 33644389 PMCID: PMC7894435 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1875918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bovine hookworm Bunostomum phlebotomum (Nematoda: Bunostominae) is a blood-feeding nematode with important socioeconomic impact in the cattle breeding industry. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a representative individual of B. phlebotomum from beef cattle in Southwest China was determined using the next generation sequencing technology. The genome was 13,799 bp in size and encoded 12 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes and two rRNA genes. The phylogeny revealed that although B. phlebotomum from Chinese beef cattle and yaks were more closely related to each other than to that from Australian cows, these three bovine-originated B. phlebotomum grouped together and formed paraphyletic relationships with Bunostomum trigonocephalum (goat/sheep hookworm) and Necator americanus (human hookworm), supporting their sister-species relationships within Bunostominae. The cumulative mitochondrial DNA data provides a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships of this species in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Li
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lidan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunjian Liu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Animal Husbandry Research Institute of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Yi
- Animal Husbandry Research Institute of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|