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Chen S, Li Y, Li X, Wu Q, Puig M, Moulin F, Gingrich J, Guo L. Metabolism and liver toxicity of cannabidiol. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2024; 42:238-254. [PMID: 38904421 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2024.2366741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Increasing public interest has resulted in the widespread use of non-pharmaceutical cannabidiol (CBD) products. The sales of CBD products continue to rise, accompanied by concerns regarding unsubstantiated benefits, lack of product quality control, and potential health risks. Both animal and human studies have revealed a spectrum of toxicological effects linked to the use of CBD. Adverse effects related to exposure of humans to CBD include changes in appetite, gastrointestinal discomfort, fatigue, and elevated liver aminotransferase enzymes. Animal studies reported changes in organ weight, reproduction, liver function, and the immune system. This review centers on human-derived data, including clinical studies and in vitro investigations. Animal studies are also included when human data is not available. The objective is to offer an overview of CBD-related hepatotoxicity, metabolism, and potential CBD-drug interactions, thereby providing insights into the current understanding of CBD's impact on human health. It's important to note that this review does not serve as a risk assessment but seeks to summarize available information to contribute to the broader understanding of potential toxicological effects of CBD on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Yuxi Li
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Montserrat Puig
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Frederic Moulin
- Division of Hepatology and Nutrition, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Gingrich
- Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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Guo X, Xu H, Seo JE. Application of HepaRG cells for genotoxicity assessment: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2024; 42:214-237. [PMID: 38566478 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2024.2331956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the use of human-derived metabolically competent cells for genotoxicity testing. The HepaRG cell line is considered one of the most promising cell models because it is TP53-proficient and retains many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. In recent years, HepaRG cells, cultured in both a traditional two-dimensional (2D) format and as more advanced in-vivo-like 3D spheroids, have been employed in assays that measure different types of genetic toxicity endpoints, including DNA damage, mutations, and chromosomal damage. This review summarizes published studies that have used HepaRG cells for genotoxicity assessment, including cell model evaluation studies and risk assessment for various compounds. Both 2D and 3D HepaRG models can be adapted to several high-throughput genotoxicity assays, generating a large number of data points that facilitate quantitative benchmark concentration modeling. With further validation, HepaRG cells could serve as a unique, human-based new alternative methodology for in vitro genotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Hannah Xu
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
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Li X, He X, Le Y, Guo X, Bryant MS, Atrakchi AH, McGovern TJ, Davis-Bruno KL, Keire DA, Heflich RH, Mei N. Genotoxicity evaluation of nitrosamine impurities using human TK6 cells transduced with cytochrome P450s. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3077-3089. [PMID: 35882637 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many nitrosamines are recognized as mutagens and potent rodent carcinogens. Over the past few years, nitrosamine impurities have been detected in various drugs leading to drug recalls. Although nitrosamines are included in a 'cohort of concern' because of their potential human health risks, most of this concern is based on rodent cancer and bacterial mutagenicity data, and there are little data on their genotoxicity in human-based systems. In this study, we employed human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells transduced with human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 to evaluate the genotoxicity of six nitrosamines that have been identified as impurities in drug products: N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosoethylisopropylamine (NEIPA), N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutanoic acid (NMBA), N-nitrosomethylphenylamine (NMPA), N-nitrosodiisopropylamine (NDIPA), and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA). Using flow cytometry-based assays, we found that 24-h treatment with NDEA, NEIPA, NMBA, and NMPA caused concentration-dependent increases in the phosphorylation of histone H2A.X (γH2A.X) in CYP2A6-expressing TK6 cells. Metabolism of these four nitrosamines by CYP2A6 also caused significant increases in micronucleus frequency as well as G2/M phase cell-cycle arrest. In addition, nuclear P53 activation was found in CYP2A6-expressing TK6 cells exposed to NDEA, NEIPA, and NMPA. Overall, the genotoxic potency of the six nitrosamine impurities in our test system was NMPA > NDEA ≈ NEIPA > NMBA > NDBA ≈ NDIPA. This study provides new information on the genotoxic potential of nitrosamines in human cells, complementing test results generated from traditional assays and partially addressing the issue of the relevance of nitrosamine genotoxicity for humans. The metabolically competent human cell system reported here may be a useful model for risk assessment of nitrosamine impurities found in drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Li
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xiaobo He
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuan Le
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Matthew S Bryant
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Aisar H Atrakchi
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Timothy J McGovern
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Karen L Davis-Bruno
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David A Keire
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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