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Sailer MM, Köllmer M, Masson B, Fais F, Hohenfeld IP, Herbig ME, Koitschev AK, Becker S. Nasal residence time and rheological properties of a new bentonite-based thixotropic gel emulsion nasal spray - AM-301. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023; 49:103-114. [PMID: 36852769 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2183724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present work provides characterization of rheological properties of a new bentonite-based thixotropic gel emulsion nasal spray (AM-301), its nasal residence time, distribution, safety and tolerability. SIGNIFICANCE The nasal epithelium is a portal of entry for allergens and primary infection by airborne pathogens. Non-pharmacological interventions, which enhance physical and biological barriers, protect against allergens and pathogens without drug-related side effects. AM-301 has shown promising efficacy and safety in the nasal epithelium against viruses (in vitro) and pollen (clinical). METHODS Technical part (i) spray characterization was performed with a validated droplet size distribution method; evaluation of the rheological properties of the formulation was performed by a validated amplitude sweep method and a validated oscillation, rotation, oscillation; Clinical part (ii) nasal and oropharyngeal endoscopy were used to provide a semi-quantitative evaluation of distribution and residence time of fluorescein-labelled AM-301 in the nose and oropharynx of healthy volunteers; (iii) tolerability and safety. RESULTS (i) The non-Newtonian rheological properties of the formulation allow AM-301 to be sprayed and then to revert to a gel to prevent run-off from the nasal cavity; (ii) the formulation remains on the inferior turbinate, septum and oropharynx of volunteers for up to 210 min and on the middle turbinate for up to 60 min; two nasal sprays provide no substantial benefit over a single application with regards to coverage or retention; (iii) the spray is well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Single dose spray delivery of AM-301 provides extended coverage of the nasal mucosa up to the inferior turbinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Sailer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Trudpert SILOAH Medical Center Pforzheim, Pforzheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Assen K Koitschev
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Germany
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Kolanjiyil AV, Alfaifi A, Aladwani G, Golshahi L, Longest W. Importance of Spray–Wall Interaction and Post-Deposition Liquid Motion in the Transport and Delivery of Pharmaceutical Nasal Sprays. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050956. [PMID: 35631539 PMCID: PMC9145669 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal sprays, which produce relatively large pharmaceutical droplets and have high momentum, are primarily used to deliver locally acting drugs to the nasal mucosa. Depending on spray pump administration conditions and insertion angles, nasal sprays may interact with the nasal surface in ways that creates complex droplet–wall interactions followed by significant liquid motion after initial wall contact. Additionally, liquid motion can occur after deposition as the spray liquid moves in bulk along the nasal surface. It is difficult or impossible to capture these conditions with commonly used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of spray droplet transport that typically employ a deposit-on-touch boundary condition. Hence, an updated CFD framework with a new spray–wall interaction (SWI) model in tandem with a post-deposition liquid motion (PDLM) model was developed and applied to evaluate nasal spray delivery for Flonase and Flonase Sensimist products. For both nasal spray products, CFD revealed significant effects of the spray momentum on surface liquid motion, as well as motion of the surface film due to airflow generated shear stress and gravity. With Flonase, these factors substantially influenced the final resting place of the liquid. For Flonase Sensimist, anterior and posterior liquid movements were approximately balanced over time. As a result, comparisons with concurrent in vitro experimental results were substantially improved for Flonase compared with the traditional deposit-on-touch boundary condition. The new SWI-PDLM model highlights the dynamicenvironment that occurs when a nasal spray interacts with a nasal wall surface and can be used to better understand the delivery of current nasal spray products as well as to develop new nasal drug delivery strategies with improved regional targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun V. Kolanjiyil
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (A.V.K.); (A.A.); (G.A.); (L.G.)
| | - Ali Alfaifi
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (A.V.K.); (A.A.); (G.A.); (L.G.)
| | - Ghali Aladwani
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (A.V.K.); (A.A.); (G.A.); (L.G.)
| | - Laleh Golshahi
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (A.V.K.); (A.A.); (G.A.); (L.G.)
| | - Worth Longest
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (A.V.K.); (A.A.); (G.A.); (L.G.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Correspondence:
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Wang JT, Rodrigo AC, Patterson AK, Hawkins K, Aly MMS, Sun J, Al Jamal KT, Smith DK. Enhanced Delivery of Neuroactive Drugs via Nasal Delivery with a Self-Healing Supramolecular Gel. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101058. [PMID: 34029010 PMCID: PMC8292877 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the use of a self-assembling hydrogel as a delivery vehicle for the Parkinson's disease drug l-DOPA. Based on a two-component combination of an l-glutamine amide derivative and benzaldehyde, this gel has very soft rheological properties and self-healing characteristics. It is demonstrated that the gel can be formulated to encapsulate l-DOPA. These drug-loaded gels are characterized, and rapid release of the drug is obtained from the gel network. This drug-loaded hydrogel has appropriate rheological characteristics to be amenable for injection. This system is therefore tested as a vehicle for nasal delivery of neurologically-active drugs-a drug delivery strategy that can potentially avoid first pass liver metabolism and bypass the blood-brain barrier, hence enhancing brain uptake. In vitro tests indicate that the gel has biocompatibility with respect to nasal epithelial cells. Furthermore, animal studies demonstrate that the nasal delivery of a gel loaded with 3 H-labeled l-DOPA out-performed a simple intranasal l-DOPA solution. This is attributed to longer residence times of the gel in the nasal cavity resulting in increased blood and brain concentrations. It is demonstrated that the likely routes of brain penetration of intranasally-delivered l-DOPA gel involve the trigeminal and olfactory nerves connecting to other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tzu‐Wen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and MedicineKing's College London150 Stamford streetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Ana C. Rodrigo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | - Kirsten Hawkins
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Mazen M. S. Aly
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and MedicineKing's College London150 Stamford streetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Jia Sun
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and MedicineKing's College London150 Stamford streetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Khuloud T. Al Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and MedicineKing's College London150 Stamford streetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - David K. Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
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Manniello MD, Hosseini S, Alfaifi A, Esmaeili AR, Kolanjiyil AV, Walenga R, Babiskin A, Sandell D, Mohammadi R, Schuman T, Hindle M, Golshahi L. In vitro evaluation of regional nasal drug delivery using multiple anatomical nasal replicas of adult human subjects and two nasal sprays. Int J Pharm 2020; 593:120103. [PMID: 33242586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying drug delivery to the site of action using locally-acting nasal suspension sprays is a challenging but important step toward understanding bioequivalence (BE) between test and reference products. The main objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro deposition pattern of two common but different locally-acting nasal suspension sprays using multiple nasal cavities. Twenty anatomically accurate nasal replicas were developed from high-resolution sinonasal computed tomography scans of adults with healthy nasal airways. The airways were segmented into two regions of anterior and posterior to the internal nasal valve. Both sides of the septum were considered separately; hence, 40 nasal cavities were studied. The positioning of the spray nozzle in all 40 cavities was characterized by the head angle, coronal angle, and the insertion depth. Despite using a controlled protocol to minimize the anterior losses, a wide range of variability in posterior drug delivery was observed. The observed intersubject variability using this in vitro method may have important implications for understanding BE of locally-acting nasal suspension sprays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dario Manniello
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sana Hosseini
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ali Alfaifi
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Amir R Esmaeili
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arun V Kolanjiyil
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ross Walenga
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Theodore Schuman
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, VCU Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael Hindle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Laleh Golshahi
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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5
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Jokicevic K, Kiekens S, Byl E, De Boeck I, Cauwenberghs E, Lebeer S, Kiekens F. Probiotic nasal spray development by spray drying. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 159:211-220. [PMID: 33238191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The upper respiratory tract (URT) is the main entrance point for many viral and bacterial pathogens, and URT infections are among the most common infections in the world. Recent evidences by our own group and others imply the importance of lactobacilli as gatekeepers of a healthy URT. However, the benefits of putting health-promoting microbes or potential probiotics, such as these URT lactobacilli, in function of URT disease control and prevention is underestimated, among others because of the absence of adequate formulation modalities. Therefore, this study entails important aspects in probiotic nasal spray development with a novel URT-derived probiotic strain by spray drying. We report quantitative and qualitative analysis of several spray-dried formulations, i.e. powders for reconstitution, based on disaccharide or sugar alcohol combinations with a polymer, including their long-term stability. Four formulations with the highest survival of >109 (Colony Forming Units) CFU/g after 28 weeks were further examined upon reconstitution which confirmed sufficiency of one bottle/dosage form during 7 days and rheological properties of shear-thinning. Tests also demonstrated maintained viability and cell morphology overall upon spraying through a nasal spray bottle in all 4 formulations. Lastly, application suitability in terms of high adherence to Calu-3 cells and antimicrobial activity against common URT pathogens was demonstrated and was not impacted neither by powder production process nor by spraying of reconstituted powder through a nasal spray device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Jokicevic
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Shari Kiekens
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Eline Byl
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Ilke De Boeck
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Eline Cauwenberghs
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Filip Kiekens
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Parmar PK, Bansal AK. Novel nanocrystal-based formulations of apremilast for improved topical delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:966-983. [PMID: 32588281 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystals can enhance skin penetration of drug by increased saturation solubility, dissolution rate and adhesion on the skin. Apremilast is 'difficult-to-deliver' in viable layers (epidermis, dermis) and stratum corneum (SC) owing to its poor aqueous solubility and modest lipophilicity, respectively. Apremilast is currently available as oral tablet formulation for the indication of psoriasis but its effectiveness is limited by systemic side effects. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop novel nanocrystal-based formulations of apremilast for improved topical delivery. Nanosuspension was prepared using wet media milling and exhibited a mean particle size of 200 nm. The saturation solubility of nanocrystals was improved by 2-fold than micronized apremilast and showed significant advantage during dissolution study. Nanosuspension and micronized apremilast was incorporated into gel and cream and characterized for rheological properties. Skin permeation and ex vivo dermatokinetic study of topical formulations were performed on pig ear skin at a dose of 1% w/w using Franz diffusion cells. Skin permeation studies indicated that non-detectable amount of apremilast permeated through pig ear skin during exposure of formulations. Nanosuspension showed 2.6- and 3.2-fold drug penetration in SC and viable layers, respectively, over microsuspension. Nanogel showed 2.7- and 2.4-fold drug penetration in SC and viable layers, respectively, over microgel. Nanocream showed 1.2- and 2.8-fold drug penetration in SC and viable layers, respectively, over microcream. Thus, nanocrystal-based formulations of apremilast aid in selective delivery into viable layers by crossing the SC barrier. This is of paramount importance in enhancing therapeutic effectiveness utilizing localized delivery and provides an alternative delivery approach for the treatment of psoriasis. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashantkumar K Parmar
- Solid State Pharmaceutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Solid State Pharmaceutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160 062, India.
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7
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Abstracts from ISAM and Woolcock 2014 Joint Conference and WorkshopTranslating Advances in Understanding Lung Disease into Innovative Inhaled TherapeuticsSydney, AustraliaSeptember 25–26, 2014. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2014.ab02.abstracts] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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Thixotropic property in pharmaceutical formulations. J Control Release 2009; 136:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pennington J, Pandey P, Tat H, Willson J, Donovan B. Spray Pattern and Droplet Size Analyses for High-Shear Viscosity Determination of Aqueous Suspension Corticosteroid Nasal Sprays. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:923-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040802149046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pennington
- Schering Plough Research Institute, Oral and Respiratory Product Development, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Preetanshu Pandey
- Schering Plough Research Institute, Oral and Respiratory Product Development, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Henry Tat
- Schering Plough Research Institute, Oral and Respiratory Product Development, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer Willson
- Schering Plough Research Institute, Oral and Respiratory Product Development, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Brent Donovan
- Schering Plough Research Institute, Oral and Respiratory Product Development, Summit, NJ, USA
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10
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Meltzer EO. Formulation considerations of intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 98:12-21. [PMID: 17225715 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine how various aspects of an intranasal corticosteroid (INS) formulation may influence the efficacy, tolerability, and patient preference and adherence to INS therapy. DATA SOURCES A PubMed search of the literature was conducted for studies on allergic rhinitis published between January 1977 and January 2006 using the keywords intranasal corticosteroid, preservatives, benzalkonium chloride, and tonicity. STUDY SELECTION Prospective studies, retrospective studies, and case reports were selected for inclusion in this review. RESULTS Currently available INSs are effective first-line treatments for allergic rhinitis. Differences in patient preference for a particular INS are largely attributable to sensory attributes of the nasal spray, which arise from characteristics of the formulation. Additives and preservatives can cause tolerability issues by irritating the mucosal membranes and causing nasal drying, or they can confer an unpleasant odor or taste to an INS formulation. The relative osmotic pressure, or tonicity, of an INS can modulate nasal absorption and retention, thereby potentially influencing the clinical efficacy. Characteristics such as delivery device and spray volume can affect a patient's perception and experience with a particular INS. Newer INSs, such as ciclesonide, are in development for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, and consideration of the formulation characteristics of these agents is an important part of the development process. CONCLUSIONS INSs are an effective treatment option for patients with allergic rhinitis; however, there is room for formulation improvement. Optimization of formulation may increase the efficacy, tolerability, and patient preference and adherence to INSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli O Meltzer
- Allergy and Asthma Medical Group and Research Center, San Diego, California 92123-2661, USA.
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Charlton ST, Davis SS, Illum L. Evaluation of bioadhesive polymers as delivery systems for nose to brain delivery: in vitro characterisation studies. J Control Release 2006; 118:225-34. [PMID: 17261340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing need for nasal drug delivery systems that could improve the efficiency of the direct nose to brain pathway especially for drugs for treatment of central nervous system disorders. Novel approaches that are able to combine active targeting of a formulation to the olfactory region with controlled release bioadhesive characteristics, for maintaining the drug on the absorption site are suggested. If necessary an absorption enhancer could be incorporated. Low methylated pectins have been shown to gel and be retained in the nasal cavity after deposition. Chitosan is known to be bioadhesive and also to work as an absorption enhancer. Consequently, two types of pectins, LM-5 and LM-12, together with chitosan G210, were selected for characterisation in terms of molecular weight, gelling ability and viscosity. Furthermore, studies on the in vitro release of model drugs from candidate formulations and the transport of drugs across MDCK1 cell monolayers in the presence of pectin and chitosan were also performed. Bioadhesive formulations providing controlled release with increased or decreased epithelial transport were developed. Due to their promising characteristics 3% LM-5, 1% LM-12 pectin and 1% chitosan G210 formulations were selected for further biological evaluation in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Charlton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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12
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Sharpe SA, Sandweiss V, Tuazon J, Giordano M, Witchey-Lakshmanan L, Hart J, Sequeira J. Comparison of the Flow Properties of Aqueous Suspension Corticosteroid Nasal Sprays Under Differing Sampling Conditions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003; 29:1005-12. [PMID: 14606664 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120025457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Many aqueous suspension corticosteroid nasal sprays become less viscous when shaken and sprayed, then return to a more viscous state after application. This time-dependent, reversible loss of viscosity under shear (e.g., shaking or spraying) can be quantified in the rheological property of thixotropy. The flow properties of 5 corticosteroid nasal sprays were measured over a range of shear rates. The formulations tested included Nasonex, Vancenase AQ, Nasacort AQ, Rhinocort Aqua, and Flonase. The yield stress values, as well as an estimate of thixotropy, were compared by using three different sampling techniques, including one that simulated patient use (shaking for 30 sec, spraying, and immediately transferring the sample to the rheometer). The rheological properties of all products indicated that when initially shaken and dispensed, they flowed more freely, followed by recovery of viscosity that would likely inhibit the suspensions from flowing out of the nasal cavity. Under all three tested conditions, Nasonex exhibited the highest yield stress, the largest apparent initial and final viscosities, and the highest apparent thixotropy. The study protocol that simulated patient-use conditions produced the following rank order of measured thixotropy: Nasonex > Flonase > Vancenase AQ > Rhinocort Aqua > Nasacort AQ. The thixotropy of Nasonex was 3.4 to 21.4 times greater and the final viscosity was 3.2 to 17.4 times greater than the values of the other tested products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sharpe
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-0530, USA.
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13
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Pilewski JM. Gene therapy for airway diseases: continued progress toward identifying and overcoming barriers to efficiency. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:117-21. [PMID: 12151301 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.27.2.f244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Pilewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PIttsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Eccleston GM, Hudson NE. The use of a capillary rheometer to determine the shear and extensional flow behaviour of nasal spray suspensions. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000; 52:1223-32. [PMID: 11092566 DOI: 10.1211/0022357001777351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The rheological profiles of four commercial nasal spray suspensions (Beconase, Flixonase, Nasacort and Nasonex) were compared using rotational viscometry. Two of the nasal sprays (Beconase and Nasonex) were further examined in both shear and extension using a capillary rheometer under conditions similar to those experienced at the spray nozzle (i.e. extremely high shear rates with significant stretching or extensional flow). In rotation, the shear viscosity fell rapidly with increase in shear rate. Plots of the viscosity derived at the lower shear rates in rotation were extrapolated to include the high-shear rate capillary values. At very high shear rates, the shear viscosity of Beconase was higher than that of Nasonex with the cross-over occurring in the extrapolated region at approximately 10,000 s(-1). In the transition region between laminar and turbulent flow (shear rate 6-8 x 10(4) s(-1)) there was a minimum in the shear viscosity to less than that of water for Nasonex and similar to water for Beconase, and a plateau region in extensional viscosity for Beconase but not Nasonex. These anomalies were due to the extensive aeration of both samples when sprayed. Whereas Beconase had de-aerated within 30 min of the experiment, Nasonex had not de-aerated completely after six weeks. The very low viscosity at the shear rates at the nozzle imply that it is unlikely that the low viscosity of the spray on delivery to the nose is a key factor in prolonging its residence time. The extensional viscosity for these rather fluid samples was over 1000-times the shear viscosity (not 3-times as with Newtonian fluids) and both sprays exhibited strain hardening over the range covered. The high extensional stress in the nozzle enables the fluid to form as reasonably sized droplets rather than fine atomized droplets, which rather than settling in the nose, would be prone to redistribution through the normal respiratory function. Both sprays resisted degradation despite the high shear rates and extensional stresses experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Eccleston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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