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Özbek O, Isildak Ö, Isildak I. A potentiometric biosensor for the determination of valproic acid: Human blood–based study of an anti–epileptic drug. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Öndeş B, Akpınar F, Uygun M, Muti M, Aktaş Uygun D. High stability potentiometric urea biosensor based on enzyme attached nanoparticles. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pundir CS, Jakhar S, Narwal V. Determination of urea with special emphasis on biosensors: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:36-50. [PMID: 30308420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Urea is the major end product of nitrogen metabolism in humans, which is eliminated from the body mainly by the kidneys through urine but is also secreted in body fluids such as blood and saliva. Its level in urine ranges from 7 to 20 mg/dL, which drastically rises under patho-physiological conditions thus providing key information of renal function and diagnosis of various kidney and liver disorders. Increase in urea levels in blood, also referred to as azotemia or uremia. The chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end stage renal disease (ESRD) is generally caused due to the progressive loss of kidney function. Hence, there is an urgent need of determination of urea in biological fluids to diagnose these diseases at their early stage. Among the various methods available for detection of urea, most are complicated and require time-consuming sample pre-treatment, expensive instrumental set-up and trained persons to operate, specifically for chromatographic methods. The biosensing methods overcome these drawbacks, as these are simple, fast, specific and highly sensitive and can also be applied for detection of urea in vivo. This review presents the principles of various analytical methods for determination of urea with special emphasis on biosensors. The use of various nanostructures and electrochemical microfluidic paper based analytical device (EμPAD) are suggested for further development of urea biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Pundir
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Seema Jakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay Narwal
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
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Ali A, Ahmad M, Akhtar MN, Shaukat SF, Mustafa G, Atif M, Farooq WA. Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 & Co3O4) and their applications in urea biosensing. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427216040017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Monošík R, Stred'anský M, Šturdík E. Application of electrochemical biosensors in clinical diagnosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 26:22-34. [PMID: 24833531 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses in the clinical area need quick and reliable analytical methods and devices. For this purpose, biosensors can be a suitable option, whereas they are constructed to be simple for use, specific for the target analyte, capable of continuous monitoring and giving quick results, potentially low-costing and portable. In this article, we describe electrochemical biosensors developed for clinical diagnosis, namely for glucose, lactate, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, DNA, antigens, antibodies, and cancer markers assays. Chosen biosensors showed desirable sensitivity, selectivity, and potential for application on real samples. They are often designed to avoid interference with undesired components present in the monitored systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Monošík
- Institute of Biochemistry, Nutrition and Health Protection, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. ,
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Yarar S, Karakuş E. A novel potentiometric biosensor for determination of L-lysine in commercial pharmaceutical L-lysine tablet and capsule. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:485-90. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.962746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Albayrak D, Karakuş E. A novel glutamine biosensor based on zinc oxide nanorod and glutaminase enzyme from Hypocria jecorina. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:92-7. [PMID: 24848995 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.913055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel biosensor for determination of L-glutamine in pharmaceutical glutamine powder was developed via immobilizing our produced glutaminase enzyme from Hypocria jecorina onto our prepared zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod and chitosan. ZnO nanorods were prepared as surface-dependent and surface-independent and both were used. The biosensor is specific for L-glutamine and the peculiar analytical properties (linearity range, reproducibility, and accuracy) of it were experimentally determined. The optimum operating conditions of the biosensor such as buffer concentration, buffer pH, and medium temperature effect on the response of biosensor were studied. Km and Vmax values for the our-producing glutaminase enzyme from Hypocria jecorina immobilized on the biosensor were also determined as 0.29 mM and 208.33 mV/min., respectively, from Lineweaver-Burk plot. The biosensor was then used for the determination of glutamine contained in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilruba Albayrak
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science and Arts, Yildiz Technical University , Esenler , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Emine Karakuş
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science and Arts, Yildiz Technical University , Esenler , İstanbul , Turkey
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Pawlak M, Bakker E. Chemical Modification of Polymer Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode Surfaces. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Karakuş E, Pekyardımcı Ş, Kiliç E. Potentiometric glucose determination in human serum samples with glucose oxidase biosensor based on iodide electrode. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Altikatoglu M, Karakus E, Erci V, Pekyardımcı S, Isildak I. Novel creatine biosensors based on all solid-state contact ammonium-selective membrane electrodes. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 41:131-6. [PMID: 22779924 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2012.696066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel creatine bienzymatic potentiometric biosensors were prepared by immobilizing urease and creatinase on all solid-state contact PVC-containing palmitic acid and carboxylated PVC matrix membrane ammonium-selective electrodes without inner reference solution. Potentiometric characteristics of biosensors were examined in physiological model solutions at different creatine concentrations. The linear working range and long-term sensitivity of the biosensors were also determined. The creatine biosensors prepared by using the carboxylated PVC membrane electrodes showed more effective performance than those of the PVC containing palmitic acid membrane electrodes. Creatine assay in serum samples was successfully carried out by using the standard addition method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melda Altikatoglu
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, 34210 Istanbul, Turkey
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Dindar B, Karakuş E, Abasıyanık F. New Urea Biosensor Based on Urease Enzyme Obtained from Helycobacter pylori. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:1308-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Karakuş E, Erden PE, Pekyardimci S, Kiliç E. Determination of Creatine in Commercial Creatine Powder with New Potentiometric and Amperometric Biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 34:337-47. [PMID: 16809134 DOI: 10.1080/10731190600683985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
New potentiometric and amperometric biosensors were developed for the determination of creatine. The potentiometric creatine biosensor was prepared by immobilizing urease and creatinase on poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) ammonium membrane electrode containing palmitic acid prepared by using nonactine as an ammonium-ionophore. The linear working range of the biosensor was 1.0 x 10(-5) - 1.0 x 10(-3) M and the response time was about 60 s. The optimum pH, temperature, and buffer concentration were found to be 7.0, 20 degrees C, and 5 mM, respectively. The slope of the electrode was 49.2 mV/p[creatine]. The storage stabilization of the biosensor was investigated and 40-45% decrease in the response was detected after 2 months. The amperometric creatine biosensor was prepared by immobilizing creatinase (CI) and sarcosine oxidase (SO) in a poly(vinylferrocenium) matrix onto the surface of a platinum working electrode by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (GA) and bovine serum albumine (BSA). Determination of creatine was performed by the oxidation of enzymatically generated H2O2 at +0.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The linear working range of the biosensor was 2.0 x 10(-5) - 3.2 x 10(-4) M and the response time was about 50 s. The effects of pH, temperature, enzyme ratio and buffer concentration were investigated and optimum parameters were found to be 7.5, 37 degrees C, 2.5:1 (CI:SO) and 0.05 M, respectively. The determination of creatine in commercial creatine powder was successfully carried out with these creatine biosensors by using the standard addition and calibration curve methods. The results were in good agreement with those obtained from Jaffé method at 95% confidence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Karakuş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Karakuş E, Pekyardimci S, Kiliç E. A New Potentiometric Ammonium Electrode for Biosensor Construction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 34:523-34. [PMID: 16893815 DOI: 10.1080/10731190600862910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
New ammonium-selective membrane electrode based on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane containing palmitic acid (a long-chain fatty acid) and nonactin as an ammonium ionophore for the determination of ammonium ions in the 10(-7) - 10(-1) mol/L concentration range was prepared and compared to those of the electrode prepared by using carboxylated PVC. Sebacate was used as a plasticiser for both of the ammonium sensor membranes. The analytical characteristics of the ammonium electrodes was investigated. The effect of pH, buffer concentration, temperature and stirring rate on the response to ammonium electrode was investigated. The linear working range and sensitivity of the electrodes were also determined. Ammonium electrodes give Nernstian response (52-58 mV/p[NH4+]) throughout the ammonium ion concentration range of 10(-1) to 10(-6)M with detection limits of 10(-6)M ammonium ions. The ammonium-selective electrodes prepared by using the PVC membranes containing palmitic acid showed more effective performance than those of the carboxylated PVC. The ammonium ion sensor has potential application in the analysis of ammonium ions for biosensor construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Karakuş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Beşevler-Ankara, Turkey.
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Pundir CS, Chauhan NS, Bhambi M. Activation of polyvinyl chloride sheet surface for covalent immobilization of oxalate oxidase and its evaluation as inert support in urinary oxalate determination. Anal Biochem 2008; 374:272-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pauliukaite R, Schoenleber M, Vadgama P, Brett CMA. Development of electrochemical biosensors based on sol-gel enzyme encapsulation and protective polymer membranes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:1121-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Karakuş E, Pekyardımcı Ş, Kılıç E. Potentiometric bienzymatic biosensor based on PVC membrane containing palmitic acid for determination of creatine. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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