1
|
van der Ent A, Przybyłowicz WJ, de Jonge MD, Harris HH, Ryan CG, Tylko G, Paterson DJ, Barnabas AD, Kopittke PM, Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz J. X-ray elemental mapping techniques for elucidating the ecophysiology of hyperaccumulator plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:432-452. [PMID: 28994153 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 432 I. Introduction 433 II. Preparation of plant samples for X-ray micro-analysis 433 III. X-ray elemental mapping techniques 438 IV. X-ray data analysis 442 V. Case studies 443 VI. Conclusions 446 Acknowledgements 449 Author contributions 449 References 449 SUMMARY: Hyperaccumulators are attractive models for studying metal(loid) homeostasis, and probing the spatial distribution and coordination chemistry of metal(loid)s in their tissues is important for advancing our understanding of their ecophysiology. X-ray elemental mapping techniques are unique in providing in situ information, and with appropriate sample preparation offer results true to biological conditions of the living plant. The common platform of these techniques is a reliance on characteristic X-rays of elements present in a sample, excited either by electrons (scanning/transmission electron microscopy), protons (proton-induced X-ray emission) or X-rays (X-ray fluorescence microscopy). Elucidating the cellular and tissue-level distribution of metal(loid)s is inherently challenging and accurate X-ray analysis places strict demands on sample collection, preparation and analytical conditions, to avoid elemental redistribution, chemical modification or ultrastructural alterations. We compare the merits and limitations of the individual techniques, and focus on the optimal field of applications for inferring ecophysiological processes in hyperaccumulator plants. X-ray elemental mapping techniques can play a key role in answering questions at every level of metal(loid) homeostasis in plants, from the rhizosphere interface, to uptake pathways in the roots and shoots. Further improvements in technological capabilities offer exciting perspectives for the study of hyperaccumulator plants into the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antony van der Ent
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
- Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, UMR 1120, Université de Lorraine-INRA, 54518, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Wojciech J Przybyłowicz
- iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, PO Box 722, Somerset West, 7129, South Africa
- Faculty of Physics & Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, PL30-059, Poland
| | - Martin D de Jonge
- X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Vic, 3168, Australia
| | - Hugh H Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Chris G Ryan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Mineral Resources, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia
| | - Grzegorz Tylko
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, PL30-387, Poland
| | - David J Paterson
- X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Vic, 3168, Australia
| | - Alban D Barnabas
- iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, PO Box 722, Somerset West, 7129, South Africa
| | - Peter M Kopittke
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Casanova G, Nolin F, Wortham L, Ploton D, Banchet V, Michel J. Shrinkage of freeze-dried cryosections of cells: Investigations by EFTEM and cryo-CLEM. Micron 2016; 88:77-83. [PMID: 27428286 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Freeze-drying of cryosections of cells or tissues is considered to be the most efficient preparation for microanalysis purpose related to transmission electron microscopy. It allows the measurements of ions and water contents at the ultrastructural level. However an important drawback is associated to freeze-drying: the shrinkage of the cryosections. The aim of this paper is the investigation of this phenomenon by means of three different methods applied to both hydrated and dehydrated cryosections: direct distance measurements on fiducial points, thickness measurements by energy filtered transmission microscopy (EFTEM) and cryo-correlative light electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM). Measurements in our experimental conditions reveal a lateral shrinkage around 10% but the most important result concerns the lack of differential shrinkage between most of the cellular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Casanova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 21 rue Clément Ader, 51685 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - F Nolin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 21 rue Clément Ader, 51685 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - L Wortham
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 21 rue Clément Ader, 51685 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - D Ploton
- CNRS UMR 7369, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - V Banchet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 21 rue Clément Ader, 51685 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - J Michel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 21 rue Clément Ader, 51685 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamama HH, Yiu CKY, Burrow MF, King NM. Chemical, morphological and microhardness changes of dentine after chemomechanical caries removal. Aust Dent J 2013; 58:283-92. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HH Hamama
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR; China
| | - CKY Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR; China
| | - MF Burrow
- Oral Diagnosis and Polyclinics; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR; China
| | - NM King
- Paediatric Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Western Australia; Perth; Western Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- Reagan McRae
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Pritha Bagchi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - S. Sumalekshmy
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Christoph J. Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Modern microscopy in plant sciences has evolved in the direction of providing ultra-structural and analytical information simultaneously. Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) is a powerful technique that allows the qualitative and quantitative measurement of many elements of physiological interest at the cellular and subcellular level. The most significant advance has been the development of freezing techniques to study cells in plant tissues by EDX in the cryoscanning electron microscopy. Cryofixation is fast enough to retain the original distributions of inorganic elements of tissue electrolytes sufficiently for microanalytical studies. This approach may have broad application for various types of localizations of relevance to plant physiology, environmental pollution, and plant-microbe interactions. In this chapter, the experimental procedure of analytical cryoscanning electron microscopy applied to botanical samples is outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beat Frey
- Soil Ecology, Swiss Federal Research Institute, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zierold K, Michel J, Terryn C, Balossier G. The distribution of light elements in biological cells measured by electron probe X-ray microanalysis of cryosections. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2005; 11:138-145. [PMID: 15817143 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927605050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular distribution of the elements carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen was measured in cultured rat hepatocytes by energy dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis of 100-nm-thick freeze-dried cryosections. Electron irradiation with a dose up to 106 e/nm2 caused no or merely negligible mass loss in mitochondria and in cytoplasm. Cell nuclei lost carbon, nitrogen, and-to a clearly higher extent-oxygen with increasing electron irradiation. Therefore, electron doses less than 3 x 105 e/nm2 were used to measure the subcellular compartmentation of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei of the cells. The subcellular distribution of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen reflects the intracellular compartmentation of various biomolecules. Cells exposed to inorganic mercury before cryofixation showed an increase of oxygen in nuclei and cytoplasm. Concomitantly the phosphorus/nitrogen ratio decreased in mitochondria. The data suggest mercury-induced production of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and decrease of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Although biomolecules cannot be identified by X-ray microanalysis, measurements of the whole element spectrum including the light elements carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen can be useful to study specific biomolecular activity in cellular compartments depending on the functional state of the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Zierold
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|