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Mullins BJ, Kicic A, Ling KM, Mead-Hunter R, Larcombe AN. Biodiesel exhaust-induced cytotoxicity and proinflammatory mediator production in human airway epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:44-57. [PMID: 25045158 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing use of biodiesel has prompted research into the potential health effects of biodiesel exhaust exposure. Few studies directly compare the health consequences of mineral diesel, biodiesel, or blend exhaust exposures. Here, we exposed human epithelial cell cultures to diluted exhaust generated by the combustion of Australian ultralow-sulfur-diesel (ULSD), unprocessed canola oil, 100% canola biodiesel (B100), and a blend of 20% canola biodiesel mixed with 80% ULSD. The physicochemical characteristics of the exhaust were assessed and we compared cellular viability, apoptosis, and levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) in exposed cultured cells. Different fuel types produced significantly different amounts of exhaust gases and different particle characteristics. All exposures resulted in significant apoptosis and loss of viability when compared with control, with an increasing proportion of biodiesel being correlated with a decrease in viability. In most cases, exposure to exhaust resulted in an increase in mediator production, with the greatest increases most often in response to B100. Exposure to pure canola oil (PCO) exhaust did not increase mediator production, but resulted in a significant decrease in IL-8 and RANTES in some cases. Our results show that canola biodiesel exhaust exposure elicits inflammation and reduces viability of human epithelial cell cultures in vitro when compared with ULSD exhaust exposure. This may be related to an increase in particle surface area and number in B100 exhaust when compared with ULSD exhaust. Exposure to PCO exhaust elicited the greatest loss of cellular viability, but virtually no inflammatory response, likely due to an overall increase in average particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Mullins
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, 6001, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kak-Ming Ling
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
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Larcombe AN, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Knothe G. Biodiesel exhaust: The need for a systematic approach to health effects research. Respirology 2015; 20:1034-45. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; Perth Australia
- School of Pediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine; School of Medicine and Pharmacology; University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Mullins
- Curtin Institute for Computation; Fluid Dynamics Research Group; Curtin University; Perth Australia
- Health, Safety and Environment; School of Public Health; Curtin University; Perth Australia
| | - Gerhard Knothe
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research; Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Peoria Illinois USA
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Jain SK, Kumar S, Chaube A. Technical Sustainability of Biodiesel and Its Blends with Diesel in C.I. Engines: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7763/ijcea.2011.v2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Peng CY, Lan CH, Dai YT. Speciation and quantification of vapor phases in soy biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:2054-62. [PMID: 16904162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the compositions of two biodiesel vapors, soy biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel, to provide a comprehensive understanding of biodiesels. Vapor phases were sampled by purging oil vapors through thermal desorption tubes which were then analyzed by the thermal desorption/GC/MS system. The results show that the compounds of biodiesel vapors can be divided into four groups. They include methyl esters (the main biodiesel components), oxygenated chemicals, alkanes and alkenes, and aromatics. The first two chemical groups are only found in biodiesel vapors, not in the diesel vapor emissions. The percentages of mean concentrations for methyl esters, oxygenated chemicals, alkanes and alkenes, and aromatics are 66.1%, 22.8%, 4.8% and 6.4%, respectively for soy biodiesel, and 35.8%, 35.9%, 27.9% and 0.3%, respectively for waste cooking oil biodiesel at a temperature of 25+/-2 degrees C. These results show that biodiesels have fewer chemicals and lower concentrations in vapor phase than petroleum diesel, and the total emission rates are between one-sixteenth and one-sixth of that of diesel emission, corresponding to fuel evaporative emissions of loading losses of between 106 microg l(-1) and 283 microg l(-1). Although diesels generate more vapor phase emissions, biodiesels still generate considerable amount of vapor emissions, particularly the emissions from methyl esters and oxygenated chemicals. These two chemical groups are more reactive than alkanes and aromatics. Therefore, speciation and quantification of biodiesel vapor phases are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yu Peng
- Graduate Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Ryu K, Oh Y. A study on the usability of biodiesel fuel derived from rice bran oil as an alternative fuel for IDI diesel engine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02984402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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