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Zhang S, Wang W, Chen T. Preparation and Characterization of PMMA Particles Incorporating a Chemical Sunscreen Agent for Improvement of UV Protection Ability. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UV protection ability is an important concern in the application of sunscreen. Modifying well-known UV filters is one of the most important ways to develop sunscreens. In this study, poly(methyl methacrylate)–ethylhexyl salicylate (PMMA-EHS) particles were prepared via miniemulsion polymerization using a redox initiator at low temperature. Compared with free EHS, the sun protection factor (SPF) value of PMMA-EHS particles was increased by ~40 %, which indicated a significant improvement in UV protection ability from encapsulating EHS in PMMA. Prepared PMMA-EHS particles proved non-leaky in application and can greatly reduce skin irritation by preventing direct contact of EHS with skin.
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Guterres SS, Alves MP, Pohlmann AR. Polymeric Nanoparticles, Nanospheres and Nanocapsules, for Cutaneous Applications. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280700200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia S. Guterres
- Programa de Póos-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta P. Alves
- Programa de Póos-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana R. Pohlmann
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Nečasová A, Bányiová K, Literák J, Čupr P. New probabilistic risk assessment of ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate: Comparing the genotoxic effects of trans- and cis-EHMC. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:569-580. [PMID: 27030676 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is a widely used UV filter present in a large number of personal care products (PCPs). Under normal conditions, EHMC occurs in a mixture of two isomers: trans-EHMC and cis-EHMC in a ratio of 99:1. When exposed to sunlight, the trans isomer is transformed to the less stable cis isomer and the efficiency of the UV filter is reduced. To date, the toxicological effects of the cis-EHMC isomer remain largely unknown. We developed a completely new method for preparing cis-EHMC. An EHMC technical mixture was irradiated using a UV lamp and 98% pure cis-EHMC was isolated from the irradiated solution using column chromatography. The genotoxic effects of the isolated cis-EHMC isomer and the nonirradiated trans-EHMC were subsequently measured using two bioassays (SOS chromotest and UmuC test). In the case of trans-EHMC, significant genotoxicity was observed using both bioassays at the highest concentrations (0.5 - 4 mg mL-1 ). In the case of cis-EHMC, significant genotoxicity was only detected using the UmuC test at concentrations of 0.25 - 1 mg mL-1 . Based on these results, the NOEC was calculated for both cis- and trans-EHMC, 0.038 and 0.064 mg mL-1 , respectively. Risk assessment of dermal, oral and inhalation exposure to PCPs containing EHMC was carried out for a female population using probabilistic simulation and by using Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE). The risk of cis-EHMC was found to be ∼1.7 times greater than trans-EHMC. In the case of cis-EHMC, a hazard index of 1 was exceeded in the 92nd percentile. Based on the observed differences between the isomers, EHMC application in PCPs requires detailed reassessment. Further exploration of the toxicological effects and properties of cis-EHMC is needed in order to correctly predict risks posed to humans and the environment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 569-580, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Nečasová
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Bányiová
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Literák
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Čupr
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
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Tolbert SH, McFadden PD, Loy DA. New Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Polysilsesquioxane-Silica Particles as Sunscreens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:3160-3174. [PMID: 26730573 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Effectiveness of organic sunscreens is limited by phototoxicity and degradation. Both of which can be significantly reduced by encapsulation in hollow particles or covalent incorporation into the solid structure of particles, but direct comparisons of the two methods have not been reported. In this study, physical encapsulation and covalent incorporation of sunscreens were compared with 1 mol % salicylate and curcumeroid sunscreens. 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate was physically encapsulated in hollow silica nanoparticles prepared by oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion polymerizations (E-Sal). Some of these particles were coated with an additional shell or cap of silica to reduce leaking of sunscreen (cap-E-Sal). Covalent incorporation involved co-polymerizing tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with 0.2 mol % of new salicylate and curcuminoid sunscreen monomers with triethoxsilyl groups. Particles were prepared with the salicylate attached to the silica matrix through single silsesquioxane groups (pendant; P-Sal) and two silsesquioxane groups (bridged; B-Sal). Particles based on a new curcuminoid-bridged monomer were also prepared (B-Curc). Sunscreen leaching, photodegradation, and sunscreen performance were determined for the E-Sal, cap-E-Sal, P-Sal, B-Sal, and B-Curc particles. Covalent attachment, particularly with bridged sunscreen monomers, reduced leaching and photodegradation over physical encapsulation, even with capping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Tolbert
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Peter D McFadden
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Douglas A Loy
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Blasi P, Schoubben A, Giovagnoli S, Rossi C, Ricci M. The real value of novel particulate carriers for sunscreen formulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.11.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ambrogi V, Latterini L, Marmottini F, Pagano C, Ricci M. Mesoporous Silicate MCM-41 as a Particulate Carrier for Octyl Methoxycinnamate: Sunscreen Release and Photostability. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1468-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matalanis A, Jones OG, McClements DJ. Structured biopolymer-based delivery systems for encapsulation, protection, and release of lipophilic compounds. Food Hydrocoll 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Severino P, Moraes LF, Zanchetta B, Souto EB, Santana MHA. Elastic liposomes containing benzophenone-3 for sun protection factor enhancement. Pharm Dev Technol 2011; 17:661-5. [PMID: 21563987 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2011.580762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This work was focused on the loading of benzophenone-3 in elastic liposomes composed of egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, prepared by the Bangham method. Samples were characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro photoprotection properties. The extrusion of liposomes loading benzophenone-3 produced reduced-size (100 nm) elastic liposomes with a PI of 0.2. The active was loaded with a concentration of 20.34% (m/m) revealing changes in the ultraviolet properties after loading. On the basis of these results, it can be anticipated that liposomes are able to improve sun protector factor in vitro compared the free active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Severino
- Department of Biotechnological Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Jones OG, McClements DJ. Functional Biopolymer Particles: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:374-397. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Many molecular sunscreens penetrate into the skin causing photo-allergic and photo-toxic reactions as well as skin irritations establishing an urgent need for the development of a safer sunscreen formulation. The search for active substances, efficient combinations, and the design of novel vehicles or carriers has led to the implementation of new cosmetic systems in contrast to the classic forms such as creams or gels. Amongst various approaches utilized to improve performance of sunscreening agents, the use of multiparticulate delivery systems is gaining increasing attention amongst researchers. Multiparticulate delivery systems can be incorporated into gels, creams, liquids, powders or other formulations, and can release active agents depending on their temperature, moisture, friction, volatility of the entrapped ingredients or time. These systems also have the ability of scattering or reflecting incoming UV radiations and therefore can act as physical sunscreens on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jain
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Vettor M, Bourgeois S, Fessi H, Pelletier J, Perugini P, Pavanetto F, Bolzinger MA. Skin absorption studies of octyl-methoxycinnamate loaded poly(D,L-lactide) nanoparticles: Estimation of the UV filter distribution and release behaviour in skin layers. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:253-62. [DOI: 10.3109/10717540903097770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Weiss-Angeli V, Bourgeois S, Pelletier J, Guterres SS, Fessi H, Bolzinger MA. Development of an original method to study drug release from polymeric nanocapsules in the skin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:35-45. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the distribution and release profile in the skin of a lipophilic model molecule, octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC), loaded in poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules (NC) by the Franz cell method.
Methods
Nanocapsules were formulated in a hydroxyethylcellulose gel and compared to the same gel containing 5% of free OMC as control. A new extraction method was used to discriminate the OMC still entrapped in the NC from free OMC released in the skin strata. The OMC extraction from the skin was performed using acetonitrile, which broke the NC, or isopropyl myristate, which kept the NC intact.
Key findings
When isopropylmyristate was used to determine the OMC released from NC, the results showed that more than 80% of the OMC was released from the NC at the skin surface after 6 h, whereas only 30% was released in the stratum corneum and epidermis.
Conclusions
It is suggested that the mechanism of release is different at the surface and in viable skin, probably due to the different local environments surrounding the NC. The small amount of OMC that reached the dermis was no longer encapsulated, suggesting that the NC did not reach the dermis. The viable epidermis seemed to be the limiting barrier against NC diffusion into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Weiss-Angeli
- Department for the Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil, France
| | - Sandrine Bourgeois
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jocelyne Pelletier
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Department for the Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil, France
| | - Hatem Fessi
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Vettor M, Perugini P, Scalia S, Conti B, Genta I, Modena T, Pavanetto F. Poly(D,L-lactide) nanoencapsulation to reduce photoinactivation of a sunscreen agent. Int J Cosmet Sci 2008; 30:219-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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