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Lehman LL, Kaseka ML, Stout J, See AP, Pabst L, Sun LR, Hassanein SA, Waak M, Vossough A, Smith ER, Dlamini N. Pediatric Moyamoya Biomarkers: Narrowing the Knowledge Gap. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2022; 43:101002. [PMID: 36344019 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2022.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Moyamoya is a progressive cerebrovascular disorder that leads to stenosis of the arteries in the distal internal carotid, proximal middle cerebral and proximal anterior cerebral arteries of the circle of Willis. Typically a network of collaterals form to bypass the stenosis and maintain cerebral blood flow. As moyamoya progresses it affects the anterior circulation more commonly than posterior circulation, and cerebral blood flow becomes increasingly reliant on external carotid supply. Children with moyamoya are at increased risk for ischemic symptoms including stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIA). In addition, cognitive decline may occur over time, even in the absence of clinical stroke. Standard of care for stroke prevention in children with symptomatic moyamoya is revascularization surgery. Treatment of children with asymptomatic moyamoya with revascularization surgery however remains more controversial. Therefore, biomarkers are needed to assist with not only diagnosis but also with determining ischemic risk and identifying best surgical candidates. In this review we will discuss the current knowledge as well as gaps in research in relation to pediatric moyamoya biomarkers including neurologic presentation, cognitive, neuroimaging, genetic and biologic biomarkers of disease severity and ischemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Lehman
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Matsanga Leyila Kaseka
- Department of Neurology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffery Stout
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alfred P See
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa Pabst
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Lisa R Sun
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sahar A Hassanein
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michaela Waak
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Queensland Children's Hospital; Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Arastoo Vossough
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward R Smith
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nomazulu Dlamini
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
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Sesen J, Driscoll J, Moses-Gardner A, Orbach DB, Zurakowski D, Smith ER. Non-invasive Urinary Biomarkers in Moyamoya Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661952. [PMID: 33868159 PMCID: PMC8047329 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A major difficulty in treating moyamoya disease is the lack of effective methods to detect novel or progressive disease prior to the onset of disabling stroke. More importantly, a tool to better stratify operative candidates and quantify response to therapy could substantively complement existing methods. Here, we present proof-of-principle data supporting the use of urinary biomarkers as diagnostic adjuncts in pediatric moyamoya patients. Methods: Urine and cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from pediatric patients with moyamoya disease and a cohort of age and sex-matched control patients. Clinical and radiographic data were paired with measurements of a previously validated panel of angiogenic proteins quantified by ELISA. Results were compared to age and sex-matched controls and subjected to statistical analyses. Results: Evaluation of a specific panel of urinary and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers by ELISA demonstrated significant elevations of angiogenic proteins in samples from moyamoya patients compared to matched controls. ROC curves for individual urinary biomarkers, including MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-9/NGAL, and VEGF, showed excellent discrimination. The optimal urinary biomarker was MMP-2, providing a sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 100%, and overall accuracy of 91%. Biomarker levels changed in response to therapy and correlated with radiographic evidence of revascularization. Conclusions: We report, for the first time, identification of a panel of urinary biomarkers that predicts the presence of moyamoya disease. These biomarkers correlate with presence of disease and can be tracked from the central nervous system to urine. These data support the hypothesis that urinary proteins are useful predictors of the presence of moyamoya disease and may provide a basis for a novel, non-invasive method to identify new disease and monitor known patients following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sesen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Driscoll
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexander Moses-Gardner
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Darren B Orbach
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Zurakowski
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Edward R Smith
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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He SS, Shi HS, Yin T, Li YX, Luo ST, Wu QJ, Lu L, Wei YQ, Yang L. AAV-mediated gene transfer of human pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits Lewis lung carcinoma growth in mice. Oncol Rep 2012; 27:1142-8. [PMID: 22218393 PMCID: PMC3583597 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is the most potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in the mammalian eye, and mechanisms through which PEDF exerts its antitumour activity have recently been defined. The aim of our research was to evaluate the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated transfer of human PEDF to inhibit Lewis lung carcinoma (LCC) cell growth. Intratumoural injection of AAV-PEDF caused significant reduction of the tumour volume and prolonged the survival time of mice bearing LLC cells, which were associated with decreased microvessel density and increased apoptosis in the tumours. AAV vectors represent a very promising tool for cancer gene therapy. No noticeable toxicity concerning AAV was detected as inferred from monitoring changes in animal body weight as well as basic organ structure and histological morphology, and by analyzing mouse liver and kidney function. Our findings indicate that AAV-mediated PEDF gene expression may offer an active approach to inhibit LLC growth and that treatment with AAV-PEDF may provide a promising therapeutic strategy in lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Kim CK, Joe YA, Lee SK, Kim EK, O E, Kim HK, Oh BJ, Hong SH, Hong YK. Enhancement of anti-tumor activity by low-dose combination of the recombinant urokinase kringle domain and celecoxib in a glioma model. Cancer Lett 2010; 288:251-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mechanisms of disease: the PI3K-Akt-PTEN signaling node--an intercept point for the control of angiogenesis in brain tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 3:682-93. [PMID: 18046441 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The overall prognosis for patients with high-grade glioma remains dismal, despite advances in treatment modalities including neurosurgery, radiation therapy and conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. In this article, we review literature that provides a rationale for the use of antiangiogenic therapy to improve the treatment of high-grade neoplasms in the CNS. In particular, we focus our discussion on the central role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt- phosphatase and tensin homolog (PI3K-Akt-PTEN) axis as a potential molecular target for the control of angiogenesis in brain tumors via the coordinated control of cell division, tumor growth, angiogenesis, apoptosis, invasion and cellular metabolism in the tumor and stromal compartments. We suggest that instead of inhibiting a single cell surface receptor, thereby leaving other receptors free to pulse survival, proliferative, angiogenic and invasive signals, a more effective way to approach the design of targeted therapy against brain tumors is to inhibit a nodal point where redundant cell surface receptor signals converge to transmit important, relatively conserved signaling events within the cell. The epigenetic and post-translational regulation of PI3K-Akt-PTEN signaling has a prominent role in brain tumor pathogenesis, and we therefore suggest that PI3K could be an important target for therapies that target brain tumors.
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Jain RK, di Tomaso E, Duda DG, Loeffler JS, Sorensen AG, Batchelor TT. Angiogenesis in brain tumours. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8:610-22. [PMID: 17643088 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 980] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite aggressive surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, malignant gliomas remain uniformly fatal. To progress, these tumours stimulate the formation of new blood vessels through processes driven primarily by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the resulting vessels are structurally and functionally abnormal, and contribute to a hostile microenvironment (low oxygen tension and high interstitial fluid pressure) that selects for a more malignant phenotype with increased morbidity and mortality. Emerging preclinical and clinical data indicate that anti-VEGF therapies are potentially effective in glioblastoma--the most frequent primary brain tumour--and can transiently normalize tumour vessels. This creates a window of opportunity for optimally combining chemotherapeutics and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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8
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Abstract
An improved understanding of the molecular characteristics of gliomas has led to the recognition of potential antigen targets and monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies for these challenging tumors. The design of glioma mAbs--including species, construct, immunoglobulin isotype and conjugate--affects their delivery, efficacy and toxicities. mAbs that are under study for glioma therapy include some mAbs that are currently approved for use in the treatment of other cancers, as well as novel molecules. Although the greatest experience so far is with locally administered, radiolabeled mAbs, systemic unconjugated mAbs are being studied increasingly for glioma treatment. Previous experience with mAbs in other malignancies may provide guidance for their use in the treatment of CNS malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gerber
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Milner R. A novel three-dimensional system to study interactions between endothelial cells and neural cells of the developing central nervous system. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:3. [PMID: 17199896 PMCID: PMC1769506 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During angiogenesis in the developing central nervous system (CNS), endothelial cells (EC) detach from blood vessels growing on the brain surface, and migrate into the expanding brain parenchyma. Brain angiogenesis is regulated by growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins secreted by cells of the developing CNS. In addition, recent evidence suggests that EC play an important role in establishing the neural stem cell (NSC) niche. Therefore, two-way communication between EC and neural cells is of fundamental importance in the developing CNS. To study the interactions between brain EC and neural cells of the developing CNS, a novel three-dimensional (3-D) murine co-culture system was developed. Fluorescent-labelled brain EC were seeded onto neurospheres; floating cellular aggregates that contain NSC/neural precursor cells (NPC) and smaller numbers of differentiated cells. Using this system, brain EC attachment, survival and migration into neurospheres was evaluated and the role of integrins in mediating the early adhesive events addressed. Results Brain EC attached, survived and migrated deep into neurospheres over a 5-day period. Neurospheres express the ECM proteins fibronectin and laminin, and brain EC adhesion to neurospheres was inhibited by RGD peptides and antibodies specific for the β1, but not the α6 integrin subunit. Conclusion A novel 3-D co-culture system for analysing the interactions between EC and neural cells of the developing CNS is presented. This system could be used to investigate the reciprocal influence of EC and NSC/NPC; to examine how NSC/NPC influence cerebral angiogenesis, and conversely, to examine how EC regulate the maintenance and differentiation of NSC/NPC. Using this system it is demonstrated that EC attachment to neurospheres is mediated by the fibronectin receptor, α5β1 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Milner
- The Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
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10
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Pilorget A, Conesa M, Sarray S, Michaud-Levesque J, Daoud S, Kim KS, Demeule M, Marvaldi J, El Ayeb M, Marrakchi N, Béliveau R, Luis J. Lebectin, aMacrovipera lebetina venom-derived C-type lectin, inhibits angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:307-15. [PMID: 17323383 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Integrins play an essential role in endothelial cell motility processes during angiogenesis and thus present interesting targets for the development of new anti-angiogenic agents. Snake venoms naturally contain a variety of proteins that can affect integrin-ligand interactions. Recently, the C-type lectin proteins (CLPs) have been characterized as efficient modulators of integrin functions. In this study, we investigated the anti-angiogenic activity of lebectin, a newly discovered CLP from Macrovipera lebetina venom. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), used as an in vitro model, express alphavbeta3, alphavbeta5, and alpha5beta1 integrins, as well as the alpha2, alpha3, alpha6, and beta4 subunits. Our data show that lebectin acts as a very potent inhibitor (IC(50) approximately 0.5 nM) of HBMEC adhesion and migration on fibronectin by blocking the adhesive functions of both the alpha5beta1 and alphaV integrins. In addition, lebectin strongly inhibits both HBMEC in vitro tubulogenesis on Matrigel trade mark (IC(50) = 0.4 nM) and proliferation. Finally, using both a chicken CAM assay and a Matrigel trade mark Plug assay in nude mice, our results show that lebectin displays potent anti-angiogenic activity in vivo. Lebectin thus represents a new C-type lectin with anti-angiogenic properties with great potential for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/isolation & purification
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Brain/blood supply
- Capillaries/cytology
- Capillaries/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Chorioallantoic Membrane/blood supply
- Chorioallantoic Membrane/drug effects
- Collagen
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Combinations
- Embryo Culture Techniques
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Fibronectins/pharmacology
- Humans
- Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Integrins/metabolism
- Laminin
- Lectins, C-Type/isolation & purification
- Lectins, C-Type/physiology
- Lectins, C-Type/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/chemically induced
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Proteoglycans
- Subcutaneous Tissue/blood supply
- Time Factors
- Viper Venoms/isolation & purification
- Viper Venoms/pharmacology
- Viper Venoms/therapeutic use
- Viperidae
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Pilorget
- CNRS FRE 2737, Faculté de Pharmacie, bd Jean Moulin, Marseille, Cedex 5, France
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Rusk A, Cozzi E, Stebbins M, Vail D, Graham J, Valli V, Henkin J, Sharpee R, Khanna C. Cooperative Activity of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy with Antiangiogenic Thrombospondin-I Peptides, ABT-526 in Pet Dogs with Relapsed Lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:7456-64. [PMID: 17189419 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thrombospondin-I (TSP-I) is a natural antiangiogenic protein that enhances apoptosis of activated endothelial cells. A modified nonapeptide from TSP-I, ABT-526, has been found to be active in mouse cancer models and in dogs with naturally occurring cancers. To further assist in the development of ABT-526, we report herein on its evaluation in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy in pet dogs with relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Ninety-four pet dogs with naturally occurring first-relapse NHL were entered into a prospective randomized placebo controlled double-blinded trial of ABT-526 plus CeeNu (Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, NY) versus CeeNu alone. Endpoints included response rate, duration of response, time to progression, and incidence of toxicoses. RESULTS No significant ABT-526-specific toxicities were seen. CeeNu-associated toxicities, including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, gastroenteritis, and elevated alanine transaminase, were similar. No significant difference in objective response rate was seen (ABT-526 + CeeNu versus placebo + CeeNu, 23/49 versus 23/37; P > 0.25). Cooperative activity between ABT-526 and CeeNu chemotherapy was evident based on a significant increase in the median response duration of dogs receiving ABT-526 plus CeeNu compared with placebo plus CeeNu (35 versus 15 days; P < 0.05). The time to progression for responding cases was also significantly greater in dogs receiving ABT-526 plus CeeNu compared with placebo plus CeeNu (41 versus 21 days; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Results of this preclinical trial suggest that the activity of ABT-526 is sustained when combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy; furthermore, the activity seems to be associated with the maintenance of CeeNu-induced treatment responses. Further studies of TSP-I peptide antiangiogenic therapy in pet dogs and humans with NHL are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rusk
- Animal Clinical Investigation, LLC, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Gupta P, Su ZZ, Lebedeva IV, Sarkar D, Sauane M, Emdad L, Bachelor MA, Grant S, Curiel DT, Dent P, Fisher PB. mda-7/IL-24: multifunctional cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing cytokine. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:596-628. [PMID: 16464504 PMCID: PMC1781515 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
"Differentiation therapy" provides a unique and potentially effective, less toxic treatment paradigm for cancer. Moreover, combining "differentiation therapy" with molecular approaches presents an unparalleled opportunity to identify and clone genes mediating cancer growth control, differentiation, senescence, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Subtraction hybridization applied to human melanoma cells induced to terminally differentiate by treatment with fibroblast interferon (IFN-beta) plus mezerein (MEZ) permitted cloning of melanoma differentiation associated (mda) genes. Founded on its novel properties, one particular mda gene, mda-7, now classified as a member of the interleukin (IL)-10 gene family (IL-24) because of conserved structure, chromosomal location, and cytokine-like properties has become the focus of attention of multiple laboratories. When administered by transfection or adenovirus-transduction into a spectrum of tumor cell types, melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) induces apoptosis, whereas no toxicity is apparent in normal cells. mda-7/IL-24 displays potent "bystander antitumor" activity and also has the capacity to enhance radiation lethality, to induce immune-regulatory activities, and to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. Based on these remarkable attributes and effective antitumor therapy in animal models, this cytokine has taken the important step of entering the clinic. In a Phase I clinical trial, intratumoral injections of adenovirus-administered mda-7/IL-24 (Ad.mda-7) was safe, elicited tumor-regulatory and immune-activating processes, and provided clinically significant activity. This review highlights our current understanding of the diverse activities and properties of this novel cytokine, with potential to become a prominent gene therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
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Browne M, Stellmach V, Cornwell M, Chung C, Doll JA, Lee EJ, Jameson JL, Reynolds M, Superina RA, Abramson LP, Crawford SE. Gene transfer of pigment epithelium-derived factor suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis in a hepatoblastoma xenograft model. Pediatr Res 2006; 60:282-7. [PMID: 16857775 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000232789.86632.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Normal hepatocytes express pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), an endogenous antiangiogenic factor. We hypothesized that decreased PEDF expression may be one mechanism driving hepatoblastoma growth, and in vivo gene transfer of PEDF could suppress neovascularization and limit tumor growth. PEDF functional activity was determined in vitro using endothelial cell migration assays and in vivo using a subcutaneous tumor model. HUH-6 human hepatoblastoma tumors were treated with hybrid adenoviral/adeno-associated viral expression vectors for PEDF (Hyb-PEDF, n = 4) or beta-galactosidase (Hyb-betagal, n = 4) daily for 4 d. Mitotic figures, microvascular density (MVD), PEDF, and VEGF expression were assessed. Hyb-PEDF treatment inhibited in vivo tumor growth (p < 0.008) and decreased MVD (p < 0.001), the number of mitotic figures (p < 0.001), and VEGF expression when compared with Hyb-betagal-treated tumors. HUH-6 expression of PEDF was dramatically reduced when cultured under hypoxic conditions and also when grown in vivo, and the addition of neutralizing anti-PEDF antibody increased the already high baseline angiogenic activity of the HUH-6 cell secretions in vitro (p < 0.04). PEDF is an important endogenous regulator of the liver vasculature. Augmenting intra-tumoral PEDF levels inhibits tumor growth by reducing angiogenesis and VEGF expression. Potent inhibitors of angiogenesis, such as PEDF, may be an effective alternative treatment for children with hepatoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Browne
- Department of Surgery, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
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14
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Abstract
In order to grow, tissues require additional nutrients and oxygen as well as removal of waste products. Tumors achieve this by up-regulating angiogenic cytokines and/or down-regulating natural inhibitory proteins that allow neovascularization to proceed. Brain tumors continue to account for significant morbidity and mortality, in spite of significant advances in neurosurgical and radiation techniques and new chemotherapy combinations. As such, there is a real and immediate need for novel biologic therapies that can target these tumors. A number of new drugs that target different aspects of the angiogenic cascade have been identified and are now in clinical trials in children with primary brain tumors. In many of these pre-clinical and clinical studies, anti-angiogenic therapy has been well tolerated, has lacked many of the traditional toxicities of radiation and chemotherapy, does not require blood-brain barrier penetration, and targets a critical pathway in central nervous system tumor development. This review will discuss what angiogenesis is, how pediatric brain tumors regulate angiogenesis to obtain a vascular supply, what types of inhibitors are available, how different classes of inhibitors work, the types of resistance possible, how rapidly these inhibitors may work, and what surrogate markers of activity are available to follow response.
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Nieman BJ, Bock NA, Bishop J, Chen XJ, Sled JG, Rossant J, Henkelman RM. Magnetic resonance imaging for detection and analysis of mouse phenotypes. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2005; 18:447-68. [PMID: 16206127 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With the enormous and growing number of experimental and genetic mouse models of human disease, there is a need for efficient means of characterizing abnormalities in mouse anatomy and physiology. Adaptation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the scale of the mouse promises to address this challenge and make major contributions to biomedical research by non-invasive assessment in the mouse. MRI is already emerging as an enabling technology providing informative and meaningful measures in a range of mouse models. In this review, recent progress in both in vivo and post mortem imaging is reported. Challenges unique to mouse MRI are also identified. In particular, the needs for high-throughput imaging and comparative anatomical analyses in large biological studies are described and current efforts at handling these issues are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
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16
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Roitberg B. Research news and notes. SURGICAL NEUROLOGY 2005; 64:101-2. [PMID: 16050995 DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Roitberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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