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Mullally CA, Fahriani M, Mowlaboccus S, Coombs GW. Non- faecium non- faecalis enterococci: a review of clinical manifestations, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0012123. [PMID: 38466110 PMCID: PMC11237509 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00121-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYEnterococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that are typically found as commensals in humans, animals, and the environment. Occasionally, they may cause clinically relevant diseases such as endocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. The majority of clinical infections in humans are caused by two species: Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. However, there is an increasing number of clinical infections caused by non-faecium non-faecalis (NFF) enterococci. Although NFF enterococcal species are often overlooked, studies have shown that they may harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors that are found in E. faecium and E. faecalis. In this review, we present an overview of the NFF enterococci with a particular focus on human clinical manifestations, epidemiology, virulence genes, and AMR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Mullally
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marhami Fahriani
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shakeel Mowlaboccus
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Price B, Venso E, Frana M, Greenberg J, Ware A. A comparison of ARA and DNA data for microbial source tracking based on source-classification models developed using classification trees. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:3575-84. [PMID: 17599384 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The literature on microbial source tracking (MST) suggests that DNA analysis of fecal samples leads to more reliable determinations of bacterial sources of surface water contamination than antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA). Our goal is to determine whether the increased reliability, if any, in library-based MST developed with DNA data is sufficient to justify its higher cost, where the bacteria source predictions are used in TMDL surface water management programs. We describe an application of classification trees for MST applied to ARA and DNA data from samples collected in the Potomac River Watershed in Maryland. Conclusions concerning the comparison of ARA and DNA data, although preliminary at the current time, suggest that the added cost of obtaining DNA data in comparison to the cost of ARA data may not be justified, where MST is applied in TMDL surface water management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Price
- Price Associates, Inc., One N. Broadway Ste 406, White Plains, NY 10601, USA.
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McQuaig SM, Scott TM, Harwood VJ, Farrah SR, Lukasik JO. Detection of human-derived fecal pollution in environmental waters by use of a PCR-based human polyomavirus assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7567-74. [PMID: 16997988 PMCID: PMC1694258 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01317-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory agencies mandate the use of fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli or Enterococcus spp., as microbial indicators of recreational water quality. These indicators of fecal pollution do not identify the specific sources of pollution and at times underestimate health risks associated with recreational water use. This study proposes the use of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), which are widespread among human populations, as indicators of human fecal pollution. A method was developed to concentrate and extract HPyV DNA from environmental water samples and then to amplify it by nested PCR. HPyVs were detected in as little as 1 microl of sewage and were not amplified from dairy cow or pig wastes. Environmental water samples were screened for the presence of HPyVs and two additional markers of human fecal pollution: the Enterococcus faecium esp gene and the 16S rRNA gene of human-associated Bacteroides. The presence of human-specific indicators of fecal pollution was compared to fecal coliform and Enterococcus concentrations. HPyVs were detected in 19 of 20 (95%) samples containing the E. faecium esp gene and Bacteroides human markers. Weak or no correlation was observed between the presence/absence of human-associated indicators and counts of indicator bacteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and correlation with other human-associated markers suggest that the HPyV assay could be a useful predictor of human fecal pollution in environmental waters and an important component of the microbial-source-tracking "toolbox."
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M McQuaig
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 33611, USA
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