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Zhao Y, Zhang X, Han C, Cai Y, Li S, Hu X, Wu C, Guan X, Lu C, Nie X. Pharmacogenomics of Leukotriene Modifiers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1068. [PMID: 35887565 PMCID: PMC9316609 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics research on leukotriene modifiers (LTMs) for asthma has been developing rapidly, although pharmacogenetic testing for LTMs is not yet used in clinical practice. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of pharmacogenomics on LTMs response. Studies published until May 2022 were searched using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Pharmacogenomics/genetics studies of patients with asthma using LTMs with or without other anti-asthmatic drugs were included. Statistical tests of the meta-analysis were performed with Review Manager (Revman, version 5.4, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) and R language and environment for statistical computing (version 4.1.0 for Windows, R Core Team, Vienna, Austria) software. In total, 31 studies with 8084 participants were included in the systematic review and five studies were also used to perform the meta-analysis. Two included studies were genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which showed different results. Furthermore, none of the SNPs investigated in candidate gene studies were identified in GWAS. In candidate gene studies, the most widely studied SNPs were ALOX5 (tandem repeats of the Sp1-binding domain and rs2115819), LTC4S-444A/C (rs730012), and SLCO2B1 (rs12422149), with relatively inconsistent conclusions. LTC4S-444A/C polymorphism did not show a significant effect in our meta-analysis (AA vs. AC (or AC + CC): −0.06, 95%CI: −0.16 to 0.05, p = 0.31). AA homozygotes had smaller improvements in parameters pertaining to lung functions (−0.14, 95%CI: −0.23 to −0.05, p = 0.002) in a subgroup of patients with non-selective CysLT receptor antagonists and patients without inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) (−0.11, 95%CI: −0.14 to −0.08, p < 0.00001), but not in other subgroups. Variability exists in the pharmacogenomics of LTMs treatment response. Our meta-analysis and systematic review found that LTC4S-444A/C may influence the treatment response of patients taking non-selective CysLT receptor antagonists for asthma, and patients taking LTMs not in combination with ICS for asthma. Future studies are needed to validate the pharmacogenomic influence on LTMs response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (C.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (C.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Congxiao Han
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (C.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yuchun Cai
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (C.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Sicong Li
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (C.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (C.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Caiying Wu
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (C.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaodong Guan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (C.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Christine Lu
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Xiaoyan Nie
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (C.W.); (X.G.)
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Hirakata T, Matsuda A, Yokomizo T. Leukotriene B 4 receptors as therapeutic targets for ophthalmic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158756. [PMID: 32535236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is an inflammatory lipid mediator produced from arachidonic acid by multiple reactions catalyzed by two enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4H). The two receptors for LTB4 have been identified: a high-affinity receptor, BLT1, and a low-affinity receptor, BLT2. Our group identified 12(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT) as a high-affinity BLT2 ligand. Numerous studies have revealed critical roles for LTB4 and its receptors in various systemic diseases. Recently, we also reported the roles of LTB4, BLT1 and BLT2 in the murine ophthalmic disease models of mice including cornea wound, allergic conjunctivitis, and age-related macular degeneration. Moreover, other groups revealed the evidence of the ocular function of LTB4. In the present review, we introduce the roles of LTB4 and its receptors both in ophthalmic diseases and systemic inflammatory diseases. LTB4 and its receptors are putative novel therapeutic targets for systemic and ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Hirakata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pal K, Feng X, Steinke JW, Burdick MD, Shim YM, Sung SS, Teague WG, Borish L. Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase Activation and Leukotriene B4 Production by Eosinophils in Severe Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:413-419. [PMID: 30352167 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0175oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is associated with the overproduction of leukotrienes (LTs), including LTB4. Patients with severe asthma can be highly responsive to 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibition, which blocks production of both the cysteinyl LTs and LTB4. Production of LTB4 has traditionally been ascribed to neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and epithelial cells, and acts as a chemoattractant for inflammatory cells associated with asthma. The source of LTB4 is unclear, especially in eosinophilic asthma. We speculated that the benefit of 5-LO inhibition could be mediated in part by inhibition of eosinophil-derived LTB4. LTB4 concentrations were assayed in BAL fluid from patients with severe asthma characterized by isolated neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and paucigranulocytic inflammation. Expression of LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4H) by airway eosinophils was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Subsequently, peripheral blood eosinophils were activated and secreted LTB4 was quantified by enzyme immunoassay. Blood eosinophil LTA4H expression was determined by flow cytometry, qPCR, and IHC. LTB4 concentrations were elevated in BAL fluid from patients with severe asthma, including those with isolated eosinophilic inflammation, and these eosinophils displayed LTA4H via IHC. LTA4H expression by blood eosinophils was confirmed by flow cytometry, IHC, and qPCR. Robust LTB4 production by blood eosinophils was observed in response to some, but not all, stimuli. We demonstrated that eosinophils express LTA4H transcripts and protein, and can be stimulated to secrete LTB4. We speculate that in many patients with asthma, eosinophil-derived LTB4 is increased, and this may contribute to the efficacy of 5-LO inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Pal
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Xin Feng
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | | | | | - Yun M Shim
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | | | | | - Larry Borish
- 3 Division of Asthma Allergy and Immunology, and.,6 Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
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Jo-Watanabe A, Okuno T, Yokomizo T. The Role of Leukotrienes as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Allergic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143580. [PMID: 31336653 PMCID: PMC6679143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators that play pivotal roles in acute and chronic inflammation and allergic diseases. They exert their biological effects by binding to specific G-protein-coupled receptors. Each LT receptor subtype exhibits unique functions and expression patterns. LTs play roles in various allergic diseases, including asthma (neutrophilic asthma and aspirin-sensitive asthma), allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and anaphylaxis. This review summarizes the biology of LTs and their receptors, recent developments in the area of anti-LT strategies (in settings such as ongoing clinical studies), and prospects for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Jo-Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Synthesis, evaluation and docking studies of some 4-thiazolone derivatives as effective lipoxygenase inhibitors. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Gelfand EW. Importance of the leukotriene B4-BLT1 and LTB4-BLT2 pathways in asthma. Semin Immunol 2018; 33:44-51. [PMID: 29042028 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, the leukotriene pathways have been implicated as playing a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma. The presence and elevation of numerous metabolites in the blood, sputum, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatics or experimental animals adds support to this notion. However, targeting of the leukotriene pathways has had, in general, limited success. The single exception in asthma therapy has been targeting of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1, which clinically has proven effective but only in certain clinical situations. Interference with 5-lipoxygenase has had limited success, in part due to adverse drug effects. The importance of the LTB4-BLT1 pathway in asthma pathogenesis has extensive experimental support and findings, albeit limited, from clinical samples. The LTB4-BLT1 pathway was shown to be important as a neutrophil chemoattractant. Despite observations made more than two decades ago, the LTB4-BLT1 pathway has only recently been shown to exhibit important activities on subsets of T lymphocytes, both as a chemoattractant and on lymphocyte activation, as well as on dendritic cells, the major antigen presenting cell in the lung. The role of BLT2 in asthma remains unclear. Targeting of components of the LTB4-BLT1 pathway offers innovative therapeutic opportunities especially in patients with asthma that remain uncontrolled despite intensive corticosteroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, United States.
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Occurrence of azo food dyes and their effects on cellular inflammatory responses. Nutrition 2018; 46:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rolfes MC, Juhn YJ, Wi CI, Sheen YH. Asthma and the Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Insight into the Heterogeneity and Phenotypes of Asthma. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2017; 80:113-135. [PMID: 28416952 PMCID: PMC5392483 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2017.80.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is traditionally regarded as a chronic airway disease, and recent literature proves its heterogeneity, based on distinctive clusters or phenotypes of asthma. In defining such asthma clusters, the nature of comorbidity among patients with asthma is poorly understood, by assuming no causal relationship between asthma and other comorbid conditions, including both communicable and noncommunicable diseases. However, emerging evidence suggests that the status of asthma significantly affects the increased susceptibility of the patient to both communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Specifically, the impact of asthma on susceptibility to noncommunicable diseases such as chronic systemic inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), may provide an important insight into asthma as a disease with systemic inflammatory features, a conceptual understanding between asthma and asthma-related comorbidity, and the potential implications on the therapeutic and preventive interventions for patients with asthma. This review discusses the currently under-recognized clinical and immunological phenotypes of asthma; specifically, a higher risk of developing a systemic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis and their implications, on the conceptual understanding and management of asthma. Our discussion is divided into three parts: literature summary on the relationship between asthma and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis; potential mechanisms underlying the association; and implications on asthma management and research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young Jun Juhn
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine/Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chung-Il Wi
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Youn Ho Sheen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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Liu M, Yokomizo T. The role of leukotrienes in allergic diseases. Allergol Int 2015; 64:17-26. [PMID: 25572555 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs), both LTB4 and the cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs) LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, are implicated in a wide variety of inflammatory disorders. These lipid mediators are generated from arachidonic acid via multistep enzymatic reactions through which arachidonic acid is liberated from membrane phospholipids through the action of phospholipase A2. LTB4 and CysLTs exert their biological effects by binding to cognate receptors, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. LTB4 is widely considered to be a potent chemoattractant for most subsets of leukocytes, whereas CysLTs are potent bronchoconstrictors that have effects on airway remodeling. LTs play a central role in the pathogenesis of asthma and many other inflammatory diseases. This review will provide an update on the synthesis, biological function, and relevance of LTs to the pathobiology of allergic diseases, and examine the current and future therapeutic prospects of LT modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Braddock M. Cambridge Healthtech Institute's Third Annual Anti-inflammatories: Small Molecules Meeting, April 17 th– 18 th2012, San Diego, USA. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.707194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Braddock
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG England, UK
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Wu SH, Yin PL, Zhang YM, Tao HX. Reversed changes of lipoxin A4 and leukotrienes in children with asthma in different severity degree. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010; 45:333-40. [PMID: 20232472 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expressions of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) in leukocytes and the changes of blood lipoxin A(4)(LXA(4)), leukotriene (LT)B(4) and LTC(4) in children with asthma, and to explore the relationship between the blood eicosanoids and one of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)-5, IL-8 and IL-13 and IgE in children with asthma. STUDY DESIGN One hundred six asthmatic children were divided into three groups, that is, mild persistent asthmatic group, moderate persistent asthmatic group and severe persistent asthmatic group. Forty healthy children were served as controls. METHODOLOGY The expressions of 15-LO and 5-LO mRNA in leukocytes were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the blood LXA(4), LTB(4), LTC(4), IL-5, IL-8, and IL-13 were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum hsCRP was determined with latex-enhanced immuno-turbidimetry kits. RESULTS The leukocytic 15-LO expression and blood LXA(4) were gradually decreased, and the leukocytic 5-LO expression, blood LTB(4), LTC(4), IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, and hsCRP were gradually increased in children with asthma from mild degree to moderate and severe degree. There were positive correlations between blood LXA(4) and one of the peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)) percent-predicted values, and negative correlations between blood LTC(4) and one of the PEF and FEV(1) percent-predicted values in children with asthma. There were negative correlations between blood LXA(4) and one of the IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, and hsCRP levels, and positive correlations between one of blood LTB(4), LTC(4) and one of the IL-5, IL-8, IL-13 and hsCRP levels in children with asthma. CONCLUSIONS The reversed changes between 15-LO, its product LXA(4) and 5-LO, its products LTB(4) and LTC(4) in children with asthma from mild, moderate to severe degree were found, suggesting that insufficient generation of LXA(4) and overproduction of LTs may be the reason for the asthmatic children whose illness become more serious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
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Rao NL, Riley JP, Banie H, Xue X, Sun B, Crawford S, Lundeen KA, Yu F, Karlsson L, Fourie AM, Dunford PJ. Leukotriene A(4) hydrolase inhibition attenuates allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:899-907. [PMID: 20110560 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200807-1158oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Allergic asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, lung inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Previous studies using leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) receptor 1-deficient mice and adoptive transfer experiments have suggested that LTB(4) plays a role in lung inflammation and AHR. OBJECTIVES In this study, we used a leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (LTA(4)H) inhibitor as a pharmacological tool to directly examine the role of LTB(4) in a mast cell-dependent murine model of allergic airway inflammation. METHODS We used the forced oscillation technique to test the effects of an LTA(4)H inhibitor dosed during the challenge phase on AHR. Lung tissue and lavage were collected for analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Treatment with an LTA(4)H inhibitor improved multiple parameters encompassing AHR and lung function. Significant decreases in inflammatory leukocytes, cytokines, and mucin were observed in the lung lumen. Serum levels of antigen-specific IgE and IgG1 were also decreased. Labeled antigen uptake by lung dendritic cells and subsequent trafficking to draining lymph nodes and the lung were decreased on LTA(4)H inhibitor treatment. Provocatively, inhibition of LTA(4)H increased lipoxin A(4) levels in lung lavage fluid. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that LTB(4) plays a key role in driving lung inflammation and AHR. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that inhibition of LTA(4)H, affects recruitment of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as well as trafficking of dendritic cells to draining lymph nodes, and may beneficially modulate other pro- and antiinflammatory eicosanoids in the lung. Inhibition of LTA(4)H is thus a potential therapeutic strategy that could modulate key aspects of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin L Rao
- Immunology, Johnson & Johnson PRD, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotrienes play an important role in allergic and inflammatory diseases, but reports on the involvement of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (ALOX5AP) and leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (LTA4H) in asthma have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To determine whether polymorphisms in ALOX5AP and LTA4H genes are risk factors for asthma in two different Latino groups: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. METHODS The LTA4H gene was sequenced in individuals from both groups to identify novel polymorphisms. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ALOX5AP and LTA4H genes were analysed for associations with asthma and asthma-related phenotypes in 687 parent-child trios of Mexican and Puerto Rican origin. RESULTS In LTA4H, five previously unknown polymorphisms were identified. Two SNPs within LTA4H (rs17525488 and rs2540493) were protective for asthma in Latinos (P=0.007 and 0.05, respectively). Among the Mexican patients, LTA4H polymorphisms were associated with baseline lung function and IgE levels. For ALOX5AP, the minor allele at SNP rs10507391 was associated with protection from asthma (odds ratio=0.78, P=0.02) and baseline lung function (P=0.018) in Puerto Ricans. A gene-gene interaction was identified between LTA4H (rs17525488) and ALOX5AP (rs10507391), (P=0.003, in the combined sample). CONCLUSION Our results support the role of LTA4H and ALOX5AP variants as risk factors for asthma in Latino populations.
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Chaung HC, Lien Y, Chung WB. Leukotriene C4 release and gene expressions of IL-8 and MCP-1 in porcine alveolar epithelial type II cells. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ohnishi H, Miyahara N, Gelfand EW. The role of leukotriene B(4) in allergic diseases. Allergol Int 2008; 57:291-8. [PMID: 18797182 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.08-rai-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is a lipid mediator with potent chemoattractant properties and that is rapidly generated from activated innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells. Elevated levels of LTB(4) have been reported in various allergic diseases and these levels have been related to disease activity and response to treatment. Recent studies using LTB(4) receptor-1 (BLT1) antagonists or BLT1-deficient mice have revealed that ligation of BLT1 by LTB(4) is important for the activation and recruitment of inflammatory cells including neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, and more recently, effector T cells to inflamed tissues in various inflammatory diseases. The LTB(4)/BLT1 pathway appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of severe persistent asthma, aspirin- and exercise-induced asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis together with other mediators including cysteinyl leukotrienes, cytokines, and chemokines. LTB(4) production is in general resistant to corticosteroid treatment. In fact, corticosteroids can upregulate BLT1 expression on corticosteroid-resistant inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, and effector memory CD8+ T cells. As a result, this corticosteroid-resistant LTB(4)/BLT1 pathway may contribute to the development of inflammation in allergic diseases that do not respond to the introduction of corticosteroids. Inhibition of this pathway has potential therapeutic benefit in various allergic diseases that have involvement of corticosteroid-insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
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Ma KF, Yang HY, Chen Z, Qi LY, Zhu DY, Lou YJ. Enhanced expressions and activations of leukotriene C4 synthesis enzymes in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced rat fulminant hepatic failure model. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:2748-56. [PMID: 18461660 PMCID: PMC2709038 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression and activity of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) synthesis enzymes and their underlying relationship with cysteinyl leukotriene (cys-LT) generation in a rat fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) model induced by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/ LPS).
METHODS: Rats were treated with D-GalN (300 mg/kg) plus LPS (0.1 mg/kg) for 1, 3, 6, and 12 h. Enzyme immunoassay was used to determine the hepatic cys-LT content. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot or immunohistochemical assay were employed to assess the expression or location of LTC4 synthesis enzymes, which belong to membrane associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione (MAPEG) metabolism superfamily. Activity of LTC4 synthesis enzymes was evaluated by determination of the products of LTA4 after incubation with liver microsomes using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
RESULTS: Livers were injured after treatment with D-GalN/LPS, accompanied by cys-LT accumulation at the prophase of liver injury. Both LTC4 synthase (LTC4S) and microsomal glutathione-S-transferase (mGST) 2 were expressed in the rat liver, while the latter was specifically located in hepatocytes. Their mRNA and protein expressions were up-regulated at an earlier phase after treatment with D-GalN/LPS. Meantime, a higher activity of LTC4 synthesis enzymes was detected, although the activity of LTC4S played the main role in this case.
CONCLUSION: The expression and activity of both LTC4S and mGST2 are up regulated in a rat FHF model, which are, at least, partly responsible for cys-LT hepatic accumulation.
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James AJ, Penrose JF, Cazaly AM, Holgate ST, Sampson AP. Human bronchial fibroblasts express the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Respir Res 2006; 7:102. [PMID: 16872537 PMCID: PMC1550400 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblasts are implicated in sub-epithelial fibrosis in remodeled asthmatic airways and contribute to airway inflammation by releasing cytokines and other mediators. Fibroblast activity is influenced by members of the leukotriene family of bronchoconstrictor and inflammatory mediators, but it is not known whether human bronchial fibroblasts can synthesize leukotrienes. Methods The expression of leukotriene biosynthetic enzymes and receptors was investigated in primary fibroblasts from the bronchi of normal and asthmatic adult subjects using RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. Results These techniques revealed that human bronchial fibroblasts from both subject groups constitutively express 5-lipoxygenase, its activating protein FLAP, the terminal enzymes leukotriene A4 hydrolase and leukotriene C4 synthase, and receptors for leukotriene B4 (BLT1) and cysteinyl-leukotrienes (CysLT1). Human bronchial fibroblasts generated immunoreactive leukotriene B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes spontaneously and in increased amounts after calcium-dependent activation. Flow cytometry showed that human bronchial fibroblasts transformed to a myofibroblast-like phenotype by culture with transforming growth factor-β1 expressed 320–400% more immunofluorescence for leukotriene C4 synthase and CysLT1 receptors, with 60–80% reductions in leukotriene A4 hydrolase and BLT1 receptors. Conclusion These results indicate that human bronchial fibroblasts may not only respond to exogenous leukotrienes but also generate leukotrienes implicated in narrowing, inflammation and remodeling of the asthmatic airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J James
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair (IIR), University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - John F Penrose
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair (IIR), University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Angelica M Cazaly
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair (IIR), University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen T Holgate
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair (IIR), University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Anthony P Sampson
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair (IIR), University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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Miyahara N, Miyahara S, Takeda K, Gelfand EW. Role of the LTB4/BLT1 pathway in allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Allergol Int 2006; 55:91-7. [PMID: 17075244 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.55.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LTB4, a proinflammatory lipid mediator generated from arachidonic acid through the action of 5-lipoxygenase, has been known for over two decades and is implicated in a wide variety of inflammatory disorders. BLT1, a G-protein-coupled receptor, has recently been identified as a high affinity receptor specific for LTB4. Recent studies in allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation using mice lacking BLT1 have shown crucial new roles for leukotriene B4 and BLT1 in Th2 cytokine IL-13 production from lung T cells and recruitment of antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells, suggesting novel mechanisms for their actions. The leukotriene B4-BLT1 pathway is an important target for the treatment of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Miyahara
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Newman JW, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Epoxide hydrolases: their roles and interactions with lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:1-51. [PMID: 15748653 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes present in all living organisms, which transform epoxide containing lipids by the addition of water. In plants and animals, many of these lipid substrates have potent biologically activities, such as host defenses, control of development, regulation of inflammation and blood pressure. Thus the EHs have important and diverse biological roles with profound effects on the physiological state of the host organisms. Currently, seven distinct epoxide hydrolase sub-types are recognized in higher organisms. These include the plant soluble EHs, the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase, the hepoxilin hydrolase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, the microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and the insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase. While our understanding of these enzymes has progressed at different rates, here we discuss the current state of knowledge for each of these enzymes, along with a distillation of our current understanding of their endogenous roles. By reviewing the entire enzyme class together, both commonalities and discrepancies in our understanding are highlighted and important directions for future research pertaining to these enzymes are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Newman
- Department of Entomology, UCDavis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Luster AD, Tager AM. T-cell trafficking in asthma: lipid mediators grease the way. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:711-24. [PMID: 15343370 DOI: 10.1038/nri1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of T cells to the airways is crucial in the pathogenesis of asthma, and it is thought to be mediated mainly by peptide chemokines. By contrast, lipid mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins have classically been thought to contribute to asthma pathogenesis by other mechanisms. However, as we discuss here, the recent molecular identification of leukotriene and prostaglandin receptors, as well as the generation of mice that are genetically deficient in them, has revealed that two of these lipids - leukotriene B(4) and prostaglandin D(2) - also direct T-cell migration and seem to cooperate with chemokines in a non-redundant, sequential manner to recruit T cells to the airways in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149-8301, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1905-1908. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i8.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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