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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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2
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Khanra S, Kumar A, Ganguly D, Ghorai SK, Chattopadhyay S. The efficacy of methyl vinyl silicone-g-maleic anhydride in the compatibilization of fluoroelastomer and silicone based super specialty elastomer blend. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Jehanno C, Alty JW, Roosen M, De Meester S, Dove AP, Chen EYX, Leibfarth FA, Sardon H. Critical advances and future opportunities in upcycling commodity polymers. Nature 2022; 603:803-814. [PMID: 35354997 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of commodity plastics do not degrade and therefore they permanently pollute the environment. At present, less than 20% of post-consumer plastic waste in developed countries is recycled, predominately for energy recovery or repurposing as lower-value materials by mechanical recycling. Chemical recycling offers an opportunity to revert plastics back to monomers for repolymerization to virgin materials without altering the properties of the material or the economic value of the polymer. For plastic waste that is either cost prohibitive or infeasible to mechanically or chemically recycle, the nascent field of chemical upcycling promises to use chemical or engineering approaches to place plastic waste at the beginning of a new value chain. Here state-of-the-art methods are highlighted for upcycling plastic waste into value-added performance materials, fine chemicals and specialty polymers. By identifying common conceptual approaches, we critically discuss how the advantages and challenges of each approach contribute to the goal of realizing a sustainable plastics economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Jehanno
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,POLYKEY, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jill W Alty
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
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Mangold H, von Vacano B. The Frontier of Plastics Recycling: Rethinking Waste as a Resource for High‐Value Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ügdüler S, De Somer T, Van Geem KM, Roosen M, Kulawig A, Leineweber R, De Meester S. Towards a Better Understanding of Delamination of Multilayer Flexible Packaging Films by Carboxylic Acids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4198-4213. [PMID: 33492767 PMCID: PMC8518906 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recycling multilayer plastic packaging is challenging due to its intrinsic compositional heterogeneity. A promising route to increase recycling rates for these materials is delamination, which allows recycling the polymers separately. Yet, this process is not well understood on a fundamental level. This study aimed to obtain first principles-based insights of the delamination mechanism of multilayer flexible packaging film (MFPF) with carboxylic acids. Delamination of MFPFs was described through a model based on Fick's first law of diffusion and first-order dissolution kinetics of polyurethane adhesives. The model was experimentally tested on 5 different MFPFs at different temperatures (50-75 °C), formic acid concentrations (50-100 vol %), and solid/liquid (S/L) ratios (0.005, 0.025, and 0.12 g mL-1 ). Under the studied conditions the model proved to successfully estimate the delamination time of MFPF with the average Theil's Inequality Coefficient (TIC) value of 0.14. Essential for scaling-up delamination processes is the possibility to use high S/L ratios as the solubility of the adhesive is rarely limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ügdüler
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE)Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGraaf Karel De Goedelaan 58500KortrijkBelgium
| | - Tobias De Somer
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE)Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGraaf Karel De Goedelaan 58500KortrijkBelgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringFaculty of Engineering & ArchitectureGhent UniversityTechnologiepark 1219052ZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE)Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGraaf Karel De Goedelaan 58500KortrijkBelgium
| | - Andreas Kulawig
- Siegwerk Druckfarben AG & Co KGaAAlfred-Keller-Str. 5553721SiegburgGermany
| | - Ralf Leineweber
- Siegwerk Druckfarben AG & Co KGaAAlfred-Keller-Str. 5553721SiegburgGermany
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE)Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGraaf Karel De Goedelaan 58500KortrijkBelgium
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Schweighuber A, Fischer J, Buchberger W. Differentiation of Polyamide 6, 6.6, and 12 Contaminations in Polyolefin-Recyclates Using HPLC Coupled to Drift-Tube Ion-Mobility Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13122032. [PMID: 34205828 PMCID: PMC8235147 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling is a current hot topic with a focus especially on plastics. The quality of such plastic recyclates is of utmost importance for further processing because impurities lead to a reduction thereof. Contaminations originating from other polymers are highly problematic due to their immiscibility with the recyclate, leading to possible product failures. Therefore, methods for the determination of polymer impurities in recyclates should be investigated. In this paper, an approach for the identification of three different polyamide grades (polyamide 6, 6.6, and 12) is presented, applicable for the analysis of polyolefin-recyclates. An HPLC equipped with a drift-tube ion-mobility QTOF-MS was used for the identification and differentiation of compounds originating from the polyamides, which were then used as markers. These marker compounds are specific for each type and can be identified by their corresponding value of the collision cross section (CCS). After a simple sample preparation, all three types of polyamides were identified within one measurement. In particular, the problematic differentiation of polyamide 6 and 6.6 was easily made possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schweighuber
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jörg Fischer
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
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Safari M, Otaegi I, Aramburu N, Wang Y, Liu G, Dong X, Wang D, Guerrica-Echevarria G, Müller AJ. Composition dependent miscibility in the crystalline state of polyamide 6 /polyamide 4,10 blends: From single to double crystalline blends. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cui S, Yu L, Ding J. Strategy of “Block Blends” to Generate Polymeric Thermogels versus That of One-Component Block Copolymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai Guangdong, 519000, China
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Effect of SEBS and OBC on the Impact Strength of Recycled Polypropylene/Talc Composites. RECYCLING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling5020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a study on the use of a linear triblock copolymer based on styrene and ethylene/butylene (SEBS) and a polypropylene (PP)-based olefin block copolymer (OBC) for improving the impact strength of a recycled polypropylene (PP) from packaging waste. Talc was used as a reinforcing filler in order to prepare a material suitable for being used in the automotive sector. The composite mixtures were prepared by melt extrusion, and the samples were manufactured by injection molding. Impact strength was evaluated by Izod tests, and a morphological study of the produced fractures was performed. As a result, a composite with substantially improved impact properties was prepared, with a two-fold increase of the impact strength in the case of unnotched specimens, while only a limited positive effect was produced on notched specimens. Since talc-filled PP is a typical material used in the automotive sector, the obtained results demonstrate that post-consumer PP coming from the municipal waste collection of plastic packaging can be successfully used in car components with no compromise in terms of mechanical requirements.
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Carvalho VL, Safieddine C, Demarquette NR, Pinheiro LA. In situ
compatibilization of a polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene ternary blend through Friedel–Crafts alkylation. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius L. Carvalho
- Post‐Graduation Program in Materials Engineering and Science, State University of Ponta Grossa 4748 Gal. Carlos Cavalcanti Avenue, Ponta Grossa 84030‐900 Paraná Brazil
| | - Camila Safieddine
- Post‐Graduation Program in Materials Engineering and Science, State University of Ponta Grossa 4748 Gal. Carlos Cavalcanti Avenue, Ponta Grossa 84030‐900 Paraná Brazil
| | - Nicole R. Demarquette
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Department of Mechanical Engineering 1100 Notre‐Dame St W Montreal Quebec H3C 1K3 Canada
| | - Luís A. Pinheiro
- Department of Materials EngineeringState University of Ponta Grossa 4748 Gal. Carlos Cavalcanti Avenue, Ponta Grossa 84030‐900 Paraná Brazil
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Bio-Based PBT-DLA Copolyester as an Alternative Compatibilizer of PP/PBT Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091421. [PMID: 31470683 PMCID: PMC6780935 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess whether synthesized random copolyester, poly(butylene terephthalate-r-butylene dilinoleate) (PBT–DLA), containing bio-based components, can effectively compatibilize polypropylene/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PP/PBT) blends. For comparison, a commercial petrochemical triblock copolymer, poly(styrene-b-ethylene/butylene-b-styrene) (SEBS) was used. The chemical structure and block distribution of PBT–DLA was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. PP/PBT blends with different mass ratios were prepared via twin-screw extrusion with 5 wt% of each compatibilizer. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to assess changes in phase structure of PP/PBT blends. Static tensile testing demonstrated marked improvement in elongation at break, to ~18% and ~21% for PBT–DLA and SEBS, respectively. Importantly, the morphology of PP/PBT blends compatibilized with PBT–DLA copolymer showed that it is able to act as interphase modifier, being preferentially located at the interface. Therefore, we conclude that by using polycondensation and monomers from renewable resources, it is possible to obtain copolymers that efficiently modify blend miscibility, offering an alternative to widely used, rubber-like petrochemical styrene compatibilizers.
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Garofalo E, Di Maio L, Scarfato P, Di Gregorio F, Incarnato L. Reactive compatibilization and melt compounding with nanosilicates of post-consumer flexible plastic packagings. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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15
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Moran CS, Barthelon A, Pearsall A, Mittal V, Dorgan JR. Biorenewable blends of polyamide-4,10 and polyamide-6,10. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Moran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Agathe Barthelon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Andrew Pearsall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Vikas Mittal
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Petroleum Institute; Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - John R. Dorgan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
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Bridson JH, Kaur J, Zhang Z, Donaldson L, Fernyhough A. Polymeric flavonoids processed with co-polymers as UV and thermal stabilisers for polyethylene films. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shear-induced crystallization in phase-separated blends of isotactic polypropylene with ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-015-1705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Feldman D. Polyblend Nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2015.1050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Investigations on structure and properties of blends of polypropylene with polyamide 1010 by Rayleigh scattering. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Loutelier-Bourhis C, Zovi O, Lecamp L, Bunel C, Hubert-Roux M, Lange CM. Mechanistic study of maleic anhydride grafting onto fatty double bonds using mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1265-1276. [PMID: 22555920 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The grafting of maleic anhydride onto fatty C=C double bonds is a well-known and used method to functionalize triglyceride molecules. Nevertheless, grafted products are not actually structurally well defined. In this work, the thermal grafting of maleic anhydride onto (un)saturated fatty acid esters without the use of an initiator was characterized in order to determine the nature of the products formed during this reaction. METHODS Complementary spectrometric techniques, ESI-MS(n) (ion-trap mass spectrometer), IMS-MS(n) (Q-IMS-TOFMS) and GC/MS, were used to identify the grafted products which were prepared using either ethyl oleate (EtO) or methyl linoleate (MeL) as model molecules and maleic anhydride (MA). Lithiated adducts were investigated since they yield useful structural information when subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID) in tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS A high number of products are formed during MA grafting and various reaction types could occur. Radical addition of maleic anhydride followed by combination or elimination reactions led to succinic and maleic anhydride grafting, respectively. The addition occurred with or without double-bond shift; the resulting derivatives showed succinic and maleic anhydride branching in the α-position relative to the double bond or onto the carbon atom of the initial double bond. Some structures obtained by radical addition and combination were also consistent with the Alder ene functionalization reaction. The Diels-Alder addition between di-unsaturated fatty acid chains and maleic anhydride could yield cyclic forms of MA-grafted derivatives. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that ESI-MS(n) and IMS-MS(n) allow the identification of grafted products providing relevant structural information concerning isomers. These methods permit the rapid and direct analyses of 'crude reaction mixtures'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- Université de Rouen, Laboratory COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, IRCOF, 1 Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France.
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Henry N, Harper D, Dadmun M. Optimizing Noncovalent Interactions Between Lignin and Synthetic Polymers to Develop Effective Compatibilizers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ma G, Yang Y, Huang D, Sheng J. Chemical-physical aspects of formation and evolution of phase structure in multi-polymers: Intensity fluctuation, phase structure and its fractal characteristics in blends of isotactic polypropylene with poly(cis-1,4-butadiene) rubber. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Englund K, Villechevrolle V. Flexure and water sorption properties of wood thermoplastic composites made with polymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Control of macromolecular architecture during the reactive functionalization in the melt of olefin polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ma W, Chen S, Zhang J, Wang X. Crystallization behavior and hydrophilicity of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) ternary blends. Colloid Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-008-1958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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STUDIES ON PHASE STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE/POLYAMIDE 1010\ BLENDS BY ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPE PHOTOGRAPHS. ACTA POLYM SIN 2008. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2008.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thitithammawong A, Noordermeer JWM, Kaesaman A, Nakason C. Influence of compatibilizers on the rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties of epoxidized natural rubber/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizates. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kim JK, Lee SH, Balasubramanian M. A comparative study of effect of compatibilization agent on untreated and ultrasonically treated waste ground rubber tire and polyolefin blends. POLIMEROS 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282006000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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