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Lone IM, Iraqi FA. Genetics of murine type 2 diabetes and comorbidities. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:421-436. [PMID: 35113203 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-022-09948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRAC Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a polygenic and multifactorial complex disease, defined as chronic metabolic disorder. It's a major global health concern with an estimated 463 million adults aged 20-79 years with diabetes and projected to increase up to 700 million by 2045. T2D was reported to be one of the four leading causes of non-communicable disease (NCD) deaths in 2012. Environmental factors play a part in the development of polygenic forms of diabetes. Polygenic forms of diabetes often run-in families. Fortunately, T2D, which accounts for 90-95% of the entire four types of diabetes including, Type 1 diabetes (T1D), T2D, monogenic diabetes syndromes (MGDS), and Gestational diabetes mellitus, can be prevented or delayed through nutrition and lifestyle changes as well as through pharmacologic interventions. Typical symptom of the T2D is high blood glucose levels and comprehensive insulin resistance of the body, producing an impaired glucose tolerance. Impaired glucose tolerance of T2D is accompanied by extensive health complications, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) that vary in morbidity and mortality among populations. The pathogenesis of T2D varies between populations and/or ethnic groupings and is known to be attributed extremely by genetic components and environmental factors. It is evident that genetic background plays a critical role in determining the host response toward certain environmental conditions, whether or not of developing T2D (susceptibility versus resistant). T2D is considered as a silent disease that can progress for years before its diagnosis. Once T2D is diagnosed, many metabolic malfunctions are observed whether as side effects or as independent comorbidity. Mouse models have been proven to be a powerful tool for mapping genetic factors that underline the susceptibility to T2D development as well its comorbidities. Here, we have conducted a comprehensive search throughout the published data covering the time span from early 1990s till the time of writing this review, for already reported quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with murine T2D and comorbidities in different mouse models, which contain different genetic backgrounds. Our search has resulted in finding 54 QTLs associated with T2D in addition to 72 QTLs associated with comorbidities associated with the disease. We summarized the genomic locations of these mapped QTLs in graphical formats, so as to show the overlapping positions between of these mapped QTLs, which may suggest that some of these QTLs could be underlined by sharing gene/s. Finally, we reviewed and addressed published reports that show the success of translation of the identified mouse QTLs/genes associated with the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal M Lone
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Fuad A Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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2
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Balmer LA, Whiting R, Rudnicka C, Gallo LA, Jandeleit KA, Chow Y, Chow Z, Richardson KL, Forbes JM, Morahan G. Genetic characterization of early renal changes in a novel mouse model of diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2019; 96:918-926. [PMID: 31420193 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors influence susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease. Here we mapped genes mediating renal hypertrophic changes in response to diabetes. A survey of 15 mouse strains identified variation in diabetic kidney hypertrophy. Strains with greater (FVB/N(FVB)) and lesser (C57BL/6 (B6)) responses were crossed and diabetic F2 progeny were characterized. Kidney weights of diabetic F2 mice were broadly distributed. Quantitative trait locus analyses revealed diabetic mice with kidney weights in the upper quartile shared alleles on chromosomes (chr) 6 and 12; these loci were designated as Diabetic kidney hypertrophy (Dkh)-1 and -2. To confirm these loci, reciprocal congenic mice were generated with defined FVB chromosome segments on the B6 strain background (B6.Dkh1/2f) or vice versa (FVB.Dkh1/2b). Diabetic mice of the B6.Dkh1/2f congenic strain developed diabetic kidney hypertrophy, while the reciprocal FVB.Dkh1/2b congenic strain was protected. The chr6 locus contained the candidate gene; Ark1b3, coding aldose reductase; the FVB allele has a missense mutation in this gene. Microarray analysis identified differentially expressed genes between diabetic B6 and FVB mice. Thus, since the two loci identified by quantitative trait locus mapping are syntenic with regions identified for human diabetic kidney disease, the congenic strains we describe provide a valuable new resource to study diabetic kidney disease and test agents that may prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois A Balmer
- Centre for Diabetes Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rhiannon Whiting
- Centre for Diabetes Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline Rudnicka
- Centre for Diabetes Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Linda A Gallo
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Yan Chow
- Glenferrie Private Hospital, Ramsay Health Care, Donvale, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zenia Chow
- ENT Doctors, Northpark Private Hospital, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsty L Richardson
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Josephine M Forbes
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Mater Clinical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant Morahan
- Centre for Diabetes Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Siebert AL, Doucette LA, Simpson-Haidaris P, Werren JH. Parasitoid wasp venom elevates sorbitol and alters expression of metabolic genes in human kidney cells. Toxicon 2019; 161:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Carlson EC, Chhoun JM, Grove BD, Laturnus DI, Zheng S, Epstein PN, Tan Y. Renoprotection From Diabetic Complications in OVE Transgenic Mice by Endothelial Cell Specific Overexpression of Metallothionein: A TEM Stereological Analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:560-576. [PMID: 27813325 PMCID: PMC5309165 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that OVE transgenic diabetic mice are susceptible to chronic complications of diabetic nephropathy (DN) including substantial oxidative damage to the renal glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Importantly, the damage was mitigated significantly by overexpression of the powerful antioxidant, metallothionein (MT) in podocytes. To test our hypothesis that GFB damage in OVE mice is the result of endothelial oxidative insult, a new JTMT transgenic mouse was designed in which MT overexpression was targeted specifically to endothelial cells. At 60 days of age, JTMT mice were crossed with age-matched OVE diabetic mice to produce bi-transgenic OVE-JTMT diabetic progeny that carried the endothelial targeted JTMT transgene. Renal tissues from the OVE-JTMT progeny were examined by unbiased TEM stereometry for possible GFB damage and other alterations from chronic complications of DN. In 150 day-old OVE-JTMT mice, blood glucose and HbA1c were indistinguishable from age-matched OVE mice. However, endothelial-specific MT overexpression in OVE-JTMT mice mitigated several DN complications including significantly increased non-fenestrated glomerular endothelial area, and elimination of glomerular basement membrane thickening. Significant renoprotection was also observed outside of endothelial cells, including reduced podocyte effacement, and increased podocyte and total glomerular cell densities. Moreover, when compared to OVE diabetic animals, OVE-JTMT mice showed significant mitigation of nephromegaly, glomerular hypertrophy, increased mesangial cell numbers and increased total glomerular cell numbers. These results confirm the importance of oxidative stress to glomerular damage in DN, and show the central role of endothelial cell injury to the pathogenesis of chronic complications of diabetes. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:560-576, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Carlson
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Jennifer M. Chhoun
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Bryon D. Grove
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Donna I. Laturnus
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Shirong Zheng
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky
| | - Paul N. Epstein
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky
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Powell DW, Kenagy DN, Zheng S, Coventry SC, Xu J, Cai L, Carlson EC, Epstein PN. Associations between structural and functional changes to the kidney in diabetic humans and mice. Life Sci 2013; 93:257-64. [PMID: 23800643 PMCID: PMC3770478 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients are at high risk of developing diabetic nephropathy (DN). Renal functional decline is gradual and there is high variability between patients, though the reason for the variability is unknown. Enough diabetic patients progress to end stage renal disease to make diabetes the leading cause of renal failure. The first symptoms of DN do not appear for years or decades after the onset of diabetes. During and after the asymptomatic period structural changes develop in the diabetic kidney. Typically, but not always, the first symptom of DN is albuminuria. Loss of renal filtration rate develops later. This review examines the structural abnormalities of diabetic kidneys that are associated with and possibly the basis for advancing albuminuria and declining GFR. Mouse models of diabetes and genetic manipulations of these models have become central to research into mechanisms underlying DN. This article also looks at the value of these mouse models to understanding human DN as well as potential pitfalls in translating the mouse results to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Powell
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - David N. Kenagy
- Department of Pedatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Shirong Zheng
- Department of Pedatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | - Jianxiang Xu
- Department of Pedatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pedatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Edward C. Carlson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Paul N. Epstein
- Department of Pedatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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Velic A, Laturnus D, Chhoun J, Zheng S, Epstein P, Carlson E. Diabetic basement membrane thickening does not occur in myocardial capillaries of transgenic mice when metallothionein is overexpressed in cardiac myocytes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:480-7. [PMID: 23381845 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a clinically distinct disease characterized by impaired cardiac function as a result of reduced contractility and hypertension-induced athero- or arteriosclerosis. This may be due either to generalized vascular disease, tissue-based injury such as focal cardiomyocyte dysmorphia, or microvascular damage manifested by myocardial capillary basement membrane (CBM) thickening. Hyperglycemia-driven increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to contribute to such damage. To address this hypothesis, we utilized light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to demonstrate cardiomyocyte morphology and myocardial CBM thickness in the left ventricles of four mouse genotypes: FVB (background Friend virus B controls), OVE (transgenic diabetics), Mt [transgenics with targeted overexpression of the antioxidant protein metallothionein (MT) in cardiomyocytes], and OVEMt (bi-transgenic cross of OVE and Mt) animals. Mice were prepared for morphometric analysis by vascular perfusion. Focal myocardial disorganization was identified in OVE mice but not in the remaining genotypes. Not unexpectedly, myocardial CBM thickness was increased significantly in OVE relative to FVB (P < 0.05) and Mt (P < 0.05) animals (+28% and +39.5%, respectively). Remarkably, however, OVEMt myocardial CBMs showed no increase in width; rather they were ~3% thinner than FVB controls. Although the molecular mechanisms regulating CBM width remain elusive, it seems possible that despite a significant hyperglycemic environment, MT antioxidant activity may mitigate local oxidative stress and reduce downstream excess microvascular extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. In addition, the reduction of intra- and perivascular ROS may protect against incipient endothelial damage and the CBM thickening that results from such injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Velic
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
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Carlson EC, Chhoun JM, Laturnus DI, Bikash KC, Berg B, Zheng S, Epstein PN. Podocyte-specific overexpression of metallothionein mitigates diabetic complications in the glomerular filtration barrier and glomerular histoarchitecture: a transmission electron microscopy stereometric analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013; 29:113-24. [PMID: 22926941 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that cellular and extracellular components of the blood-urine barrier in renal glomeruli are susceptible to damage in OVE transgenic mice, a valuable model of human diabetic nephropathy that expresses profound albuminuria. METHODS To test our hypothesis that glomerular filtration barrier damage in OVE mice may be the result of oxidative insult to podocytes, 150-day-old bi-transgenic OVENmt diabetic mice that overexpress the antioxidant metallothionein specifically in podocytes were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for albuminuria mitigation and by unbiased transmission electron microscopy (TEM) stereometry for protection from chronic structural diabetic complications. RESULTS Although blood glucose and HbA(1c) levels were indistinguishable in OVE and OVENmt animals, albuminuria was significantly reduced (average >7-fold) in OVENmt mice through 8 months of age. Interestingly, the Nmt transgene provided significant glomerular protection against diabetic nephropathic complications outside of the podocyte. Glomerular filtration barrier damage was reduced in OVENmt mice, including significantly increased area occupied by endothelial luminal fenestrations (~13%), significantly reduced glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening (~17%) and significantly less podocyte effacement (~18%). In addition, OVENmt mice exhibited significantly reduced glomerular volume (~50%), fewer glomerular endothelial cells (~33%), fewer mesangial cells (~57%) and fewer total glomerular cells (~40%). CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of oxidative damage to podocytes induces primary diabetic nephropathic features including severe and sustained albuminuria, specific glomerular filtration barrier damage and alterations in glomerular endothelial and mesangial cell number. Importantly, these diabetic complications are significantly mitigated by podocyte targeted metallothionein overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Carlson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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Liu H, Luo Y, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Yuan L, Chung SSM, Oates PJ, Yang JY. Genetic deficiency of aldose reductase counteracts the development of diabetic nephropathy in C57BL/6 mice. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1242-51. [PMID: 21267539 PMCID: PMC3071933 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of genetic deficiency of aldose reductase in mice on the development of key endpoints of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS A line of Ar (also known as Akr1b3)-knockout (KO) mice, a line of Ar-bitransgenic mice and control C57BL/6 mice were used in the study. The KO and bitransgenic mice were deficient for Ar in the renal glomeruli and all other tissues, with the exception of, in the bitransgenic mice, a human AR cDNA knockin-transgene that directed collecting-tubule epithelial-cell-specific AR expression. Diabetes was induced in 8-week-old male mice with streptozotocin. Mice were further maintained for 17 weeks then killed. A number of serum and urinary variables were determined for these 25-week-old mice. Periodic acid-Schiff staining, western blots, immunohistochemistry and protein kinase C (PKC) activity assays were performed for histological analyses, and to determine the levels of collagen IV and TGF-β1 and PKC activities in renal cortical tissues. RESULTS Diabetes-induced extracellular matrix accumulation and collagen IV overproduction were completely prevented in diabetic Ar-KO and bitransgenic mice. Ar deficiency also completely or partially prevented diabetes-induced activation of renal cortical PKC, TGF-β1 and glomerular hypertrophy. Loss of Ar results in a 43% reduction in urine albumin excretion in the diabetic Ar-KO mice and a 48% reduction in the diabetic bitransgenic mice (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Genetic deficiency of Ar significantly ameliorated development of key endpoints linked with early diabetic nephropathy in vivo. Robust and specific inhibition of aldose reductase might be an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Y. Luo
- School of Nursing, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - T. Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Q. Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - L. Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - S. S. M. Chung
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School in Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, The University Town, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - P. J. Oates
- Oates Biomedical Consulting, Gales Ferry, CT USA
| | - J. Y. Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Transgenic Core, Xiamen University Laboratory Animal Centre, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
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Andreea SI, Marieta C, Anca D. AGEs and glucose levels modulate type I and III procollagen mRNA synthesis in dermal fibroblasts cells culture. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2008; 2008:473603. [PMID: 18401458 PMCID: PMC2288745 DOI: 10.1155/2008/473603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 02/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the dermis, fibroblasts play an important role in the turnover of the dermal extracellular matrix. Collagen I and III, the most important dermal proteins of the extracellular matrix, are progressively altered during ageing and diabetes. For mimicking diabetic conditions, the cultured human dermal fibroblasts were incubated with increasing amounts of AGE-modified BSA and D-glucose for 24 hours. The expression of procollagen alpha2(I) and procollagen alpha1(III) mRNA was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Our data revealed that the treatment of fibroblasts with AGE-modified BSA upregulated the expression of procollagen alpha2(I) and procollagen alpha1(III) mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. High glucose levels mildly induced a profibrogenic pattern, increasing the procollagen alpha2(I) mRNA expression whereas there was a downregulation tendency of procollagen alpha1(III) mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serban Iren Andreea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097 Bucharest, Romania.
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Jin JF, Yuan LD, Liu L, Zhao ZJ, Xie W. Preparation and characterization of polyclonal antibodies against ARL-1 protein. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1455-9. [PMID: 12854140 PMCID: PMC4615481 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i7.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To prepare and characterize polyclonal antibodies against aldose reductase-like (ARL-1) protein.
METHODS: ARL-1 gene was inserted into the E. coli expression vector pGEX-4T-1(His)6C and vector pQE-30. Recombinant ARL-1 proteins named ARL-(His)6 and ARL-GST were expressed. They were purified by affinity chromatography. Sera from domestic rabbits immunized with ARL-(His)6 were purified by CNBr-activated sepharose 4B coupled ARL-GST. Polyclonal antibodies were detected by Western blotting.
RESULTS: Recombinant proteins of ARL-(His)6 with molecular weight of 35.7 KD and ARL-GST with molecular weight of 60.8 KD were highly expressed. The expression levels of ARL-GST and ARL-(His)6 were 15.1% and 27.7% among total bacteria proteins, respectively. They were soluble, predominantly in supernatant. After purification by non-denatured way, SDS-PAGE showed one band. In the course of polyclonal antibodies purification, only one elution peak could be seen. Western blotting showed positive signals in the two purified proteins and the bacteria transformed with pGEX-4T-1(His)6 C-ARL and pQE-30-ARL individually.
CONCLUSION: Polyclonal antibodies are purified and highly specific against ARL-1 protein. ARL-GST and ARL-(His)6 are highly expressed and purified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Fei Jin
- Genetics Research Center, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Wendt T, Tanji N, Guo J, Hudson BI, Bierhaus A, Ramasamy R, Arnold B, Nawroth PP, Yan SF, D'Agati V, Schmidt AM. Glucose, glycation, and RAGE: implications for amplification of cellular dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14:1383-95. [PMID: 12707408 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000065100.17349.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a multi-ligand member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface molecules. Driven by rapid accumulation and expression of key ligands such as advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) and S100/calgranulins in diabetic tissues, upregulation and activation of RAGE magnifies cellular perturbation in tissues affected by hyperglycemia, such as the large blood vessels and the kidney. In the diabetic glomerulus, RAGE is expressed principally by glomerular visceral epithelial cells (podocytes). Blockade of RAGE in the hyperglycemic db/db mouse suppresses functional and structural alterations in the kidney, in the absence of alterations in blood glucose. Recent studies in homozygous RAGE null mice support a key role for RAGE in glomerular perturbation in diabetes. Importantly, beyond diabetes, studies in other settings of glomerulopathies support a critical RAGE-dependent pathway in podocytes linked to albuminuria, mesangial expansion, and glomerular sclerosis. A new paradigm is proposed in glomerular injury, and it is suggested that blockade of the RAGE axis may provide a novel means to prevent irreparable glomerular injury in diabetes and other sclerosing glomerulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoralf Wendt
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Chen W, White MA, Cobb MH. Stimulus-specific requirements for MAP3 kinases in activating the JNK pathway. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:49105-10. [PMID: 12351623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204934200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by numerous ligands typically through a protein kinase cascade minimally composed of the MAPK in series with a MAP2 kinase (MAP2K) and a MAP3K. This arrangement is thought to confer specificity and appropriate kinetic properties on the activation of MAPKs in response to physiological stimuli. Surprisingly, more than a dozen MAP3Ks have been identified that activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) when overexpressed, but there is no clear understanding of which kinases actually mediate JNK activation by ligands. Here, we use double-stranded RNA-mediated interference of gene expression to reveal the explicit participation of discrete MAP3Ks in controlling JNK activity by multiple stimuli. Maximal activation of JNK by lipopolysaccharide requires the MAP3K TAK1. On the other hand, sorbitol requires expression of four MAP3Ks to cause maximal JNK activation. Thus, we demonstrate that specific stimuli use different mechanisms to recruit distinct MAP3Ks to regulate the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Cell Biology and Neuroscience, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
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