A Review on Purification and Characterization of Anti-proliferative Peptides Derived from Fish Protein Hydrolysate

Preparation, design, identification and application of self-assembly peptides from seafood: A review

Hydrogels formed by self-assembling peptides with low toxicity and high biocompatibility have been widely used in food and biomedical fields. Seafood contains rich protein resources and is also one of the important sources of natural bioactive peptides. The self-assembled peptides in seafood have good functional activity and are very beneficial to human health. In this review, the sequence of seafood self-assembly peptide was introduced, and the preparation, screening, identification and characterization. The rule of self-assembled peptides was elucidated from amino acid sequence composition, amino acid properties (hydrophilic, hydrophobic and electric), secondary structure, interaction and peptide properties (hydrophilic and hydrophobic). It was introduced that the application of hydrogels formed by self-assembled peptides, which lays a theoretical foundation for the development of seafood self-assembled peptides in functional foods and the application of biological materials.

From Sea to Lab: Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibition by Marine Peptides-Mechanisms and Applications

To reveal potent ACE inhibitors, researchers screen various bioactive peptides from several sources, and more attention has been given to aquatic sources. This review summarizes the recent research achievements on marine peptides with ACE-inhibitory action and application. Marine peptides are considered excellent bioactives due to their large structural diversity and unusual bioactivities. The mechanisms by which these marine peptides inhibit ACE include competitive binding to ACEs' active site, interfering with ACE conformational changes, and avoiding the identification of substrates. The unique 3D attributes of marine peptides confer inhibition advantages toward ACE activity. Because IC50 values of marine peptides' interaction with ACE are low, structure-based research assumes that the interaction between ACE and peptides increased the therapeutic application. Numerous studies on marine peptides focused on the sustainable extraction of ACE-inhibitory peptides produced from several fish, mollusks, algae, and sponges. Meanwhile, their potential applications and medical benefits are worth investigating and considering. Due to these peptides exhibiting antioxidant, antihypertensive, and even antimicrobial properties simultaneously, their therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease and other illnesses only increases. In addition, as marine peptides show better pharmacological benefits, they have increased absorption rates and low toxicity and could perhaps be modified for better stability and bioefficacy. Biotechnological advances in peptide synthesis and formulation have greatly facilitated the generation of peptide-based ACE inhibitors from marine sources, which subsequently offer new treatment models. This article gives a complete assessment of the present state of knowledge about marine organism peptides as ACE inhibitors. In addition, it emphasizes the relevance of additional investigation into their mechanisms of action, the optimization of manufacturing processes, and assessment in in vivo, preclinical, and clinical settings, underlining the urgency and value of this study. Using marine peptides for ACE inhibition not only broadens the repertory of bioactive compounds but also shows promise for tackling the global health burden caused by cardiovascular diseases.

Modulation of Apoptotic, Cell Cycle, DNA Repair, and Senescence Pathways by Marine Algae Peptides in Cancer Therapy

Marine algae, encompassing both macroalgae and microalgae, have emerged as a promising and prolific source of bioactive compounds with potent anticancer properties. Despite their significant therapeutic potential, the clinical application of these peptides is hindered by challenges such as poor bioavailability and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. To overcome these limitations, innovative delivery systems, particularly nanocarriers, have been explored. Nanocarriers, including liposomes, nanoparticles, and micelles, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of marine algal peptides, ensuring controlled release and prolonged therapeutic effects. Marine algal peptides encapsulated in nanocarriers significantly enhance bioavailability, ensuring more efficient absorption and utilization in the body. Preclinical studies have shown promising results, indicating that nanocarrier-based delivery systems can significantly improve the pharmacokinetic profiles and therapeutic outcomes of marine algal peptides. This review delves into the diverse anticancer mechanisms of marine algal peptides, which include inducing apoptosis, disrupting cell cycle progression, and inhibiting angiogenesis. Further research focused on optimizing nanocarrier formulations, conducting comprehensive clinical trials, and continued exploration of marine algal peptides holds great promise for developing innovative, effective, and sustainable cancer therapies.

Assessing the Potential of Small Peptides for Altering Expression Levels of the Iron-Regulatory Genes FTH1 and TFRC and Enhancing Androgen Receptor Inhibitor Activity in In Vitro Prostate Cancer Models

Recent research highlights the key role of iron dyshomeostasis in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). PCa cells are heavily dependent on bioavailable iron, which frequently results in the reprogramming of iron uptake and storage pathways. Although advanced-stage PCa is currently incurable, bioactive peptides capable of modulating key iron-regulatory genes may constitute a means of exploiting a metabolic adaptation necessary for tumor growth. Recent annual increases in PCa incidence have been reported, highlighting the urgent need for novel treatments. We examined the ability of LNCaP, PC3, VCaP, and VCaP-EnzR cells to form colonies in the presence of androgen receptor inhibitors (ARI) and a series of iron-gene modulating oligopeptides (FT-001-FT-008). The viability of colonies following treatment was determined with clonogenic assays, and the expression levels of FTH1 (ferritin heavy chain 1) and TFRC (transferrin receptor) were determined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Peptides and ARIs combined significantly reduced PCa cell growth across all phenotypes, of which two peptides were the most effective. Colony growth suppression generally correlated with the magnitude of concurrent increases in FTH1 and decreases in TFRC expression for all cells. The results of this study provide preliminary insight into a novel approach at targeting iron dysmetabolism and sensitizing PCa cells to established cancer treatments.

Improving effect of soy whey-derived peptide on the quality characteristics of functional yogurt

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of bioactive peptides isolated from soy whey on the physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological characteristics of yogurt during storage. Trypsin was utilized to hydrolyze soy whey protein at 45°C for 4 h. Then, the resulting protein hydrolysate was fractionated using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Since the F7 fraction showed the best antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities, different levels (6.5, 13, and 17 mg/mL) of this peptide fraction were added to yogurt. A control sample (without the bioactive peptide) was also prepared. Yogurt samples were stored for 3 weeks. With the increase in peptide concentration, the antioxidant activity of yogurt increased while viscosity and syneresis decreased (p < .05). During storage, yogurt acidity, syneresis, and viscosity increased while pH and antioxidant activity declined (p < .05). The addition of bioactive peptide reduced the quantity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in yogurt during storage (p < .05), and the reduction in bacterial quantity was stronger as the peptide content was increased. The sample containing the largest concentration of peptide (17 mg/mL) got the lowest overall acceptability score. The level of 13 mg/mL of the peptide was chosen as the best concentration for yogurt fortification in terms of overall acceptance and functional properties. Therefore, soy whey-derived peptide can be utilized as a functional component as well as a natural preservative in yogurt.

Novel Peptide from the Hydrolysate of Hybrid Sturgeon (Acipenseridae) Spinal Cord: Isolation, Identification, and Anti-proliferative Effects in Human Cervix Cancer Cells

Anti-proliferative peptides have recently attracted attention for their excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility. In this paper, five novel anti-proliferative peptides were identified from the hydrolysate of hybrid sturgeon spinal cord (HSSC). In addition, the structure-activity relationship of the novel anti-proliferative peptides was explored. In vitro experiments indicated that the peptide "VDSVLDVVRK" presented the highest inhibition of HeLa cell growth in all samples (IC₅₀ = 2.5 μM). VDSVLDVVRK showed a random coil secondary structure and nanomicelles in the tumor microenvironment. Transmission electron microscopy results confirmed that nanomicelles disassemble as the concentration of VDSVLDVVRK decreases. Furthermore, VDSVLDVVRK could induce HeLa cell apoptosis by increasing the expression of Cyt-c (98.65 ± 1.85%, p < 0.01) and caspase-9 (39.85 ± 1.81%, p < 0.01). In this study, the anti-proliferative mechanism of the HSSC peptide was discussed, which provided a theoretical basis for the research and development of anti-proliferative functional food.

Therapeutic Potential of Marine Peptides in Prostate Cancer: Mechanistic Insights

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer death in men, and its treatment is commonly associated with severe adverse effects. Thus, new treatment modalities are required. In this context, natural compounds have been widely explored for their anti-PCa properties. Aquatic organisms contain numerous potential medications. Anticancer peptides are less toxic to normal cells and provide an efficacious treatment approach via multiple mechanisms, including altered cell viability, apoptosis, cell migration/invasion, suppression of angiogenesis and microtubule balance disturbances. This review sheds light on marine peptides as efficacious and safe therapeutic agents for PCa.

Therapeutic potential of marine peptides in cervical and ovarian cancers

Cervical and ovarian cancers contribute significantly to female morbidity and mortality worldwide. The current standard of treatment, including surgical removal, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, offers poor outcomes. There are many side effects to traditional chemotherapeutic agents and treatment-resistant types, and often the immune response is depressed. As a result, traditional approaches have evolved to include new alternative remedies, such as natural compounds. Aquatic species provide a rich supply of possible drugs. The potential anti-cancer peptides are less toxic to normal cells and can attenuate multiple drug resistance by providing an efficacious treatment approach. The physiological effects of marine peptides are described in this review focusing on various pathways, such as apoptosis, microtubule balance disturbances, suppression of angiogenesis, cell migration/invasion, and cell viability. The review also highlights the potential role of marine peptides as safe and efficacious therapeutic agent for the treatment of cervical and ovarian cancers.

Purification, characterization and molecular docking study of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma) protein hydrolysate

Hypertension is a threatening chronic disease, which become a global killer among the adult population. The mortality rate increasing day by day even several Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drugs were introduced. Bioactive peptides derived from aquatic resources exhibits potential ACE inhibitory activity. The objective of this work is to report the purification and molecular docking studies of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide isolated from shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma) waste protein hydrolysate (SWH), enzymatically prepared by using alcalase. The purification process included ultrafiltration, gel filtration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Results showed that ultra-filtered peptide fraction (< 3 kDa) possessed the highest ACE inhibitory activity, followed by the fraction 14 by gel filtration. Fraction P obtained by RP-HPLC, with the amino acid sequence of RGVGPVPAA (IC₅₀ = 0.20 mg/ml) was identified. In terms of ACE inhibition, the Lineweaver-Burk plot showed that the SWH peptide obtained acted as a competitive ACE inhibitor. The molecular docking studies showed that the SWH peptide exhibit hydrogen bonds and Pi-interactions with ACE by Z-dock scores. These results showed that the purified peptide isolated from shortfin scad waste hydrolysate has potential antihypertensive properties which could potentially be used as functional food ingredients.

Marine peptides in breast cancer: Therapeutic and mechanistic understanding

Breast cancer is the most prevalent invasive form of cancer in females and posing a great challenge for overcoming disease burden. The growth in global cancer deaths mandates the discovery of new efficacious natural anti-tumor treatments. In this regard, aquatic species offer a rich supply of possible drugs. Studies have shown that several marine peptides damage cancer cells by a broad range of pathways, including apoptosis, microtubule balance disturbances, and suppression of angiogenesis. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are characterized by a plethora of side effects, including immune response suppression. The discovery of novel putative anti-cancer peptides with lesser toxicity is therefore necessary and timely, especially those able to thwart multi drug resistance (MDR). This review addresses marine anti-cancer peptides for the treatment of breast cancer.

Downstream Processing of Therapeutic Peptides by Means of Preparative Liquid Chromatography

The market of biomolecules with therapeutic scopes, including peptides, is continuously expanding. The interest towards this class of pharmaceuticals is stimulated by the broad range of bioactivities that peptides can trigger in the human body. The main production methods to obtain peptides are enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, recombinant approach and, especially, chemical synthesis. None of these methods, however, produce exclusively the target product. Other species represent impurities that, for safety and pharmaceutical quality reasons, must be removed. The remarkable production volumes of peptide mixtures have generated a strong interest towards the purification procedures, particularly due to their relevant impact on the manufacturing costs. The purification method of choice is mainly preparative liquid chromatography, because of its flexibility, which allows one to choose case-by-case the experimental conditions that most suitably fit that particular purification problem. Different modes of chromatography that can cover almost every separation case are reviewed in this article. Additionally, an outlook to a very recent continuous chromatographic process (namely Multicolumn Countercurrent Solvent Gradient Purification, MCSGP) and future perspectives regarding purification strategies will be considered at the end of this review.