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Tengattini S, Rubes D, Serra M, Piubelli L, Pollegioni L, Calleri E, Bavaro T, Massolini G, Terreni M, Temporini C. Glycovaccine Design: Optimization of Model and Antitubercular Carrier Glycosylation via Disuccinimidyl Homobifunctional Linker. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051321. [PMID: 37242563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation via disuccinimidyl homobifunctional linkers is reported in the literature as a convenient approach for the synthesis of glycoconjugate vaccines. However, the high tendency for hydrolysis of disuccinimidyl linkers hampers their extensive purification, which unavoidably results in side-reactions and non-pure glycoconjugates. In this paper, conjugation of 3-aminopropyl saccharides via disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG) was exploited for the synthesis of glycoconjugates. A model protein, ribonuclease A (RNase A), was first considered to set up the conjugation strategy with mono- to tri- mannose saccharides. Through a detailed characterization of synthetized glycoconjugates, purification protocols and conjugation conditions have been revised and optimized with a dual aim: ensure high sugar-loading and avoid the presence of side reaction products. An alternative purification approach based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) allowed the formation of glutaric acid conjugates to be avoided, and a design of experiment (DoE) approach led to optimal glycan loading. Once its suitability was proven, the developed conjugation strategy was applied to the chemical glycosylation of two recombinant antigens, native Ag85B and its variant Ag85B-dm, that are candidate carriers for the development of a novel antitubercular vaccine. Pure glycoconjugates (≥99.5%) were obtained. Altogether, the results suggest that, with an adequate protocol, conjugation via disuccinimidyl linkers can be a valuable approach to produce high sugar-loaded and well-defined glycovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tengattini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Rubes
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luciano Piubelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Terreni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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2
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Liu K, Wang L, Guo Z. An extensive review of studies on mycobacterium cell wall polysaccharide-related oligosaccharides – part III: synthetic studies and biological applications of arabinofuranosyl oligosaccharides and their analogs, derivatives and conjugates. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1630841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, Shandong, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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3
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Fraas R, Hübner JF, Diehm J, Faas R, Hausmann R, Franzreb M. A Compartmented Microfluidic Reactor for Protein Modification Via Solid-phase Reactions — Semi-automated Examination of Two PEGylation Routes. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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4
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Direct immobilization of sugar probes on bovine serum albumin-coated gold substrate for the development of glycan biosensors. Biointerphases 2019; 14:011003. [PMID: 30727738 DOI: 10.1116/1.5082005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy have attracted a great deal of interest due to their potential applications in numerous biological and biomedical fields. Controlled immobilization of sugar probes on a gold substrate is believed to be critical for the performance of these SPR biosensors. In this regard, herein the authors report a direct coupling of mannose probes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) layer on the gold substrate via a squaric acid-mediated reaction under mild conditions, in which the BSA layer provides not only reactive amine groups but also a nonfouling surface property. SPR measurements show that the resultant biosensor with an appropriate amount of mannose probes exhibits high affinity to its corresponding lectin (i.e., concanavalin A) and at the same time could resist nonspecific adsorption of other lectins. The limit of detection of the current SPR biosensor is 1.9 nM. Thus, the squaric acid-mediated immobilization strategy appears to be effective and useful for the fabrication of bioanalytical devices.
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5
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Zhao Y, Wang S, Wang G, Li H, Guo Z, Gu G. Synthesis and immunological studies of group AStreptococcuscell-wall oligosaccharide–streptococcal C5a peptidase conjugates as bivalent vaccines. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of GAS cell-wall oligosaccharides and their efficient conjugation with the ScpA193 carrier protein to generate glycoconjugates as potential bivalent vaccines were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Subo Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Guirong Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Hui Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
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6
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Xu P, Trinh MN, Kováč P. Conjugation of carbohydrates to proteins using di(triethylene glycol monomethyl ether) squaric acid ester revisited. Carbohydr Res 2018; 456:24-29. [PMID: 29247910 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Properties of di(triethylene glycol monomethyl ether) squarate relevant to conjugation of carbohydrates to proteins have been reinvestigated and compared with those of dimethyl squarate. It is concluded that the commercially available, crystalline dimethyl squarate remains the most convenient and efficient reagent for conjugation of amine-containing carbohydrates to proteins by a two-step or one-pot conjugation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0815, USA
| | - Michael N Trinh
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0815, USA
| | - Pavol Kováč
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0815, USA.
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7
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Wang L, Feng S, An L, Gu G, Guo Z. Synthetic and Immunological Studies of Mycobacterial Lipoarabinomannan Oligosaccharides and Their Protein Conjugates. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10060-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Wang
- National Glycoengineering
Research Center, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shaojie Feng
- National Glycoengineering
Research Center, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lian An
- National Glycoengineering
Research Center, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering
Research Center, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- National Glycoengineering
Research Center, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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8
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Wurm FR, Klok HA. Be squared: expanding the horizon of squaric acid-mediated conjugations. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8220-36. [PMID: 23873344 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60153f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Squaric acid diesters can be applied as reagents to couple two amino-functional compounds. Consecutive coupling of two amines allows the synthesis of asymmetric squaric acid bisamides with either low molecular weight compounds but also biomolecules or polymers. The key feature of the squaric acid diester mediated coupling is the reduced reactivity of the resulting ester-amide after the first amidation step of the diester. This allows the sequential amidation and generation of asymmetric squaramides with high selectivity and in high yields. This article gives an overview of the well-established squaric acid diester mediated coupling reactions for glycoconjugates and presents recent advances that aim to expand this very versatile reaction protocol to the modification of peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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9
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Tanaka K, Nakamoto Y, Siwu ERO, Pradipta AR, Morimoto K, Fujiwara T, Yoshida S, Hosoya T, Tamura Y, Hirai G, Sodeoka M, Fukase K. Development of bis-unsaturated ester aldehydes as amino-glue probes: sequential double azaelectrocyclization as a promising strategy for bioconjugation. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7326-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41507d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Wurm F, Steinbach T, Klok HA. One-pot squaric acid diester mediated aqueous protein conjugation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7815-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44039g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Wurm F, Dingels C, Frey H, Klok HA. Squaric Acid Mediated Synthesis and Biological Activity of a Library of Linear and Hyperbranched Poly(Glycerol)–Protein Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1161-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300103u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Wurm
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut
des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD,
Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Dingels
- Department of Organic
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14; 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Organic
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14; 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut
des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD,
Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Yang LY, Kawada Y, Bai L, Kubota D, Yuasa H. 2-Oxabutane as a substitute for internal monomer units of oligosaccharides to create lectin ligands. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6579-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05775h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Yang
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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13
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Patel MK, Vijayakrishnan B, Koeppe JR, Chalker JM, Doores KJ, Davis BG. Analysis of the dispersity in carbohydrate loading of synthetic glycoproteins using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:9119-21. [PMID: 21038043 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03420g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Statistical correlation of mass spectrum peak broadening with product dispersity in protein conjugation reactions allows more detailed characterization of putative therapeutic conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitul K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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14
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Yang LY, Haraguchi T, Inazawa T, Kajiwara S, Yuasa H. Synthesis of a novel class of glycocluster with a cyclic α-(1→6)-octaglucoside as a scaffold and their binding abilities to concanavalin A. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Synthesis and characterisation of novel glycoclusters based on cell penetrating heptakis(6-aminoethylamino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-010-9840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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17
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Yuasa H, Haraguchi T, Itagaki T. A Facile Latex Agglutination Lectin Assay (LALA) for Weakly Binding Ligands. J Carbohydr Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300802696207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Hou SJ, Saksena R, Kovác P. Preparation of glycoconjugates by dialkyl squarate chemistry revisited. Carbohydr Res 2007; 343:196-210. [PMID: 18048016 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The methyl 6-hydroxyhexanoyl glycoside of lactose was treated with each of 1,2-diaminoethane or hydrazine hydrate, and the corresponding amino amide 4 and acyl hydrazide 13, were treated with each of squaric acid dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and didecyl esters. The monoesters were conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) at different concentrations of hapten using 0.05 and 0.5M pH 9 borate buffer. Maximum loading was achieved faster, and the conjugation efficiency was higher, when the conjugation was conducted at higher concentrations of both hapten and buffer. Conjugations involving haptens 14-17 prepared from hydrazide 13 were generally slower and less efficient than those with compounds 5-8, which were made from amino amide 4. Maintaining pH 9 during conjugation was found to be the most important factor in ensuring that the conjugation was a fast, highly efficient, and reproducible process. When the pH of the conjugation mixture fell during the reaction, resulting in decreased reaction rate or even termination of the conjugation process, the normal course of the conjugation process could be restored by addition of buffer salts. Hydrolysis studies with monoesters formed from amino amide 4 under conjugation conditions showed that decyl ester 8 was the most stable and that the methyl compound 5 was the one most readily hydrolyzed. The stability of monoesters prepared from hydrazide 13 was similar and comparable to the decyl ester prepared from 4. No definite advantage was found for the use of any of the four dialkyl squarate reagents (methyl-, ethyl-, butyl-, and decyl-) for conversion of carbohydrate derivatives to species amenable for conjugation. Nevertheless, dimethyl squarate seemed to be the most convenient reagent because it is a crystalline, easy to handle, and commercially available material with very good reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jie Hou
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0815, USA
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20
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Sperling O, Dubber M, Lindhorst TK. Functionalization of oligosaccharide mimetics and multimerization using squaric diester-mediated coupling. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:696-703. [PMID: 17234164 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized carbohydrate-centered glycoclusters formed the starting material for the synthesis of tagged oligosaccharide and glycoconjugate mimetics, which were obtained by thiourea-bridging, peptide coupling and in particular squaric diester-mediated coupling. The latter method could also be utilized to provide new multivalent glycoconjugates, which were tested for their anti-adhesive properties in an ELISA with Escherichia coli bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sperling
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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21
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Sperling O, Fuchs A, Lindhorst TK. Evaluation of the carbohydrate recognition domain of the bacterial adhesin FimH: design, synthesis and binding properties of mannoside ligands. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:3913-22. [PMID: 17047870 DOI: 10.1039/b610745a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fimbriae are proteinogeneous appendages on the surface of bacteria, which mediate bacterial adhesion to the host cell glycocalyx. The so-called type 1 fimbriae exhibit specificity for alpha-d-mannosides and, therefore, they are assumed to mediate bacterial adhesion via the interaction of a fimbrial lectin and alpha-d-mannosyl residues exposed on the host cell surface. This carbohydrate-specific adhesive protein subunit of type 1 fimbriae has been identified as a protein called FimH. The crystal structure of this lectin is known and, based on this information, the molecular details of the interaction of mannoside ligands and FimH are addressed in this paper. Computer-based docking methods were used to evaluate known ligands as well as to design new ones. Then, a series of new mannosides with extended aglycon was synthesized and tested as inhibitors of type 1 fimbriae-mediated bacterial adhesion in an ELISA. The results obtained were compared to the predictions and findings as delivered by molecular modeling. This study led to an improved understanding of the ligand-receptor interactions under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sperling
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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22
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Xu Y, Yamamoto N, Ruiz DI, Kubitz DS, Janda KD. Squaric monoamide monoester as a new class of reactive immunization hapten for catalytic antibodies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4304-7. [PMID: 16046128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A squaric monoester monoamide motif was employed as an effective reactive immunogen for the discovery of monoclonal antibodies with reactive residue(s) in their combining sites. Two antibodies, 2D4 and 3C8, were uncovered that enhance paraoxon hydrolysis over background. Kinetic analysis of these antibodies was performed and interestingly both undergo a single turnover event due to covalent modification within the antibody combining site. Because antibodies 2D4 and 3C8 result in covalent attachment and thus inactivation of paraoxon, they could be useful probes for investigating paraoxon intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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