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Kothapalli Y, Jones RA, Chu CK, Singh US. Synthesis of Fluorinated Nucleosides/Nucleotides and Their Antiviral Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2390. [PMID: 38792251 PMCID: PMC11124531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The FDA has approved several drugs based on the fluorinated nucleoside pharmacophore, and numerous drugs are currently in clinical trials. Fluorine-containing nucleos(t)ides offer significant antiviral and anticancer activity. The insertion of a fluorine atom, either in the base or sugar of nucleos(t)ides, alters its electronic and steric parameters and transforms the lipophilicity, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of these moieties. The fluorine atom restricts the oxidative metabolism of drugs and provides enzymatic metabolic stability towards the glycosidic bond of the nucleos(t)ide. The incorporation of fluorine also demonstrates additional hydrogen bonding interactions in receptors with enhanced biological profiles. The present article discusses the synthetic methodology and antiviral activities of FDA-approved drugs and ongoing fluoro-containing nucleos(t)ide drug candidates in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chung K. Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.K.); (R.A.J.)
| | - Uma S. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.K.); (R.A.J.)
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Niu ZX, Nie P, Herdewijn P, Wang YT. Synthetic approaches and application of clinically approved small-molecule drugs to treat hepatitis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115919. [PMID: 37922830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis, a global public health concern, presents a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Particularly, hepatitis B and C are viral infections that can lead to severe liver damage, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The urgency to combat these diseases has driven researchers to explore existing small-molecule drugs as potential therapeutics. This comprehensive review provides a systematic overview of synthetic routes to key antiviral agents used to manage hepatitis. Furthermore, it elucidates the mechanisms of action of these drugs, shedding light on their interference with viral replication and liver disease progression. The review also discusses the clinical applications of these drugs, including their use in combination therapies and various patient populations. By evaluating the synthetic pathways and clinical utility of these drugs, this review not only consolidates current knowledge but also highlights potential future directions for research and drug development in the fight against hepatitis, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and reduced global disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xi Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China; Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
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3
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Hsu YH, Chang CC. From a Carbohydrate Raw Material to an Important Building Block: Cost-Efficient Conversion of d-Fructose into 2-Deoxy-l-ribose. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13308-13314. [PMID: 36130920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward method for the conversion of a low-cost carbohydrate (d-fructose) into an important carbohydrate building block (2-deoxy-l-ribose) is reported. This methodology involves a novel radical cyclization followed by a fragmentation reaction, selective enzymatic hydrolysis using a lipase, and oxidative cleavage of the vicinal diol. This method uses the cheapest starting material and employs the shortest synthetic route (7 steps) for converting a d-sugar into 2-deoxy-l-ribose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Han Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chien Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
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Tremblay T, Alcée JB, Giguère D. Protecting-group-free synthesis of clevudine ( l-FMAU), a treatment of the hepatitis B virus. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8859-8863. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01814d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the synthesis of unnatural 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-l-nucleoside is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tremblay
- Département de Chimie, 1045 av. De la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Qc, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jessica B. Alcée
- Département de Chimie, 1045 av. De la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Qc, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Denis Giguère
- Département de Chimie, 1045 av. De la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Qc, Canada G1V 0A6
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Hsu YH, Chang CC. Conversion of a readily available carbohydrate raw material into a rare l-deoxyhexose. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Gu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K, Liu H. Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II-III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas. Chem Rev 2016; 116:422-518. [PMID: 26756377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1806] [Impact Index Per Article: 225.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Hsu NY, Chang CC. A Unique Synthetic Method to Convert aD-Sugar into 2-Deoxy-L-ribitol Through Carbonyl Translocation. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Dostie S, Prévost M, Guindon Y. A stereoselective approach to β-L-arabino nucleoside analogues: synthesis and cyclization of acyclic 1',2'-syn N,O-acetals. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7176-86. [PMID: 22873650 DOI: 10.1021/jo3012754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a novel and versatile strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of unnatural β-L-arabinofuranosyl nucleoside analogues from acyclic N,OTMS-acetals bearing pyrimidine and purine bases. These unusual acetals undergo a C1' to C4' cyclization where the OTMS of the acetal serves as the nucleophile to generate 2'-oxynucleosides with complete retention of configuration at the C1' acetal center. N,OTMS-acetals are obtained diastereoselectively from additions of silylated nucleobases onto acyclic polyalkoxyaldehydes in the presence of MgBr(2)·OEt(2). The strategy reported is addressing important synthetic challenges by providing stereoselective access to unnatural L-nucleosides starting from easily accessible pools of D-sugars and, as importantly, by allowing the formation of the sterically challenging 1',2'-cis nucleosides. A wide variety of nucleoside analogues were synthesized in 7-8 steps from easily accessible D-xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starr Dostie
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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McIntee JW, Sundararajan C, Donovan AC, Kovacs MS, Capretta A, Valliant JF. A Convenient Method for the Preparation of Fluorous Tin Derivatives for the Fluorous Labeling Strategy. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8236-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8013287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. McIntee
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, and McMaster Institute of Applied Radiation Sciences (McIARS), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Chitra Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, and McMaster Institute of Applied Radiation Sciences (McIARS), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Amanda C. Donovan
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, and McMaster Institute of Applied Radiation Sciences (McIARS), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Michael S. Kovacs
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, and McMaster Institute of Applied Radiation Sciences (McIARS), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Alfredo Capretta
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, and McMaster Institute of Applied Radiation Sciences (McIARS), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, and McMaster Institute of Applied Radiation Sciences (McIARS), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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Watts JK, Damha MJ. 2′F-Arabinonucleic acids (2′F-ANA) — History, properties, and new frontiers. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of arabinonucleosides and oligoarabinonucleotides is described, focusing especially on 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroarabinonucleosides (araF-N) and -oligonucleotides (2'F-ANA). In addition to their chemical and enzymatic synthesis, we discuss various properties of 2′F-ANA: hydrolytic stability (to nucleases, acids, and bases), binding affinity to complementary strands, structure and conformation, and optimization of RNase H activity. We also discuss the use of 2′F-ANA in gene-silencing approaches (antisense, siRNA), and in the stabilization of higher-order structures (such as triplexes and quadruplexes) including aptamers. Finally, we examine several other oligonucleotide derivatives based on 2′F-ANA and look ahead to the future of 2′-fluoroarabinonucleosides and -oligonucleotides.Key words: arabinonucleic acids, 2′F-ANA, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA, modified oligonucleotides.
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Ziemkowski P, Felczak K, Poznański J, Kulikowski T, Zieliński Z, Cieśla J, Rode W. Interactions of 2'-fluoro-substituted dUMP analogues with thymidylate synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:37-43. [PMID: 17692822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2'-fluoro-substituted dUMP/FdUMP analogues were synthesized, their interaction with human recombinant thymidylate synthase investigated, and structural (1)H and (19)F NMR study of the corresponding nucleosides performed. While 2'-F-dUMP (fluorine in the "down" configuration), in striking contrast to 2'-F-ara-UMP (fluorine in the "up" configuration) and 2',2''-diF-dUMP, showed substrate activity, 2'-F-ara-UMP and 2',2''-diF-dUMP were classic inhibitors, and 2',5-diF-ara-UMP behaved as a strong slow-binding inhibitor, suggesting the 2'-F substituent in the "up" position to interfere with the active center cysteine thiol addition to the pyrimidine C(6) and the pyrimidine C(5)-F to prevent this interference. In support, the direct through space heteronuclear coupling J(HF) was observed for the fluorine "up" derivatives, 2'-F-ara-U and 2',5-diF-ara-U, causing the splitting of the H(6) resonance lines. The absence of such splitting in 2',2''-diF-dUrd, indicating an unusual orientation of the base in relation to the furanose, was associated with an exceptionally weak interaction with the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Ziemkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Felczak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kulikowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Zieliński
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Joanna Cieśla
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland.
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