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Axelsen JS, Andersen S, Ringgaard S, Smal R, Lluciá-Valldeperas A, Nielsen-Kudsk JE, de Man FS, Andersen A. Right ventricular diastolic adaptation to pressure overload in different rat strains. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16132. [PMID: 38993022 PMCID: PMC11239975 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Different rat strains are used in various animal models of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular (RV) failure. No systematic assessment has been made to test differences in RV response to pressure overload between rat strains. We compared RV adaptation to pulmonary trunk banding (PTB) in Wistar (W), Sprague Dawley (SD), and Fischer344 (F) rats by hemodynamic profiling focusing on diastolic function. Age-matched male rat weanlings were randomized to sham surgery (W-sham, n = 5; SD-sham, n = 4; F-sham, n = 4) or PTB (W-PTB, n = 8; SD-PTB, n = 8; F-PTB, n = 8). RV function was evaluated after 5 weeks by echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and invasive pressure-volume measurements. PTB caused RV failure and increased RV systolic pressures four-fold in all three PTB groups compared with sham. W- and SD-PTB had a 2.4-fold increase in RV end-systolic volume index compared with sham, while F-PTB rats were less affected. Diastolic and right atrial impairment were evident by increased RV end-diastolic elastance, filling pressure, and E/e' in PTB rats compared with sham, again F-PTB the least affected. In conclusions, PTB caused RV failure with signs of diastolic dysfunction. Despite a similar increase in RV systolic pressure, F-PTB rats showed less RV dilatation and a more preserved diastolic function compared with W- and SD-PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Axelsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stine Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Rowan Smal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, PHEniX Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aida Lluciá-Valldeperas
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, PHEniX Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Erik Nielsen-Kudsk
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frances S de Man
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, PHEniX Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Asger Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bazilio DS, Rodrigues KL, Moraes DJA, Machado BH. Distinct cardiovascular and respiratory responses to short-term sustained hypoxia in juvenile Sprague Dawley and Wistar Hannover rats. Auton Neurosci 2020; 230:102746. [PMID: 33260056 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Short-term sustained hypoxia (SH) elicits active expiration, augmented late-expiratory (late-E) sympathetic activity, increased arterial pressure and ventilation, and amplified sympathetic and abdominal expiratory responses to chemoreflex activation in rats of the Wistar-Ribeirão Preto (WRP) strain. Herein, we investigated whether SH can differentially affect the cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes of Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar Hannover (WH) rats and compared the results with previous data using WRP rats. For this, we exposed SD and WH rats to SH (FiO2 = 0.1) for 24 h and evaluated arterial pressure, sympathetic activity, and respiratory pattern. SD rats presented increased arterial pressure, respiratory rate and tidal volume, as well as augmented late-E expiratory motor output and increased sympathetic outflow due to post-inspiratory and late-E sympathetic overactivity. WH rats presented reduced changes, suggesting lower responsiveness of this strain to this SH protocol. The magnitudes of changes in sympathetic and abdominal expiratory motor activities to chemoreflex activation in SD rats were reduced by SH. Pressor responses to chemoreflex activation were shown to be blunted in SD and WH rats after SH. The data are showing that SD, WH, and WRP rat strains exhibit marked differences in their cardiovascular, autonomic and respiratory responses to 24-h SH and draw attention to the importance of rat strain for studies exploring the underlying mechanisms involved in the neuronal changes induced by the experimental model of SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlan S Bazilio
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla L Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito H Machado
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the newborn is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure due to vascular remodeling and increased vessel tension secondary to chronic hypoxia during the fetal and newborn period. In comparison to the adult, the pulmonary vasculature of the fetus and the newborn undergoes tremendous developmental changes that increase susceptibility to a hypoxic insult. Substantial evidence indicates that chronic hypoxia alters the production and responsiveness of various vasoactive agents such as endothelium-derived nitric oxide, endothelin-1, prostanoids, platelet-activating factor, and reactive oxygen species, resulting in sustained vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. These changes occur in most cell types within the vascular wall, particularly endothelial and smooth muscle cells. At the cellular level, suppressed nitric oxide-cGMP signaling and augmented RhoA-Rho kinase signaling appear to be critical to the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Habre W, Jánosi TZ, Fontao F, Meyers C, Albu G, Pache JC, Peták F. Mechanisms for lung function impairment and airway hyperresponsiveness following chronic hypoxia in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L607-14. [PMID: 20139180 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00222.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chronic normobaric hypoxia (CH) alters lung function, its potential to induce bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) is still controversial. Thus the effects of CH on airway and tissue mechanics separately and changes in lung responsiveness to methacholine (MCh) were investigated. To clarify the mechanisms, mechanical changes were related to end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), in vivo results were compared with those in vitro, and lung histology was assessed. EELV was measured plethysmographically in two groups of rats exposed to 21 days of CH (11% O(2)) or to normoxia. Total respiratory impedance was measured under baseline conditions and following intravenous MCh challenges (2-18 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)). The lungs were then excised and perfused, and the pulmonary input impedance was measured, while MCh provocations were repeated under a pulmonary capillary pressure of 5, 10, and 15 mmHg. Airway resistance, tissue damping, and elastance were extracted from the respiratory impedance and pulmonary input impedance spectra. The increases in EELV following CH were associated with decreases in airway resistance, whereas tissue damping and elastance remained unaffected. CH led to the development of severe BHR to MCh (206 +/- 30 vs. 95 +/- 24%, P < 0.001), which was not detectable when the same lungs were studied in vitro at any pulmonary capillary pressure levels maintained. Histology revealed pulmonary arterial vascular remodeling with overexpression of alpha-smooth muscle actin antibody in the bronchial wall. These findings suggest that, despite the counterbalancing effect of the increased EELV, BHR develops following CH, only in the presence of intact autonomous nervous system. Thus neural control plays a major role in the changes in the basal lung mechanics and responsiveness following CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Habre
- Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Geneva Children's Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Frid MG, Brunetti JA, Burke DL, Carpenter TC, Davie NJ, Reeves JT, Roedersheimer MT, van Rooijen N, Stenmark KR. Hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling requires recruitment of circulating mesenchymal precursors of a monocyte/macrophage lineage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:659-69. [PMID: 16436679 PMCID: PMC1606508 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling in chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension includes marked fibroproliferative changes in the pulmonary artery (PA) adventitia. Although resident PA fibroblasts have long been considered the primary contributors to these processes, we tested the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling requires recruitment of circulating mesenchymal precursors of a monocyte/macrophage lineage, termed fibrocytes. Using two neonatal animal models (rats and calves) of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, we demonstrated a dramatic perivascular accumulation of mononuclear cells of a monocyte/macrophage lineage (expressing CD45, CD11b, CD14, CD68, ED1, ED2). Many of these cells produced type I collagen, expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin, and proliferated, thus exhibiting mesenchymal cell characteristics attributed to fibrocytes. The blood-borne origin of these cells was confirmed in experiments wherein circulating monocytes/macrophages of chronically hypoxic rats were in vivo-labeled with DiI fluorochrome via liposome delivery and subsequently identified in the remodeled pulmonary, but not systemic, arterial adventitia. The DiI-labeled cells that appeared in the vessel wall expressed monocyte/macrophage markers and procollagen. Selective depletion of this monocytic cell population, using either clodronate-liposomes or gadolinium chloride, prevented pulmonary adventitial remodeling (ie, production of collagen, fibronectin, and tenascin-C and accumulation of myofibroblasts). We conclude that circulating mesenchymal precursors of a monocyte/macrophage lineage, including fibrocytes, are essential contributors to hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Frid
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Hartsfield CL, McMurtry IF, Ivy DD, Morris KG, Vidmar S, Rodman DM, Fagan KA. Cardioprotective and vasomotor effects of HO activity during acute and chronic hypoxia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H2009-15. [PMID: 15217799 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00394.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged hypoxia leads to the development of pulmonary hypertension. Recent reports have suggested enhancement of heme oxygenase (HO), the major source of intracellular carbon monoxide (CO), prevents hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling in rats. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibition of HO activity by tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) would exacerbate the development of pulmonary hypertension. Rats were injected weekly with either saline or SnPP (50 micromol/kg) and exposed to hypobaric hypoxia or room air for 5 wk. Pulmonary and carotid arteries were catheterized, and animals were allowed to recover for 48 h. Pulmonary and systemic pressures, along with cardiac output, were recorded during room air and acute 10% O2 breathing in conscious rats. No difference was detected in pulmonary artery pressure between saline- and SnPP-treated animals in either normoxic or hypoxic groups. However, blockade of HO activity altered both systemic and pulmonary vasoreactivity to acute hypoxic challenge. Despite no change in baseline pulmonary artery pressure, all rats treated with SnPP had decreased ratio of right ventricular (RV) weight to left ventricular (LV) plus septal (S) weight (RV/LV + S) compared with saline-treated animals. Echocardiograms suggested dilatation of the RV and decreased RV function in hypoxic SnPP-treated rats. Together these data suggest that inhibition of HO activity and CO production does not exacerbate pulmonary hypertension, but rather that HO and CO may be involved in mediating pulmonary and systemic vasoreactivity to acute hypoxia and hypoxia-induced RV function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Hartsfield
- Div of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Ave., B-133, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Ebmeyer U, Keilhoff G, Wolf G, Röse W. Strain specific differences in a cardio-pulmonary resuscitation rat model. Resuscitation 2002; 53:189-200. [PMID: 12009223 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9572(02)00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An asphyxial cardiac arrest rat model, originally developed for Sprague-Dawley rats, was transferred to a Wistar rat model. Several strain specific life support adjustments, i.e. ventilator settings, anaesthesia, and drug requirements, were necessary to stabilize the model for Wistar rats. Despite these arrangements numerous resuscitation related variables appeared different. Three groups were evaluated and compared: a temperature monitored Wistar group 1 (n=34), a temperature controlled Wistar group 2 (n=26) and a temperature controlled Sprague-Dawley group 3 (n=7). Overall, Wistar rats seem to have more sensitive cardio-circulatory system evidenced by a more rapid development of cardiac arrest (164 vs. 201 s), requiring higher adrenaline/epinephrine doses (10 vs. 5 microg/kg) and requiring more time for recovery after resuscitation (i.e. for return of blood pressure and blood gases). Without strict temperature control (as in groups 2+3 rats) group 1 rats went into spontaneous mild to moderate hypothermia during the first 24 h after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Spontaneous hypothermia delayed the development of overall visible CA1 neuronal damage 24-48 h, but did not prevent it; therefore the model seemed to be suitable for future studies. Neuronal damages in the CA1 region in Wistar rats appeared to be more as shrunken cell bodies and pyknotic nuclei before resorption took place, whereas in Sprague-Dawley rats appeared in the same region.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ebmeyer
- Institute of Medical Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Underwood DC, Osborn RR, Bochnowicz S, Webb EF, Rieman DJ, Lee JC, Romanic AM, Adams JL, Hay DW, Griswold DE. SB 239063, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, reduces neutrophilia, inflammatory cytokines, MMP-9, and fibrosis in lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279:L895-902. [PMID: 11053025 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.5.l895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a second generation p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, SB 239063 [trans-1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridim idi n-4-yl)imidazole; IC(50) = 44 nM vs. p38 alpha], were assessed in models that represent different pathological aspects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [airway neutrophilia, enhanced cytokine formation and increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity] and in a model of lung fibrosis. Airway neutrophil infiltration and interleukin (IL)-6 levels, assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage 48 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhalation, were inhibited dose dependently by 3-30 mg/kg of SB 239063 given orally twice a day. In addition, SB 239063 (30 mg/kg orally) attenuated IL-6 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations (>90% inhibition) and MMP-9 activity (64% inhibition) assessed 6 h after LPS exposure. In guinea pig cultured alveolar macrophages, SB 239063 inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 production (IC(50) of 362 nM). In a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in rats, treatment with SB 239063 (2.4 or 4.8 mg/day via osmotic pump) significantly inhibited bleomycin-induced right ventricular hypertrophy (indicative of secondary pulmonary hypertension) and increases in lung hydroxyproline synthesis (indicative of collagen synthesis and fibrosis). Therefore, SB 239063 demonstrates activity against a range of sequelae commonly associated with COPD and fibrosis, supporting the therapeutic potential of p38 MAPK inhibitors such as SB 239063 in chronic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Underwood
- Department of Pulmonary Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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