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Nag S, Qin JJ, Voruganti S, Wang MH, Sharma H, Patil S, Buolamwini JK, Wang W, Zhang R. Development and validation of a rapid HPLC method for quantitation of SP-141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent, and an initial pharmacokinetic study in mice. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:654-63. [PMID: 25294254 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in targeting the MDM2 oncogene for cancer therapy. SP-141, a novel designed small molecule MDM2 inhibitor, exerts excellent in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. To facilitate the preclinical development of this candidate anticancer agent, we have developed an HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of SP-141. The method was validated to be precise, accurate, and specific, with a linear range of 16.2-32,400 ng/mL in plasma, 16.2-6480 ng/mL in homogenates of brain, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, muscle and tumor, and 32.4-6480 ng/mL in spleen homogenates. The lower limit of quantification was 16.2 ng/mL in plasma and all the tissue homogenates, except for spleen homogenates, where it was 32.4 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-assay precisions (coefficient of variation) were between 0.86 and 13.39%, and accuracies (relative errors) ranged from -8.50 to 13.92%. The relative recoveries were 85.6-113.38%. SP-141 was stable in mouse plasma, modestly plasma bound and metabolized by S9 microsomal enzymes. We performed an initial pharmacokinetic study in tumor-bearing nude mice, demonstrating that SP-141 has a short half-life in plasma and wide tissue distribution. In summary, this HPLC method can be used in future preclinical and clinical investigations of SP-141.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
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Li H, Ezell SJ, Zhang X, Wang W, Xu H, Rayburn ER, Zhang X, Gurpinar E, Yang X, Sommers CI, Velu SE, Zhang R. Development and validation of an HPLC method for quantitation of BA-TPQ, a novel iminoquinone anticancer agent, and an initial pharmacokinetic study in mice. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:628-634. [PMID: 20845374 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We herein describe the development and validation of an HPLC method for the quantitation of 7-(benzylamino)-1,3,4,8-tetrahydropyrrolo [4,3,2-de]quinolin-8(1H)-one (BA-TPQ), a newly synthesized iminoquinone anticancer agent. BA-TPQ was extracted from plasma and tissue samples by first precipitating proteins with acetonitrile followed by a liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was carried out using a gradient flow rate on a Zorbax SB C(18) column, and the effluent was monitored by UV detection at 346 nm. The method was found to be precise, accurate, and specific, with a linear range of 3.91-1955.0 ng/mL in plasma, 19.55-1955.0 ng/mL in spleen, brain, and liver homogenates and 19.55-3910.0 ng/mL in heart, lung and kidney homogenates. The method was stable under all relevant conditions. Using this method, we also carried out an initial study determining plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of BA-TPQ in mice following intravenous administration. In summary, this simple and sensitive HPLC method can be used in future preclinical and clinical studies of BA-TPQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Scharri J Ezell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA.,College of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Elizabeth R Rayburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Evrim Gurpinar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Charnell I Sommers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Sadanandan E Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
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Zhou SF, Wang B, Yang LP, Liu JP. Structure, function, regulation and polymorphism and the clinical significance of human cytochrome P450 1A2. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:268-354. [PMID: 19961320 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903286476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human CYP1A2 is one of the major CYPs in human liver and metabolizes a number of clinical drugs (e.g., clozapine, tacrine, tizanidine, and theophylline; n > 110), a number of procarcinogens (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene and aromatic amines), and several important endogenous compounds (e.g., steroids). CYP1A2 is subject to reversible and/or irreversible inhibition by a number of drugs, natural substances, and other compounds. The CYP1A gene cluster has been mapped on to chromosome 15q24.1, with close link between CYP1A1 and 1A2 sharing a common 5'-flanking region. The human CYP1A2 gene spans almost 7.8 kb comprising seven exons and six introns and codes a 515-residue protein with a molecular mass of 58,294 Da. The recently resolved CYP1A2 structure has a relatively compact, planar active site cavity that is highly adapted for the size and shape of its substrates. The architecture of the active site of 1A2 is characterized by multiple residues on helices F and I that constitutes two parallel substrate binding platforms on either side of the cavity. A large interindividual variability in the expression and activity of CYP1A2 has been observed, which is largely caused by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors (e.g., smoking). CYP1A2 is primarily regulated by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and CYP1A2 is induced through AhR-mediated transactivation following ligand binding and nuclear translocation. Induction or inhibition of CYP1A2 may provide partial explanation for some clinical drug interactions. To date, more than 15 variant alleles and a series of subvariants of the CYP1A2 gene have been identified and some of them have been associated with altered drug clearance and response and disease susceptibility. Further studies are warranted to explore the clinical and toxicological significance of altered CYP1A2 expression and activity caused by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhou
- Discpline of Chinese Medicine, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Zhou SF, Liu JP, Chowbay B. Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 enzymes and its clinical impact. Drug Metab Rev 2009; 41:89-295. [PMID: 19514967 DOI: 10.1080/03602530902843483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics is the study of how interindividual variations in the DNA sequence of specific genes affect drug response. This article highlights current pharmacogenetic knowledge on important human drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s (CYPs) to understand the large interindividual variability in drug clearance and responses in clinical practice. The human CYP superfamily contains 57 functional genes and 58 pseudogenes, with members of the 1, 2, and 3 families playing an important role in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, other xenobiotics, and some endogenous compounds. Polymorphisms in the CYP family may have had the most impact on the fate of therapeutic drugs. CYP2D6, 2C19, and 2C9 polymorphisms account for the most frequent variations in phase I metabolism of drugs, since almost 80% of drugs in use today are metabolized by these enzymes. Approximately 5-14% of Caucasians, 0-5% Africans, and 0-1% of Asians lack CYP2D6 activity, and these individuals are known as poor metabolizers. CYP2C9 is another clinically significant enzyme that demonstrates multiple genetic variants with a potentially functional impact on the efficacy and adverse effects of drugs that are mainly eliminated by this enzyme. Studies into the CYP2C9 polymorphism have highlighted the importance of the CYP2C9*2 and *3 alleles. Extensive polymorphism also occurs in other CYP genes, such as CYP1A1, 2A6, 2A13, 2C8, 3A4, and 3A5. Since several of these CYPs (e.g., CYP1A1 and 1A2) play a role in the bioactivation of many procarcinogens, polymorphisms of these enzymes may contribute to the variable susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The distribution of the common variant alleles of CYP genes varies among different ethnic populations. Pharmacogenetics has the potential to achieve optimal quality use of medicines, and to improve the efficacy and safety of both prospective and currently available drugs. Further studies are warranted to explore the gene-dose, gene-concentration, and gene-response relationships for these important drug-metabolizing CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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Lü L, Wai MSM, Yew DT, Mak YT. Pien Tze Huang, a composite Chinese traditional herbal extract, affects survival of neuroblastoma cells. Int J Neurosci 2009; 119:255-62. [PMID: 19125378 DOI: 10.1080/00207450802324770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pien Tze Huang is a popular Chinese medicine for liver diseases. In the investigations of possible effects of Pien Tze Huang on the central nervous system, we first studied the in vitro anti-cancer activity of Pien Tze Huang on neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) as compared with normal fibroblasts (NIH-3T3). Results showed that Pien Tze Huang significantly decreased (p < .05) cell survival of SH-SY5Y as compared to NIH-3T3. Furthermore, the decreases in cell survival of SH-SY5Y were significantly and linearly dose-dependent (p < .05) from 400 to 1,000 microg/ml. This supports further in vivo and animal studies for anti-cancer effect, neuroprotection, and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhai Lü
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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The difference in gliosis induced by β-amyloid and Tau treatments in astrocyte cultures derived from senescence accelerated and normal mouse strains. Biogerontology 2009; 10:695-710. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-009-9217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Jameson MB, Baguley BC, Kestell P, Zhao L, Paxton JW, Thompson PI, Waller S. Pharmacokinetics of 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (AS1404), a novel vascular disrupting agent, in phase I clinical trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 59:681-7. [PMID: 17021822 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) (AS1404) is a novel antitumour agent that selectively disrupts tumour vasculature and induces cytokines. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of DMXAA in cancer patients enrolled in a phase I clinical trial. METHODS DMXAA was administered as a 20-min i.v. infusion every 3 weeks and doses were escalated in cohorts of patients according to a predefined schema. PK samples were taken over the first 24 h of at least the first cycle. RESULTS DMXAA was administered to 63 patients at 19 dose levels from 6 to 4,900 mg m(-2), and 3,700 mg m(-2) was established as the maximum tolerated dose. The PK observed over the dose range showed a non-linear fall in clearance from 16.1 to 1.42 l h(-1) m(-2) and resultant increase in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from 1.29 to 12,400 microM h. In contrast, the increase in peak plasma concentrations from 2.17 to 1,910 microM approximated linearity. DMXAA was highly protein-bound to albumin (>99%) until saturation occurred at higher doses, leading to a rapid increase in the free fraction (up to 20%) and greater concentrations of DMXAA bound to non-albumin proteins. However, the main determinant of the non-linearity of the PK appeared to be sequential saturation of elimination mechanisms, which include hydroxylation, glucuronidation and perhaps hepatic transport proteins. This resulted in an exaggerated non-linear increase in free DMXAA plasma concentrations and AUC compared to total drug. CONCLUSIONS The PK of DMXAA are well-defined, with a consistent degree of non-linearity across a very large dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Jameson
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Auckland Hospital, Private Bag 92024, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Yang XX, Hu ZP, Chan SY, Zhou SF. Monitoring drug-protein interaction. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 365:9-29. [PMID: 16199025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A variety of therapeutic drugs can undergo biotransformation via Phase I and Phase II enzymes to reactive metabolites that have intrinsic chemical reactivity toward proteins and cause potential organ toxicity. A drug-protein adduct is a protein complex that forms when electrophilic drugs or their reactive metabolite(s) covalently bind to a protein molecule. Formation of such drug-protein adducts eliciting cellular damages and immune responses has been a major hypothesis for the mechanism of toxicity caused by numerous drugs. The monitoring of protein-drug adducts is important in the kinetic and mechanistic studies of drug-protein adducts and establishment of dose-toxicity relationships. The determination of drug-protein adducts can also provide supportive evidence for diagnosis of drug-induced diseases associated with protein-drug adduct formation in patients. The plasma is the most commonly used matrix for monitoring drug-protein adducts due to its convenience and safety. Measurement of circulating antibodies against drug-protein adducts may be used as a useful surrogate marker in the monitoring of drug-protein adducts. The determination of plasma protein adducts and/or relevant antibodies following administration of several drugs including acetaminophen, dapsone, diclofenac and halothane has been conducted in clinical settings for characterizing drug toxicity associated with drug-protein adduct formation. The monitoring of drug-protein adducts often involves multi-step laboratory procedure including sample collection and preliminary preparation, separation to isolate or extract the target compound from a mixture, identification and determination. However, the monitoring of drug-protein adducts is often difficult because of short half-lives of the protein adducts, sampling problem and lack of sensitive analytical techniques for the protein adducts. Currently, chromatographic (e.g. high performance liquid chromatography) and immunological methods (e.g. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) are two major techniques used to determine protein adducts of drugs in patients. The present review highlights the importance for clinical monitoring of drug-protein adducts, with an emphasis on methodology and with a further discussion of the application of these techniques to individual drugs and their target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Kaji H, Kume T. Glucuronidation of 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5-(2-Furyl)-4-Oxazoleacetic Acid (TA-1801A) in Humans: Species Differences in Liver and Intestinal Microsomes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2005; 20:206-11. [PMID: 15988123 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.20.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-furyl)-4-oxazoleacetate (TA-1801), a potent hypolipidemic agent, was studied in humans after oral administration and compared with that found in rats, rabbits, and dogs previously. Hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to produce metabolite M1 (TA-1801 active form; TA-1801A) is the first metabolic step and the subsequent biotransformation includes the glucuronidation to form the metabolite M4 and the oxidation to form the metabolites M2 and M3. The metabolism of TA-1801 in humans was qualitatively similar to that in the experimental animals studied, although species differences were seen in the amount of metabolites. M4, the glucuronide of TA-1801A was the most abundant metabolite in human urine (24.3% of the dose). In vitro studies using human liver and jejunum microsomes indicated that the TA-1801A glucuronosyltransferase activity in human jejunum microsomes was 2-fold higher than that in liver microsomes. With regard to the interspecies differences in the TA-1801A glucuronosyltransferase activities, the intrinsic clearance for the TA-1801A glucuronidation in liver microsomes was in the following order: rabbit>monkey>human=rat=dog. In jejunum microsomes, the intrinsic clearance for the TA-1801A glucuronidation was in the following order: human>monkey>rabbit>rat=dog. These results suggest that the species differences in the intestinal TA-1801A glucuronidation contribute to the species differences in the excretion rate of TA-1801A glucuronide into the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Kaji
- Exploratory Toxicology & DMPK Research Laboratories, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., LTD., Saitama, Japan.
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Zhou S, Feng X, Kestell P, Baguley BC, Paxton JW. Determination of the investigational anti-cancer drug 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid and its acyl glucuronide in Caco-2 monolayers by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: application to transport studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 809:87-97. [PMID: 15282097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) is a potent cytokine inducer, with a bioavailability of >70% in the mouse. The aim of this study was to develop and validate HPLC methods for the determination of DMXAA and DMXAA acyl glucuronide (DMXAA-G) in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 monolayers. The developed HPLC methods were sensitive and reliable, with acceptable accuracy (85-115% of true values) and precision (intra- and inter-assay CV < 15%). The total running time was within 6.8 min, with acceptable separation of the compounds of interest. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) values for DMXAA and DMXAA-G were 14.2 and 24 ng/ml, respectively. The validated HPLC methods were applied to examine the epithelial transport of DMXAA and DMXAA-G by Caco-2 monolayers. The permeability coefficient (Papp) values (overall mean +/- S.D., n = 3-9) of DMXAA over 10-500 microM were independent of concentration for both apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) (4.0 +/- 0.4 x 10(-5)cm/s) and BL-AP (4.3 +/- 0.5 x 10(-5)cm/s) transport, and of similar magnitude in either direction, with net efflux ratio (Rnet) values of 1-1.3. However, the Papp values for the BL to AP transport of DMXAA-G were significantly greater than those for the AP to BL transport, with Rnet values of 17.6, 6.7 and 4.5 at 50, 100 and 200 microM, respectively. Further studies showed that the transport of DMXAA-G was Na+- and energy-dependent, and inhibited by MK-571 [a multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) 1/2 inhibitor], but not by verapamil and probenecid. These data indicate that the HPLC methods for the determination of DMXAA and DMXAA-G in the transport buffer were simple and reliable, and the methods have been applied to the transport study of both compounds by Caco-2 monolayers. DMXAA across Caco-2 monolayers was through a passive transcellular process, whereas the transport of DMXAA-G was mediated by MRP1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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