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Svenson DW, Davidson CJ, Thakur C, Bowen SE. ACUTE EXPOSURE TO ABUSE-LIKE CONCENTRATIONS OF TOLUENE INDUCES INFLAMMATION IN MOUSE LUNGS AND BRAIN. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1168-1177. [PMID: 34993988 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon commonly abused by young adolescents for its central nervous system depressant effects. While toluene's pharmacological effects at high concentrations are relatively well known, few studies have assessed toluene's effects on lung and brain tissues. The present study characterized the pathological effects of acute inhaled toluene exposure in the lungs and brains of male Swiss-Webster mice (N = 68). Using a static vapor exposure chamber, mice (PND 28) received a single 30-min toluene administration (0, 1000, 2000, or 4000 ppm). Lung and brain tissues were extracted 24 hrs post-exposure. Histology results revealed significant changes in the morphology lung tissue (e.g., irregular cellular architecture) with the 2000 and 4000 ppm exposures expressing greater signs of pathology than control 0-ppm exposure. Markers of immune system activity (F4/80 and Ly-6G) and cellular proliferation (Ki-67) in the lung revealed no significant differences. Additionally, brain tissues were analyzed for changes of astrogliosis (GFAP) and oxidative stress (GPx). GFAP showed increased astrogliosis in the striatum with 2000 ppm toluene showing significantly higher expression than control (p < 0.05), and a marginal effect in the hippocampus. No other markers showed significant changes. The increased signs of inflammation and cellular damage suggest that exposure to a single high concentration of toluene, typical of abuse, are capable of producing pathology in both lung and brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Svenson
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Cameron J Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chitra Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Scott E Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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2
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Andrejčáková Z, Vlčková R, Sopková D, Kozioł K, Koziorowski M, Fabián D, Šefčíková Z, Holovská K, Almášiová V, Sirotkin AV. Dietary flaxseed's protective effects on body tissues of mice after oral exposure to xylene. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3789-3798. [PMID: 34220233 PMCID: PMC8241707 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylene is a common pollutant in the environment that enters the body of animals and humans in various ways, but most often through the respiratory tract and adversely affects their overall health. However, xylene effects after oral exposure have not been sufficiently studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of xylene exposure on the mouse organism and to identify possible beneficial effects of flaxseed on such exposure. Eighty mice were divided into four groups: control group C (basal diet + no xylene exposure), group X (oral exposure by 400 mg/kg/day xylene), group F (10% flaxseed supplementation of basal diet), and group XF (10% dietary flaxseed + oral exposure by xylene). Experimental trial took 14 days. Clinical examination, spectroscopic analysis of tissue aminotransferases, total lactate dehydrogenase (TLDH), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities, electrophoretic analysis of LDH isoenzymes, western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of apoptosis as well as routine histology of the kidneys and jejunum, and transmission electron microscopy of the liver were performed. Marked restlessness in group X and high weight losses in mice of all groups were recorded during the experiment. Xylene promoted apoptosis (caspase-3 expression) without causing marked structural changes in the liver and jejunum, although renal cortex structure was affected adversely. In the brain, liver, and kidney of mice, xylene increased levels of liver transaminases, LDH, and decreased AchE activities, reflecting cell membrane damage. Flaxseed feeding improved animal behaviour, leakage of enzymes and prevented selected tissue toxic damage induced by xylene by protecting cell membrane integrity and fluidity and by suppressing apoptosis. These results point at the protective effect of flaxseed consumption on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Andrejčáková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Radoslava Vlčková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Drahomíra Sopková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarzyna Kozioł
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Koziorowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Dušan Fabián
- Institute of Animal Physiology CBs Slovak Academy of Sciences Košice, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Šefčíková
- Institute of Animal Physiology CBs Slovak Academy of Sciences Košice, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Holovská
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Viera Almášiová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexander V. Sirotkin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nábrežie mládeže 91, 949 74 Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Siddika A, Zahan T, Khatun L, Habib MR, Aziz MA, Tareq ARM, Rahman MH, Karim MR. In vivo the antioxidative extract of Averrhoa carambola Linn. leaves induced apoptosis in Ehrilch ascites carcinoma by modulating p53 expression. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1251-1260. [PMID: 32802564 PMCID: PMC7406629 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Averrhoa carambolla Linn. leaves (MELA) using DPPH· and ABTS·+ free radical scavenging assays whereas its antineoplastic effect against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) was assed using viable cell count, life span, body weight gain and hematological parameters of experimental mice. Results showed that rich phenolic and flavonoid content of MELA had moderate dose dependent free radical scavenging activity (IC50: 62.0 μg/mL for DPPH· and 6.0 μg/mL for ABTS·+). In vivo antineoplastic assay, MELA significantly (P < 0.05) decreased viable cells and body weight gain, increased the survival time and restored altered hematological profiles of cancer cell bearing mice. Fluorescence microscopic view of EAC cells derived from MELA-treated group showed apoptotic characteristics and this observation was also supported by overexpression of pro-apoptotic genes coding p53 and Bax proteins in treated cancer cells. The anti-apoptotic genes coding Bcl-2 protein was also absent in treated EAC cells as compared with the control. Moreover, phytochemical profiles of MELA as identified by GC/MS analysis are also consistent with its activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Siddika
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
- Institute of Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research, Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka, 1349 Bangladesh
| | - Tasnim Zahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Lipy Khatun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rowshanul Habib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - A. R. M. Tareq
- Environmental and Organic Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, 1349 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rezaul Karim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
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Soares MV, Charão MF, Jacques MT, Dos Santos ALA, Luchese C, Pinton S, Ávila DS. Airborne toluene exposure causes germline apoptosis and neuronal damage that promotes neurobehavioural changes in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113406. [PMID: 31662251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toluene is a highly volatile organic solvent present in gasoline. Exposure mainly occurs by absorption via the pulmonary tract and easily reaches the central nervous system, which causes toxic effects. Toluene toxicity has been described but not well established. The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of airborne exposure to toluene, the in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans was assessed to determine whether nematode could be used to evaluate the effects of exposure to toluene and the possible mechanisms of toxicity of the solvent. Worms at the first or fourth larval stages were exposed to toluene for 48 or 24 h, respectively, in a laboratory-developed vapor chamber at concentrations of 450, 850, 1250 and 1800 ppm. We observed increases in worm mortality and significant developmental delays that occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. An increased incidence of apoptotic events in treated germline cells was shown, which was consistent with observed reductions in reproductive capacity. In addition, toluene promoted significant behavioural changes affecting swimming movements and radial locomotion, which were associated with changes in the fluorescence intensity and morphology of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons. We conclude that toluene exposure was toxic to C. elegans, with effects produced by the induction of apoptosis and neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Valandro Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Grupo de pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCe), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Mariele Feiffer Charão
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica, Universidade Feevale, Rua Rubem Berta, nº 200, Novo Hamburgo, CEP: 93525-090, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Tavares Jacques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Grupo de pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCe), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, 97500-970, Brazil; Laboratório de Experimentação em Neuropatologia - Departamento de Bioquímica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Bloco C, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Anibaletto Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica, Universidade Feevale, Rua Rubem Berta, nº 200, Novo Hamburgo, CEP: 93525-090, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Luchese
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Simone Pinton
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Grupo de pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCe), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Grupo de pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCe), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, 97500-970, Brazil.
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Increased apoptosis and abnormal visual behavior by histone modifications with exposure to para-xylene in developing Xenopus. Neuroscience 2016; 331:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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AQUINO TATIANEDE, ZENKNER FERNANDAF, ELLWANGER JOELH, PRÁ DANIEL, RIEGER ALEXANDRE. DNA damage and cytotoxicity in pathology laboratory technicians exposed to organic solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88:227-36. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate potential DNA damage and cytotoxicity in pathology laboratory technicians exposed to organic solvents, mainly xylene. Peripheral blood and buccal cells samples were collected from 18 technicians occupationally exposed to organic solvents and 11 non-exposed individuals. The technicians were sampled at two moments: Monday and Friday. DNA damage and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the Comet Assay and the Buccal Micronucleus Cytome assay. Fifteen subjects (83.5%) of the exposed group to solvents complained about some symptom probably related to contact with vapours of organic solvents. DNA damage in the exposed group to solvents was nearly 2-fold higher on Friday than on Monday, and in both moments the individuals of this group showed higher levels of DNA damage in relation to controls. No statistical difference was detected in buccal cell micronucleus frequency between the laboratory technicians and the control group. However, in the analysis performed on Friday, technicians presented higher frequency (about 3-fold) of karyolytic and apoptotic-like cells (karyorrhectic and pyknotic) in relation to control group. Considering the damage frequency and the working time, a positive correlation was found in the exposed group to solvents (r=0.468; p=0.05). The results suggest that pathology laboratory workers inappropriately exposed to organic solvents have increased levels of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - JOEL H. ELLWANGER
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - DANIEL PRÁ
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Oh BHL, Bismarck A, Chan-Park MB. Injectable, Interconnected, High-Porosity Macroporous Biocompatible Gelatin Scaffolds Made by Surfactant-Free Emulsion Templating. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:364-72. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernice H. L. Oh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group; Institute of Materials Chemistry & Research, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Währingerstr 42 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
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Qin W, Xu Z, Lu Y, Zeng C, Zheng C, Wang S, Liu Z. Mixed organic solvents induce renal injury in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45873. [PMID: 23029287 PMCID: PMC3448683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the injury effects of organic solvents on kidney, an animal model of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated with mixed organic solvents via inhalation was generated and characterized. The mixed organic solvents consisted of gasoline, dimethylbenzene and formaldehyde (GDF) in the ratio of 2∶2:1, and were used at 12,000 PPM to treat the rats twice a day, each for 3 hours. Proteinuria appeared in the rats after exposure for 5–6 weeks. The incidences of proteinuria in male and female rats after exposure for 12 weeks were 43.8% (7/16) and 25% (4/16), respectively. Urinary N-Acetyl-β-(D)-Glucosaminidase (NAG) activity was increased significantly after exposure for 4 weeks. Histological examination revealed remarkable injuries in the proximal renal tubules, including tubular epithelial cell detachment, cloud swelling and vacuole formation in the proximal tubular cells, as well as proliferation of parietal epithelium and tubular reflux in glomeruli. Ultrastructural examination found that brush border and cytoplasm of tubular epithelial cell were dropped, that tubular epithelial cells were partially disintegrated, and that the mitochondria of tubular epithelial cells were degenerated and lost. In addition to tubular lesions, glomerular damages were also observed, including segmental foot process fusion and loss of foot process covering on glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Immunofluorescence staining indicated that the expression of nephrin and podocin were both decreased after exposure of GDF. In contrast, increased expression of desmin, a marker of podocyte injury, was found in some areas of a glomerulus. TUNEL staining showed that GDF induced apoptosis in tubular cells and glomerular cells. These studies demonstrate that GDF can induce both severe proximal tubular damage and podocyte injury in rats, and the tubular lesions appear earlier than that of glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Qin
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Genotoxicity and apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to benzene, toluene and xylene: Attenuation by quercetin and curcumin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 253:14-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sandikci M, Seyrek K, Aksit H, Kose H. Inhalation of formaldehyde and xylene induces apoptotic cell death in the lung tissue. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:455-61. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233709106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the localization and number of apoptotic cells in lung tissue and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of newborns, young, and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde (6 ppm) or technical xylene (300 ppm) for 6 weeks (8 h/day). A total of 27 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Apoptotic cells were mainly localized around the bronchus and bronchioles and relatively less frequently on the walls of alveoli and interalveolar septa both in control and experimental groups. In the BALT, reactive cells were localized in the area under the epithelium and distributed homogenously within the lymphoid follicles. The numbers of apoptotic cells in the lung tissue including the BALT were significantly higher in young and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde and xylene than those detected in control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sandikci
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey,
| | - K. Seyrek
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - H. Aksit
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - H. Kose
- Department of Biophisic, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
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Warner R, Ritchie HE, Woodman P, Oakes D, Pourghasem M. The effect of prenatal exposure to a repeat high dose of toluene in the fetal rat. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 26:267-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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