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Liu J, Yang D, Sun X, Yang S, Zhang Y, Li Q, Deng S, Dai H, Wu X. Mass spectrum oriented metabolomics for evaluating the efficacy and discovering the mechanism of Shaofuzhuyu Decoction for endometriosis of cold coagulation and blood stasis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33806. [PMID: 39071582 PMCID: PMC11279264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Shaofuzhuyu Decoction (SFZYD) is a classical formula for treating endometriosis of cold coagulation and blood stasis (ECB). The clinical efficacy is definite, but the potential mechanisms require further exploration. The study aimed to reveal the metabolic mechanisms of SFZYD for treating ECB using mass spectrum oriented metabolomics. Firstly, the study has used metabolomics data to identify biomarkers and to investigate metabolic pathways. Then, the targets of SFZYD for treating ECB were dug by building and analyzing a biological network of biomarkers. Finally, the obtained targets were validated by molecular docking. This study found that SFZYD could significantly improve the biochemical indicators and metabolic abnormalities of ECB. A total of 18 ECB-related biomarkers in 7 pathways were identified. SFZYD was able to regulate the levels of 14 biomarkers that were involved in 5 metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the study yielded 119 SFZYD active ingredients, 1119 target proteins associated with endometriosis, 610 targets associated with biomarkers, 727 GO functions, and 159 KEGG pathways. Biological network analysis constructed a network diagram of herbs-ingredients-targets-biomarkers, and found 6 key active ingredients and 9 core targets. Molecular docking showed high affinities between key ingredients and core targets. This study elucidated that SFZYD plays a role in treating ECB through multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Dongxia Yang
- Department of Gynecology Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Saisai Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiyao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Siyao Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Haoran Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuhong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Wendo JK, Mbaria JM, Nyariki JN, Isaac AO. Ginkgo biloba attenuated detrimental inflammatory and oxidative events due to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in mice treated with melarsoprol. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012103. [PMID: 38620045 PMCID: PMC11045140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe late stage Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r) is characterized by damage to the blood brain barrier, severe brain inflammation, oxidative stress and organ damage. Melarsoprol (MelB) is currently the only treatment available for this disease. MelB use is limited by its lethal neurotoxicity due to post-treatment reactive encephalopathy. This study sought to assess the potential of Ginkgo biloba (GB), a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, to protect the integrity of the blood brain barrier and ameliorate detrimental inflammatory and oxidative events due to T.b.r in mice treated with MelB. METHODOLOGY Group one constituted the control; group two was infected with T.b.r; group three was infected with T.b.r and treated with 2.2 mg/kg melarsoprol for 10 days; group four was infected with T.b.r and administered with GB 80 mg/kg for 30 days; group five was given GB 80mg/kg for two weeks before infection with T.b.r, and continued thereafter and group six was infected with T.b.r, administered with GB and treated with MelB. RESULTS Co-administration of MelB and GB improved the survival rate of infected mice. When administered separately, MelB and GB protected the integrity of the blood brain barrier and improved neurological function in infected mice. Furthermore, the administration of MelB and GB prevented T.b.r-induced microcytic hypochromic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, as well as T.b.r-driven downregulation of total WBCs. Glutathione analysis showed that co-administration of MelB and GB prevented T.b.r-induced oxidative stress in the brain, spleen, heart and lungs. Notably, GB averted peroxidation and oxidant damage by ameliorating T.b.r and MelB-driven elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, kidney and liver. In fact, the co-administered group for the liver, registered the lowest MDA levels for infected mice. T.b.r-driven elevation of serum TNF-α, IFN-γ, uric acid and urea was abrogated by MelB and GB. Co-administration of MelB and GB was most effective in stabilizing TNFα levels. GB attenuated T.b.r and MelB-driven up-regulation of nitrite. CONCLUSION Utilization of GB as an adjuvant therapy may ameliorate detrimental effects caused by T.b.r infection and MelB toxicity during late stage HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Khatenje Wendo
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kangemi (Nairobi), Kenya
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Mucunu Mbaria
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kangemi (Nairobi), Kenya
| | - James Nyabuga Nyariki
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alfred Orina Isaac
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Akanchise T, Angelova A. Ginkgo Biloba and Long COVID: In Vivo and In Vitro Models for the Evaluation of Nanotherapeutic Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051562. [PMID: 37242804 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infections are neuroinvasive and can provoke injury to the central nervous system (CNS) and long-term illness consequences. They may be associated with inflammatory processes due to cellular oxidative stress and an imbalanced antioxidant system. The ability of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, such as Ginkgo biloba, to alleviate neurological complications and brain tissue damage has attracted strong ongoing interest in the neurotherapeutic management of long COVID. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb) contains several bioactive ingredients, e.g., bilobalide, quercetin, ginkgolides A-C, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and luteolin. They have various pharmacological and medicinal effects, including memory and cognitive improvement. Ginkgo biloba, through its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, impacts cognitive function and other illness conditions like those in long COVID. While preclinical research on the antioxidant therapies for neuroprotection has shown promising results, clinical translation remains slow due to several challenges (e.g., low drug bioavailability, limited half-life, instability, restricted delivery to target tissues, and poor antioxidant capacity). This review emphasizes the advantages of nanotherapies using nanoparticle drug delivery approaches to overcome these challenges. Various experimental techniques shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the oxidative stress response in the nervous system and help comprehend the pathophysiology of the neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To develop novel therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems, several methods for mimicking oxidative stress conditions have been used (e.g., lipid peroxidation products, mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors, and models of ischemic brain damage). We hypothesize the beneficial effects of EGb in the neurotherapeutic management of long-term COVID-19 symptoms, evaluated using either in vitro cellular or in vivo animal models of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Akanchise
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Angelina Angelova
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
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Chen C, Lv H, Shan L, Long X, Guo C, Huo Y, Lu L, Zhou Y, Liu M, Wu H, Zhu D, Han Y. Antiplatelet effect of ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine injection in acute ischemic stroke: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 2023; 37:1986-1996. [PMID: 36609866 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate antiplatelet effect and therapeutic effect of ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine injection (GDLI) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned 70 inpatients within 48 hr after the onset of AIS to combination therapy with GDLI and aspirin (GDLI at a dose of 25 mg/d for 14 days plus aspirin at a dose of 100 mg/d for 90 days) or to placebo plus aspirin in a ratio of 1:1. Platelet function, the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were evaluated. A good outcome was defined as NIHSS scores decrease ≥5 or mRS scores decrease ≥2. Results showed that arachidonic acid induced maximum platelet aggregation rate (AA-MAR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) of the GDLI-aspirin group were much lower than that of the aspirin group (p = 0.013 and p = 0.034, respectively) after the 14-day therapy. The combination of GDLI and aspirin was superior to aspirin alone, and had significant impact on the good outcome at day 90 (ORadj 7.21 [95%CI, 1.03-50.68], p = 0.047). In summary, GDLI has antiplatelet effect and can improve the prognosis of AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Lv
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Shan
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xie Long
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajing Huo
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingdan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Desheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wiklund L, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Zhang Z, Li C, Tian ZR, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Feng L, Sharma HS. TiO 2-Nanowired Delivery of Chinese Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and Bilobalide BN-52021 Enhanced Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebrolysin Following Spinal Cord Injury at Cold Environment. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 32:353-384. [PMID: 37480466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32997-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel during combat or peacekeeping operations are exposed to extreme climates of hot or cold environments for longer durations. Spinal cord injury is quite common in military personnel following central nervous system (CNS) trauma indicating a possibility of altered pathophysiological responses at different ambient temperatures. Our previous studies show that the pathophysiology of brain injury is exacerbated in animals acclimated to cold (5 °C) or hot (30 °C) environments. In these diverse ambient temperature zones, trauma exacerbated oxidative stress generation inducing greater blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cell damage. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and BN-52021 treatment reduces brain pathology following heat stress. This effect is further improved following TiO2 nanowired delivery in heat stress in animal models. Several studies indicate the role of EGb-761 in attenuating spinal cord induced neuronal damages and improved functional deficit. This is quite likely that these effects are further improved following nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and peptide fragments in spinal cord trauma. In this review, TiO2 nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with nanowired cerebrolysin is examined in a rat model of spinal cord injury at cold environment. Our results show that spinal cord injury aggravates cord pathology in cold-acclimated rats and nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin significantly induced superior neuroprotection, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Fu P, Yang L, Sun Y, Ye L, Cao Z, Tang K. Target network differences between western drugs and Chinese herbal ingredients in treating cardiovascular disease. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15 Suppl 4:S3. [PMID: 25104437 PMCID: PMC4095000 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-s4-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Western drugs have achieved great successes in CVDs treatment. However, they may lead to some side effects and drug resistance. On the other hand, more and more studies found that Traditional Chinese herbs have efficient therapeutic effects for CVDs, while their therapeutic mechanism is still not very clear. It may be a good view towards molecules, targets and network to decipher whether difference exists between anti-CVD western drugs and Chinese herbal ingredients. Results Anti-CVD western drugs and Chinese herbal ingredients, as well as their targets were thoroughly collected in this work. The similarities and the differences between the herbal ingredients and the western drugs were deeply explored based on three target-based perspectives including biochemical property, regulated pathway and disease network. The biological function of herbal ingredients' targets is more complex than that of the western drugs' targets. The signal transduction and immune system associated signaling pathways, apoptosis associated pathways may be the most important pathway for herbal ingredients, however the western drugs incline to regulate vascular smooth muscle contraction associated pathways. Chinese herbal ingredients prefer to regulate the downstream proteins of apoptosis associated pathway; while the western drugs incline to regulate the upstream proteins of VECC (Vascular Epidermal Cells Contraction) related pathways. Conclusion In summary, the characteristics identified in this study would be valuable for designing new network-based multi-target CVD drugs or vaccine adjuvants.
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Kudolo GB. Effect of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> Extract Ingestion on Plasma Total Cortisol Levels during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Normal Glucose Tolerant Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2014.516169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hong JM, Shin DH, Lim YA, Lee JS, Joo IS. Ticlopidine with Ginkgo Biloba extract: A Feasible Combination for Patients with Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Thromb Res 2013; 131:e147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang SD, Xie ZQ, Chen J, Wang K, Wei T, Zhao AH, Zhang QH. Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on fatty liver: regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a and fatty acid metabolism. J Dig Dis 2012; 13:525-35. [PMID: 22988926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2012.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on the prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (the control group, GBE group, high-fat diet [HFD] group and HFD + GBE group). The human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) was treated with GBE and its flavonoid ingredients. The fatty acid composition of the rat liver was analyzed with gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS). Triglyceride contents of both the rat liver and HepG2 cells were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method. The expressions of fatty acid metabolism-related genes were analyzed with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The protein expression and enzymatic activity were subsequently measured. RESULTS In rat livers, GBE reduced the elevations of hepatic triglyceride contents caused by HFD and the increased hepatic fatty acids were differentially affected by GBE. Notably, the expression and total activity of the fatty acid β-oxidation rate-limiting enzyme, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1A), were also promoted with GBE ingestion. In HepG2 cells, GBE and its ingredients, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, could decrease the cellular triglyceride content and upregulate the expression and total activity of CPT1A, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The triglyceride-lowering effect of GBE on the HFD rat liver is closely associated with the increased expression and activity of CPT1A, and the flavonoid ingredients are the major contributors of GBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Dong Wang
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chan AL, Leung HW, Wu JW, Chien TW. Risk of Hemorrhage Associated with Co-Prescriptions for Ginkgo biloba and Antiplatelet or Anticoagulant Drugs. J Altern Complement Med 2011; 17:513-7. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2010.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes L.F. Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Henry W.C. Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fan Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wen Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsair-Wei Chien
- Department of Administration, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Kellermann AJ, Kloft C. Is There a Risk of Bleeding Associated with StandardizedGinkgo bilobaExtract Therapy? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy 2011; 31:490-502. [DOI: 10.1592/phco.31.5.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bustanji Y, Al-Masri IM, Mohammad M, Hudaib M, Tawaha K, Tarazi H, AlKhatib HS. Pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of trilactone terpenes of Ginkgo biloba. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:453-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.525509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Khaled Tawaha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hamada Tarazi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AlKharj University, Saudi Arabia
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Xie ZQ, Liang G, Zhang L, Wang Q, Qu Y, Gao Y, Lin LB, Ye S, Zhang J, Wang H, Zhao GP, Zhang QH. Molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effect of Ginkgo biloba extract in hepatocytes: a comparative study with lovastatin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1262-75. [PMID: 19701231 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effect of a Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE). METHODS Enzyme activity, cholesterol flux and changes in gene expression levels were assessed in cultured hepatocytes treated with GBE or lovastatin. RESULTS GBE decreased the total cholesterol content in cultured hepatocytes and inhibited the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, as determined by an in vitro enzyme activity assay. In addition, GBE decreased cholesterol influx, whereas lovastatin increased cholesterol influx. GBE treatment induced significant increases in the expression of cholesterogenic genes and genes involved in cholesterol metabolism, such as SREBF2, as determined by cDNA microarray and real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, INSIG2, LDLR, LRP1, and LRP10 were differentially regulated by GBE and lovastatin. The data imply that the two compounds modulate cholesterol metabolism through distinct mechanisms. CONCLUSION By using a gene expression profiling approach, we were able to broaden the understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which GBE lowers cellular cholesterol levels. Specifically, we demonstrated that GBE exhibited dual effects on the cellular cholesterol pool by modulating both HMG-CoA reductase activity and inhibiting cholesterol influx.
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14
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Gu X, Xie Z, Wang Q, Liu G, Qu Y, Zhang L, Pan J, Zhao G, Zhang Q. Transcriptome profiling analysis reveals multiple modulatory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in the liver of rats on a high-fat diet. FEBS J 2009; 276:1450-8. [PMID: 19187224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (GBE) is increasingly used as a herbal medicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Several studies have demonstrated many protective effects of GBE in neurons, the endothelium and liver. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of GBE in disorders induced by long-term exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD). Rats were fed an HFD with or without the GBE product GBE50 for 19 weeks. We found that GBE50 reduced the development of fatty liver induced by an HFD and inhibited the commonly observed elevation of serum cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Transcriptome profiling analysis showed that several genes were modulated by GBE50 in liver, including those involved in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, vascular constriction, ion transportation, neuronal systems and drug metabolism. Notably, a number of genes coding for proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism were repressed, and some were upregulated. Fatty acid biosynthesis appeared to be repressed, whereas fatty acid metabolism appeared to be enhanced. In conclusion, using transcriptome profiling analysis, we demonstrated the molecular basis for the pleiotropic effects of GBE50, particularly those involved in lipid metabolism. This study provided new clues for further pharmacological study of GBEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Gu
- National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, China
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Ryu KH, Han HY, Lee SY, Jeon SD, Im GJ, Lee BY, Kim K, Lim KM, Chung JH. Ginkgo biloba extract enhances antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of cilostazol without prolongation of bleeding time. Thromb Res 2009; 124:328-34. [PMID: 19349067 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis and thromboembolic occlusions of major and minor blood vessels are a major complication in various peripheral vascular diseases. Antiplatelet agents (APA), key tools in the treatment of atherothrombosis, therefore became a mainstay medication for a wide range of vascular diseases. Cilostazol and Ginkgo biloba extract (GB), commonly used remedies for peripheral arterial disease, inhibit platelet aggregation with distinct therapeutic mechanisms. In this study, we have investigated if GB can potentiate the antiplatelet effects of cilostazol to explore the utility of combination therapy of cilostazol and GB against peripheral occlusive vascular diseases. GB or cilostazol was evaluated alone or in combination for the antiplatelet activity using in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, potential bleeding side effect of the combinative therapy was assessed by measuring bleeding time, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in vivo after oral administration. In in vitro assays using freshly isolated human platelets, the combination of cilostazol and GB showed superior inhibition of both the shear and the collagen-induced platelet aggregation to those of each drug alone. In accordance with these enhanced in vitro antiplatelet activities, the combinative therapy showed enhanced anti-thrombotic effects in in vivo pulmonary embolism model and arterial thrombosis model. In particular, the increase of survival rate in pulmonary embolism model by combination treatment of cilostazol (25 mg/kg) and GB (20 mg/kg) was higher more than two-fold of those of the respective drugs. Notably, the combination of cilostazol and GB did not show a significant effect on the bleeding time, PT and aPTT increase, suggesting that GB may potentiate the antiplatelet effect of cilostazol without the prolongation of bleeding time or coagulation time. With these studies, we suggest that combinative therapy of GB and cilostazol might offer enhanced anti-thrombotic efficacies without increasing side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Ho Ryu
- Pharmacology Team, Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Korea
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Bone KM. Potential interaction ofGinkgo bilobaleaf with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs: What is the evidence? Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:764-71. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Duhamel TA, Xu YJ, Arneja AS, Dhalla NS. Targeting platelets for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 11:1523-33. [PMID: 18020975 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.12.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Platelets play an important role in the development of thrombosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attack and stroke. As a result, pharmacologic interventions that influence platelet functions, such as adhesion, aggregation and the release of different factors, are considered useful for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Although classical anti-platelet agents have proven beneficial effects for the treatment of some specific cardiovascular diseases, there are limitations for their use as these drugs target platelet function directly. In contrast, newly developed anti-platelet agents have broad applications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease as they not only influence platelet function but are also considered to affect cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cell functions. Natural food products and nutraceutical agents also appear to modify cardiovascular abnormalities by affecting various platelet functions; however, the mechanisms of their actions remain to be investigated. Accordingly, this article is focused to discuss emerging pharmacologic, nutritional and nutraceutical interventions that may influence the prevention or progression of a broad range of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Duhamel
- University of Manitoba, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface General Hospital Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6, Canada
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Kudolo GB. Reply to Dr. Blumenthal's Letter. Clin Nutr 2007; 26:166-167. [PMID: 17673942 PMCID: PMC1939696 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kudolo GB, Wang W, Javors M, Blodgett J. The effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects--a double blind placebo-controlled, crossover study. Clin Nutr 2006; 25:606-16. [PMID: 16698134 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) has been shown to ameliorate some defects associated with the insulin resistance syndrome and so patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may be inclined to co-ingest the herb with their medications, such as metformin. This study was designed to determine if the co-ingestion of EGb 761 and metformin would alter the pharmacokinetic properties of metformin in T2DM patients and persons without diabetes, who may ingest it for other purposes. METHOD Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects (n=10; age, 39.2+/-14.0 years; fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 90+/-7 mg/dl; body mass index (BMI), 24.1+/-3.7 kg/m(2)) and 10 T2DM patients (n=10; age, 51.7+/-8.9 years; FPG, 150+/-7 mg/dl; BMI, 33.7+/-5.7 kg/m(2)) completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. They ingested either EGb 761 (12 0mg/day as a single dose) or a vegetable-based placebo during each arm for 3 months. At the end of each arm, the NGT subject ingested a single 500 mg dose of metformin (non-diabetics) and the T2DM subject took his/her prescribed metformin dose (250-850 mg) with 120 mg EGb 761. Blood and urine samples were collected over an 8-h period, and in the case of T2DM subjects, additionally over the first 2h of the subsequent 3 days. RESULTS Ingestion of EGb 761 produced no significant changes in diagnostic laboratory tests in either group, except reducing glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c) levels (from 7.7+/-1.2 to 7.2+/-0.9%, P<0.05) in T2DM the subjects. The pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin were all significantly different (P<0.05) between the NGT (500 mg) and 8 out of 10 of the T2DM subjects who were prescribed 500 mg of metformin during the placebo cycles. During the EGb 761 cycles, only the elimination half-life in the T2DM subjects was significantly increased (0.117+/-0.085 to 0.141+/-0.100, P<0.05). CONCLUSION The co-ingestion of 120 mg of EGb 761 and 500 mg of metformin did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic properties of metformin. Further studies are required to verify this observation for smaller and larger dose of metformin with other doses of EGb 761, since T2DM patients on medication constitute a very heterogeneous group.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Kudolo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, MSC 6246, University of Texas HSC at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, 78229-3900, USA.
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