1
|
Kostal J, Voutchkova-Kostal A. Quantum-Mechanical Approach to Predicting the Carcinogenic Potency of N-Nitroso Impurities in Pharmaceuticals. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:291-304. [PMID: 36745540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitroso contaminants in medicinal products are of concern due to their high carcinogenic potency; however, not all these compounds are created equal, and some are relatively benign chemicals. Understanding the structure-activity relationships (SARs) that drive hazards in one molecule versus another is key to both protecting human health and alleviating costly and sometimes inaccurate animal testing. Here, we report on an extension of the CADRE (computer-aided discovery and REdesign) platform, which is used broadly by the pharmaceutical and personal care industries to assess environmental and human health endpoints, to predict the carcinogenic potency of N-nitroso compounds. The model distinguishes compounds in three potency categories with 77% accuracy in external testing, which surpasses the reproducibility of rodent cancer bioassays and constraints imposed by limited (high-quality) data. The robustness of predictions for more complex pharmaceuticals is maximized by capturing key SARs using quantum mechanics, that is, by hinging the model on the underlying chemistry versus chemicals in the training set. To this end, the present approach can be leveraged in a quantitative hazard assessment and to offer qualitative guidance using electronic structure comparisons between well-studied analogues and unknown contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kostal
- Designing Out Toxicity (DOT) Consulting LLC, 2121 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia22314, United States.,The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C.20052, United States
| | - Adelina Voutchkova-Kostal
- Designing Out Toxicity (DOT) Consulting LLC, 2121 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia22314, United States.,The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C.20052, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ali A, Din ZU, Ibrahim M, Ashfaq M, Muhammad S, Gull D, Tahir MN, Rodrigues-Filho E, Al-Sehemi AG, Suleman M. Acid catalyzed one-pot approach towards the synthesis of curcuminoid systems: unsymmetrical diarylidene cycloalkanones, exploration of their single crystals, optical and nonlinear optical properties. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4476-4494. [PMID: 36760294 PMCID: PMC9892888 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07681k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study crystalline unsymmetrical diarylidene ketone derivatives BNTP and BDBC have been prepared by two sequential acid catalyzed aldol condensation reactions in a one pot manner. The crystal structures of both compounds were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis which revealed the presence of H-bonding interactions of type C-H⋯O, along with weak C-H⋯π and weak π⋯π stacking interactions that are involved in the crystal stabilization of both organic compounds. Hirshfeld surface analysis is carried out for the broad investigation of the intermolecular interactions in both compounds. The quantum chemical investigation was performed on the optimized molecular geometries of BNTP and BDBC to calculate optical and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The density functional theory (DFT) study showed that the third-order NLO polarizabilities of compounds BNTP and BDBC are found to be 226.45 × 10-36 esu and 238.72 × 10-36 esu, respectively, which indicates noticeable good NLO response properties. Additionally, the BNTP and BDBC molecules also showed the HOMO-LUMO orbital gaps of 5.96 eV and 6.06 eV, respectively. Furthermore, the computation of UV-visible spectra of the titled compounds indicated a limited and/or no absorption above the 400 nm region, directing a good transparency and NLO property trade-off for both synthesized compounds that may play a significant contribution in the future for optoelectronic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-FaisalabadPakistan
| | - Zia Ud Din
- LaBioMMi, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São CarlosCP 676, São CarlosSP 13.565-905Brazil
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Department of Physics, University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid UniversityP.O. Box 9004Abha 61413Saudi Arabia
| | - Dania Gull
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-FaisalabadPakistan
| | | | - Edson Rodrigues-Filho
- LaBioMMi, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São CarlosCP 676, São CarlosSP 13.565-905Brazil
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid UniversityP.O. Box 9004Abha 61413Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Department of Chemistry, Riphah International University Faisalabad CampusPakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Szewczuk NA, Duchowicz PR, Pomilio AB, Lobayan RM. Resonance structure contributions, flexibility, and frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO) of pelargonidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin throughout the conformational space: application to antioxidant and antimutagenic activities. J Mol Model 2022; 29:2. [PMID: 36480114 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This research refers to the study and understanding of the conformational space of the positive-charged anthocyanidin structures in relation with the known chemical reactivities and bioactivities of these compounds. Therefore, the planar (P) and nonplanar (Z) conformers of the three hydroxylated anthocyanidins pelargonidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin were analyzed throughout the conformational space at the B3LYP/6-311 ++ G** level of theory. The outcome displayed eleven new conformers for pelargonidin, fifty-four for cyanidin, and thirty-one for delphinidin. Positive-charged quinoidal structures showed a significant statistical weight in the conformational space, thus coexisting simultaneously with other resonance structures, such that under certain reaction conditions, the anthocyanidins behave as positive-charged quinoidal structures instead of oxonium salts. The calculations of the permanent dipole moment and the polarizability showed relationships with the quantity and arrangement of hydroxyls in the structure. In addition, theoretical calculations were used to analyze the frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO) of the three anthocyanidins. The novel conception of this work lies in the fact that dipole moment, polarizability, and HOMO-LUMO values were related to the reactivity/bioactivity of these three anthocyanidins. HOMO-LUMO energy gaps were useful to explain the antioxidant activity, while the percent atom contributions to HOMO were appropriate to demonstrate the antimutagenic activity as enzyme inhibitors, as well as the steric and electrostatic requirements to form the pharmacophore. Delphinidin was the strongest antioxidant anthocyanidin, and pelargonidin the best anthocyanidin with antimutagenic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Szewczuk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Diag. 113 Y 64, C.C. 16, Sucursal 4, B1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo R Duchowicz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Diag. 113 Y 64, C.C. 16, Sucursal 4, B1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alicia B Pomilio
- Laboratorio de Química y Bioquímica Estructural, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Área Hematología, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana M Lobayan
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Avda. Libertad 5300, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Probing solvent effect and strong and weak interactions in 2-Nitrophenyl-hydrazine using independent gradient model and Hirshfeld from wave function calculation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
5
|
Vimala M, Mary SS, Ramalakshmi R, Muthu S. Theoretical description of green solvents effect on electronic property and reactivity of Tert-butyl 4-formylpiperidine-1-carboxylate. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
6
|
Murakami Y, Kawata A, Suzuki S, Fujisawa S. Cytotoxicity and Pro-inflammatory Properties of Aliphatic Alpha, Beta-unsaturated Acid and Ester Monomers in RAW264.7 Cells and Their Chemical Reactivity. In Vivo 2019; 33:313-323. [PMID: 30804108 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM α,β-Unsaturated ester monomers such as methyl methacrylates (MMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylates (2-HEMA), ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and triethyleneglycol dimetacrylate (TEGDMA) have been widely used in dentistry as dental materials. The present study was designed to clarify the proinflammatory activity of monomers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytotoxicity of the monomers and their effects on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2), nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2) and heme oxygenase 1 (Ho-1) mRNAs in RAW264.7 cells were determined using a cell counting kit and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS The cytotoxicity declined in the order n-butyl acrylate (nBA) > acrylic acid > TEGDMA > EGDMA > methacrylic acid ≈ 2-HEMA > lauryl methacrylate > nBMA > MMA. nBA and EGDMA at 1 mM up-regulated the expression of Cox2 mRNA. In contrast, 1 mM nBA and 10 mM 2-HEMA up-regulated the expression of Nos2 mRNA. Up-regulation of Ho-1 mRNA expression was found for 0.1 mM nBA, 1 mM EGDMA and 2 mM TEGDMA. The electrophilicity, ω was calculated on the basis of the density function theory BLYP/6-31G*. CONCLUSION nBA and EGDMA with high ω values exerted potent pro-inflammatory activities. nBA, EGDMA and TEGDMA upregulated Ho-1 gene expression. Ho-1 gene activation of monomers may promote resistance of chemical carcinogenesis in biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Murakami
- Division of Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| | - Akifumi Kawata
- Division of Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| | - Seiji Suzuki
- Division of Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Fujisawa
- Division of Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qi YJ, Lu HN, Liang JX, Zhao YM, Wang XE, Jin NZ. Comparison of the molecular interactions of 7'-carboxyalkyl apigenin derivatives with S. cerevisiae α-glucosidase. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 67:182-193. [PMID: 28131019 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most investigated flavonoids, apigenin, is considered to be a strong α-glucosidase inhibitor. However, the clinical utility of apigenin is limited due to its low solubility. It was reported that the solubility and biological activity can be improved by introducing sole carboxyalkyl group into apigenin, especially the 7'-substitution. With the increase of length of the alkyl chain in carboxyalkyl group, B ring of the apigenin derivative is embedded much more deeply into the binding cavity while the carboxyalkyl stretches to the neighboring cavity. All of the terminal carboxyl groups form hydrogen bonding interactions easily with the surrounding polar amino acids, such as His239, Ser244, Arg312 and Asp349. Thus, the electron density values of the carbonyl in the carboxyl group become higher than the solution status due to the strong molecular interactions. In fact, electron densities of most of the chemical bonds are decreased after molecular docking procedure. On compared with the solution phase, however, dipole moments of most of these molecules are increased, and their vectors are reoriented distinctly in the active sites. It is noticed that all of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) are distributed throughout the whole parent apigenin ring in solution phase, whereas the disappeared situation happened on the B rings of some molecules (II-IV) in the active site, leading to higher energy gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730124, PR China.
| | - H N Lu
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730124, PR China
| | - J X Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730124, PR China
| | - Y M Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730124, PR China
| | - X E Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730124, PR China
| | - N Z Jin
- Gansu Province Computing Center, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pirovano A, Brandmaier S, Huijbregts MAJ, Ragas AMJ, Veltman K, Hendriks AJ. The utilisation of structural descriptors to predict metabolic constants of xenobiotics in mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:247-258. [PMID: 25531263 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were developed to predict the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) of xenobiotics metabolised by four enzyme classes in mammalian livers: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), and cytochrome P450 (CYP). Metabolic constants were gathered from the literature and a genetic algorithm was employed to select at most six predictors from a pool of over 2000 potential molecular descriptors using two-thirds of the xenobiotics in each enzyme class. The resulting multiple linear models were cross-validated using the remaining one-third of the compounds. The explained variances (R(2)adj) of the QSARs were between 50% and 80% and the predictive abilities (R(2)ext) between 50% and 60%, except for the Vmax QSAR of FMO with both R(2)adj and R(2)ext less than 30%. The Vmax values of FMO were independent of substrate chemical structure because the rate-limiting step of its catalytic cycle occurs before compound oxidation. For the other enzymes, Vmax was predominantly determined by functional groups or fragments and electronic properties because of the strong and chemical-specific interactions involved in the metabolic reactions. The most relevant predictors for Km were functional groups or fragments for the enzymes metabolising specific compounds (ADH, ALDH and FMO) and size and shape properties for CYP, likely because of the broad substrate specificity of CYP enzymes. The present study can be helpful to predict the Km and Vmax of four important oxidising enzymes in mammals and better understand the underlying principles of chemical transformation by liver enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pirovano
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Department of Environmental Science, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Brandmaier
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Structural Biology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, D-85764 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Munich, Germany
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Department of Environmental Science, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Department of Environmental Science, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Management, Science and Technology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Veltman
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Department of Environmental Science, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Department of Environmental Science, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cruz VL, Martinez S, Ramos J, Martinez-Salazar J. 3D-QSAR as a Tool for Understanding and Improving Single-Site Polymerization Catalysts. A Review. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om400721v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor L. Cruz
- Biophym. Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Martinez
- Centro de Cálculo Cientı́fico,
Secretarı́a General Adjunta de Informática (SGAI), CSIC, Pinar 19, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ramos
- Biophym. Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pirovano A, Huijbregts MAJ, Ragas AMJ, Veltman K, Hendriks AJ. Mechanistically-based QSARs to describe metabolic constants in mammals. Altern Lab Anim 2014; 42:59-69. [PMID: 24773489 DOI: 10.1177/026119291404200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation is one of the processes which influence the bioaccumulation of chemicals. The enzymatic action of metabolism involves two processes, i.e. the binding of the substrate to the enzyme followed by a catalytic reaction, which are described by the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and the maximum rate (Vmax). Here, we developed Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) for Log(1/Km) and LogVmax for substrates of four enzyme classes. We focused on oxidations catalysed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) in mammals. The chemicals investigated were xenobiotics, including alcohols, aldehydes, pesticides and drugs. We applied general linear models for this purpose, employing descriptors related to partitioning, geometric characteristics, and electronic properties of the substrates, which can be interpreted mechanistically. The explained variance of the QSARs varied between 20% and 70%, and it was larger for Log(1/Km) than for LogVmax. The increase of 1/Km with compound logP and size suggests that weak interactions are important, e.g. by substrate binding via desolvation processes. The importance of electronic factors for 1/Km was described in relation to the catalytic mechanism of the enzymes. Vmax was particularly influenced by electronic properties, such as dipole moment and energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. This can be explained by the nature of the catalysis, characterised by the cleavage and formation of covalent or ionic bonds (strong interactions). The present study may be helpful to understand the underlying principles of the chemical specific activity of four important oxidising enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pirovano
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Department of Environmental Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
4-(1H-Pyrazol-1-yl) benzenesulfonamide derivatives: identifying new active antileishmanial structures for use against a neglected disease. Molecules 2012; 17:12961-73. [PMID: 23117435 PMCID: PMC6269060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease responsible for about 56,000 deaths every year. Despite its importance, there are no effective, safe and proper treatments for leishmaniasis due to strain resistance and/or drug side-effects. In this work we report the synthesis, molecular modeling, cytotoxicity and the antileishmanial profile of a series of 4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamides. Our experimental data showed an active profile for some compounds against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis. The profile of two compounds against L. infantum was similar to that of pentamidine, but with lower cytotoxicity. Molecular modeling evaluation indicated that changes in electronic regions, orientation as well as lipophilicity of the derivatives were areas to improve the interaction with the parasitic target. Overall the compounds represent feasible prototypes for designing new molecules against L. infantum and L. amazonensis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pirovano A, Huijbregts MAJ, Ragas AMJ, Hendriks AJ. Compound lipophilicity as a descriptor to predict binding affinity (1/K(m)) in mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5168-5174. [PMID: 22497447 DOI: 10.1021/es204506g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In bioaccumulation models, biotransformation is one of the processes decreasing the concentration of chemicals in an organism. In order to be metabolized, a compound needs to bind to an enzyme. In this study, we derived relationships between binding affinity and lipophilicity, expressed as Log (1/K(m)) and Log K(ow), respectively. We focused on oxidations in mammals catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. For all regressions, 1/K(m) increased with compound K(ow), which can be understood from the tendency to biotransform lipophilic compounds into more polar, thus more easily excretable metabolites. Lipophilicity was relevant to the binding of most of the substrate classes of ADH, ALDH, and CYP. The resulting slopes had 95% Confidence Intervals covering the value of 0.63, typically noted in protein-water distribution (Log K(pw)) and Log K(ow) regressions. A reduced slope (0.2-0.3) was found for FMO: this may be due to a different reaction mechanism involving a nucleophilic attack. The general patterns of metabolism were mechanistically interpreted in terms of partitioning theory. Information on the overall principles determining biotransformation may be helpful in predicting metabolic rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pirovano
- Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prabhu P, Bag PP, Singh BG, Hodage A, Jain VK, Iwaoka M, Priyadarsini KI. Effect of functional groups on antioxidant properties of substituted selenoethers. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:461-8. [PMID: 21235282 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.543678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Selenoethers attached to functional groups through propyl chain viz., bis(3-carboxypropyl)selenide (SeBA), bis(3-hydroxypropyl)selenide (SePOH) and bis(3-aminopropyl)selenide dihydrochloride (SePAm), have been examined for their ability to inhibit peroxyl radical mediated DNA damage, peroxyl radical scavenging ability and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) like activity. The DNA damage was monitored by gel electrophoresis, bimolecular rate constants for scavenging of model peroxyl radical were determined by pulse radiolysis and the GPx activity was followed by their ability to reduce hydrogen peroxide in the presence of glutathione utilizing NADPH decay and HPLC analysis. Among these compounds, SeBA showed maximum DNA protecting activity and it was also the most efficient in scavenging peroxyl radicals with the highest GPx mimicking activity. Quantum chemical calculations confirmed that SeBA with the highest energy level of HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) is the easiest to undergo oxidation and therefore exhibits better radical scavenging, GPx mimicking and DNA protecting activity than SePOH or SePAm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Prabhu
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Voutchkova AM, Osimitz TG, Anastas PT. Toward a Comprehensive Molecular Design Framework for Reduced Hazard. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5845-82. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelina M. Voutchkova
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
| | - Thomas G. Osimitz
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
| | - Paul T. Anastas
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chan K, O'Brien PJ. Structure-activity relationships for hepatocyte toxicity and electrophilic reactivity ofα,β-unsaturated esters, acrylates and methacrylates. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:1004-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Combes R, Grindon C, Cronin MT, Roberts DW, Garrod JF. Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Acute Systemic Toxicity and Toxicokinetics with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation. Altern Lab Anim 2008; 36 Suppl 1:91-109. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290803601s08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a joint research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with REACH. This paper focuses on the use of alternative (non-animal) methods (both in vitro and in silico) for acute systemic toxicity and toxicokinetic testing. The paper reviews in vitro tests based on basal cytotoxicity and target organ toxicity, along with QSAR models and expert systems available for this endpoint. The use of PBPK modelling for the prediction of ADME properties is also discussed. These tests are then incorporated into a decision-tree style, integrated testing strategy, which also includes the use of refined in vivo acute toxicity tests, as a last resort. The implementation of the strategy is intended to minimise the use of animals in the testing of acute systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics, whilst satisfying the scientific and logistical demands of the EU REACH legislation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark T.D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - David W. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - John F. Garrod
- Chemicals and Nanotechnologies Division, Defra, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kosevich MV, Chagovets VV, Shmigol IV, Snegir SV, Boryak OA, Orlov VV, Shelkovsky VS, Pokrovskiy VA, Gomory A. Sensitivity of redox reactions of dyes to variations of conditions created in mass spectrometric experiments. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1402-1412. [PMID: 18615625 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Redox behaviour of four imidazophenazine dye derivatives under mass spectrometric conditions of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), laser desorption/ionization (LDI) from metal and graphite surface, electrospray, low temperature secondary ion mass spectrometry (LT SIMS) and fast atom bombardment (FAB) was studied and distinctions in the reduction-dependent spectral patterns were analyzed from the point of view of different quantities of protons and electrons available for reduction in different techniques. The reduction products [M + 2H](+*), [M + 3H](+) and M(-*), [M + H](-) were observed in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively, which permitted to suggest independent occurrence of reduction and protonation/deprotonation processes. LDI from graphite substrate was the only technique that allowed us to obtain abundant negative ions of all dye derivatives. The yield of field ionization (FI) or field desorption (FD) mechanism to ion formation under LDI from rough graphite surface has been addressed. The sensitivity of reduction of the dyes to variation of reduction-initiating agents confirms high redox activity of the dyes essential for their functioning in natural and artificial systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Kosevich
- B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47, Lenin Avenue, 61103, Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Combes R, Grindon C, Cronin MTD, Roberts DW, Garrod JF. Integrated decision-tree testing strategies for acute systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics with respect to the requirements of the EU REACH legislation. Altern Lab Anim 2008; 36:45-63. [PMID: 18333714 DOI: 10.1177/026119290803600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a joint research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with REACH. This paper focuses on the use of alternative (non-animal) methods (both in vitro and in silico) for acute systemic toxicity and toxicokinetic testing. The paper reviews in vitro tests based on basal cytotoxicity and target organ toxicity, along with QSAR models and expert systems available for this endpoint. The use of PBPK modelling for the prediction of ADME properties is also discussed. These tests are then incorporated into a decision-tree style, integrated testing strategy, which also includes the use of refined in vivo acute toxicity tests, as a last resort. The implementation of the strategy is intended to minimise the use of animals in the testing of acute systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics, whilst satisfying the scientific and logistical demands of the EU REACH legislation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Koleva BB, Kolev TM, Tsalev DL, Spiteller M. Determination of phenacetin and salophen analgetics in solid binary mixtures with caffeine by infrared linear dichroic and Raman spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
David V, Medvedovici A. Structure‐Retention Correlation in Liquid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Applications. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701191052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor David
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Andrei Medvedovici
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Testa B, Balmat AL, Long A, Judson P. Predicting drug metabolism--an evaluation of the expert system METEOR. Chem Biodivers 2007; 2:872-85. [PMID: 17193178 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200590064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The paper begins with a discussion of the goals of metabolic predictions in early drug research, and some difficulties toward this objective, mainly the various substrate and product selectivities characteristic of drug metabolism. The major in silico approaches to predict drug metabolism are then classified and summarized. A discrimination is, thus, made between 'local' and 'global' systems. In its second part, an evaluation of METEOR, a rule-based expert system used to predict the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, is reported. The published metabolic data of ten substrates were used in this evaluation, the overall results being discussed in terms of correct vs. disputable (i.e., false-positive and false-negative) predictions. The predictions for four representative substrates are presented in detail (Figs. 1-4), illustrating the interest of such an evaluation in identifying where and how predictive rules can be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Testa
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lewis DFV, Lake BG, Ito Y, Anzenbacher P. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) within cytochromes P450 2B (CYP2B) subfamily enzymes: the importance of lipophilicity for binding and metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 21:213-31. [PMID: 16841514 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2006.21.3-4.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The results of qualitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis are reported for several series of compounds which act as substrates for mammalian CYP2B subfamily enzymes, together with a homologous series of aliphatic primary amines which are known to inhibit CYP2B enzymes. It is found that the compound lipophilicity in the form of the log P value (where P is the octanol/water partition coefficient) is related, either linearly or quadratically, to equilibrium constants of inhibition (Ki), binding (Ks) or metabolism (Km) depending on the series of compounds in question. In some instances, the difference between frontier orbital energy levels (deltaE) also features in several of the log P expressions with biological activity. Also present in a small number of correlations are parameters which are likely to be related to logP: namely, Rm, which is the partitioning factor derived from thin layer chromatography (TLC) retention times, and also the compound molecular weight (Mr). All of these three parameters ((log P, Rm and Mr) are thought to be related to the compound's ability to desolvate the P450 active site when they bind to the enzyme. Although the linear relationships between lipophilicity and CYP2B-related activity point to a major role for desolvation of the enzyme binding site in the overall interaction, it is noted that there may be an optimal log P value displayed by preferred substrates as shown by parabolic relationships with this lipophilic parameter. In addition, there is a remarkable similarity in the coefficients for the log P term of any QSAR expression, which suggests that the hydrophobicity of CYP2B active sites may be broadly equivalent between the various mammalian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F V Lewis
- School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kosevich MV, Boryak OA, Orlov VV, Shelkovsky VS, Chagovets VV, Stepanian SG, Karachevtsev VA, Adamowicz L. Evaluation of the reduction of imidazophenazine dye derivatives under fast-atom-bombardment mass-spectrometric conditions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:113-23. [PMID: 16382482 DOI: 10.1002/jms.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Satellite [M + 2](+*) and [M + 3](+) peaks accompanying the common peak of the protonated molecule [M + H](+) that are known to indicate the occurrence of a reduction process were observed in the fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra of imidazophenazine dye derivatives in glycerol matrix. The distribution of the abundances in the [M + nH](+) peak group varied noticeably for different derivatives. This indicated different levels of the reduction depending on the different structure variations of the studied molecules. In the search for correlations between the mass spectral pattern and the structural features of the dyes, ab initio HF/6-31++G** quantum chemical calculations were performed. They revealed that the abundances of the [M + 2](+*) and [M + 3](+) ions show growth proportional to the decrease of the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, i.e. proportional to the increase of the electron affinity of the dye molecule. A method for rapid screening of reductive properties of sets of dye derivatives on the basis of the FAB mass spectral data is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Kosevich
- B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 61103 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lewis DFV. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) within the cytochrome P450 system: QSARs describing substrate binding, inhibition and induction of P450s. Inflammopharmacology 2004; 11:43-73. [PMID: 15035734 DOI: 10.1163/156856003321547112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) within substrates, inducers and inhibitors of cytochromes P450 involved in xenobiotic metabolism are reported, together with QSARs associated with induction, inhibition and metabolic rate. The importance of frontier orbitals and shape descriptors, such as planarity (estimated by the area/depth(2) parameter) and rectangularity (estimated by the length/width parameter) is discussed, particularly in the context of the COMPACT system which discriminates between several P450 families associated with the activation and detoxication of xenobiotics. The use of parameters, particularly those derived from homology modelling of mammalian (especially human) P450s that are involved in exogenous metabolism, in generating QSARs for P450 substrates is discussed in the context of explaining differences in the binding affinities of human P450 substrates which are pharmacologically active.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F V Lewis
- School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lewis DFV, Ioannides C, Parke DV. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study of mutagenicity in several series of organic chemicals likely to be activated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 2003; Suppl 1:187-93. [PMID: 12616608 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.10073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The results of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies on six series of compounds exhibiting indirect mutagenic activity are reported. These findings demonstrate the importance of frontier orbital energies and, in some cases, frontier orbital electronic populations to overall mutagenicity in diverse polyaromatic hydrocarbons, benzidines and aminobiphenyls, benzonitrofurans, nitrogenous cooked-food mutagens, benzanthracenes, and chrysenes. The correlations between structural parameters and mutagenic potency vary from R=0.81 to R=0.97, and these findings are discussed in the context of possible molecular mechanisms of mutagenicity. In particular, it is generally regarded that cytochrome P450-mediated activation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and their amino derivatives plays an important role in mutagenic activity. In this respect, it is apparent that enzymes of the cytochrome P4501 (CYP1) family are closely associated with the metabolic activation of polyaromatic mutagens and carcinogens via the generation of reactive intermediates (usually electrophilic in nature) that attack DNA. The findings presented in this study indicate that QSAR analyses on several series of compounds are consistent with the known evidence of procarcinogen activation mechanisms, particularly for polyaromatic hydrocarbons and their heterocyclic/amino derivatives, pointing to the importance of frontier orbital energy values in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F V Lewis
- School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
This review focuses on the structural models for cytochrome P450, which are improving our knowledge and understanding of the P450 catalytic cycle, and the way in which substrates bind to the enzyme leading to catalytic conversion and subsequent formation of mono-oxygenated metabolites. Various stages in the P450 reaction cycle have now been investigated using X-ray crystallography and electronic structure calculations, whereas homology modeling of mammalian P450s is currently revealing important aspects of pharmaceutical and other xenobiotic metabolism mediated by P450 involvement. These features are explored in the current review on P450-based catalysis, which emphasizes the importance of structural modeling to our understanding of this enzyme's function. In addition, the results of various quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) analyses on series of chemicals, which are metabolized via P450 enzymes, are presented such that the importance of electronic and other structural factors in explaining variations in rates of metabolism can be appreciated. As an important example of biocatalysis, the P450 system has a major future as an enzyme for use in many biotechnological applications, including biodegradation and bioremediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F V Lewis
- School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lewi DFV, Bird MG, Jacobs MN. Human carcinogens: an evaluation study via the COMPACT and HazardExpert procedures. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002; 21:115-22. [PMID: 12102536 DOI: 10.1191/0960327102ht233oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The results of computer-optimized molecular parametric analysis of chemical toxicity (COMPACT) and HazardExpert evaluations on 14 established human carcinogens are reported. The concordances between COMPACT and carcinogenicity (71%) and between HazardExpert and carcinogenicity (57%) are significantly improved when taken in combination, where all 14 carcinogens are correctly identified by the two systems used in conjunction. However, if a negative energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (E(HOMO)) value is regarded as evidence of electrophilic reactivity likely to give rise to mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, then 13/14 (93%) of the carcinogens are correctly identified by combination with the COMPACT procedure alone. It is possible, therefore, to establish likely carcinogenicity arising from either P450 mediation (CYP1 and CYP2E) or compound electrophilicity via the employment of a straightforward approach to molecular and electronic structure calculation, a process that can be performed in a relatively short time frame (i.e., less than 1 hour per chemical) and at a low cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F V Lewi
- Molecular Toxicology Group, School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lewis DFV, Dickins M. Factors influencing rates and clearance in P450-mediated reactions: QSARs for substrates of the xenobiotic-metabolizing hepatic microsomal P450s. Toxicology 2002; 170:45-53. [PMID: 11750082 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various contributory factors associated with the kinetics of cytochrome P450-mediated catalytic activity and the metabolic clearance of drug substrates are discussed and evaluated, based on literature data and physicochemical parameters. Quantitative relationships between molecular structure and biological activity for several series of P450 substrates are presented which point to certain commonalities in P450-catalyzed reactions. In particular, it appears that frontier orbital energies are especially important for the estimation of reaction rates and clearance for many P450 substrates, although occasionally these have to be combined with other descriptors, such as compound lipophilicity (in the form of logP or logD(74)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F V Lewis
- School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sello G, Sala L, Benfenati E. Predicting toxicity: a mechanism of action model of chemical mutagenicity. Mutat Res 2001; 479:141-71. [PMID: 11470489 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The increasing importance of theoretical studies for predicting toxicology has aroused the interest of many computational chemists. A new approach has been developed, based on studying at the molecular level two potential mechanisms of action that are related to compound mutagenicity. This approach is the first example that considers both the toxicant and the biological target molecules involved in the interaction. Using some calculated descriptors and a simulation of the interaction chemical, compounds can be classified. More important, the approach helps in understanding and explaining both the correct and the incorrect results, and gives a deeper understanding of the toxic mechanisms. The model has been applied to many compounds and the results are compared with experimental results reported for the corresponding Salmonella tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Sello
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lewis DF. Structural characteristics of human P450s involved in drug metabolism: QSARs and lipophilicity profiles. Toxicology 2000; 144:197-203. [PMID: 10781888 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(99)00207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The factors with human P450 substrate selectivity are reviewed, together with extensive tabulation of quantitative relationships between structure and activity for many species of P450 substrates, inducers and inhibitors. In addition, the physicochemical characteristics (logP and pK(a) values) of heptic microsomal P450 substrates are collated, such that comparisons can be made on the grounds of compound lipophilicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F Lewis
- Molecular Toxicology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|