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Liu Y, Liu X, Geng J. Effects of unilateral, bilateral, and combined unilateral+bilateral complex resistance training on bench press and squat strength in adolescent boxers. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1321519. [PMID: 38500539 PMCID: PMC10944882 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1321519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the effects of 8 weeks of unilateral (UNI), bilateral (BI), and combined unilateral + bilateral (UNI + BI) resistance training on bench press and squat strength in adolescent boxers. Methods: Using the Gym Aware linear accelerometer, free-weight squat and bench press strength exercises were evaluated after an 8-week training intervention. Thirty adolescent boxers were randomly assigned to three groups: UNI, height: 1.73 ± 0.08 m, weight: 55.42 ± 5.85 kg; UNI + BI, height: 1.7 ± 0.06 m, weight: 54.73 ± 5.33 kg; and BI, height: 1.74 ± 0.06 m, weight: 59.67 ± 8.39 kg. Each group followed their designated UNI/BI/UNI + BI compound resistance training protocols, and the effects of 8 weeks of single-sided and bilateral intervention training on the performance of free-weight squat and bench press exercises at 30%, 50%, and 80% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM) were evaluated. Results: Significant improvements were observed in the 30% 1RM, 50% 1RM, and 80% 1RM outcomes for both squat and bench press exercises before and after the interventions (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). In the intergroup comparison, GymAware measurements revealed that the UNI and UNI + BI groups exhibited superior peak power values for squat and bench press exercises at 30% 1RM compared to the BI group. Discussion: UNI and UNI + BI training led to significantly higher output power values in bench press and squat exercises at 30% 1RM compared to the BI training group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Sports Science Postdoctoral Mobility Station, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
- School of Physical Education, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiaxian Geng
- Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Merlo R, Rodríguez-Chávez Á, Gómez-Castañeda PE, Rojas-Jaramillo A, Petro JL, Kreider RB, Bonilla DA. Profiling the Physical Performance of Young Boxers with Unsupervised Machine Learning: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:131. [PMID: 37505618 PMCID: PMC10384265 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico City is the location with the largest number of boxers in Mexico; in fact, it is the first city in the country to open a Technological Baccalaureate in Education and Sports Promotion with a pugilism orientation. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the physical-functional profile of applicants for admission to the baccalaureate in sports. A total of 227 young athletes (44F; 183M; 15.65 (1.79) years; 63.66 (14.98) kg; >3 years of boxing experience) participated in this study. Body mass (BM), maximal isometric handgrip (HG) strength, the height of the countermovement jump (CMJ), the velocity of straight boxing punches (PV), and the rear hand punch impact force (PIF) were measured. The young boxers were profiled using unsupervised machine learning algorithms, and the probability of superiority (ρ) was calculated as the effect size of the differences. K-Medoids clustering resulted in two sex-independent significantly different groups: Profile 1 (n = 118) and Profile 2 (n = 109). Except for BM, Profile 2 was statistically higher (p < 0.001) with a clear distinction in terms of superiority on PIF (ρ = 0.118), the PIF-to-BM ratio (ρ = 0.017), the PIF-to-HG ratio (ρ = 0.079) and the PIF-to-BM+HG ratio (ρ = 0.008). In general, strength levels explained most of the data variation; therefore, it is reasonable to recommend the implementation of tests aimed at assessing the levels of isometric and applied strength in boxing gestures. The identification of these physical-functional profiles might help to differentiate training programs during sports specialization of young boxing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Merlo
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Leon 37530, Mexico
- Colegio Profesional de Licenciados en Entrenamiento Deportivo (CPLED), Mexico City 03650, Mexico
| | - Ángel Rodríguez-Chávez
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Leon 37530, Mexico
| | - Pedro E Gómez-Castañeda
- Colegio Profesional de Licenciados en Entrenamiento Deportivo (CPLED), Mexico City 03650, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Entrenadores Deportivos, Comisión Nacional de Cultura Física y Deporte, Mexico City 08400, Mexico
| | - Andrés Rojas-Jaramillo
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación CINDA, Instituto Departamental de Deportes de Antioquia (INDEPORTES), Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Jorge L Petro
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Diego A Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
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Liu Y, Li L, Yan X, He X, Zhao B. Biomechanics of the lead straight punch and related indexes between sanda fighters and boxers from the perspective of cross-border talent transfer. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1099682. [PMID: 36726378 PMCID: PMC9885259 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1099682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To bridge the technical gaps in reserve athletes in China's national boxing program and to rapidly improve the overall level of boxing, the Wushu Sports Administration Center of the General Administration of Sports of China has sent outstanding Sanda players to boxing events through cross-border talent transfer. This was done to widely improve the strengths and resources in various fields to prepare for the Tokyo Olympic Games. In view of this, we analyzed and compared differences in biomechanical parameters of the lead straight punch and index of force developments of the lower extremities between Sanda and boxing. The results provide information and insights to bridge the technical gaps in cross-border talent transfer from Sanda to boxing. Methods: We employed a Vicon infrared 3D motion capture system, two Kistler platforms, a Kistler target, and a synchronous instrument. Eleven boxers and sixteen Sanda athletes were recruited, and their lead straight punch techniques were compared and analyzed. Three indexes of punch velocity, six indexes of strength measurement, and four indexes of lower extremity strength were analyzed. Results: Significant differences in the peak punch velocity and contact velocity were found between the two groups. Furthermore, significant differences were noted in the peak impulse, peak strength, relative strength, and the rate of force development (RFD). Among the kinetics indexes of lower limbs, the front leg strength index was higher in the boxing group than in the Sanda group, namely the RFD index and RFD/body mass. Conclusion: Based on the disparity in the effects of the lead straight punch and biomechanical parameters of both lower extremities, we can conclude that, compared to the boxers, most Sanda athletes lack standard punching technique. Therefore, it is advised that coaches and practitioners carefully consider selecting Sanda athletes with higher technical standards of punching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Sports Science Postdoctoral Research Station, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China,School of Physical Education, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China,Chinese Guoshu Academy, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China,School of Wushu, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Physical Education, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianliang Yan
- School of Physical Education, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinseng He
- School of Physical Education, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Sports Science Postdoctoral Research Station, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China,Chinese Guoshu Academy, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China,School of Wushu, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Bin Zhao,
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Variations in Power Performance and Perceptual Responses to Training in Olympic Boxers Over a 7-Month Training Period. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:414-419. [PMID: 36854311 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the variations in power performance and perceptual training responses and compare the physical performance of national boxing athletes qualified or not qualified for the Tokyo Olympic Games over a 7-month training period. METHODS Twelve amateur boxers from the Brazilian national team were tested 6 times across 7 months. In the first assessment, boxers performed squat and countermovement jumps and bench press, prone bench pull, half squat, and jump squat power tests. In the following testing sessions, only countermovement jump and bench press power were assessed. In addition, the rating of perceived exertion and total quality recovery status were assessed in 106 training sessions across the study. Independent t test and repeated-measures analysis of variance were used for data analysis purposes. RESULTS No significant differences (P > .05) were observed between Olympic and non-Olympic groups for any test variables (effect size [95% CI] ranging from 0.01 [-1.13 to 1.13] to 0.69 [-0.53 to 1.79]). No significant changes (P > .05) were detected throughout the study for countermovement jump height and bench press power in either group (effect size [95% CI] ranging from 0.01 [-1.13 to 1.13] to 1.03 [-0.25 to 2.14]). Overall, both groups exhibited similar variations in both rating of perceived exertion and total quality recovery over the 7-month period. CONCLUSIONS Within the same national team, power-related performance was similar between Olympic and non-Olympic boxers. The maintenance of power abilities and optimization of technical and tactical skills seem to be key issues to consider during the final stages of preparation for international boxing competitions.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Beattie, K and Ruddock, AD. The role of strength on punch impact force in boxing. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The ability to punch with a high impact force is beneficial to boxers as there is an increased likelihood of success. Punch impact force differentiates between performance level, weight class, gender, and punch type in competitive boxers. Although technique is likely to play a major role in punch impact force, the capabilities of the neuromuscular system may also be a limiting factor. This review examines the role of strength on punch impact force in amateur and professional boxers. The maximal strength qualities of the lower body, as well as explosive strength qualities of both the upper and lower body, are largely associated with punch impact force in elite amateur boxers. Specifically, elite amateur boxers who punch with "high" impact forces have greater levels of lower-body maximal strength and explosive strength when compared with elite amateurs who punch with "low" impact forces. However, the maximal strength capabilities of the upper body are not associated with punch impact force and does not differentiate between elite boxers who punch with "high" and "low" impact forces. Therefore, based off the present evidence, this review recommends that for boxers who aim to develop their punch impact force, it may be advantageous to emphasize both maximal and explosive strength development of the legs, with only an explosive strength focus in the upper body. However, it is important to highlight that, to date, there are a lack of experimental studies in both elite amateur and professional boxing. Furthermore, there is a dearth of research in female boxing. Future experimental studies are needed to infer causality regarding the role that strength training has on punch impact force in both elite amateur and professional boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Beattie
- Department of Sport & Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland; and
| | - Alan D Ruddock
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Finlay MJ. World Heavyweight Championship boxing: The past 30+ years of the male division. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263038. [PMID: 35073382 PMCID: PMC8786172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from the past 30+ years of the male boxing World Heavyweight Championship (n = 182 bouts) was obtained. The USA were the most represented and produced more champions than any other nation, followed by the UK, Ukraine and Russia. Denmark (100%), Ukraine (85.4%) and the UK (67.3%) produced the greatest ‘success rates’ in World Heavyweight Championship contests. Where possible, comparisons between bout winners and losers were also made. Winners were significantly taller (p < 0.001, d = 0.35) and had a greater reach (p = 0.003, d = 0.23) when compared to losers. Championship bouts were settled by the following methods: a form of knockout (101), points decision (57), retirement (14), draw (3), disqualification (3), technical decision (1), whilst 3 no contests were omitted from the analysis. Total punches thrown and landed, and jabs and power punches thrown and landed were consistently significantly greater (p < 0.005, d = 0.27–0.73) in winners, compared to losers. Winners were more accurate compared to their losing counterparts by ~ 8 percentage points. The data presented in the present study clearly show some anthropometric advantages of championship bout winners, compared to their unsuccessful counterparts, and that winners are more active and accurate when compared to losers. The punch output data, albeit very basic, may be useful in informing tactical strategy and preparation of heavyweight prospects. Likewise, the data in the present study may be an interesting resource for professional boxing enthusiasts. Future research should seek to replicate the analysis in the present study across other weight divisions to explore any potential differences between weight classes. Additionally, extending the analysis to female boxing may provide interesting comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell James Finlay
- Sports Injury Research Group, Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Loturco I, McGuigan MR, Freitas TT, Bishop C, Alcaraz PE, Romano F, Alves M, Reis VP, Pereira LA, Franchini E. Variations in the Physical Performance of Olympic Boxers over a Four-Day National Qualifying Tournament. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9050062. [PMID: 34065866 PMCID: PMC8151014 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine changes in body mass (BM) and power-related measures in Olympic boxers during an official qualifying boxing tournament. Fourteen elite amateur boxers from the Brazilian National Team (eight men and six women) participated in this study. Athletes performed three fights in four days against the same opponent of the same weight-category. Before and immediately after every fight, BM, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and power production in the bench-press and half-squat exercises were assessed in the same order and on the same time of the day. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with the Bonferroni post-hoc analysis was used to determine the variations between pre- and post-measures. The statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. The athletes were able to maintain their baseline weight and physical performance throughout the experimental period, as shown by the lack of significant changes in BM, CMJ height, and upper- and lower-limb power output. Throughout a four-day qualifying tournament, the BM and power-related performance of Olympic boxers were not affected either by match execution or by successive matches. As scoring actions are highly dependent on muscle power, it is likely that these combat athletes are able to maintain optimal levels of performance across consecutive matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (V.P.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF037 1DL, Wales, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3702-5284
| | - Michael R. McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (V.P.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London NW1 4RL, UK;
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Felipe Romano
- Brazilian Boxing Confederation, São Paulo 05075-010, Brazil; (F.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Mateus Alves
- Brazilian Boxing Confederation, São Paulo 05075-010, Brazil; (F.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Valter P. Reis
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (V.P.R.); (L.A.P.)
| | - Lucas A. Pereira
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (V.P.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil;
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