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Kim G, Chen Z, Li J, Luo J, Castro-Martinez F, Wisniewski J, Cui K, Wang Y, Sun J, Ren X, Crawford SE, Becerra SP, Zhu J, Liu T, Wang S, Zhao K, Wu C. Gut-liver axis calibrates intestinal stem cell fitness. Cell 2024; 187:914-930.e20. [PMID: 38280375 PMCID: PMC10923069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The gut and liver are recognized to mutually communicate through the biliary tract, portal vein, and systemic circulation. However, it remains unclear how this gut-liver axis regulates intestinal physiology. Through hepatectomy and transcriptomic and proteomic profiling, we identified pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a liver-derived soluble Wnt inhibitor, which restrains intestinal stem cell (ISC) hyperproliferation to maintain gut homeostasis by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that microbial danger signals resulting from intestinal inflammation can be sensed by the liver, leading to the repression of PEDF production through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα). This repression liberates ISC proliferation to accelerate tissue repair in the gut. Additionally, treating mice with fenofibrate, a clinical PPARα agonist used for hypolipidemia, enhances colitis susceptibility due to PEDF activity. Therefore, we have identified a distinct role for PEDF in calibrating ISC expansion for intestinal homeostasis through reciprocal interactions between the gut and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girak Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jialie Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Felipe Castro-Martinez
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jan Wisniewski
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kairong Cui
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jialei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaobai Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Research Institute, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jimin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Glaser A, Shi Z, Wei J, Lanman NA, Ladson-Gary S, Vickman RE, Franco OE, Crawford SE, Lilly Zheng S, Hayward SW, Isaacs WB, Helfand BT, Xu J. Shared Inherited Genetics of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer. EUR UROL SUPPL 2022; 43:54-61. [PMID: 36353071 PMCID: PMC9638770 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) remains controversial, largely due to a detection bias in traditional observational studies. Objective To assess the association between BPH and PCa using inherited single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Design setting and participants The participants were White men from the population-based UK Biobank (UKB). Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The association between BPH and PCa was tested for (1) phenotypic correlation using chi-square, (2) genetic correlation (r g) based on genome-wide SNPs using linkage disequilibrium score regression, and (3) cross-disease genetic associations based on known risk-associated SNPs (15 for BPH and 239 for PCa), individually and cumulatively using genetic risk score (GRS). Results and limitations Among 214 717 White men in the UKB, 24 623 (11%) and 14 311 (6.7%) had a diagnosis of BPH and PCa, respectively. Diagnoses of these two diseases were significantly correlated (χ2 = 1862.80, p < 0.001). A significant genetic correlation was found (r g = 0.16; 95% confidence interval 0.03-0.28, p = 0.01). In addition, significant cross-disease genetic associations for established risk-associated SNPs were also found. Among the 250 established genome-wide association study-significant SNPs of PCa or BPH, 49 were significantly associated with the risk of the other disease at p < 0.05, significantly more than expected by chance (N = 12, p < 0.001; χ2 test). Furthermore, significant cross-disease GRS associations were also found; GRSBPH was significantly associated with PCa risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.26 [1.18-1.36], p < 0.001), and GRSPCa was significantly associated with BPH risk (OR = 1.03 [1.02-1.04], p < 0.001). Moreover, GRSBPH was significantly and inversely associated with lethal PCa risk in a PCa case-case analysis (OR = 0.58 [0.41-0.81], p = 0.002). Only White men were studied. Conclusions BPH and PCa share common inherited genetics, which suggests that the phenotypic association of these two diseases in observational studies is not entirely caused by the detection bias. Patient summary For the first time, we found that benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are genetically related. This finding may have implications in disease etiology and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Glaser
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Zhuqing Shi
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jun Wei
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Nadia A. Lanman
- Collaborative Core for Cancer Bioinformatics, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Skylar Ladson-Gary
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Renee E. Vickman
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - S. Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian T. Helfand
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Corresponding authors. 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA. Tel. +1 (224) 264-7501; Fax: +1 (224) 364-7675.
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Corresponding authors. 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA. Tel. +1 (224) 264-7501; Fax: +1 (224) 364-7675.
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Rebustini IT, Crawford SE, Becerra SP. Pigment epithelium‐derived factor induced CRX alterations in the mouse retina. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.l7644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Dept. SurgeryNorthShore University Research InstituteUniversity of Chicago Pritzer School of MedicineChicagoIL
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Kang H, Aryal Ac S, Barnes AM, Martin A, David V, Crawford SE, Marini JC. Antagonism Between PEDF and TGF-β Contributes to Type VI Osteogenesis Imperfecta Bone and Vascular Pathogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:925-937. [PMID: 35258129 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder of bone and connective tissue, also known as brittle bone disease. Null mutations in SERPINF1, which encodes pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), cause severe type VI OI, characterized by accumulation of unmineralized osteoid and a fish-scale pattern of bone lamellae. Although the potent anti-angiogenic activity of PEDF has been extensively studied, the disease mechanism of type VI OI is not well understood. Using Serpinf1(-/-) mice and primary osteoblasts, we demonstrate that loss of PEDF delays osteoblast maturation as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. Barium sulfate perfusion reveals significantly increased vessel density in the tibial periosteum of Serpinf1(-/-) mouse compared with wild-type littermates. The increased bone vascularization in Serpinf1(-/-) mice correlated with increased number of CD31(+)/Endomucin(+) endothelial cells, which are involved in the coupling angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Global transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq of Serpinf1(-/-) mouse osteoblasts reveals osteogenesis and angiogenesis as the biological processes most impacted by loss of PEDF. Intriguingly, TGF-β signaling is activated in type VI OI cells, and Serpinf1(-/-) osteoblasts are more sensitive to TGF-β stimulation than wild-type osteoblasts. TGF-β stimulation and PEDF deficiency showed additive effects on transcription suppression of osteogenic markers and stimulation of pro-angiogenic factors. Furthermore, PEDF attenuated TGF-β-induced expression of pro-angiogenic factors. These data suggest that functional antagonism between PEDF and TGF-β pathways controls osteogenesis and bone vascularization and is implicated in type VI OI pathogenesis. This antagonism may be exploited in developing therapeutics for type VI OI utilizing PEDF and TGF-β antibody. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeseog Kang
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Smriti Aryal Ac
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aileen M Barnes
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aline Martin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Valentin David
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Joan C Marini
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Morales A, Greenberg M, Nardi F, Gil V, Hayward SW, Crawford SE, Franco OE. Loss of ephrin B2 receptor (EPHB2) sets lipid rheostat by regulating proteins DGAT1 and ATGL inducing lipid droplet storage in prostate cancer cells. J Transl Med 2021; 101:921-934. [PMID: 33824421 PMCID: PMC8217088 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in cancer results from aberrant metabolic reprograming due to increased lipid uptake, diminished lipolysis and/or de novo lipid synthesis. Initially implicated in storage and lipid trafficking in adipocytes, LDs are more recently recognized to fuel key functions associated with carcinogenesis and progression of several cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the mechanisms controlling LD accumulation in cancer are largely unknown. EPHB2, a tyrosine kinase (TKR) ephrin receptor has been proposed to have tumor suppressor functions in PCa, although the mechanisms responsible for these effects are unclear. Given that dysregulation in TRK signaling can result in glutaminolysis we postulated that EPHB2 might have potential effects on lipid metabolism. Knockdown strategies for EPHB2 were performed in prostate cancer cells to analyze the impact on the net lipid balance, proliferation, triacylglycerol-regulating proteins, effect on LD biogenesis, and intracellular localization of LDs. We found that EPHB2 protein expression in a panel of human-derived prostate cancer cell lines was inversely associated with in vivo cell aggressiveness. EPHB2 silencing increased the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and concurrently induced de novo LD accumulation in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments as well as a "shift" on LD size distribution in newly formed lipid-rich organelles. Lipid challenge using oleic acid exacerbated the effects on the LD phenotype. Loss of EPHB2 directly regulated key proteins involved in maintaining lipid homeostasis including, increasing lipogenic DGAT1, DGAT2 and PLIN2 and decreasing lipolytic ATGL and PEDF. A DGAT1-specific inhibitor abrogated LD accumulation and proliferative effects induced by EPHB2 loss. In conclusion, we highlight a new anti-tumor function of EPHB2 in lipid metabolism through regulation of DGAT1 and ATGL in prostate cancer. Blockade of DGAT1 in EPHB2-deficient tumors appears to be effective in restoring the lipid balance and reducing tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Morales
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Max Greenberg
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Francesca Nardi
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Dixit S, Polato F, Samardzija M, Abu-Asab M, Grimm C, Crawford SE, Becerra SP. PEDF deficiency increases the susceptibility of rd10 mice to retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2020; 198:108121. [PMID: 32721425 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SERPINF1 gene encodes pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a member of the serpin superfamily with neurotrophic and antiangiogenic properties in the retina. We hypothesized that absence of PEDF would lead to increased stress-associated retinal degeneration in Serpinf1 null mice. Accordingly, using a Serpinf1 null mouse model, we investigated the impact of PEDF absence on retinal morphology, and susceptibility to induced and inherited retinal degeneration. We studied the pattern of Serpinf1 expression in the mouse retina layers. PEDF protein was detected by western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on mouse retina. Serpinf1 null mice and wild type littermates were injected with NaIO3 (30 mg/kg body weight) intraperitonially. At post-injection day 1, 3, 4, 6 and 8 mice were euthanized, and eyes were enucleated. Serpinf1 null and rd10 double mutant mice were generated and their eyes enucleated at different time points from post-natal day 15 to post-natal day 28. Enucleated eyes were processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining and histopathological evaluations. We found that Serpinf1 was expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium, in the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer, but undetectable in the outer nuclear layer of wild type mice. Plasma PEDF protein levels were undetectable in Serpinf1 null animals. RPE atrophy and retinal thinning were observed in NaIO3-treated wild type mice that progressed with time post-injection. NaIO3-treated Serpinf1 null mice showed comparatively better retinal morphology than wild type mice at day 4 post-injection. However, the absence of PEDF in Serpinf1 null x rd10 mice increased the susceptibility to retinal degeneration relative to that of rd10 mice. We concluded that histopathological evaluation of retinas lacking PEDF showed that removal of the Serpinf1 gene may activate PEDF-independent compensatory mechanisms to protect the retina against oxidative stress, while it increases the susceptibility to degenerate the retina in inherited retinal degeneration models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Dixit
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB-NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Federica Polato
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB-NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marijana Samardzija
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Grimm
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB-NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Hepburn AC, Curry EL, Moad M, Steele RE, Franco OE, Wilson L, Singh P, Buskin A, Crawford SE, Gaughan L, Mills IG, Hayward SW, Robson CN, Heer R. Propagation of human prostate tissue from induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:734-745. [PMID: 32170918 PMCID: PMC7308643 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary culture of human prostate organoids and patient‐derived xenografts is inefficient and has limited access to clinical tissues. This hampers their use for translational study to identify new treatments. To overcome this, we established a complementary approach where rapidly proliferating and easily handled induced pluripotent stem cells enabled the generation of human prostate tissue in vivo and in vitro. By using a coculture technique with inductive urogenital sinus mesenchyme, we comprehensively recapitulated in situ 3D prostate histology, and overcame limitations in the primary culture of human prostate stem, luminal and neuroendocrine cells, as well as the stromal microenvironment. This model now unlocks new opportunities to undertake translational studies of benign and malignant prostate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia C Hepburn
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma L Curry
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mohammad Moad
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Acute Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Tees, Stockton on Tees, UK
| | - Rebecca E Steele
- Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura Wilson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Parmveer Singh
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adriana Buskin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Craig N Robson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Vickman RE, Broman MM, Lanman NA, Franco OE, Sudyanti PAG, Ni Y, Ji Y, Helfand BT, Petkewicz J, Paterakos MC, Crawford SE, Ratliff TL, Hayward SW. Heterogeneity of human prostate carcinoma-associated fibroblasts implicates a role for subpopulations in myeloid cell recruitment. Prostate 2020; 80:173-185. [PMID: 31763714 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are a heterogeneous group of cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can promote tumorigenesis in the prostate. By understanding the mechanism(s) by which CAF contributes to tumor growth, new therapeutic targets for the management of this disease may be identified. These studies determined whether unique sub-populations of human prostate CAF can be identified and functionally characterized. METHODS Single-cell RNA-seq of primary human prostate CAF followed by unsupervised clustering was utilized to generate cell clusters based on differentially expressed (DE) gene profiles. Potential communication between CAF and immune cells was analyzed using in vivo tissue recombination by combining CAF or normal prostate fibroblasts (NPF) with non-tumorigenic, initiated prostate epithelial BPH-1 cells. Resultant grafts were assessed for inflammatory cell recruitment. RESULTS Clustering of 3321 CAF allows for visualization of six subpopulations, demonstrating heterogeneity within CAF. Sub-renal capsule recombination assays show that the presence of CAF significantly increases myeloid cell recruitment to resultant tumors. This is supported by significantly increased expression of chemotactic chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12 in large clusters compared to other subpopulations. Bayesian analysis topologies also support differential communication signals between chemokine-related genes of individual clusters. Migration of THP-1 monocyte cells in vitro is stimulated in the presence of CAF conditioned medium (CM) compared with NPF CM. Further in vitro analyses suggest that CAF-derived chemokine CCL2 may be responsible for CAF-stimulated migration of THP-1 cells, since neutralization of this chemokine abrogates migration capacity. CONCLUSIONS CAF clustering based on DE gene expression supports the concept that clusters have unique functions within the TME, including a role in immune/inflammatory cell recruitment. These data suggest that CCL2 produced by CAF may be involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells, but may also directly regulate the growth of the tumor. Further studies aimed at characterizing the subpopulation(s) of CAF which promote immune cell recruitment to the TME and/or stimulate prostate cancer growth and progression will be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E Vickman
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Meaghan M Broman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Nadia A Lanman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | - Yang Ni
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | - Michael C Paterakos
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
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9
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Day JH, Nicholson TM, Su X, van Neel TL, Clinton I, Kothandapani A, Lee J, Greenberg MH, Amory JK, Walsh TJ, Muller CH, Franco OE, Jefcoate CR, Crawford SE, Jorgensen JS, Theberge AB. Injection molded open microfluidic well plate inserts for user-friendly coculture and microscopy. Lab Chip 2020; 20:107-119. [PMID: 31712791 PMCID: PMC6917835 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00706g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Open microfluidic cell culture systems are powerful tools for interrogating biological mechanisms. We have previously presented a microscale cell culture system, based on spontaneous capillary flow of biocompatible hydrogels, that is integrated into a standard cell culture well plate, with flexible cell compartment geometries and easy pipet access. Here, we present two new injection molded open microfluidic devices that also easily insert into standard cell culture well plates and standard culture workflows, allowing seamless adoption by biomedical researchers. These platforms allow culture and study of soluble factor communication among multiple cell types, and the microscale dimensions are well-suited for rare primary cells. Unique advances include optimized evaporation control within the well, manufacture with reproducible and cost-effective rapid injection molding, and compatibility with sample preparation workflows for high resolution microscopy (following well-established coverslip mounting procedures). In this work, we present several use cases that highlight the usability and widespread utility of our platform including culture of limited primary testis cells from surgical patients, microscopy readouts including immunocytochemistry and single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH), and coculture to study interactions between adipocytes and prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Tristan M Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. and Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaojing Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Tammi L van Neel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Ivor Clinton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Anbarasi Kothandapani
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA and Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Max H Greenberg
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles H Muller
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA and Male Fertility Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Joan S Jorgensen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ashleigh B Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. and Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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10
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Nardi F, Fitchev P, Brooks KM, Franco OE, Cheng K, Hayward SW, Welte MA, Crawford SE. Lipid droplet velocity is a microenvironmental sensor of aggressive tumors regulated by V-ATPase and PEDF. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1822-1834. [PMID: 31409893 PMCID: PMC7289525 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) utilize microtubules (MTs) to participate in intracellular trafficking of cargo proteins. Cancer cells accumulate LDs and acidify their tumor microenvironment (TME) by increasing the proton pump V-ATPase. However, it is not known whether these two metabolic changes are mechanistically related or influence LD movement. We postulated that LD density and velocity are progressively increased with tumor aggressiveness and are dependent on V-ATPase and the lipolysis regulator pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). LD density was assessed in human prostate cancer (PCa) specimens across Gleason scores (GS) 6-8. LD distribution and velocity were analyzed in low and highly aggressive tumors using live-cell imaging and in cells exposed to low pH and/or treated with V-ATPase inhibitors. The MT network was disrupted and analyzed by α-tubulin staining. LD density positively correlated with advancing GS in human tumors. Acidification promoted peripheral localization and clustering of LDs. Highly aggressive prostate, breast, and pancreatic cell lines had significantly higher maximum LD velocity (LDVmax) than less aggressive and benign cells. LDVmax was MT-dependent and suppressed by blocking V-ATPase directly or indirectly with PEDF. Upon lowering pH, LDs moved to the cell periphery and carried metalloproteinases. These results suggest that acidification of the TME can alter intracellular LD movement and augment velocity in cancer. Restoration of PEDF or blockade of V-ATPase can normalize LD distribution and decrease velocity. This study identifies V-ATPase and PEDF as new modulators of LD trafficking in the cancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardi
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201
| | - Philip Fitchev
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201
| | - Kyrsten M. Brooks
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63104
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201
| | - Kevin Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63104
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201
| | - Michael A. Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, RC Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201,Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63104
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11
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Aaron-Brooks LM, Sasaki T, Vickman RE, Wei L, Franco OE, Ji Y, Crawford SE, Hayward SW. Hyperglycemia and T Cell infiltration are associated with stromal and epithelial prostatic hyperplasia in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Prostate 2019; 79:980-993. [PMID: 30999385 PMCID: PMC6591734 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic inflammation and various proinflammatory systemic comorbidities, such as diabetes and obesity are associated with human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). There is a paucity of in vivo models reflecting specific aspects of BPH pathogenesis. Our aim was to investigate the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse as a potential model for subsequent intervention studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the NOD mouse, a model of autoimmune inflammation leading to type 1 diabetes to examine the effects of systemic inflammation and diabetes on the prostate. We assessed changes in prostatic histology, infiltrating leukocytes, and gene expression associated with aging and diabetic status. RESULTS Both stromal expansion and epithelial hyperplasia were observed in the prostates. Regardless of diabetic status, the degree of prostatic hyperplasia varied. Local inflammation was associated with a more severe prostatic phenotype in both diabetic and nondiabetic mice. Testicular atrophy was noted in diabetic mice, but prostate glands showed persistent focal cell proliferation. In addition, a prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)-like phenotype was seen in several diabetic animals with an associated increase in c-Myc and MMP-2 expression. To examine changes in gene and cytokine expression we performed microarray and cytokine array analysis comparing the prostates of diabetic and nondiabetic animals. Microarray analysis revealed several differentially expressed genes including CCL3, CCL12, and TNFS10. Cytokine array analysis revealed increased expression of cytokines and proteases such as LDLR, IL28 A/B, and MMP-2 in diabetic mice. CONCLUSION Overall, NOD mice provide a model to examine the effects of hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation on the prostate, demonstrating relevance to some of the mechanisms present underlying BPH and potentially the initiation of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTayia M. Aaron-Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Renee E. Vickman
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lin Wei
- Program of Computational Genomics & Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yuan Ji
- Program of Computational Genomics & Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
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12
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Starnes SE, Nardi F, Fitchev P, Plunkett BA, Thorpe C, Wang CH, Vogler C, Crawford SE. Influence of maternal obesity and metabolic and vascular mediators in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Reprod Biol 2019; 19:165-172. [PMID: 31147266 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for complications in singleton and twin pregnancies; however, there are limited data regarding maternal body mass index (BMI) in the setting of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). We hypothesized that increased BMI in TTTS is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes and vascular pathology. A retrospective study of twin reversed arterial perfusion (n = 4), selective intrauterine growth restriction (n = 10) and TTTS (n = 33) was conducted. Treatment included fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (FLP) (n = 35) or Solomon technique (n = 12). Ex vivo placental intravascular injections, immunohistochemistry, and perinatal outcomes were compared by maternal BMI. In pregnancy complicated by TTTS, 16/33 women were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and 11/33 were overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2). Women who were overweight or obese had an increased rate of premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), cesarean delivery, and/or concomitant co-morbidities when compared to the normal weight group. Duration of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission was longer in neonates of overweight/obese women versus normal weight. Placental examination of FLP sites in the obese group showed larger infarcts, increased adipose triglyceride lipase, and a proangiogenic phenotype. Increased BMI is common in our TTTS cohort and it is associated with higher rate of co-morbidity, PPROM, prolonged NICU stay, and an imbalance of placental metabolic and vascular mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Starnes
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63103, United States
| | - Francesca Nardi
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States
| | - Philip Fitchev
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States
| | - Beth A Plunkett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, NorthShore University, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States
| | - Constance Thorpe
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63103, United States
| | - Chi-Hsung Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, NorthShore University Research Institute, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States
| | - Carole Vogler
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63103, United States
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63103, United States; Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States.
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13
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Nardi F, Franco OE, Fitchev P, Morales A, Vickman RE, Hayward SW, Crawford SE. DGAT1 Inhibitor Suppresses Prostate Tumor Growth and Migration by Regulating Intracellular Lipids and Non-Centrosomal MTOC Protein GM130. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3035. [PMID: 30816200 PMCID: PMC6395665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase I (DGAT1) is a key enzyme in lipogenesis which is increased in metabolically active cells to meet nutrient requirements. DGAT1 has been recognized as an anti-obesity target; however, its role in the tumor microenvironment remains unclear. We postulated that, in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, augmented lipogenesis and growth are due to increased DGAT1 expression leading to microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) amplification. Thus, therapeutic targeting of DGAT1 potentially has tumor suppressive activity. We tested whether blocking DGAT1 in PCa cells altered MTOC and lipid signaling. Western blot and immunofluorescence were performed for MTOC and triglyceride mediators. Treatment with a DGAT1 inhibitor was evaluated. We found a stepwise increase in DGAT1 protein levels when comparing normal prostate epithelial cells to PCa cells, LNCaP and PC-3. Lipid droplets, MTOCs, and microtubule-regulating proteins were reduced in tumor cells treated with a DGAT1 inhibitor. Depletion of the non-centrosomal MTOC protein GM130 reduced PCa cell proliferation and migration. Inhibition of DGAT1 reduced tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo, and a negative feedback loop was discovered between DGAT1, PEDF, and GM130. These data identify DGAT1 as a promising new target for suppressing PCa growth by regulating GM130, MTOC number and disrupting microtubule integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardi
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States
| | - Philip Fitchev
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States
| | - Alejandro Morales
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States
| | - Renee E Vickman
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, United States.
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14
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Sasaki T, Franco OE, Ohishi K, Filipovich Y, Ishii K, Crawford SE, Takahashi N, Katayama N, Sugimura Y, Hayward SW. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy prescribed for non-urologic diseases can modify PSA titers in urology patients. Prostate 2019; 79:259-264. [PMID: 30370673 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), imatinib and nilotinib, are used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In three CML patients being monitored for urologic diseases, we observed that switching of TKI therapy affected prostate-specific antigen (PSA) titers. Urologists and other medical professionals need to be aware of the potential side-effects of drugs that patients may be receiving for other indications to modify this important prostate diseases indicator. TKIs may affect PSA titers independent of prostate growth or volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS We followed PSA levels in urology patients who were also undergoing TKI treatment for CML. We determined the effects of nilotinib and imatinib on proliferation, AR and PSA expression in the LNCaP and 22Rv1 prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines using real-time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Clinically, nilotinib and dasatinib reversibly reduced PSA titers compared to imatinib. At high doses nilotinib and imatinib both demonstrated antiproliferative effects in the PCa cells. At low doses expression of AR and PSA was decreased by both drugs, at mRNA and protein levels. Nilotinib exerted greater effects at lower doses than imatinib. CONCLUSIONS Nilotinib down-regulates serum PSA in patients being treated for non-urological indications, potentially masking a clinical useful marker, we cannot exclude a similar but smaller effect of imatinib. Nilotinib and imatinib both decreased AR and PSA expression in PCa cell lines with the nilotinib effect evident at lower doses. Urologists must appreciate the effects of drugs provided for other diseases on PSA titers and be aware that sudden changes may not reflect underlying prostatic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/administration & dosage
- Imatinib Mesylate/adverse effects
- Kallikreins/biosynthesis
- Kallikreins/blood
- Kallikreins/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/blood
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Male
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/biosynthesis
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/genetics
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/adverse effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Kohshi Ohishi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yana Filipovich
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Kenichiro Ishii
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Katayama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sugimura
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
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15
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Gillard M, Javier R, Ji Y, Zheng SL, Xu J, Brendler CB, Crawford SE, Pierce BL, Griend DJV, Franco OE. Elevation of Stromal-Derived Mediators of Inflammation Promote Prostate Cancer Progression in African-American Men. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6134-6145. [PMID: 30181178 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Progress in prostate cancer racial disparity research has been hampered by a lack of appropriate research tools and better understanding of the tumor biology. Recent gene expression studies suggest that the tumor microenvironment (TME) may contribute to racially disparate clinical outcomes in prostate cancer. Analysis of the prostate TME has shown increased reactive stroma associated with chronic inflammatory infiltrates in African-American (AA) compared with European-American (EA) patients with prostate cancer. To better understand stromal drivers of changes in TME, we isolated prostate fibroblasts (PrF) from AA (PrF-AA) and EA (PrF-EA) prostate cancer tissues and studied their functional characteristics. PrF-AA showed increased growth response to androgens FGF2 and platelet-derived growth factor. Compared with PrF-EA, conditioned media from PrF-AA significantly enhanced the proliferation and motility of prostate cancer cell lines. Expression of markers associated with myofibroblast activation (αSMA, vimentin, and tenascin-C) was elevated in PrF-AA In vivo tumorigenicity of an AA patient-derived prostatic epithelial cell line E006AA was significantly increased in the presence of PrF-AA compared with PrF-EA, and RNA-seq data and cytokine array analysis identified a panel of potential proinflammatory paracrine mediators (BDNF, CHI3L1, DPPIV, FGF7, IL18BP, IL6, and VEGF) to be enriched in PrF-AA E006AA cell lines showed increased responsiveness to BDNF ligand compared with EA-derived LNCaP and C4-2B cells. Addition of a TrkB-specific antagonist significantly reduced the protumorigenic effects induced by PrF-AA compared with PrF-EA These findings suggest that fibroblasts in the TME of AA patients may contribute to the health disparity observed in the incidence and progression of prostate cancer tumors.Significance: These findings suggest that stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment of African-American men promote progression of prostate cancer by increasing levels of a specific set of pro-inflammatory molecules compared with European-American men.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/21/6134/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(21); 6134-45. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gillard
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rodrigo Javier
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Charles B Brendler
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Brandon L Pierce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois.
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16
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Nardi F, Fitchev P, Franco OE, Ivanisevic J, Scheibler A, Hayward SW, Brendler CB, Welte MA, Crawford SE. PEDF regulates plasticity of a novel lipid-MTOC axis in prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213579. [PMID: 29792311 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate tumors make metabolic adaptations to ensure adequate energy and amplify cell cycle regulators, such as centrosomes, to sustain their proliferative capacity. It is not known whether cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) undergo metabolic re-programming. We postulated that CAFs augment lipid storage and amplify centrosomal or non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) through a pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF)-dependent lipid-MTOC signaling axis. Primary human normal prostate fibroblasts (NFs) and CAFs were evaluated for lipid content, triacylglycerol-regulating proteins, MTOC number and distribution. CAFs were found to store more neutral lipids than NFs. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and PEDF were strongly expressed in NFs, whereas CAFs had minimal to undetectable levels of PEDF or ATGL protein. At baseline, CAFs demonstrated MTOC amplification when compared to 1-2 perinuclear MTOCs consistently observed in NFs. Treatment with PEDF or blockade of lipogenesis suppressed lipid content and MTOC number. In summary, our data support that CAFs have acquired a tumor-like phenotype by re-programming lipid metabolism and amplifying MTOCs. Normalization of MTOCs by restoring PEDF or by blocking lipogenesis highlights a previously unrecognized plasticity in centrosomes, which is regulated through a new lipid-MTOC axis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardi
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, United States
| | - Philip Fitchev
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, United States
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, United States
| | - Jelena Ivanisevic
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, United States
| | - Adrian Scheibler
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, United States
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, United States
| | - Charles B Brendler
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, United States
| | - Michael A Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, United States
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17
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Nardi F, Fitchev P, Franco OE, Ivanisevic J, Scheibler A, Hayward SW, Ji Y, Brendler CB, Welte MA, Crawford SE. Abstract 1451: A novel lipid-centrosomal axis in prostate cancer is regulated by PEDF. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Prostate tumor cells undergo metabolic adaptations and revert to lipid stores to meet the energy demands of their high proliferative capacity. To fuel progression, cancer cells accumulate triacylglycerol in cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) and amplify cell cycle regulators such as centrosomes and non-centrosomal microtubule organizing centers (ncMTOCs). LDs not only store lipid, they also can carry cargo using microtubules to facilitate movement of proteins to various cellular locations. It is not known whether crosstalk exists between lipid storage organelles and non-membrane bound centrosomes in prostate cancer cells or stromal cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We postulated that MTOCs have a metabolic sensing function in prostate cancer cells and a lipid-enriched microenvironment facilitates a PEDF-dependent metabolic switch that directly promotes centrosomal amplification. Methods: Prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 and LNCap, normal fibroblasts and CAFs derived from human prostate cancer specimens were analyzed for TAG regulating proteins, PEDF, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), comparative gene index-58 and GO/G1 switch gene 2 by western blot and immunofluorescence (IF). Centrosomes were stained with matrix proteins, pericentrin and γ-tubulin and quantified by IF. Cells were treated with recombinant PEDF or a diacylglycerol transferase I (DGAT1) inhibitor. Lipid storage was assessed in human prostate tumor tissue from various Gleason scores (n=120) by quantifying LD density using stains for neutral lipid. Results: Normal prostate fibroblasts expressed high levels of PEDF and ATGL whereas only minimal expression of these proteins was detected in CAFs and prostate cancer cells. Cytoplasmic LD density in human prostate tumors increased progressively with disease grade. A plasticity in centrosomal amplification in CAFs and cancer cells was discovered when restoration of PEDF normalized the centrosomal number. A new lipid-centrosomal signaling axis emerged when use of a DGAT1 inhibitor to block lipogenesis suppressed LD density and concurrently reduced the centrosomal or ncMTOC number. A collaborative interaction between LDs and MTOCs was noted when LDs were found to carry centrosomal proteins, pericentrin and γ-tubulin, on their surface and lipolytic regulator PEDF co-localized with pericentrin. Conclusions: These results suggest that prostate CAFs are simultaneously keeping pace with their tumor cell partners by making both centrosomal and pro-lipogenic metabolic adaptations. Normalization of MTOCs by restoring PEDF or by blocking lipogenesis in prostate cancer cells or CAFs highlight a previously unrecognized plasticity in centrosomal biology. These data suggest that lipid-laden CAFs and tumors cells can modulate MTOC distribution and number by signaling through a new PEDF-dependent lipid-centrosomal axis.
Citation Format: Francesca Nardi, Philip Fitchev, Omar E. Franco, Jelena Ivanisevic, Adrian Scheibler, Simon W. Hayward, Yuan Ji, Charles B. Brendler, Michael A. Welte, Susan E. Crawford. A novel lipid-centrosomal axis in prostate cancer is regulated by PEDF [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1451.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardi
- 1NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago, Evanston, IL
| | - Philip Fitchev
- 1NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago, Evanston, IL
| | - Omar E. Franco
- 1NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago, Evanston, IL
| | - Jelena Ivanisevic
- 1NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago, Evanston, IL
| | - Adrian Scheibler
- 1NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago, Evanston, IL
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- 1NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago, Evanston, IL
| | - Yuan Ji
- 1NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago, Evanston, IL
| | - Charles B. Brendler
- 1NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago, Evanston, IL
| | | | - Susan E. Crawford
- 1NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago, Evanston, IL
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18
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Penrose HM, Heller S, Cable C, Nakhoul H, Ungerleider N, Baddoo M, Pursell ZF, Flemington EK, Crawford SE, Savkovic SD. In colonic ρ 0 (rho0) cells reduced mitochondrial function mediates transcriptomic alterations associated with cancer. Oncoscience 2017; 4:189-198. [PMID: 29344557 PMCID: PMC5769983 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial reprogramming has emerged as a hallmark of cancer pathobiology. Although it is believed this reprogramming is essential for cancer cells to thrive, how it supports cancer pathobiology is unclear. We previously generated colonic ρ0 (rho0) cells with reduced mitochondrial energy function and acquired their transcriptional signature. Here, we utilized a bioinformatics approach to identify their changes linked to cancer pathobiology. Methods Human colon cancer HCT116 cells, control and ρ0, were used for qPCR. Bioinformatics analysis: GeneCards, Kaplan-Meier Survival, GENT, cBioPortal. Results The colonic ρ0 transcriptome was linked with proliferation, DNA replication, survival, tumor morphology, and cancer. Among differentially expressed transcripts, 281 were regulators or biomarkers of human colon cancer especially those with inflammatory microsatellite instability (MSI). We identified and validated novel transcripts in ρ0 cells with altered expression in human colon cancer. Among them DGK1, HTR7, FLRT3, and ZBTB18 co-occurred with established regulators of human colon cancer pathobiology. Also, increased levels of DGKI, FLRT3, ZBTB18, and YPEL1 as well as decreased levels of HTR7, and CALML6 were linked to substantially poorer patient survival. Conclusion We identified established and novel regulators in colon cancer pathobiology that are dependent on mitochondrial energy reprogramming and linked to poorer patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison M Penrose
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sandra Heller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chloe Cable
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hani Nakhoul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nate Ungerleider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Melody Baddoo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Zachary F Pursell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Erik K Flemington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Suzana D Savkovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Daubriac J, Pandya UM, Huang KT, Pavlides SC, Gama P, Blank SV, Shukla P, Crawford SE, Gold LI. Hormonal and Growth Regulation of Epithelial and Stromal Cells From the Normal and Malignant Endometrium by Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2754-2773. [PMID: 28911166 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We discovered that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF)-null mice have endometrial hyperplasia, the precursor to human type I endometrial cancer (ECA), which is etiologically linked to unopposed estrogen (E2), suggesting that this potent antiangiogenic factor might contribute to dysregulated growth and the development of type I ECA. Treatment of both ECA cell lines and primary ECA cells with recombinant PEDF dose dependently decreased cellular proliferation via an autocrine mechanism by blocking cells in G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Consistent with the known opposing effects of E2 and progesterone (Pg) on endometrial proliferation, Pg increases PEDF protein synthesis and release, whereas E2 has the converse effect. Using PEDF luciferase promoter constructs containing two Pg and one E2 response elements, E2 reduced and Pg increased promoter activity due to distal response elements. Furthermore, E2 decreases and Pg increases PEDF secretion into conditioned media (CM) by both normal endometrial stromal fibroblasts (ESFs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), but only CM from ESFs mediated growth-inhibitory activity of primary endometrial epithelial cells (EECs). In addition, in cocultures with primary EECs, Pg-induced growth inhibition is mediated by ESFs, but not CAFs. This is consistent with reduced levels of Pg receptors on CAFs surrounding human malignant glands in vivo. Taken together, the data suggest that PEDF is a hormone-regulated negative autocrine mediator of endometrial proliferation, and that paracrine growth inhibition by soluble factors, possibly PEDF, released by ESFs in response to Pg, but not CAFs, exemplifies a tumor microenvironment that contributes to the pathogenesis of ECA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Daubriac
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Unnati M Pandya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Kuang-Tzu Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Savvas C Pavlides
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Patricia Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paolo 05508 000, Brazil
| | - Stephanie V Blank
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Pratibha Shukla
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Susan E Crawford
- NorthShore University Research Institute, Affiliate of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Leslie I Gold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
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Penrose HM, Heller S, Cable C, Nakhoul H, Baddoo M, Flemington E, Crawford SE, Savkovic SD. High-fat diet induced leptin and Wnt expression: RNA-sequencing and pathway analysis of mouse colonic tissue and tumors. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:302-311. [PMID: 28426873 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, an immense epidemic affecting approximately half a billion adults, has doubled in prevalence in the last several decades. Epidemiological data support that obesity, due to intake of a high-fat, western diet, increases the risk of colon cancer; however, the mechanisms underlying this risk remain unclear. Here, utilizing next generation RNA sequencing, we aimed to determine the high-fat diet (HFD) mediated expression profile in mouse colon and the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium model of colon cancer. Mice on HFD had significantly higher colonic inflammation, tumor burden, and a number of differentially expressed transcripts compared to mice on regular diet (RD). We identified 721 transcripts differentially expressed in mouse HFD colon that were in a shared pattern with colonic tumors (RD and HFD). Importantly, in mouse colon, HFD stimulated an expression signature strikingly similar to human colon cancer, especially those with inflammatory microsatellite instability. Furthermore, pathway analysis of these transcripts demonstrated their association with active inflammation and colon cancer signaling, with leptin and Wnt as the top two transcripts elevated in mouse HFD colon shared with tumors. Moreover, in mouse colon, HFD-stimulated tumorigenic Wnt pathway activation was further validated by upregulation of β-catenin transcriptional targets. Finally, in human colon cancer, upregulation of leptin pathway members was shown with a large network of dysregulated transcripts being linked with worse overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison M Penrose
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA and
| | - Sandra Heller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA and
| | - Chloe Cable
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA and
| | - Hani Nakhoul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA and
| | - Melody Baddoo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA and
| | - Erik Flemington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA and
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, St Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Suzana D Savkovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA and
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Na R, Helfand BT, Chen H, Conran CA, Crawford SE, Hayward SW, Tammela TLJ, Hoffman-Bolton J, Zheng SL, Walsh PC, Schleutker J, Platz EA, Isaacs WB, Xu J. A genetic variant near GATA3 implicated in inherited susceptibility and etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Prostate 2017; 77:1213-1220. [PMID: 28656603 PMCID: PMC5565164 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common conditions. Little is known about their etiologies except that studies have suggested a substantial heritable component. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive, genome-wide evaluation of inherited risks and possible mechanisms of etiology in BPH. METHODS We performed a three-stage, genome-wide association study (GWAS) of men from three independent populations, the REduction by DUtasteride of prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial, the CLUE II cohort, and a Finnish hospital-based population. DNA samples were genotyped using the Illumina HumanOmniExpress BeadChip in REDUCE and CLUE II, and using the Sequenom iPLEX system for the confirmation stage in the Finnish population. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between each SNP and BPH/LUTS. RESULTS Fourteen SNPs reached P < 5.0 × 10-4 in the meta-analysis of the two GWASs (CLUE II and REDUCE). A total of 773 SNPs were chosen for the confirmation step in the Finish cohort. Only one SNP (rs17144046) located ∼489 kb downstream of GATA3 remained significant after correction for multiple testing (P < 6.5 × 10-5 ). This SNP marginally reached the GWAS significance level after performing a meta-analysis of the three stages (P-meta = 8.89 × 10-7 ). Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses showed that the risk allele (G) of rs17144046 was significantly associated with increased expression of GATA3 (P = 0.017). Reported studies indicated a close correlation between GATA3 and BPH pathogenesis and progression. CONCLUSIONS Rs17144046 located near GATA3 was significantly associated with BPH/LUTS in three independent populations, but did not reach a stringent GWAS significance level. Genetic variants of GATA3 may play a role in the inherited susceptibility and etiology of BPH/LUTS. Further research in this area is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Na
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Universtiy Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian T. Helfand
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Haitao Chen
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Carly A. Conran
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Simon W. Hayward
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Teuvo LJ Tammela
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Judy Hoffman-Bolton
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S. Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrick C. Walsh
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elizabeth A. Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding authors: Dr. Jianfeng Xu. 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, U.S.A., Phone: (224) 264-7501. Fax: (224) 364-7675. ; Dr. William B. Isaacs, 115 Marburg, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21187, U.SA. Phone: (410)-955-2518. Fax (410)-955-2520.
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding authors: Dr. Jianfeng Xu. 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, U.S.A., Phone: (224) 264-7501. Fax: (224) 364-7675. ; Dr. William B. Isaacs, 115 Marburg, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21187, U.SA. Phone: (410)-955-2518. Fax (410)-955-2520.
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Fu T, Guo D, Huang X, O'gorman MRG, Huang L, Crawford SE, Soriano HE. Apoptosis Occurs in Isolated and Banked Primary Mouse Hepatocytes. Cell Transplant 2017; 10:59-66. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783987043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Danqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Maurice R. G. O'gorman
- Department of Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Lijun Huang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Humberto E. Soriano
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
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23
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Grace SA, Meeks MW, Chen Y, Cornwell M, Ding X, Hou P, Rutgers JK, Crawford SE, Lai JP. Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL) Expression Is Associated with Adiposity and Tumor Stromal Proliferation in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Res 2017; 37:699-703. [PMID: 28179319 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.11366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an established risk factor for the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the pathophysiology of how increased adiposity increases the risk for PDAC has not been fully elucidated. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is a lipase that catabolizes triglyceride hydrolysis and has been implicated in the development of breast cancer. We hypothesized that overweight patients with PDAC would demonstrate higher tumor ATGL expression compared to non-overweight patients with PDAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis for ATGL expression was performed on PDAC tissues from 44 patients after Whipple procedure or distal pancreatectomy. Correlation of ATGL expression with clinicopathological features was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 23/44 (52.2%) PDACs showed low level ATGL immunoreactivity, while 21/44 (47.8%) showed a high level, with moderate to strong positive ATGL immunoreactivity in more than 50% of the tumor cells. Chi-squared testing revealed a statistically significant association between high ATGL expression and both BMI >25 kg/m2 (χ2=5.74, p=0.017) and increased tumor stroma (χ2=19.14, p<0.001). Chi-squared testing failed to reveal a statistically significant association when comparing ATGL expression by lymph node metastasis, histological grade, tumor size, patient age, patient sex and presence of fat invasion. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that increased ATGL expression is associated with increased adiposity and stromal proliferation in patients with PDAC, making it a possible key protein in how obesity increases the risk of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Grace
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, U.S.A
| | - Marshall W Meeks
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, U.S.A
| | - Yongxin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, U.S.A
| | - Mona Cornwell
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, U.S.A
| | - Xianzhong Ding
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, U.S.A
| | - Ping Hou
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, U.S.A
| | - Joanne K Rutgers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, U.S.A
| | - Jin-Ping Lai
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, U.S.A.
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Heller S, Penrose HM, Cable C, Biswas D, Nakhoul H, Baddoo M, Flemington E, Crawford SE, Savkovic SD. Reduced mitochondrial activity in colonocytes facilitates AMPKα2-dependent inflammation. FASEB J 2017; 31:2013-2025. [PMID: 28183804 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600976r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is associated with low levels of mucosal ATP, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial function associated with ATP production in the pathophysiology of the disease. In the inflamed colon of humans and mice, we found decreased levels of mitochondrial complex cytochrome c oxidase I/IV and lower ATP levels. Thus, we generated colonic ρ0 cells with reduced mitochondrial function linked to ATP production by selective depletion of mitochondrial DNA. In these cells, RNA sequencing revealed a substantial number of differentially expressed transcripts, among which 240 belonged to inflammatory pathways activated in human inflamed colon and TNF-α-treated cells (false discovery rate < 0.05). TNF-α treatment of colonic ρ0 cells augmented IL-8 expression by 9-fold (P < 0.01) via NF-κB compared to TNF-α-treated control. Moreover, reduced mitochondrial function facilitated TNF-α-mediated NF-κB luciferase promoter activity as a result of lowered inhibitory IκBα (nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor, α), leading to elevated NF-κB. In cells with reduced mitochondrial function, TNF-α facilitated AMPKα2 activation by 8-fold (P < 0.01), which was involved in NF-κB-dependent IL-8 expression. Last, in human and mouse colon, anti-TNF-α treatment restored reduced mitochondria-dependent inflammation. We propose that selective targeting of this novel mechanism provides new treatment opportunities for intestinal inflammation.-Heller, S., Penrose, H. M., Cable, C., Biswas, D., Nakhoul, H., Baddoo, M., Flemington, E., Crawford, S. E., Savkovic, S. D. Reduced mitochondrial activity in colonocytes facilitates AMPKα2-dependent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Harrison M Penrose
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chloe Cable
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Debjani Biswas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hani Nakhoul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Melody Baddoo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Erik Flemington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore Research Institute, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Suzana D Savkovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
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25
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Franco OE, Tyson DR, Konvinse KC, Udyavar AR, Estrada L, Quaranta V, Crawford SE, Hayward SW. Altered TGF-α/β signaling drives cooperation between breast cancer cell populations. FASEB J 2016; 30:3441-3452. [PMID: 27383183 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500187rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of tumor heterogeneity in regulating disease progression is poorly understood. We hypothesized that interactions between subpopulations of cancer cells can affect the progression of tumors selecting for a more aggressive phenotype. We developed an in vivo assay based on the immortalized nontumorigenic breast cell line MCF10A and its Ras-transformed derivatives AT1 (mildly tumorigenic) and CA1d (highly tumorigenic). CA1d cells outcompeted MCF10A, forming invasive tumors. AT1 grafts were approximately 1% the size of CA1d tumors when initiated using identical cell numbers. In contrast, CA1d/AT1 mixed tumors were larger than tumors composed of AT1 alone (100-fold) or CA1d (3-fold), suggesting cooperation in tumor growth. One of the mechanisms whereby CA1d and AT1 were found to cooperate was by modulation of TGF-α and TGF-β signaling. Both of these molecules were sufficient to induce changes in AT1 proliferative potential in vitro. Reisolation of AT1 tumor-derived (AT1-TD) cells from these mixed tumors revealed that AT1-TD cells grew in vivo, forming tumors as large as tumorigenic CA1d cells. Cooperation between subpopulations of cancer epithelium is an understudied mechanism of tumor growth and invasion that may have implications on tumor resistance to current therapies.-Franco, O. E., Tyson, D. R., Konvinse, K. C., Udyavar, A. R., Estrada, L., Quaranta, V., Crawford, S. E., Hayward, S. W. Altered TGF-α/β signaling drives cooperation between breast cancer cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Darren R Tyson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katherine C Konvinse
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Akshata R Udyavar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lourdes Estrada
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Vito Quaranta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA; Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Heller S, Cable C, Penrose H, Makboul R, Biswas D, Cabe M, Crawford SE, Savkovic SD. Intestinal inflammation requires FOXO3 and prostaglandin E2-dependent lipogenesis and elevated lipid droplets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G844-54. [PMID: 26968210 PMCID: PMC4895869 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00407.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation has been recently characterized by the dysregulation of lipids as metabolic and energy sources, revealing a novel feature of its pathophysiology. Because intracellular lipids, stored in dynamic lipid droplets (LDs), provide energy for cellular needs, we investigated whether they play a role in intestinal inflammation. In the inflamed intestine of mice, elevated LDs were found in colonic and infiltrating immune cells as shown by staining for the LD coat protein PLIN2 and for lipids with BODIPY. In colonic cells, TNF stimulated LD increases by receptor signaling rely on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Downstream, TNF triggered a negative regulatory loop between LDs and the transcription factor FOXO3. This was shown in the colon of Foxo3-deficient mice, where elevation in PLIN2 and lipids were further facilitated by inflammation and were more prominent relative to wild-type, whereas, in colonic cells, inhibition of lipogenesis blocked the TNF-mediated loss of FOXO3. Furthermore, blockade of PGE2 synthesis abrogated TNF-stimulated increases in LDs and FOXO3 inactivation. We found in colonic tissue of Foxo3-deficient mice higher levels of cyclooxygenase-2, a mediator of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, supporting involvement of PGE2 in the LD-FOXO3 regulatory loop. Ultimately, TNF-stimulated lipogenesis leading to elevated LDs facilitated NF-κB-mediated increases in IL-8 protein, which is associated with the surface of LDs found in the lumina of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. This novel immunometabolic mechanism of colonic inflammation involving elevated LDs could provide opportunities for new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heller
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana;
| | - Chloe Cable
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana;
| | - Harrison Penrose
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana;
| | - Rania Makboul
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana; ,3Pathology Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Debjani Biswas
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana;
| | - Maleen Cabe
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana;
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- 2Department of Pathology, St. Louis University, St Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Suzana D. Savkovic
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana;
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Franco OE, Javier R, Crawford SE, Ayala GE, Hayward SW. MP62-14 ACTIVATION OF ABERRANT ANDROGEN RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED FIBROBLASTS INDUCES PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION. J Urol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Penrose H, Heller S, Cable C, Makboul R, Chadalawada G, Chen Y, Crawford SE, Savkovic SD. Epidermal growth factor receptor mediated proliferation depends on increased lipid droplet density regulated via a negative regulatory loop with FOXO3/Sirtuin6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:370-6. [PMID: 26657850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of colon cancer cells is mediated in part by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and requires sustained levels of cellular energy to meet its high metabolic needs. Intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) are a source of energy used for various cellular functions and they are elevated in density in human cancer, yet their regulation and function are not well understood. Here, in human colon cancer cells, EGF stimulates increases in LD density, which depends on EGFR expression and activation as well as the individual cellular capacity for lipid synthesis. Increases in LDs are blockaded by inhibition of PI3K/mTOR and PGE2 synthesis, supporting their dependency on select upstream pathways. In colon cancer cells, silencing of the FOXO3 transcription factor leads to down regulation of SIRT6, a negative regulator of lipid synthesis, and consequent increases in the LD coat protein PLIN2, revealing that increases in LDs depend on loss of FOXO3/SIRT6. Moreover, EGF stimulates loss of FOXO3/SIRT6, which is blockaded by the inhibition of upstream pathways as well as lipid synthesis, revealing existence of a negative regulatory loop between LDs and FOXO3/SIRT6. Elevated LDs are utilized by EGF treatment and their depletion through the inhibition of lipid synthesis or silencing of PLIN2 significantly attenuates proliferation. This novel mechanism of proliferative EGFR signaling leading to elevated LD density in colon cancer cells could potentially be therapeutically targeted for the treatment of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Penrose
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sandra Heller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chloe Cable
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rania Makboul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Pathology Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Gita Chadalawada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Suzana D Savkovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Filipovich Y, Agrawal V, Crawford SE, Fitchev P, Qu X, Klein J, Hirsch E. Depletion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes has no effect on preterm delivery in a mouse model of Escherichia coli-induced labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015. [PMID: 26215328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in a mouse model of Escherichia coli-induced labor. STUDY DESIGN Intraperitoneal injection of rabbit antimouse PMN antiserum or control was performed in CD-1 mice 29 hours and 5 hours prior to laparotomy and intrauterine injection of either killed E coli or phosphate-buffered saline on day 14.5 of pregnancy. Preterm delivery was defined as delivery of at least 1 pup within 48 hours. Circulating leukocyte counts were determined manually or by flow cytometry at the time of surgery and 8, 24, and 48 hours afterward. Maternal and fetal tissues were analyzed in a separate group of animals 8 hours after surgery. RESULTS Pretreatment with anti-PMN antiserum significantly decreased the numbers of circulating leukocytes and the proportion of neutrophils among all leukocytes by 70-80% at surgery and at least 8 hours thereafter. Neutrophil depletion significantly reduced 2 markers of neutrophil activation in the uterus and placenta (neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase activity) and neutrophil infiltration into gestational tissues in bacterially treated animals to baseline (control) levels but did not affect preterm birth rates. The large E coli-induced increases in uterine inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor, chemokine ligand-5, cyclooxygenase-2) were not affected or were only minimally affected by neutrophil depletion. CONCLUSION Although PMN antiserum reduces both neutrophil number and activity, it does not diminish sensitivity to bacterially induced delivery or meaningfully alter the expression of inflammatory markers in the mouse model. Preterm birth and inflammation in this model are not likely to depend on neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Filipovich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Varkha Agrawal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Philip Fitchev
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiaowu Qu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Jeremy Klein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Emmet Hirsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL; Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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Tong X, Mirzoeva S, Veliceasa D, Bridgeman BB, Fitchev P, Cornwell ML, Crawford SE, Pelling JC, Volpert OV. Chemopreventive apigenin controls UVB-induced cutaneous proliferation and angiogenesis through HuR and thrombospondin-1. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11413-27. [PMID: 25526033 PMCID: PMC4294383 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant flavonoid apigenin prevents and inhibits UVB-induced carcinogenesis in the skin and has strong anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties. Here we identify mechanisms, by which apigenin controls these oncogenic events. We show that apigenin acts, at least in part, via endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor, thrombospondin-1 (TSP1). TSP1 expression by the epidermal keratinocytes is potently inhibited by UVB. It inhibits cutaneous angiogenesis and UVB-induced carcinogenesis. We show that apigenin restores TSP1 in epidermal keratinocytes subjected to UVB and normalizes proliferation and angiogenesis in UVB-exposed skin. Importantly, reconstituting TSP1 anti-angiogenic function in UVB-irradiated skin with a short bioactive peptide mimetic representing exclusively its anti-angiogenic domain reproduced the anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects of apigenin. Cox-2 and HIF-1α are important mediators of angiogenesis. Both apigenin and TSP1 peptide mimetic attenuated their induction by UVB. Finally we identified the molecular mechanism, whereby apigenin did not affect TSP1 mRNA, but increased de novo protein synthesis. Knockdown studies implicated the RNA-binding protein HuR, which controls mRNA stability and translation. Apigenin increased HuR cytoplasmic localization and physical association with TSP1 mRNA causing de novo TSP1 synthesis. HuR cytoplasmic localization was, in turn, dependent on CHK2 kinase. Together, our data provide a new mechanism, by which apigenin controls UVB-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Salida Mirzoeva
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dorina Veliceasa
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bryan B Bridgeman
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip Fitchev
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mona L Cornwell
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jill C Pelling
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olga V Volpert
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Protiva P, Gong J, Sreekumar B, Torres R, Zhang X, Belinsky GS, Cornwell M, Crawford SE, Iwakiri Y, Chung C. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Inhibits Wnt/ β-catenin Signaling in the Liver. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:535-549.e14. [PMID: 26473164 PMCID: PMC4604042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a secretory protein that inhibits multiple tumor types. PEDF inhibits the Wnt coreceptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), in the eye, but whether the tumor-suppressive properties of PEDF occur in organs such as the liver is unknown. METHODS Wnt-dependent regulation of PEDF was assessed in the absence and presence of the Wnt coreceptor LRP6. Whole genome expression analysis was performed on PEDF knockout (KO) and control livers (7 months). Interrogation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling was performed in whole livers and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines after RNA interference of PEDF and restoration of a PEDF-derived peptide. Western diet feeding for 6 to 8 months was used to evaluate whether the absence of PEDF was permissive for HCC formation (n = 12/group). RESULTS PEDF levels increased in response to canonical Wnt3a in an LRP6-dependent manner but were suppressed by noncanonical Wnt5a protein in an LRP6-independent manner. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of PEDF KO livers revealed induction of pathways associated with experimental and human HCC and a transcriptional profile characterized by Wnt/β-catenin activation. Enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling occurred in KO livers, and PEDF delivery in vivo reduced LRP6 activation. In human HCC cells, RNA interference of PEDF led to increased levels of activated LRP6 and β-catenin, and a PEDF 34-mer peptide decreased LRP6 activation and β-catenin signaling, and reduced Wnt target genes. PEDF KO mice fed a Western diet developed sporadic well-differentiated HCC. Human HCC specimens demonstrated decreased PEDF staining compared with hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS PEDF is an endogenous inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Protiva
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jingjing Gong
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Richard Torres
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Glenn S. Belinsky
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mona Cornwell
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chuhan Chung
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Chuhan Chung, MD, Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, 1080 LMP, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519.
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Fitchev P, Chung C, Plunkett BA, Brendler CB, Crawford SE. PEDF & stem cells: niche vs. nurture. Curr Drug Deliv 2015; 11:552-60. [PMID: 23517628 DOI: 10.2174/156720181105140922122754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional 50kD secreted glycoprotein emerging as a key factor in stem cell renewal. Characteristics of the stem cell niche can be highly dependent on location, access to the vasculature, oxygen tension and neighboring cells. In the neural stem cell (NSC) niche, specifically the subventricular zone, PEDF actively participates in the self renewal process and promotes stemness by upregulating Notch signaling effectors Hes1 and Hes5. The local vascular endothelial cells and ependymal cells are the likely sources of PEDF for the NSC while mesenchymal and retinal stem cells can actually produce PEDF. The opposing actions of PEDF and VEGF on various cells are recapitulated in the NSC niche. Intraventricular injection of PEDF promotes stem cell renewal, while injection of VEGF prompts differentiation and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone. Enhancing the expression of PEDF in stem cells has promising therapeutic implications. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing PEDF effectively inhibited pathologic angiogenesis in the murine eye and these same cells suppressed hepatocellular carcinoma growth. As a protein with bioactivities in nearly all normal organ systems, it is likely that PEDF will continue to gain visibility as an essential component in the development and delivery of novel stem cell-based therapies to combat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Susan E Crawford
- NorthShore Univ. Research Institute, Affiliate of University of Chicago, 1001 University Place, 3rd Floor, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Snyder VS, Bains R, Fitchev PS, Crawford SE. The Importance of Genetic Testing in a Case of Sudden Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy due to Troponin I Mutation. Acad Forensic Pathol 2015. [DOI: 10.23907/2015.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sudden death due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is uncommon. Most cases of HCM are due to mutations in sarcomeric proteins. Mutations of the cardiac troponin I gene TNNI3 are rare. Over 15 mutations of the TNNI3 gene have been identified; the clinical, imaging and pathologic findings within the small subcategory are very diverse. While asymptomatic patients do not generally receive therapy, the entire group may be at risk of sudden death. Thus, affected individuals and their family members may require heightened surveillance. As such, accurate diagnosis at postmortem examination is important as it may have a direct impact on the health and well-being of surviving family members. We present the case of a 36-year-old man who collapsed and died while jogging. His sister had been recently diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Consequently, the decedent had undergone transthoracic echocardiography that demonstrated only mild features suggestive of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy including non-obstructive asymmetric septal wall thickening of less than 30 mm in the absence of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve or cardiomegaly. The autopsy confirmed the presence of mild septal hypertrophy (maximum 23 mm thickness) in the absence of cardiomegaly. Histologic features were typical of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy including septal myofiber disarray and nuclear enlargement. Mutational analysis of frozen myocardium demonstrated an Arg162Gln substitution in the cardiac troponin I gene (TNNI3) involving exon 7. This case highlights the importance of molecular/genetic analysis in the setting of sudden natural death, from both diagnostic and public health perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian S. Snyder
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine and NorthShore University HealthSystem
| | - Rick Bains
- Ameripath, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
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Shrivastava S, Steele R, Sowadski M, Crawford SE, Varvares M, Ray RB. Identification of molecular signature of head and neck cancer stem-like cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7819. [PMID: 25588898 PMCID: PMC4295111 DOI: 10.1038/srep07819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer in the world. HNSCC remains difficult to treat, and despite advances in treatment, overall survival rate has modestly improved over the past several years. Poor survival rate is attributed to high frequency of local recurrence and distant metastasis. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have been implicated in tumor recurrence and confer resistance to anti-cancer therapy treatment. In this study, we have characterized genes that are modulated in HNSCC-CSCs and can be targeted in future as potential therapeutics. CSCs were isolated from HNSCC cells (oralspheres) and examined for tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice. We observed aggressive tumor growth with oralspheres as compared to parental cells. The CSC-derived tumors were grossly extremely vascularized and expressed VEGFR1. We next analyzed the molecular determinant of oralspheres. In addition to CD133 and Nanog, we observed significant higher expression of Notch1 protein in the oralspheres. There was differential expression of angiogenesis and invasive marker genes such as angiopoietin1, integrin β3, MMP9 and THBS1. Interestingly, c-Fos was upregulated in oralspheres as compared to parental cells. Our observations suggest that understanding the molecular determinant of oralspheres will help in developing future therapeutic modalities against treatment resistant HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104
| | | | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104,Saint Louis University Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104
| | - Mark Varvares
- Saint Louis University Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104
| | - Ratna B. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104,Saint Louis University Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104,
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Iordanescu G, Brendler C, Crawford SE, Wyrwicz AM, Venkatasubramanian PN, Doll JA. MRS measured fatty acid composition of periprostatic adipose tissue correlates with pathological measures of prostate cancer aggressiveness. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 42:651-7. [PMID: 25522916 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopically measured fatty acid composition of periprostatic adipose tissue and pathological markers of prostate cancer aggressiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periprostatic adipose (PPA) and subcutaneous adipose (SQA) tissue from prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were examined ex vivo by proton MR spectroscopy at 14.1T (n = 31). Fractions of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, total unsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, as well as T2 relaxation times were measured from the spectra. Univariate and multivariate analyses based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and support vector machines (SVM) were used to evaluate the association between differential measures of fatty acid levels in the PPA and SQA tissues and Gleason score and extracapsular extension (ECE), which are pathological measures of prostate cancer aggressiveness. RESULTS Both pathological markers for aggressive prostate cancer have separable patterns in the MRS features space. The association between ECE and PPA tissue fatty acid composition is linear (area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 1.00, [1.00, 1.00]), along the Δ(fM /fS ) measure, and is marked by elevated monounsaturated and reduced saturated fatty acids in the PPA tissue relative to SQA. In contrast, the association between Gleason score and PPA tissue fatty acid composition is nonlinear (classifier AROC and 95% CIs: 0.86, [0.71, 1.00]). CONCLUSION Fatty acid composition is altered in the PPA tissue of patients with aggressive prostate cancer. Ex vivo MR spectroscopy may be a useful tool in studying the altered fatty acid metabolism in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Iordanescu
- Center for Basic M.R. Research, Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles Brendler
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alice M Wyrwicz
- Center for Basic M.R. Research, Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Doll
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Tong X, Bridgeman BB, Mirzoeva S, Crawford SE, Volpert OV, Pelling JC. Abstract 5075: Targeting TSP1 and inhibiting angiogenesis in UV-induced skin cancer by apigenin. Tumour Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Gonzalez AB, Young L, Doll JA, Morgan GM, Crawford SE, Plunkett BA. Elevated neonatal insulin-like growth factor I is associated with fetal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in diabetic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211:290.e1-7. [PMID: 24813596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine if fetal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or cardiac dysfunction is associated with elevated maternal or neonatal insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I levels in women with diabetes. STUDY DESIGN In a prospective cohort study, fetal echocardiogram findings at 36 weeks' gestation in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus were compared to those in women without diabetes mellitus. HCM was defined as septal or free wall thickness ≥5 mm and cardiac dysfunction as a modified myocardial performance index ≥0.43. Cord serum IGF-I levels at delivery were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neonates with abnormal fetal echocardiogram were followed up until resolution or 6 months of life. RESULTS In all, 75 participants completed fetal echocardiography (55 diabetics and 20 controls). In the diabetic group, 33 of 55 (60%) had abnormal fetal echocardiograms with cardiac dysfunction in 21 of 55 (38.2%) and HCM in 8 of 55 (14.5%) and both in 4 of 55 (7.3%). At 6 months of age, 1 of 12 (8%) had persistent HCM. None in the comparison group had abnormal findings. There were no significant clinical differences in those diabetic women with normal vs abnormal fetal echocardiograms. However, among diabetic women, mean neonatal IGF-I was significantly higher in fetuses with HCM (80 ± 16 ng/mL) as compared to those without HCM (61 ± 18 ng/mL), (P < .001). CONCLUSION Elevated neonatal IGF-I appears to be associated with fetal HCM in fetuses of diabetic women.
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Cruz MD, Wali RK, Bianchi LK, Radosevich AJ, Crawford SE, Jepeal L, Goldberg MJ, Weinstein J, Momi N, Roy P, Calderwood AH, Backman V, Roy HK. Colonic mucosal fatty acid synthase as an early biomarker for colorectal neoplasia: modulation by obesity and gender. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2413-21. [PMID: 25155760 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that colonic pericryptal microvascular blood flow is augmented in the premalignant colonic epithelium, highlighting the increased metabolic demand of the proliferative epithelium as a marker of field carcinogenesis. However, its molecular basis is unexplored. In this study, we assessed the expression of a regulator of the "lipogenic switch," fatty acid synthase (FASN), in early colon carcinogenesis for its potential biomarker utility for concurrent neoplasia. METHODS FASN expression (IHC) in the colonic epithelium from azoxymethane and polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) models of colorectal cancer was studied. FASN mRNA expression from endoscopically normal rectal mucosa was evaluated and correlated with colonoscopic findings (pathologic confirmation of neoplasia). RESULTS FASN expression progressively increased from premalignant to malignant stage in the azoxymethane model (1.9- to 2.5-fold; P < 0.0001) and was also higher in the adenomas compared with adjacent uninvolved mucosa (1.8- to 3.4-fold; P < 0.001) in the Pirc model. Furthermore, FASN was significantly overexpressed in rectal biopsies from patients harboring adenomas compared with those with no adenomas. These effects were accentuated in male (∼2-fold) and obese patients (1.4-fold compared with those with body mass index < 30). Overall, the performance of rectal FASN was excellent (AUROC of 0.81). CONCLUSIONS FASN is altered in the premalignant colonic mucosa and may serve as a marker for colonic neoplasia present elsewhere. The enhanced effects in men and obesity may have implications for identifying patient subgroups at risk for early-onset neoplasia. IMPACT These findings support the role of rectal FASN expression as a reliable biomarker of colonic neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Dela Cruz
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramesh K Wali
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Laura K Bianchi
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Andrew J Radosevich
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lisa Jepeal
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Jaclyn Weinstein
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Navneet Momi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Priya Roy
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Audrey H Calderwood
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vadim Backman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Hemant K Roy
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Gattu AK, Birkenfeld AL, Iwakiri Y, Jay S, Saltzman M, Doll J, Protiva P, Samuel VT, Crawford SE, Chung C. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) suppresses IL-1β-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation to improve hepatocyte insulin signaling. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1373-85. [PMID: 24456163 PMCID: PMC5393334 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an antiinflammatory protein that circulates at high levels in the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic studies of PEDF knockout (KO) mice were conducted to investigate the relationship between PEDF, inflammatory markers, and metabolic homeostasis. Male PEDF KO mice demonstrated a phenotype consisting of increased adiposity, glucose intolerance, and elevated serum levels of metabolites associated with the metabolic syndrome. Genome expression analysis revealed an increase in IL-1β signaling in the livers of PEDF KO mice that was accompanied by impaired IRS and Akt signaling. In human hepatocytes, PEDF blocked the effects of an IL-1β challenge by suppressing activation of the inflammatory mediator c-Jun N-terminal kinase while restoring Akt signaling. RNA interference of PEDF in human hepatocytes was permissive for c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and decreased Akt signaling. A metabolomics profile identified elevated circulating levels of tricarboxyclic acid cycle intermediates including succinate, an inducer of IL-1β, in PEDF KO mice. Succinate-dependent IL-1β expression was blocked by PEDF in PEDF KO, but not wild-type hepatocytes. In vivo, PEDF restoration reduced hyperglycemia and improved hepatic insulin signaling in PEDF KO mice. These findings identify elevated PEDF as a homeostatic mechanism in the human metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijeet K Gattu
- Sections of Digestive Diseases (A.K.G., Y.I., P.P., C.C.); Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (A.L.B., V.T.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (P.P., V.T.S., C.C.), West Haven, Connecticut 06516; Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.J., M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511; Department of Pathology (S.E.C.), St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63104; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.D.), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
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Venkatasubramanian PN, Brendler CB, Plunkett BA, Crawford SE, Fitchev PS, Morgan G, Cornwell ML, McGuire MS, Wyrwicz AM, Doll JA. Periprostatic adipose tissue from obese prostate cancer patients promotes tumor and endothelial cell proliferation: a functional and MR imaging pilot study. Prostate 2014; 74:326-35. [PMID: 24571013 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, particularly visceral adiposity, confers a worse prognosis for prostate cancer (PCa) patients, and increasing periprostatic adipose (PPA) tissue thickness or density is positively associated with more aggressive disease. However, the cellular mechanism of this activity remains unclear. Therefore, in this pilot study, we assessed the functional activity of PPA tissue secretions and established a biochemical profile of PPA as compared to subcutaneous adipose (SQA) tissues from lean, overweight and obese PCa patients. METHODS Adipose tissues were collected from PCa patients undergoing surgical prostate removal. Tissues were analyzed by histologic and magnetic resonance (MR) techniques. Explant tissue culture secretions were used in proliferation assays on PCa and endothelial cells. RESULTS PPA secretions obtained from obese patients were significantly more pro-proliferative in both PCa and endothelial cells as compared to PPA obtained from lean or overweight men and SQA tissues. Consistent with this, PPA microvessel density was increased, and the T2 relaxation time was decreased, compared to SQA tissues, and we observed a modest, inverse correlation between the T2 and tumor stage. Moreover, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids, obtained using MR spectroscopy, showed a modest, inverse correlation with Gleason score. CONCLUSIONS These pilot data show that PPA stimulates PCa cell proliferation and angiogenesis and that obesity intensifies this activity, thus generating a mechanistic hypothesis to explain the worse prognosis observed in obese PCa patients. Our pilot study also shows that MR technology may be useful in further elucidating the relationship between obesity and PCa progression.
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Krcmery J, Gupta R, Sadleir RW, Ahrens MJ, Misener S, Kamide C, Fitchev P, Losordo DW, Crawford SE, Simon HG. Loss of the cytoskeletal protein Pdlim7 predisposes mice to heart defects and hemostatic dysfunction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80809. [PMID: 24278323 PMCID: PMC3835322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin-associated protein Pdlim7 is essential for heart and fin development in zebrafish; however, the expression and function of this PDZ-LIM family member in the mammal has remained unclear. Here, we show that Pdlim7 predominantly localizes to actin-rich structures in mice including the heart, vascular smooth muscle, and platelets. To test the requirement for Pdlim7 in mammalian development and function, we analyzed a mouse strain with global genetic inactivation of Pdlim7. We demonstrate that Pdlim7 loss-of-function leads to significant postnatal mortality. Inactivation of Pdlim7 does not disrupt cardiac development, but causes mild cardiac dysfunction in adult mice. Adult Pdlim7-/- mice displayed increased mitral and tricuspid valve annulus to body weight ratios. These structural aberrations in Pdlim7-/- mice were supported by three-dimensional reconstructions of adult cardiac valves, which revealed increased surface area to volume ratios for the mitral and tricuspid valve leaflets. Unexpectedly, we found that loss of Pdlim7 triggers systemic venous and arterial thrombosis, leading to significant mortality shortly after birth in Pdlim7+/- (11/60) and Pdlim7-/- (19/35) mice. In line with a prothrombotic phenotype, adult Pdlim7-/- mice exhibit dramatically decreased tail bleed times compared to controls. These findings reveal a novel and unexpected function for Pdlim7 in maintaining proper hemostasis in neonatal and adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Krcmery
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Gupta
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rudyard W. Sadleir
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Molly J. Ahrens
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sol Misener
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christine Kamide
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Philip Fitchev
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Douglas W. Losordo
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hans-Georg Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- *
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Gnerlich JL, Yao KA, Fitchev PS, Goldschmidt RA, Bond MC, Cornwell M, Crawford SE. Peritumoral Expression of Adipokines and Fatty Acids in Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20 Suppl 3:S731-8. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Roy HK, Damania DP, DelaCruz M, Kunte DP, Subramanian H, Crawford SE, Tiwari AK, Wali RK, Backman V. Nano-architectural alterations in mucus layer fecal colonocytes in field carcinogenesis: potential for screening. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1111-9. [PMID: 23983085 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current fecal tests (occult blood, methylation, DNA mutations) target minute amounts of tumor products among a large amount of fecal material and thus have suboptimal performance. Our group has focused on exploiting field carcinogenesis as a modality to amplify the neoplastic signal. Specifically, we have shown that endoscopically normal rectal brushings have striking nano-architectural alterations which are detectable using a novel optical technique, partial wave spectroscopic microscopy (PWS). We therefore wished to translate this approach to a fecal assay. We examined mucus layer fecal colonocytes (MLFC) at preneoplastic and neoplastic time points (confirmed with rat colonoscopy) in the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat model and conducted PWS analysis to derive the nano-architectural parameter, disorder strength (Ld). We confirmed these results with studies in a genetic model (the Pirc rat). We showed that MLFC appeared microscopically normal, consistent with field carcinogenesis. Ld was elevated at an early time point (5 weeks post-AOM injection, effect size = 0.40, P = 0.024) and plateaued before adenoma formation (10 weeks post-AOM, effect size = 0.66, P = 0.001), with no dramatic increase once tumors developed. We replicated these data in the preneoplastic Pirc rat with an effect size in the MLFC that replicated the rectal brushings (increase vs. age-matched controls of 62% vs. 74%, respectively). We provide the first demonstration of a biophotonics approach to fecal assay. Furthermore, targeting the nano-architectural changes of field carcinogenesis rather than the detection of tumor products may provide a novel paradigm for colorectal cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Roy
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Suite 526, Boston, MA 02118.
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Bogan R, Riddle RC, Li Z, Kumar S, Nandal A, Faugere MC, Boskey A, Crawford SE, Clemens TL. A mouse model for human osteogenesis imperfecta type VI. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1531-6. [PMID: 23413146 PMCID: PMC3688658 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta type VI (OI type VI) has recently be linked to a mutation in the SERPINF1 gene, which encodes pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a ubiquitously expressed protein originally described for its neurotrophic and antiangiogenic properties. In this study, we characterized the skeletal phenotype of a mouse with targeted disruption of Pedf. In normal mouse bone, Pedf was localized to osteoblasts and osteocytes. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) and quantitative bone histomorphometry in femurs of mature Pedf null mutants revealed reduced trabecular bone volume and the accumulation of unmineralized bone matrix. Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR) indicated an increased mineral:matrix ratio in mutant bones, which were more brittle than controls. In vitro, osteoblasts from Pedf null mice exhibited enhanced mineral deposition as assessed by Alizarin Red staining and an increased mineral:matrix determined by FTIR analysis of calcified nodules. The findings in this mouse model mimic the principal structural and biochemical features of bone observed in humans with OI type VI and consequently provide a useful model with which to further investigate the role of PEDF in this bone disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Bogan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Thaete LG, Qu XW, Jilling T, Crawford SE, Fitchev P, Hirsch E, Khan S, Neerhof MG. Impact of toll-like receptor 4 deficiency on the response to uterine ischemia/reperfusion in mice. Reproduction 2013; 145:517-26. [PMID: 23509372 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in uterine ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced fetal growth restriction (FGR). Pregnant TLR4-deficient and wild-type mice were subjected to I/R or a sham procedure. Fetal and placental weights were recorded and tissues were collected. Pep-1 (inhibits low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA) binding to TLR4) was used to determine whether LMW-HA-TLR4 interaction has a role in FGR. TLR4-deficient mice exhibited significantly lower baseline fetal weights compared with wild-type mice (P<0.05), along with extensive placental calcification that was not present in wild-type mice. Following I/R, fetal and placental weights were significantly reduced in wild-type (P<0.05) but not in TLR4-deficient mice. However, I/R increased fetal loss (P<0.05) only in TLR4-deficient mice. Corresponding with the reduced fetal weights, uterine myeloperoxidase activity increased in wild-type mice (P<0.001), indicating an inflammatory response, which was absent in TLR4-deficient mice. TLR4 was shown to have a regulatory role for two anti-inflammatory cytokines: interferon-B1 decreased only in wild-type mice (P<0.01) and interleukin-10 increased only in TLR4-deficient mice (P<0.001), in response to I/R. Pep-1 completely prevented I/R-induced FGR (P<0.001), indicating a potential role for the endogenous TLR4 ligand LMW-HA in I/R-induced FGR. In conclusion, uterine I/R in pregnancy produces FGR that is dependent on TLR4 and endogenous ligand(s), including breakdown products of HA. In addition, TLR4 may play a role in preventing pregnancy loss after uterine I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G Thaete
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA.
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Qi W, Fitchev PS, Cornwell ML, Greenberg J, Cabe M, Weber CR, Roy HK, Crawford SE, Savkovic SD. FOXO3 growth inhibition of colonic cells is dependent on intraepithelial lipid droplet density. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16274-16281. [PMID: 23603907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.470617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3 plays a critical role in suppressing tumor growth, in part, by increasing the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1, and Foxo3 deficiency in mice results in marked colonic epithelial proliferation. Here, we show in Foxo3-deficient colonic epithelial cells a striking increase in intracytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs), a dynamic organelle recently observed in human tumor tissue. Although the regulation and function of LDs in non-adipocytes is unclear, we hypothesize that the anti-proliferative effect of FOXO3 was dependent on lowering LD density, thus decreasing fuel energy in both normal and colon cancer cells. In mouse colonic tumors, we found an increased expression of LD coat protein PLIN2 compared with normal colonic epithelial cells. Stimulation of LD density in human colon cancer cells led to a PI3K-dependent loss of FOXO3 and a decrease in the negative regulator of lipid metabolism in Sirtuin6 (SIRT6). Foxo3 deficiency also led to a decrease in SIRT6, revealing the existence of LD and FOXO3 feedback regulation in colonic cells. In parallel, LD-dependent loss of FOXO3 led to its dissociation from the promoter and decreased expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1. Stimulation of LD density promoted proliferation in colon cancer cells, whereas silencing PLIN2 or overexpression of FOXO3 inhibited proliferation. Taken together, FOXO3 and LDs might serve as new targets for therapeutic intervention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Qi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northshore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Philip S Fitchev
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Mona L Cornwell
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Jordan Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northshore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Maleen Cabe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northshore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | | | - Hemant K Roy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northshore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Suzana D Savkovic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northshore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60201.
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Kamradt M, Zou C, Liu L, Wang Y, Fitchev PP, Worman HJ, Crawford SE, Talamonti M, Gao Q. Abstract 331: Head and neck and skin squamous cell carcinoma developed in a BRCA2 knockout mouse model. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 were originally identified as breast cancer tumor suppressor genes. Germline mutations of BRCA1 have been found to predispose the carrier mainly to breast and ovarian cancers. However, germline mutations of BRCA2 can cause a much wider spectrum of cancers, including breast, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancers. There are conflicting reports on whether BRCA2 mutations also contribute to the tumorigenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Previously, it had been reported that K14-cre; BRCA2f/f mice do not develop any cancer of epithelial origin even at 600 days of age in a 129/C57 background. Here, we generated a K14-cre mediated BRCA2 knockout mouse model in a different mouse strain background than previously reported. To our surprise, we found that K14-cre; BRCA2 f/f mice started to develop tumors at seven months of age. Most of the tumors were in the head and neck region, while others were skin tumors in other locations. The head and neck tumors showed no skin involvement or ulceration. Tumor growth in many mice eventually affected their food intake and they had to be euthanized for humane reason. At around 11 months of age, we sacrificed the remaining mice and subjected them to necroscopy. All the visually suspicious tissues were processed for pathologic examination. In total, we found 8 out of 31 K14-cre; BRCA2 f/f mice (26%) with pathologically confirmed head and neck cancer and 4 out 31 K14-cre; BRCA2 f/f mice (13%) with skin cancer. None of the 28 control BRCA2 f/f mice developed any cancer at this age. The head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas arising from the mucosa surface and form large, palpable masses. In some areas, the tumors are well-differentiated with evidence of abundant keratin production, while in other areas they are less differentiated and exhibit high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios, nuclear aytpia, mitoses and central necrosis. These histological features are highly reminiscent of the pathological characteristics of human HNSCC. This finding strongly indicates that mutations of BRCA2 play an important role in the tumorigenesis of HNSCC in a specific genetic background.
Citation Format: Michael Kamradt, Chaozhong Zou, Lin Liu, Yuexia Wang, Philip P. Fitchev, Howard J. Worman, Susan E. Crawford, Mark Talamonti, Qingshen Gao. Head and neck and skin squamous cell carcinoma developed in a BRCA2 knockout mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 331. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-331
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kamradt
- 1NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL
| | - Chaozhong Zou
- 1NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL
| | - Lin Liu
- 1NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL
| | - Yuexia Wang
- 2College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Howard J. Worman
- 2College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Mark Talamonti
- 1NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL
| | - Qingshen Gao
- 1NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL
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Morrison KE, Dhariwal S, Hornabrook R, Savage L, Burn DJ, Khoo TK, Kelly J, Murphy CL, Al-Chalabi A, Dougherty A, Leigh PN, Wijesekera L, Thornhill M, Ellis CM, O'Hanlon K, Panicker J, Pate L, Ray P, Wyatt L, Young CA, Copeland L, Ealing J, Hamdalla H, Leroi I, Murphy C, O'Keeffe F, Oughton E, Partington L, Paterson P, Rog D, Sathish A, Sexton D, Smith J, Vanek H, Dodds S, Williams TL, Steen IN, Clarke J, Eziefula C, Howard R, Orrell R, Sidle K, Sylvester R, Barrett W, Merritt C, Talbot K, Turner MR, Whatley C, Williams C, Williams J, Cosby C, Hanemann CO, Iman I, Philips C, Timings L, Crawford SE, Hewamadduma C, Hibberd R, Hollinger H, McDermott C, Mils G, Rafiq M, Shaw PJ, Taylor A, Waines E, Walsh T, Addison-Jones R, Birt J, Hare M, Majid T. Lithium in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (LiCALS): a phase 3 multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:339-45. [PMID: 23453347 PMCID: PMC3610091 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Lithium has neuroprotective effects in cell and animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and a small pilot study in patients with ALS showed a significant effect of lithium on survival. We aimed to assess whether lithium improves survival in patients with ALS. Methods The lithium carbonate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (LiCALS) trial is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral lithium taken daily for 18 months in patients with ALS. Patients aged at least 18 years who had ALS according to the revised El Escorial criteria, had disease duration between 6 and 36 months, and were taking riluzole were recruited from ten centres in the UK. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either lithium or matched placebo tablets. Randomisation was via an online system done at the level of the individual by block randomisation with randomly varying block sizes, stratified by study centre and site of disease onset (limb or bulbar). All patients and assessing study personnel were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was the rate of survival at 18 months and was analysed by intention to treat. This study is registered with Eudract, number 2008-006891-31. Findings Between May 26, 2009, and Nov 10, 2011, 243 patients were screened, 214 of whom were randomly assigned to receive lithium (107 patients) or placebo (107 patients). Two patients discontinued treatment and one died before the target therapeutic lithium concentration could be achieved. 63 (59%) of 107 patients in the placebo group and 54 (50%) of 107 patients in the lithium group were alive at 18 months. The survival functions did not differ significantly between groups (Mantel-Cox log-rank χ2 on 1 df=1·64; p=0·20). After adjusting for study centre and site of onset using logistic regression, the relative odds of survival at 18 months (lithium vs placebo) was 0·71 (95% CI 0·40–1·24). 56 patients in the placebo group and 61 in the lithium group had at least one serious adverse event. Interpretation We found no evidence of benefit of lithium on survival in patients with ALS, but nor were there safety concerns, which had been identified in previous studies with less conventional designs. This finding emphasises the importance of pursuing adequately powered trials with clear endpoints when testing new treatments. Funding The Motor Neurone Disease Association of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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Gattu AK, Birkenfeld AL, Jornayvaz F, Dziura J, Li F, Crawford SE, Chu X, Still CD, Gerhard GS, Chung C, Samuel V. Insulin resistance is associated with elevated serum pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) levels in morbidly obese patients. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49 Suppl 1:S161-9. [PMID: 22547263 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a significant risk factor for developing diabetes. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been identified by experimental and clinical studies as both a causative and counter-regulatory factor in the metabolic syndrome. We set out to determine whether serum PEDF levels correlated with the degree of insulin resistance in morbidly obese patients. Sera from 53 patients who were evaluated prior to gastric bypass surgery were analyzed for PEDF levels using a commercial ELISA. None of the patients were on diabetes medications prior to enrollment. Baseline data included BMI, serum glucose and insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) scores. Patients were stratified based on HOMA score and glucose levels into three groups: insulin sensitive (IS): HOMA <2 and glucose <126; insulin resistant (IR): HOMA >2 and glucose ≤126; and diabetes mellitus (DM): HOMA >2 and glucose >126. Pre- and post-gastric bypass sera from 12 patients were obtained for serial assessment of metabolic parameters and PEDF levels. PEDF secretion was assessed in primary human hepatocytes, HCC cells, and cultured adipocytes in the absence and presence of high glucose media. No significant differences in age, gender, and BMI were found among the three groups. PEDF levels were similar between IR patients and the other groups, but were significantly higher in DM compared to IS patients (p = 0.01). Serum PEDF in individual patients declined significantly after gastric bypass (p = 0.006). High glucose media led to significantly higher PEDF release by human hepatocytes in vitro (p = 0.016). These data demonstrate that serum PEDF concentrations better relate to insulin resistance than to adiposity and suggest that PEDF expression is closely linked to the development of insulin resistance.
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Grippo PJ, Fitchev PS, Bentrem DJ, Melstrom LG, Dangi-Garimella S, Krantz SB, Heiferman MJ, Chung C, Adrian K, Cornwell ML, Flesche JB, Rao SM, Talamonti MS, Munshi HG, Crawford SE. Concurrent PEDF deficiency and Kras mutation induce invasive pancreatic cancer and adipose-rich stroma in mice. Gut 2012; 61:1454-64. [PMID: 22234980 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a non-inhibitory SERPIN with potent antiangiogenic activity, has been recently implicated in metabolism and adipogenesis, both of which are known to influence pancreatic cancer progression. Increased pancreatic fat in human pancreatic tumour correlates with greater tumour dissemination while PEDF deficiency in mice promotes pancreatic hyperplasia and visceral obesity. Oncogenic Ras, the most common mutation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), has similarly been shown to promote adipogenesis and premalignant lesions. METHODS In order to determine whether concurrent loss of PEDF is sufficient to promote adipogenesis and tumorigenesis in the pancreas, the authors ablated PEDF in an EL-Kras(G12D) mouse model of non-invasive cystic papillary neoplasms. RESULTS EL-Kras(G12D)/PEDF deficient mice developed invasive PDAC associated with enhanced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression and increased peripancreatic fat with adipocyte hypertrophy and intrapancreatic adipocyte infiltration (pancreatic steatosis). In support of increased adipogenesis, the stroma of the pancreas of EL-Kras(G12D)/PEDF deficient mice demonstrated higher tissue levels of two lipid droplet associated proteins, tail-interacting protein 47 (TIP47, perilipin 3) and adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP, Pperilipin 2), while adipose triglyceride lipase, a key factor in lipolysis, was decreased. In patients with PDAC, both tissue and serum levels of PEDF were decreased, stromal TIP47 expression was higher and the tissue VEGF to PEDF ratio was increased (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the importance of lipid metabolism in the tumour microenvironment and identify PEDF as a critical negative regulator of both adiposity and tumour invasion in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Grippo
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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