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Akgönüllü S, Denizli A. Molecular imprinting-based sensors: Lab-on-chip integration and biomedical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115213. [PMID: 36621283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The innovative technology of a marketable lab-on-a-chip platform for point-of-care (POC) in vitro detection has recently attracted remarkable attention. The POC tests can significantly enhance the high standard of medicinal care. In the last decade, clinical diagnostic technology has been broadly advanced and successfully performed in several areas. It seems that lab-on-a-chip approaches play a significant role in these technologies. However, high-cost and time-consuming methods are increasing the challenge and the development of a cost-effective, rapid and efficient method for the detection of biomolecules is urgently needed. Recently, polymer-coated sensing platforms have been a promising area that can be employed in medical diagnosis, pharmaceutical bioassays, and environmental monitoring. The designed on-chip sensors are based on molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) that use label-free detection technology. Molecular imprinting shines out as a potentially promising technique for creating artificial recognition material with molecular recognition sites. MIPs provide unique advantages such as excellent recognition specificity, high selectivity, and good reusability. This review article aims to define several methods using molecular imprinting for biomolecules and their incorporation with several lab-on-chip technologies to describe the most promising methods for the development of sensing systems based on molecularly imprinted polymers. The higher selectivity, more user-friendly operation is believed to provide MIP-based lab-on-a-chip devices with great potential academic and commercial value in on-site clinical diagnostics and other point-of-care assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Akgönüllü
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for Protein Detection. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030629. [PMID: 36771930 PMCID: PMC9919373 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate detection of biological substances such as proteins has always been a hot topic in scientific research. Biomimetic sensors seek to imitate sensitive and selective mechanisms of biological systems and integrate these traits into applicable sensing platforms. Molecular imprinting technology has been extensively practiced in many domains, where it can produce various molecular recognition materials with specific recognition capabilities. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), dubbed plastic antibodies, are artificial receptors with high-affinity binding sites for a particular molecule or compound. MIPs for protein recognition are expected to have high affinity via numerous interactions between polymer matrices and multiple functional groups of the target protein. This critical review briefly describes recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and application of MIP-based sensor platforms used to detect proteins.
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Çorman ME, Armutcu C, Karasu T, Özgür E, Uzun L. Highly Selective Benzo[a]Pyrene Detection Even under Competitive Conditions with Molecularly Imprinted Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2080725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Emin Çorman
- Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Canan Armutcu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tunca Karasu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Özgür
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ceylan Cömert Ş, Özgür E, Uzun L, Odabaşı M. The creation of selective imprinted cavities on quartz crystal microbalance electrode for the detection of melamine in milk sample. Food Chem 2022; 372:131254. [PMID: 34818729 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymer based nanofilms specific to melamine were synthesized on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) electrode surface. Contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry and scanning electron microscopy were used for characterizations process. Some of the findings of the study are as follows: pH 6.0 was found as optimal working pH for melamine detection. Prepared MIP QCM electrode showed a linearity of 99.53% in the concentration range of 50-1000 ng/mL. Langmuir-Freundlich hybrid model was the best fitted isotherm for whole concentration range. The performance of MIP QCM electrode was also confirmed by determining of melamine in melamine spiked milk samples. As a conclusion, the results figured out that not only QCM nanosensor for specific melamine detection but also polymerization strategy were classified as an intriguing alternative for developing new melamine sensing platforms. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 2.3 ng/mL and 7.8 ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erdoğan Özgür
- Hacettepe University, Advanced Technologies Application and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Odabaşı
- Aksaray University, Department of Chemistry, Aksaray, Turkey.
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Goudarzi F, Hejazi P. Comprehensive study on the effects of total monomers' content and polymerization temperature control on the formation of the polymer-layer in preparation of insulin-imprinted magnetic nanoparticles. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Molecular Fingerprints of Hemoglobin on a Nanofilm Chip. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18093016. [PMID: 30205614 PMCID: PMC6165033 DOI: 10.3390/s18093016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin is an iron carrying protein in erythrocytes and also an essential element to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Abnormalities in hemoglobin concentration are closely correlated with health status and many diseases, including thalassemia, anemia, leukemia, heart disease, and excessive loss of blood. Particularly in resource-constrained settings existing blood analyzers are not readily applicable due to the need for high-level instrumentation and skilled personnel, thereby inexpensive, easy-to-use, and reliable detection methods are needed. Herein, a molecular fingerprints of hemoglobin on a nanofilm chip was obtained for real-time, sensitive, and selective hemoglobin detection using a surface plasmon resonance system. Briefly, through the photopolymerization technique, a template (hemoglobin) was imprinted on a monomeric (acrylamide) nanofilm on-chip using a cross-linker (methylenebisacrylamide) and an initiator-activator pair (ammonium persulfate-tetramethylethylenediamine). The molecularly imprinted nanofilm on-chip was characterized by atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry, followed by benchmarking detection performance of hemoglobin concentrations from 0.0005 mg mL−1 to 1.0 mg mL−1. Theoretical calculations and real-time detection implied that the molecularly imprinted nanofilm on-chip was able to detect as little as 0.00035 mg mL−1 of hemoglobin. In addition, the experimental results of hemoglobin detection on the chip well-fitted with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with high correlation coefficient (0.99) and association and dissociation coefficients (39.1 mL mg−1 and 0.03 mg mL−1) suggesting a monolayer binding characteristic. Assessments on selectivity, reusability and storage stability indicated that the presented chip is an alternative approach to current hemoglobin-targeted assays in low-resource regions, as well as antibody-based detection procedures in the field. In the future, this molecularly imprinted nanofilm on-chip can easily be integrated with portable plasmonic detectors, improving its access to these regions, as well as it can be tailored to detect other proteins and biomarkers.
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Kidakova A, Reut J, Rappich J, Öpik A, Syritski V. Preparation of a surface-grafted protein-selective polymer film by combined use of controlled/living radical photopolymerization and microcontact imprinting. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yılmaz E, Özgür E, Bereli N, Türkmen D, Denizli A. Plastic antibody based surface plasmon resonance nanosensors for selective atrazine detection. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 73:603-610. [PMID: 28183651 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based affinity sensor system with the use of molecular imprinted nanoparticles (plastic antibodies) to enhance the pesticide detection. Molecular imprinting based affinity sensor is prepared by the attachment of atrazine (chosen as model pesticide) imprinted nanoparticles onto the gold surface of SPR chip. Recognition element of the affinity sensor is polymerizable form of aspartic acid. The imprinted nanoparticles were characterized via FTIR and zeta-sizer measurements. SPR sensors are characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) and contact angle measurements. The imprinted nanoparticles showed more sensitivity to atrazine than the non-imprinted ones. Different concentrations of atrazine solutions are applied to SPR system to determine the adsorption kinetics. Langmuir adsorption model is found as the most suitable model for this affinity nanosensor system. In order to show the selectivity of the atrazine-imprinted nanoparticles, competitive adsorption of atrazine, simazine and amitrole is investigated. The results showed that the imprinted nanosensor has high selectivity and sensitivity for atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkut Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Özgür
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilay Bereli
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Türkmen
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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Bakhshpour M, Özgür E, Bereli N, Denizli A. Microcontact imprinted quartz crystal microbalance nanosensor for protein C recognition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 151:264-270. [PMID: 28024202 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Detection of protein C (PC) in human serum was performed by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) based on molecular imprinting technique (MIP). The high-resolution and mass-sensitive QCM based sensor was integrated with high sensitivity and selectivity of the MIP technique. The PC microcontact imprinted (PC-μCIP) nanofilm was prepared on the glass surface. Then, the PC-μCIP/QCM sensor was prepared with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and N-methacryloyl l-histidine methylester (MAH) as the functional monomer with copper(II) ions. The polymerization was performed under UV light (100W and 365nm) for 20-25min under nitrogen atmosphere. The characterization studies of QCM sensor were done by observation using atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle measurements, ellipsometry and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Detection of PC was investigated in a concentration range of 0.1-30μg/mL. Selectivity of PC-μCIP and PC non-imprinted/QCM (PC-non-μCIP) sensors for PC determination was investigated by using proteins namely hemoglobin (Hb), human serum albumin (HSA) and fibrinogen solutions. QCM sensor was also used for detection of PC molecules in aqueous solutions and human plasma. The detection limit was determined as 0.01μg/mL for PC analysis. The PC-μCIP/QCM sensor was used for five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. According to the results, the PC-μCIP/QCM sensor had obtained high selectivity and sensitivity for detection of PC molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erdoğan Özgür
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilay Bereli
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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Whitcombe MJ, Kirsch N, Nicholls IA. Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:297-401. [PMID: 24700625 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, reviews, edited volumes and monographs from this period are included, along with recently identified uncited materials from prior to 2004, which were omitted in the first instalment of this series covering the years 1930-2003. In the presentation of the assembled references, a section presenting reviews and monographs covering the area is followed by sections describing fundamental aspects of molecular imprinting including the development of novel polymer formats. Thereafter, literature describing efforts to apply these polymeric materials to a range of application areas is presented. Current trends and areas of rapid development are discussed.
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Türkoğlu EA, Yavuz H, Uzun L, Akgöl S, Denizli A. The fabrication of nanosensor-based surface plasmon resonance for IgG detection. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 41:213-21. [PMID: 23110360 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2012.716066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/3-(2-imidazoline-1-yl)propyl(triethoxysilane) (PHEMA/IMEO) nanoparticles were attached on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for the real-time detection of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) in human serum. The PHEMA/IMEO nanoparticles-attached SPR sensor was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements. IgG detection studies were performed using aqueous IgG solutions at different concentrations. In order to show the selectivity and specificity of the SPR sensor, competitive kinetic analyses were performed using IgG, albumin, hemoglobin in singular and competitive manner. Finally, IgG detection in human serum was carried out.
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Ertürk G, Uzun L, Tümer MA, Say R, Denizli A. Fab fragments imprinted SPR biosensor for real-time human immunoglobulin G detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Controlled grafting of S-naproxen-imprinting polymer layer on the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microporous was carried out by the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Polymerization time was used as the independent variable to manipulate the amount of grafted imprinting polymer on the membrane surface. SEM, SPM and UV spectrum were used to study the structural morphology and selectivity of membranes and probe the incorporation of imprinted polymer layer on the surface of PVDF membranes . Results indicate that the integration of ATRP and molecularly imprinted polymeriaztion realize preparation of molecular selective membranes and it is possible to tune selectivity and morphology in rational way by changing polymerziton times.
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Piletska EV, Guerreiro AR, Whitcombe MJ, Piletsky SA. Influence of the Polymerization Conditions on the Performance of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900432z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Piletska
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - António R. Guerreiro
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Michael J. Whitcombe
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Sergey A. Piletsky
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
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Uzun L, Say R, Unal S, Denizli A. Production of surface plasmon resonance based assay kit for hepatitis diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2878-84. [PMID: 19303282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-L-tyrosine methyl ester) (PHEMAT) film on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor chip was prepared for diagnosis of HBsAb in human serum. Gold SPR chip surface was modified with allyl mercaptane and, then, HBsAb-imprinted PHEMAT film was formed on the chip surface. Surface characterization of the non-modified, allyl mercaptane modified and HBsAb-imprinted PHEMAT SPR chips were investigated with contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM). Kinetic studies were performed using HBsAb positive human serum. In order to determine the kinetic and binding constants, Scatchard, Langmuir, Freundlich and Langmuir-Freundlich models were applied to experimental data. Scatchard curve shows that HBsAb imprinted SPR chip has some surface heterogeneity, SPR chip obeyed the Langmuir adsorption model. The maximum detection limit was 208.2 mIU/mL. K(A) and K(D) values are 0.015 mIU/mL and 66.0 mL/mIU, respectively. Control experiments of the SPR chip were performed using non-immunized, HBsAb negative serum. The control experiment results show that SPR chip does not give any noticeable response to HBsAb negative serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Uzun
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06532 Ankara, Turkey
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Gao N, Xu Z, Wang F, Dong S. Sensitive Biomimetic Sensor Based on Molecular Imprinting at Functionalized Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Recognition properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) hollow-fiber membranes modified by levofloxacin-imprinted polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Li X, Husson SM. Adsorption of dansylated amino acids on molecularly imprinted surfaces: A surface plasmon resonance study. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:336-48. [PMID: 16753292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) was used to measure the adsorption kinetics and isotherms of dansylated amino acids onto surface-confined molecularly imprinted polymer films (MIP-Fs) and the corresponding non-imprinted polymer control films (NIP-Fs). The surface-confined polymer films were grafted from flat gold surfaces using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). This approach allowed uniform nanothin films to be grown, thereby ensuring that the amino acids see a uniform surface during adsorption. N,N'-Didansyl-l-cystine (DDC) and didansyl-l-lysine (DDK) were used as the template molecules to form the MIP-Fs. Adsorption kinetics data were analyzed using single- and dual-site Langmuir adsorption models. It was found that, within the experimental measurement range, adsorption isotherm data were well described by any of four isotherm models: Langmuir, dual-site Langmuir, Freundlich, or Langmuir-Freundlich (LF). The relatively high heterogeneity index values regressed using the Freundlich and LF isotherms suggest the formation of fairly homogeneous MIP-Fs; although Scatchard analysis reveals binding site heterogeneity does exist. Selectivity studies showed that the MIP-Fs display cross-reactivity between DDC and DDK; nevertheless, MIP-Fs prepared against one template showed selectivity for that template. Solution pH and polymer layer thickness were studied as independent parameters to determine their impacts on amino acid adsorption, as monitored by SPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0909, United States
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Wei X, Li X, Husson SM. Surface Molecular Imprinting by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:1113-21. [PMID: 15762684 DOI: 10.1021/bm049311i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Results are presented that demonstrate the successful preparation of ultrathin (< 10 nm), surface-confined, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) films on model gold substrates using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). 2-Vinylpyridine (2Vpy) was investigated as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was the cross-linking monomer. Fluorescently labeled N,N'-didansyl-L-cystine and N,N'-didansyl-L-lysine were used as the template molecules to form the MIPs. Spectroscopic and ellipsometric results are presented that follow film formation and growth rates. Results are also presented from fluorescence experiments used to quantify and compare the adsorption capacities of MIP surface films and nonimprinted (NIP) control films. MIP films exhibited higher binding capacities than the control NIP films at all solution concentrations of N,N'-didansyl-L-cystine and N,N'-didansyl-L-lysine. Furthermore, template removal from these imprinted films appears to be 100% efficient. Selectivity studies showed that the MIPs display some cross-reactivity between these two molecules; nevertheless, MIPs prepared against one template showed selectivity for that template. A selectivity coefficient of 1.13 was achieved for MIP surfaces prepared against N,N'-didansyl-L-lysine; a value of 1.51 was observed for MIP surfaces prepared against N,N'-didansyl-L-cystine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0909, USA
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