1
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Ball JE, Smith BM, Zocchi K, Doyle J. Clinical, electrophysiologic and serologic evidence of cancer associated retinopathy preceding a diagnosis of breast cancer. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e257911. [PMID: 38670565 PMCID: PMC11057256 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-257911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a woman in her 50s who presented headaches, blurred vision, diplopia and loss of peripheral vision. She was treated for normal tension glaucoma based on optic nerve cupping prior to the development of diplopia. Records demonstrated visual field constriction over 4 months despite well-controlled intraocular pressures. Examination revealed decreased visual acuity and visual field constriction. The multifocal electroretinogram was abnormal. After a thorough review of her medical and family history, a concern for cancer-associated retinopathy developed. Blood samples were positive for antiretinal antibodies against 23 kDA and 46 kDA proteins. Cancer screening was recommended as the aetiology for retinopathy was unknown and revealed a left breast lump. Following lumpectomy with adjuvant chemoradiation, her visual acuity normalised and visual field defects completely resolved. This case serves to provide an example that distant systemic symptoms may be a manifestation of the underlying malignancy and the importance of clinical suspicion with prompt evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Ball
- Ophthalmology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Retina Associates, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Brian M Smith
- Ophthalmology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kent Zocchi
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Retina Associates, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jennifer Doyle
- Neuro-Ophthalmology, Little Rock Eye Clinic, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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2
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Dalmau J. Changing landscape in the field of paraneoplastic neurology: Personal perspectives over a 35-year career. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2024; 200:11-32. [PMID: 38494272 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823912-4.00013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes are a group of rare disorders that have fascinated neurologists for more than a century. The discovery in the 1980s that many of these disorders occurred in association with antibodies against neuronal proteins revived the interest for these diseases. This chapter first traces the history of the paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes during the era that preceded the discovery of immune mechanisms and then reviews the immunologic period during which many of these syndromes were found to be associated with antibodies against intracellular onconeuronal proteins and pathogenic cytotoxic T-cell mechanisms. Alongside these developments, investigations on the antibody-mediated disorders of the peripheral nervous system, such as the myasthenic syndromes or neuromyotonia, provided suggestions for the study of the central nervous system (CNS) syndromes. These converging areas of research culminated with the groundbreaking discovery of a new category of CNS disorders mediated by antibodies against neuronal surface proteins or receptors. These disorders are not always paraneoplastic, and the understanding of these syndromes and mechanisms has changed the landscape of neurology and neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Dalmau
- IDIBAPS-Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Mediate Modulations of Cell Viability and Drug Sensitivity by Aberrantly Expressed Recoverin 3 within A549 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010771. [PMID: 36614215 PMCID: PMC9820968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the currently unknown molecular mechanisms responsible for the aberrant expression of recoverin (Rec) within cancerous cells, we examined two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of Rec-negative lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells which had been transfected with a plasmid containing human recoverin cDNA (A549 Rec) or an empty plasmid as a mock control (A549 MOCK). Using these cells, we measured cytotoxicity by several anti-tumor agents (2D), cellular metabolism including mitochondrial and glycolytic functions by a Seahorse bio-analyzer (2D), the physical properties, size and stiffness of the 3D spheroids, trypsin sensitivities (2D and 3D), and RNA sequencing analysis (2D). Compared with the A549 MOCK, the A549 Rec cells showed (1) more sensitivity toward anti-tumor agents (2D) and a 0.25% solution of trypsin (3D); (2) a metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation; and (3) the formation of larger and stiffer 3D spheroids. RNA sequencing analysis and bioinformatic analyses of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggested that aberrantly expressed Rec is most likely associated with several canonical pathways including G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling and signaling by the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). The findings reported here indicate that the aberrantly expressed Rec-induced modulation of the cell viability and drug sensitivity may be GPCR mediated.
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4
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Kawamura S, Tachibanaki S. Molecular basis of rod and cone differences. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 90:101040. [PMID: 34974196 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the vertebrate retina, rods and cones both detect light, but they are different in functional aspects such as light sensitivity and time resolution, for example, and in some of cell biological aspects. For functional aspects, both photoreceptors are known to share a common mechanism, phototransduction cascade, consisting of a series of enzyme reactions to convert a photon-capture signal to an electrical signal. To understand the mechanisms of the functional differences between rods and cones at the molecular level, we compared biochemically each of the reactions in the phototransduction cascade between rods and cones using the cells isolated and purified from carp retina. Although proteins in the cascade are functionally similar between rods and cones, their activities together with their expression levels are mostly different between these photoreceptors. In general, reactions to generate a response are slightly less effective, as a total, in cones than in rods, but each of the reactions for termination and recovery of a response are much more effective in cones. These findings explain lower light sensitivity and briefer light responses in cones than in rods. In addition, our considerations suggest that a Ca2+-binding protein, S-modulin or recoverin, has a currently unnoticed role in shaping light responses. With comparison of the expression levels of proteins and/or mRNAs using purified cells, several proteins were found to be specifically or predominantly expressed in cones. These proteins would be of interest for future studies on the difference between rods and cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kawamura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-3, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-3, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shuji Tachibanaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-3, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-3, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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5
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Li M, Cheng G, Wang Z, Liu W, Jin Y, Huang B, Wang Y, Qu J, Shi G, Su Y, He J, Li Z. Anti-recoverin antibodies indicate fundus abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2020; 29:1346-1352. [PMID: 32703115 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320940780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lupus fundus abnormalities are a sight-threatening complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its pathogenesis remains to be studied. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical characteristics associated with the presence of anti-recoverin antibodies in patients with SLE, especially those with fundus abnormalities. METHODS Seventy-six participants were enrolled, including 21 patients with fundus abnormalities (fundus group), 30 patients without fundus abnormalities (non-fundus group) and 25 healthy individuals. Serum anti-recoverin antibody levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and clinical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. RESULTS Compared with the non-fundus group, the fundus group had a higher incidence of hematuria (p < 0.05). The Systemic Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score in the fundus group was significantly higher than the non-fundus group (21.48 ± 8.06 versus 10.80 ± 5.74, p < 0.001). The levels of serum anti-recoverin antibodies in the fundus group were significantly higher than the non-fundus group (p = 0.029) or the healthy control group (p = 0.011). Anti-recoverin-negative and -positive patients differed on a number of clinical parameters, including incidence of fever, rash, antinuclear antibody, anti-dsDNA antibody, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, immunoglobulin G, complement C3 and complement C4. The average SLEDAI score of anti-recoverin-positive patients was significantly higher than anti-recoverin-negative patients (17.73 ± 8.11 versus 12.56 ± 8.37, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Anti-recoverin antibodies were related to higher disease activities in SLE, especially those with fundus abnormalities, suggesting that anti-recoverin antibodies may play an important role in the pathogenesis of fundus abnormalities in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 12465Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 12465Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, 12465Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuebo Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 12465Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 12465Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 12465Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, 12465Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guixiu Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 12465Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 12465Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 12465Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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6
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Ito SI, Takagi S, Takahashi M, Sugita S, Hirami Y, Fujihara M, Uzu T, Azumi A, Kurimoto Y. Bilateral retinitis after influenza virus infection in a case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2020; 17:100584. [PMID: 31956727 PMCID: PMC6962652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2019.100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report 2 years’ longitudinal retinal changes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images in a case of retinitis after influenza virus infection. Observations A 48-year-old female complained of scotoma in the central visual field after influenza virus infection. Her best visual acuity was 20/16, her fundus examination was normal, and fluorescein angiography demonstrated no evident leakage in either the retina or the optic disc. However, SD-OCT images showed a disrupted, blurred inner-segment ellipsoid zone in the macula of both eyes. Two steroid pulse therapy sessions in the first 3 months showed temporary improvement of the central scotoma. However, atrophy of the photoreceptor layer at the juxta fovea gradually progressed in OCT images during the follow-up period. In contrast, the fovea itself was mostly intact and visual acuity was maintained in the 2-year period. Conclusions and importance We experienced a unique case of retinitis after influenza infection, in whom progressive atrophy of the photoreceptor layer was observed in SD-OCT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, 2-1-8 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Seiji Takagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, 2-1-8 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, 2-1-8 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sunao Sugita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, 2-1-8 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Hirami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, 2-1-8 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, 2-1-8 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Towa Uzu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kohnan Hospital, 1-5-16 Kamokogahara, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe-Shi, Hyogo, 658-006, Japan
| | - Atsushi Azumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe Kaisei Hospital, 3-11-15 Shinohara Kitamachi, Nada-Ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 657-0068, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kurimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, 2-1-8 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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7
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Yagyu K, Ueda T, Miyamoto A, Uenishi R, Matsushita H, Tanaka T. Cancer-associated Retinopathy with Neuroendocrine Combined Large-cell Lung Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma. Intern Med 2019; 58:3289-3294. [PMID: 31327819 PMCID: PMC6911738 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2313-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report the case of a 74-year-old woman with a lung tumor. She presented with complaints of blurred and rapid, progressively impaired vision. A visual field examination revealed bilateral concentric contraction of the visual field and a ring scotoma in the right eye. She was diagnosed with cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) combined with large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung via a visual field examination and underwent thoracoscopic surgery. CAR has been mostly associated with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Combined LCNEC is relatively rare and accounts for 10.6% of all LCNECs. This is the first case report of CAR-combined LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yagyu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Izumi City General Hospital, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ueda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Izumi City General Hospital, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Izumi City General Hospital, Japan
| | - Riki Uenishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Izumi City General Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Tomonori Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Hospital, Japan
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8
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Touhami S, Audo I, Terrada C, Gaudric A, LeHoang P, Touitou V, Bodaghi B. Neoplasia and intraocular inflammation: From masquerade syndromes to immunotherapy-induced uveitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 72:100761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Baldin AV, Zamyatnin AA, Bazhin AV, Xu WH, Savvateeva LV. Advances in the Development of Anticancer HSP-based Vaccines. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:427-445. [PMID: 29376489 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180129100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Current advances in cancer treatment are based on the recent discoveries of molecular mechanisms of tumour maintenance. It was shown that heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a crucial role in the development of immune response against tumours. Thus, HSPs represent multifunctional agents not only with chaperone functions, but also possessing immunomodulatory properties. These properties are exploited for the development of HSP-based anticancer vaccines aimed to induce cytotoxic responses against tumours. To date, a number of strategies have been suggested to facilitate HSP-based vaccine production and to increase its effectiveness. The present review focuses on the current trend for the development of HSPbased vaccines aimed at inducing strong immunological tumour-specific responses against cancer cells of distinct etiology and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Baldin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico- Chemical Biology, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - Wan-Hai Xu
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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10
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Nikoopour E, Lin CM, Sheskey S, Heckenlively JR, Lundy SK. Immune Cell Infiltration into the Eye Is Controlled by IL-10 in Recoverin-Induced Autoimmune Retinopathy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1057-1068. [PMID: 30635390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a treatable condition that manifests in acute and progressive vision loss in patients. It has recently been determined that AIR is associated with an imbalance of TH1 versus regulatory T cell immunity toward the retinal protein, recoverin. This study describes a new murine model to understand the immunopathology of AIR and its association with T cell responses toward recoverin. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with recoverin resulted in ocular inflammation including infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, B cells, and CD11b+Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes in the eyes. Production of IFN-γ and IL-17 from T cells was exacerbated in IL-10 knockout (KO) mice and kinetics of disease development was accelerated. Infiltration of T cells and inflammatory monocytes into the eyes dramatically increased in recoverin-immunized IL-10 KO mice. An immunodominant peptide of recoverin, AG-16, was capable of inducing disease in IL-10 KO mice and resulted in expansion of AG-16 tetramer-specific CD4+ T cells in lymphoid organs and eyes. Adoptive transfer of recoverin-stimulated cells into naive mice was sufficient to induce AIR, and immunization of B cell-deficient mice led to a milder form of the disease. This model supports the hypothesis that recoverin-specific T cell responses are major drivers of AIR pathogenesis and that IL-10 is an important factor in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayat Nikoopour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Cheng-Mao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Sarah Sheskey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - John R Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and .,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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11
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Ames JB. Dimerization of Neuronal Calcium Sensor Proteins. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:397. [PMID: 30450035 PMCID: PMC6224351 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins are EF-hand containing Ca2+ binding proteins that regulate sensory signal transduction. Many NCS proteins (recoverin, GCAPs, neurocalcin and visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP1)) form functional dimers under physiological conditions. The dimeric NCS proteins have similar amino acid sequences (50% homology) but each bind to and regulate very different physiological targets. Retinal recoverin binds to rhodopsin kinase and promotes Ca2+-dependent desensitization of light-excited rhodopsin during visual phototransduction. The guanylyl cyclase activating proteins (GCAP1–5) each bind and activate retinal guanylyl cyclases (RetGCs) in light-adapted photoreceptors. VILIP1 binds to membrane targets that modulate neuronal secretion. Here, I review atomic-level structures of dimeric forms of recoverin, GCAPs and VILIP1. The distinct dimeric structures in each case suggest that NCS dimerization may play a role in modulating specific target recognition. The dimerization of recoverin and VILIP1 is Ca2+-dependent and enhances their membrane-targeting Ca2+-myristoyl switch function. The dimerization of GCAP1 and GCAP2 facilitate their binding to dimeric RetGCs and may allosterically control the Ca2+-dependent activation of RetGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Ames
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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12
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Lundy SK, Nikoopour E, Karoukis AJ, Ohara R, Othman MI, Tagett R, Jayasundera KT, Heckenlively JR. T Helper 1 Cellular Immunity Toward Recoverin Is Enhanced in Patients With Active Autoimmune Retinopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:249. [PMID: 30271775 PMCID: PMC6146138 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) causes rapidly progressive vision loss that is treatable but often is confused with other forms of retinal degeneration including retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Measurement of anti-retinal antibodies (ARA) by Western blot is a commonly used laboratory assay that supports the diagnosis yet does not reflect current disease activity. To search for better diagnostic indicators, this study was designed to compare immune biomarkers and responses toward the retinal protein, recoverin, between newly diagnosed AIR patients, slow progressing RP patients and healthy controls. All individuals had measurable anti-recoverin IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA regardless of disease status or Western blot results. Many AIR patients had elevated anti-recoverin IgG1 levels and a strong cellular response toward recoverin dominated by IFNγ. RP patients and controls responded to recoverin with a lower IFNγ response that was balanced by IL-10 production. Both AIR and RP patients displayed lower levels of total peripheral blood mononuclear cells that were due to reductions of CD4+ TH cells. A comparison of messenger RNA (mRNA) for immune-related genes in whole blood of AIR patients versus RP patients or controls indicated lower expression of ATG5 and PTPN22 and higher expression of several genes involved in TH cell signaling/transcription and adhesion. These data indicate that an immune response toward recoverin is normal in humans, but that in AIR patients the balance shifts dramatically toward higher IFNγ production and cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Lundy
- Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Graduate Training Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Enayat Nikoopour
- Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Athanasios J Karoukis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ray Ohara
- Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mohammad I Othman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rebecca Tagett
- Biostatistics Core Facility, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - K Thiran Jayasundera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John R Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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13
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Adamus G. Are Anti-Retinal Autoantibodies a Cause or a Consequence of Retinal Degeneration in Autoimmune Retinopathies? Front Immunol 2018; 9:765. [PMID: 29713325 PMCID: PMC5911469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies (AAbs) against various retinal proteins have been associated with vision loss in paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathies (AR). There are two major paraneoplastic syndromes associated anti-retinal AAbs, cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), and melanoma-associated retinopathy. Some people without a cancer diagnosis may present symptoms of CAR and have anti-retinal AAbs. The etiology and pathogenesis of those entities are not fully understood. In this review, we provide evidence for the role of AAbs in retinal death and degeneration. Studies of epitope mapping for anti-recoverin, anti-enolase, and anti-carbonic anhydrase II revealed that although patients' AAbs may recognize the same retinal protein as normal individuals they bind to different molecular domains, which allows distinguishing between normal and diseased AAbs. Given the great diversity of anti-retinal AAbs, it is likely some antibodies have greater pathogenic potential than others. Pathogenic, but not normal antibodies penetrate the target cell, reach their specific antigen, induce apoptosis, and impact retinal pathophysiology. Photoreceptors, dying by apoptosis, induced by other than immunologic mechanisms produce substantial amounts of metabolic debris, which consequently leads to autoimmunization and enhanced permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. AAbs that were made as a part of anti-cancer response are likely to be the cause of retinal degeneration, whereas others, generated against released antigens from damaged retina, contribute to the progression of retinopathy. Altogether, AAbs may trigger retinal degeneration and may also exacerbate the degenerative process in response to the release of sequestered antigens and influence disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- School of Medicine, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Kamei M, Fujitomi Y, Kondo Y, Adachi T, Shibata K, Takumi Y, Abe M, Sugio K. Cancer-associated retinopathy after surgery for breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature. Surg Case Rep 2018; 4:10. [PMID: 29362998 PMCID: PMC5780336 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-018-0418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report a 50-year-old Japanese woman with breast cancer who complained of blurred vision and central scotoma in her left eye on the 12th day after surgery. Subsequently, the sudden-onset binocular visual disorder progressed, and she was diagnosed with cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) based on the clinical findings. Although her visual acuity temporarily improved following the start of adjuvant chemotherapy, reductions in her visual acuity progressed once again. After two courses of steroid pulse therapy initiated from the 59th day following the onset of CAR, although her visual field was still constricted, her binocular visual acuity improved from finger movement to 0.8 2 months later. The shorter the period from onset to treatment, the better the prognosis of the visual function. However, a diagnosis is often delayed because the incidence of this disease is very rare. Therefore, it is important to suspect CAR whenever a sudden visual disorder develops in cancer patients. Furthermore, treatment is believed to be effective even if steroid therapy is started up to 2 months from onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirei Kamei
- Department of Surgery, Tsurumi Hospital, 4333 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-8585, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Fujitomi
- Department of Surgery, Tsurumi Hospital, 4333 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi Hospital, 4333 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-8585, Japan
| | - Toru Adachi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, 879-5503, Japan
| | - Kohei Shibata
- Department of Surgery, Tsurumi Hospital, 4333 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-8585, Japan
| | - Yohei Takumi
- Department of Thoracic and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, 879-5503, Japan
| | - Miyuki Abe
- Department of Surgery, Tsurumi Hospital, 4333 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugio
- Department of Thoracic and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, 879-5503, Japan
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Temporal profiling of photoreceptor lineage gene expression during murine retinal development. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 23-24:32-44. [PMID: 28288836 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rod and cone photoreceptors are photosensitive cells in the retina that convert light to electrical signals that are transmitted to visual processing centres in the brain. During development, cones and rods are generated from a common pool of multipotent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) that also give rise to other retinal cell types. Cones and rods differentiate in two distinct waves, peaking in mid-embryogenesis and the early postnatal period, respectively. As RPCs transition from making cones to generating rods, there are changes in the expression profiles of genes involved in photoreceptor cell fate specification and differentiation. To better understand the temporal transition from cone to rod genesis, we assessed the timing of onset and offset of expression of a panel of 11 transcription factors and 7 non-transcription factors known to function in photoreceptor development, examining their expression between embryonic day (E) 12.5 and postnatal day (P) 60. Transcription factor expression in the photoreceptor layer was observed as early as E12.5, beginning with Crx, Otx2, Rorb, Neurod1 and Prdm1 expression, followed at E15.5 with the expression of Thrb, Neurog1, Sall3 and Rxrg expression, and at P0 by Nrl and Nr2e3 expression. Of the non-transcription factors, peanut agglutinin lectin staining and cone arrestin protein were observed as early as E15.5 in the developing outer nuclear layer, while transcripts for the cone opsins Opn1mw and Opn1sw and Recoverin protein were detected in photoreceptors by P0. In contrast, Opn1mw and Opn1sw protein were not observed in cones until P7, when rod-specific Gnat1 transcripts and rhodopsin protein were also detected. We have thus identified four transitory stages during murine retina photoreceptor differentiation marked by the period of onset of expression of new photoreceptor lineage genes. By characterizing these stages, we have clarified the dynamic nature of gene expression during the period when photoreceptor identities are progressively acquired during development.
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Shaw PX, Fang J, Sang A, Wang Y, Kapiloff MS, Goldberg JL. Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase Is Required for Retinal Ganglion Cell and Photoreceptor Differentiation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:5083-5092. [PMID: 27679853 PMCID: PMC5053116 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We have previously demonstrated that soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is necessary for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axon growth. Here, we further investigate the role of sAC in neuronal differentiation during retinal development. Methods Chx10 or Math5 promoter-driven Cre-Lox recombination were used to conditionally delete sAC from early and intermediate retinal progenitor cells during retinal development. We examined cell type–specific markers expressed by retinal cells to estimate their relative numbers and characterize retinal laminar morphology by immunofluorescence in adult and newborn mice. Results Retinal ganglion cell and amacrine cell markers were significantly lower in the retinas of adult Math5cre/sACfl/fl and Chx10cre/sACfl/fl mice than in those of wild-type controls. The effect on RGC development was detectable as early as postnatal day 1 and deleting sAC in either Math5- or Chx10-expressing retinal progenitor cells also reduced nerve fiber layer thickness into adulthood. The thickness of the photoreceptor layer was slightly but statistically significantly decreased in both the newborn Chx10cre/sACfl/fl and Math5cre/sACfl/fl mice, but this reduction and abnormal morphology persisted in the adults in only the Chx10cre/sACfl/fl mice. Conclusions sAC plays an important role in the early retinal development of RGCs as well as in the development of amacrine cells and to a lesser degree photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter X Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Jiahua Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Alan Sang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Michael S Kapiloff
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States 4Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
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Yang S, Dizhoor A, Wilson DJ, Adamus G. GCAP1, Rab6, and HSP27: Novel Autoantibody Targets in Cancer-Associated Retinopathy and Autoimmune Retinopathy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2016; 5:1. [PMID: 27152249 PMCID: PMC4855477 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.5.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Autoantibodies (AAbs) with different retinal specificities were reported in cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) and autoimmune retinopathy (AR). The goal was to identify the small retinal proteins of apparent molecular mass of 23-kDa often recognized by patients' AAbs. METHODS Sera specific for a 23-kDa retinal protein of 173 patients were investigated retrospectively by Western blotting and double immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. A proteomic analysis revealed new 23-kDa protein candidates, including guanylyl cyclase-activating proteins (GCAPs), heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), and Rab6A GTPase (Rab6A). RESULTS Among the cohort of 173 patients, only 68 had anti-recoverin AAbs and the remaining 105 reacted with 4 unique proteins, which were identified as a Rab6A, HSP27, GCAP1, and GCAP2. Confocal images from a double labeling study confirmed the reactivity of AAbs with different types of cells in human retina, consistent with the target protein's respective cellular functions. Patients (62/173) had been diagnosed with various kinds of cancer, including 20% of patients who had anti-recoverin, 11% anti-Rab6A, and 5% anti-HSP27 AAbs. Only 50% of recoverin-seropositive patients had cancer and the individuals with anti-recoverin AAbs had a significantly higher likelihood to be diagnosed with cancer than patients with other anti-23-kDa AAbs. CONCLUSIONS The newly discovered retinal autoantigens may be involved in pathogenicity of CAR and AR. The recognition of AAbs against various retinal proteins associated with autoimmune retinal degeneration broadens the group of proteins related with these entities. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Patients with anti-recoverin, anti-GCAP1, anti-Rab6A, and anti-HSP27 AAbs represented diverse clinical phenotypes, so the presence of disease-associated AAbs provides important information for molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Yang
- Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - David J Wilson
- Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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18
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The cancer-retina antigen recoverin as a potential biomarker for renal tumors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9899-907. [PMID: 26813565 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal cell carcinoma is the ninth most common cancer with an increasing occurrence and mortality. Recoverin is the first retina-specific photoreceptor protein that was shown to undergo aberrant expression, due to its promoter demethylation, as a cancer-retina antigen in a number of malignant tumors. In this work, we demonstrated that recoverin is indeed expressed in 68.4 % of patients with different subtypes of renal cell carcinoma, and this expression has tendency to correlate with tumor size. Interestingly, 91.7 % of patients with the benign renal tumor, oncocytoma, express recoverin as well in their tumor. Epigenetic analysis of the recoverin gene promoter revealed a stable mosaic methylation pattern with the predominance of the methylated state, with the exception of -80 and 56 CpG dinucleotides (CpGs). While the recoverin expression does not correlate withoverall survival of the tumor patients, the methylation of the recoverin gene promoter at -80 position is associated with better overall survival of the patients. This work is the first report pointing towards the association of overall survival of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients with promoter methylation of a cancer-retina antigen. Taken together, these data allow to consider recoverin as a potential therapeutic target and/or marker for renal tumors.
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Golovastova MO, Bazhin AV, Philippov PP. Cancer-retina antigens -- a new group of tumor antigens. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:733-9. [PMID: 25365483 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791408001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Some photoreceptor proteins normally specific for the eye retina are aberrantly expressed in malignant tumors. These proteins include recoverin, visual rhodopsin, transducin, cGMP-phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE 6), cGMP-dependent cationic channels, guanylyl cyclase 1, rhodopsin kinase, and arrestin. By analogy with cancer-testis antigens, these photoreceptor proteins form the group of cancer-retina antigens. It is shown that an aberrant demethylation of the promoter region of recoverin is involved in the aberrant expression of this protein. The cascade Wnt5a → Frizzled-2 → transducin → PDE 6 is shown to function in skin melanoma cells, and this suggests that these cancer-retina antigens can play a functional role. The events accompanying the signal transduction in this cascade, including those involving calcium ions and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase G), are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Golovastova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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20
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Komáromy AM, Abrams KL, Heckenlively JR, Lundy SK, Maggs DJ, Leeth CM, MohanKumar PS, Petersen‐Jones SM, Serreze DV, Woerdt A. Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) – a review and proposed strategies toward a better understanding of pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and therapy. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:319-31. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András M. Komáromy
- College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University 736 Wilson Road East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania 3900 Delancey Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | | | - John R. Heckenlively
- Kellogg Eye Center University of Michigan 1000 Wall Street Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA
| | - Steven K. Lundy
- Division of Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan 300 North Ingalls Building Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of California‐Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Caroline M. Leeth
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences College of Agriculture and Life Sciences 175 West Campus Drive, MC 0306, 3280 Litton Reaves Hall Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Puliyur S. MohanKumar
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Simon M. Petersen‐Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University 736 Wilson Road East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | | | - Alexandra Woerdt
- The Animal Medical Center 510 East 62nd Street New York NY 10065 USA
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21
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Adamus G. Latest updates on antiretinal autoantibodies associated with vision loss and breast cancer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:1680-8. [PMID: 25754855 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) is an uncommon paraneoplastic disorder of the retina that is frequently associated with breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women older than 50 years. In this review, we will give an update on the current knowledge regarding the association of antiretinal autoantibodies with the breast-CAR syndrome. Women with breast cancer and visual indications of CAR have a significantly increased incidence of autoantibodies (AAbs) against retinal proteins when compared to healthy women. The onset of visual loss in association with antiretinal AAbs peaks 2 to 3 years after the clinical diagnosis of breast cancer. Differences in severity of symptoms between women with or without antiretinal AAbs are evident, revealing more unfavorable presentation in seropositive women. The incidence of CAR in breast cancer is likely to rise as the survival time of patients with breast cancer increases; consequently, a prediction of breast-CAR based on autoimmunity to individual retinal antigens, or to panels of antigens (signatures), is clinically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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22
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Morita M, Fukuhara T, Takahashi H, Maemondo M. Small cell lung cancer and progressive retinopathy. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2014-205888. [PMID: 25422332 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) is one of the paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and characterised by retinal degeneration. Autoimmunity between cancer cells and retinal proteins is considered a major cause of CAR. The presence of serum autoantibodies to retinal antigens plays an important role in the diagnosis. A 60-year-old man reporting of visual disturbance and paresthaesia of extremities presented to our hospital. CT scan revealed a massive tumour in the left lower lobe of the lung. Small cell lung cancer was diagnosed histologically with bronchoscopy. Ophthalmological examination showed retinopathy but not optic neuritis. Anti-CV2/collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP)-5 and anti-Hu antibodies were detected by further serum examination. It has been reported that anti-CV2/CRMP5 antibodies are present in patients with neoplasms accompanied by retinopathy as well as optic neuritis. This is the first case of CAR with presence of anti-CV2/CRMP5 antibodies without neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Morita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Fukuhara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Maemondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
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Kanaji N, Watanabe N, Kita N, Bandoh S, Tadokoro A, Ishii T, Dobashi H, Matsunaga T. Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:197-223. [PMID: 25114839 PMCID: PMC4127595 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraneoplastic syndromes are signs or symptoms that occur as a result of organ or tissue damage at locations remote from the site of the primary tumor or metastases. Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer can impair various organ functions and include neurologic, endocrine, dermatologic, rheumatologic, hematologic, and ophthalmological syndromes, as well as glomerulopathy and coagulopathy (Trousseau’s syndrome). The histological type of lung cancer is generally dependent on the associated syndrome, the two most common of which are humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in squamous cell carcinoma and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in small cell lung cancer. The symptoms often precede the diagnosis of the associated lung cancer, especially when the symptoms are neurologic or dermatologic. The proposed mechanisms of paraneoplastic processes include the aberrant release of humoral mediators, such as hormones and hormone-like peptides, cytokines, and antibodies. Treating the underlying cancer is generally the most effective therapy for paraneoplastic syndromes, and treatment soon after symptom onset appears to offer the best potential for symptom improvement. In this article, we review the diagnosis, potential mechanisms, and treatments of a wide variety of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer.
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Lim S, Dizhoor AM, Ames JB. Structural diversity of neuronal calcium sensor proteins and insights for activation of retinal guanylyl cyclase by GCAP1. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:19. [PMID: 24672427 PMCID: PMC3956117 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins, a sub-branch of the calmodulin superfamily, are expressed in the brain and retina where they transduce calcium signals and are genetically linked to degenerative diseases. The amino acid sequences of NCS proteins are highly conserved but their physiological functions are quite different. Retinal recoverin controls Ca2+-dependent inactivation of light-excited rhodopsin during phototransduction, guanylyl cyclase activating proteins 1 and 2 (GCAP1 and GCAP2) promote Ca2+-dependent activation of retinal guanylyl cyclases, and neuronal frequenin (NCS-1) modulates synaptic activity and neuronal secretion. Here we review the molecular structures of myristoylated forms of NCS-1, recoverin, and GCAP1 that all look very different, suggesting that the attached myristoyl group helps to refold these highly homologous proteins into different three-dimensional folds. Ca2+-binding to both recoverin and NCS-1 cause large protein conformational changes that ejects the covalently attached myristoyl group into the solvent exterior and promotes membrane targeting (Ca2+-myristoyl switch). The GCAP proteins undergo much smaller Ca2+-induced conformational changes and do not possess a Ca2+-myristoyl switch. Recent structures of GCAP1 in both its activator and Ca2+-bound inhibitory states will be discussed to understand structural determinants that control their Ca2+-dependent activation of retinal guanylyl cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyuk Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander M Dizhoor
- Basic Sciences, Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University Elkins Park, PA, USA
| | - James B Ames
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
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Rahimy E, Sarraf D. Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: Evaluation and management. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58:430-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Nikoletopoulou V, Tavernarakis N. Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons. Front Genet 2012; 3:200. [PMID: 23060904 PMCID: PMC3462315 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system becomes increasingly vulnerable to insults and prone to dysfunction during aging. Age-related decline of neuronal function is manifested by the late onset of many neurodegenerative disorders, as well as by reduced signaling and processing capacity of individual neuron populations. Recent findings indicate that impairment of Ca(2+) homeostasis underlies the increased susceptibility of neurons to damage, associated with the aging process. However, the impact of aging on Ca(2+) homeostasis in neurons remains largely unknown. Here, we survey the molecular mechanisms that mediate neuronal Ca(2+) homeostasis and discuss the impact of aging on their efficacy. To address the question of how aging impinges on Ca(2+) homeostasis, we consider potential nodes through which mechanisms regulating Ca(2+) levels interface with molecular pathways known to influence the process of aging and senescent decline. Delineation of this crosstalk would facilitate the development of interventions aiming to fortify neurons against age-associated functional deterioration and death by augmenting Ca(2+) homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Nikoletopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Ames JB, Lim S. Molecular structure and target recognition of neuronal calcium sensor proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1820:1205-13. [PMID: 22020049 PMCID: PMC3266469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins, a sub-branch of the calmodulin superfamily, are expressed in the brain and retina where they transduce calcium signals and are genetically linked to degenerative diseases. The amino acid sequences of NCS proteins are highly conserved but their physiological functions are quite distinct. Retinal recoverin and guanylate cyclase activating proteins (GCAPs) both serve as calcium sensors in retinal rod cells, neuronal frequenin (NCS1) modulate synaptic activity and neuronal secretion, K+ channel interacting proteins (KChIPs) regulate ion channels to control neuronal excitability, and DREAM (KChIP3) is a transcriptional repressor that regulates neuronal gene expression. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we review the molecular structures of myristoylated forms of NCS1, recoverin, and GCAP1 that all look very different, suggesting that the sequestered myristoyl group helps to refold these highly homologous proteins into very different structures. The molecular structure of NCS target complexes have been solved for recoverin bound to rhodopsin kinase, NCS-1 bound to phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, and KChIP1 bound to A-type K+ channels. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We propose the idea that N-terminal myristoylation is critical for shaping each NCS family member into a unique structure, which upon Ca2+-induced extrusion of the myristoyl group exposes a unique set of previously masked residues, thereby exposing a distinctive ensemble of hydrophobic residues to associate specifically with a particular physiological target. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemical, biophysical and genetic approaches to intracellular calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Ames
- University of California, Davis Department of Chemistry, Davis, CA 95616, USa.
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Ames JB, Lim S, Ikura M. Molecular structure and target recognition of neuronal calcium sensor proteins. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:10. [PMID: 22363261 PMCID: PMC3275791 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins, a sub-branch of the EF-hand superfamily, are expressed in the brain and retina where they transduce calcium signals and are genetically linked to degenerative diseases. The amino acid sequences of NCS proteins are highly conserved but their physiological functions are quite distinct. Retinal recoverin and guanylate cyclase activating proteins (GCAPs) both serve as calcium sensors in retinal rod cells, neuronal frequenin (NCS1) modulates synaptic activity and neuronal secretion, K+ channel interacting proteins (KChIPs) regulate ion channels to control neuronal excitability, and DREAM (KChIP3) is a transcriptional repressor that regulates neuronal gene expression. Here we review the molecular structures of myristoylated forms of NCS1, recoverin, and GCAP1 that all look very different, suggesting that the sequestered myristoyl group helps to refold these highly homologous proteins into very different structures. The molecular structure of NCS target complexes have been solved for recoverin bound to rhodopsin kinase (RK), NCS-1 bound to phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, and KChIP1 bound to A-type K+ channels. We propose that N-terminal myristoylation is critical for shaping each NCS family member into a different structure, which upon Ca2+-induced extrusion of the myristoyl group exposes a unique set of previously masked residues that interact with a particular physiological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Ames
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis CA, USA
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Savchenko MS, Goncharskaia MA, Skorikova EE, Eichmüller SB, Kushlinsky NE, Bazhin AV, Philippov PP. Autoantibodies against the Ca(2+)-binding protein recoverin in blood sera of patients with various oncological diseases. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:377-382. [PMID: 22740915 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer, the retinal Ca(2+)-binding protein recoverin is a paraneoplastic antigen, the aberrant expression of which is capable of triggering the appearance of specific autoantibodies in the serum of patients with malignant tumors and the subsequent development of a paraneoplastic syndrome, cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR). The frequency of serum autoantibodies against recoverin (AAR), earlier determined at a rate of 15-20% in lung cancer, is much higher than the frequency of CAR syndrome, which is approximately 1%. In the present study, we estimated for the first time the frequencies of serum AAR in patients with various types of malignancies other than lung cancer. Patient biospecimens were collected to analyze for the presence of AAR. Additionally, various cell lines were cultivated and analyses were performed using Western blotting and RT-PCR. Results showed that in all cases tested, the AAR frequencies did not exceed 10%. Five AAR-positive patients with various types of cancer were available for ophthalmological investigation and only one of these patients had CAR syndrome. This result is consistent with the conclusion made in our previous studies of lung cancer that serum AAR do not necessarily trigger the development of CAR syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Savchenko
- Department of Cell Signalling, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow
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Senin II, Tikhomirova NK, Churumova VA, Grigoriev II, Kolpakova TA, Zinchenko DV, Philippov PP, Zernii EY. Amino acid sequences of two immune-dominant epitopes of recoverin are involved in Ca2+/recoverin-dependent inhibition of phosphorylation of rhodopsin. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:332-8. [PMID: 21568868 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies AB(60-72) and AB(80-92) against two immune-dominant epitopes of photoreceptor Ca(2+)-binding protein recoverin, 60-DPKAYAQHVFRSF-72 and 80-LDFKEYVIALHMT-92, which can be exposed in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, were obtained. The presence of AB(60-72) or AB(80-92) results in a slight increase in Ca(2+)-affinity of recoverin and does not affect significantly a Ca(2+)-myristoyl switch mechanism of the protein. However in the presence of AB(60-72) or AB(80-92) recoverin loses its ability to interact with rhodopsin kinase and consequently to perform a function of Ca(2+)-sensitive inhibitor of rhodopsin phosphorylation in photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Senin
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.
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Kazarian M, Laird-Offringa IA. Small-cell lung cancer-associated autoantibodies: potential applications to cancer diagnosis, early detection, and therapy. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:33. [PMID: 21450098 PMCID: PMC3080347 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive lung cancer subtype and lacks effective early detection methods and therapies. A number of rare paraneoplastic neurologic autoimmune diseases are strongly associated with SCLC. Most patients with such paraneoplastic syndromes harbor high titers of antibodies against neuronal proteins that are abnormally expressed in SCLC tumors. These autoantibodies may cross-react with the nervous system, possibly contributing to autoimmune disease development. Importantly, similar antibodies are present in many SCLC patients without autoimmune disease, albeit at lower titers. The timing of autoantibody development relative to cancer and the nature of the immune trigger remain to be elucidated. Here we review what is currently known about SCLC-associated autoantibodies, and describe a recently developed mouse model system of SCLC that appears to lend itself well to the study of the SCLC-associated immune response. We also discuss potential clinical applications for these autoantibodies, such as SCLC diagnosis, early detection, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meleeneh Kazarian
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave, NOR 6420, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, USA
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Is the lifetime of light-stimulated cGMP phosphodiesterase regulated by recoverin through its regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation? Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00039522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Molecular biomarkers for autoimmune retinopathies: significance of anti-transducin-alpha autoantibodies. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 87:195-203. [PMID: 19744478 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathies (AR) are uncommon retinal degenerations with vision loss associated with unique clinical symptoms and findings and with serum anti-retinal autoantibodies. The experimental and clinical studies corroborate that autoantibodies in high titers can penetrate into the retina affecting function of the target antigens, which leads to retinal dysfunction and degeneration. Anti-recoverin and anti-enolase alpha-enolase autoantibodies were more frequently recognized in AR but autoantibodies with other specificities have also been documented, indicating immunological heterogeneity. Our goal was to examine the associations of anti-retinal autoantibodies with retinopathy in order to identify molecular biomarkers for better diagnosis and prognosis of retinopathies. In these studies we examined 39 patients (10 with cancers) of average age of approximately 57 years old with sudden onset of unexplained progressive vision loss and the presence of circulating serum autoantibodies against 40-kDa retinal protein. The patients presented the retinal phenotype characterized by defects in visual fields and reduced scotopic ERG responses. Anti-40-kDa autoantibodies had specificity to the amino terminus of transducin-alpha. None of the normal subjects' sera had anti-40-kDa autoantibodies. In conclusion, the clinical phenotype of patients with anti-transducin-alpha autoantibodies differed from other phenotypes of AR. These patients, often women at a ratio approximately 2:1, had defects in rod (scotopic) photoreceptor function and typically did not have cancers, whereas the anti-recoverin phenotype is associated with cancer and severe loss of rod and cones function, and anti-enolase retinopathy typically presents with cone dysfunction and is equal in cancer and non-cancer patients. Our studies suggest that anti-transducin autoantibodies can serve as molecular biomarkers for retinal phenotypes and could be used for progression of retinal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Abstract
The means whereby vision can be lost from a disease located distant from the eye include autoimmunity, with sensitization resulting from extraocular stimuli, a process illustrated here by the immunologic confusion caused by cancers. The uncontrolled proliferation of malignancies commonly involves the expression of components of the central nervous system, but a damaging loss of tolerance is rare. When autoimmunity does develop, organ-specific antigens are more often involved than the more generalized and widely disseminated common neuronal components. A focus upon a single antigen is typical of the immune-mediated paraneoplasia, a collection of syndromes identified by unusual antibody reactions. This review provides an outline of the immunologic trail that led to the recognition of autoimmunity in paraneoplastic ocular degenerations, how specific antibody reactions aid in diagnosis, and the possibility of including antibodies in modes for sight-saving intervention. 'Those who do not know history are destined to repeat it'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Thirkill
- CAR Reference Laboratory, Research One, U.C. Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Li JL, Geng CY, Bu Y, Huang XR, Sun CC. Conformational transition pathway in the allosteric process of calcium-induced recoverin: Molecular dynamics simulations. J Comput Chem 2009; 30:1135-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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BOECK K, HOFMANN S, KLOPFER M, IAN U, SCHMIDT T, ENGST R, THIRKILL C, RING J. Melanoma-associated paraneoplastic retinopathy: case report and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.18701958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Permyakov SE, Nazipova AA, Denesyuk AI, Bakunts AG, Zinchenko DV, Lipkin VM, Uversky VN, Permyakov EA. Recoverin as a redox-sensitive protein. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:1855-63. [PMID: 17385906 DOI: 10.1021/pr070015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recoverin is a member of the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family of EF-hand calcium binding proteins. In a visual cycle of photoreceptor cells, recoverin regulates activity of rhodopsin kinase in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Like all members of the NSC family, recoverin contains a conserved cysteine (Cys38) in nonfunctional EF-hand 1. This residue was shown to be critical for activation of target proteins in some members of the NCS family but not for interaction of recoverin with rhodopsin kinase. Spectrophotometric titration of Ca2+-loaded recoverin gave 7.6 for the pKa value of Cys38 thiol, suggesting partial deprotonation of the thiol in vivo conditions. An ability of recoverin to form a disulfide dimer and thiol-oxidized monomer under mild oxidizing conditions was found using SDS-PAGE in reducing and nonreducing conditions and Ellman's test. Both processes are reversible and modulated by Ca2+. Although formation of the disulfide dimer takes place only for Ca2+-loaded recoverin, accumulation of the oxidized monomer proceeds more effectively for apo-recoverin. The Ca2+ modulated susceptibility of the recoverin thiol to reversible oxidation may be of potential importance for functioning of recoverin in photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei E Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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Bazhin AV, Schadendorf D, Philippov PP, Eichmüller SB. Recoverin as a cancer-retina antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:110-6. [PMID: 16444517 PMCID: PMC11030721 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In photoreceptor cells the Ca(2+) -binding protein recoverin controls phosphorylation of the visual receptor rhodopsin by inhibiting rhodopsin kinase (GRK-1). It can also serve as a paraneoplastic antigen in the development of retinal degeneration in some patients with cancer. The aberrant expression of recoverin in cancer cells and the presence of autoantibodies against recoverin are essential for the occurrence of cancer-associated retinopathy, which finally results in the apoptosis of photoreceptor cells. Noteworthy in cancer patients, the aberrant recoverin expression and the appearance of autoantibodies against recoverin are more frequent than paraneoplastic syndromes. We suggest the term "cancer-retina antigens" for this kind of proteins like recoverin that are solely expressed in retina and tumor tissues and evoke antibodies and/or T cells in patients with cancer. The rare development of a paraneoplastic syndrome is possibly caused by this immune response and probably depends on further events allowing to overcome the blood-retina barrier and the immune privileged status of the retina. It is still unknown whether aberrantly expressed recoverin could have a specific function in cancer cells, though it is suggested that it can be functionally associated with G-protein-coupled receptor kinases. This paper reviews the present knowledge on paraneoplastic syndromes associated with the aberrant expression of recoverin. A possible application of recoverin as a potential target for immunotherapy of cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr V. Bazhin
- Skin Cancer Unit (D070), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Skin Cancer Unit (D070), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel P. Philippov
- Department of Cell Signalling, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefan B. Eichmüller
- Skin Cancer Unit (D070), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Keller RL, Kania SA, Hendrix DVH, Ward DA, Abrams K. Evaluation of canine serum for the presence of antiretinal autoantibodies in sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome. Vet Ophthalmol 2006; 9:195-200. [PMID: 16634935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the presence of serum antiretinal antibodies in sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) affected dogs and the size of the antigen to which these antibodies bind via the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot immunoassays. ANIMALS STUDIED Serum was collected from 13 dogs affected by SARDS and five dogs with normal ocular examinations. PROCEDURES All serum samples were subjected to ELISA with saline-soluble canine retinal tissue and Western blot analyses with SDS solubilized normal canine retinal tissue as the antigen. Antirecoverin (23 kDa) and antiheat shock cognate (65 kDa) antibodies were used as positive controls for both procedures. Affinity-purified goat antidog IgG and IgM labeled with horseradish peroxidase were used for all clinical samples and goat antirabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody for the positive controls. RESULTS ELISA demonstrated antibody reaction with all samples. Western blot immunoassays identified multiple bands in all canine serum samples, as well as in negative controls. Approximate sizes of the bands were 25 and 50 kDa, corresponding to IgG light and heavy chains, respectively. CONCLUSION No antiretinal autoantibodies were identified in the serum of dogs affected by SARDS as compared to normal canine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Keller
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Ikura M, Ames JB. Genetic polymorphism and protein conformational plasticity in the calmodulin superfamily: two ways to promote multifunctionality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:1159-64. [PMID: 16432210 PMCID: PMC1360552 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508640103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium signaling pathways control a variety of cellular events such as gene transcription, protein phosphorylation, nucleotide metabolism, and ion transport. These pathways often involve a large number of calcium-binding proteins collectively known as the calmodulin or EF-hand protein superfamily. Many EF-hand proteins undergo a large conformational change upon binding to Ca(2+) and target proteins. All members of the superfamily share marked sequence homology and similar structural features required to sense Ca(2+). Despite such structural similarities, the functional diversity of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins is extraordinary. Calmodulin itself can bind >300 different proteins, and the many members of the neuronal calcium sensor and S100 protein families collectively recognize a largely different set of target proteins. Recent biochemical and structural studies of many different EF-hand proteins highlight remarkable similarities and variations in conformational responses to the common ligand Ca(2+) and their respective cellular targets. In this review, we examine the essence of molecular recognition activities and the mechanisms by which calmodulin superfamily proteins control a wide variety of Ca(2+) signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Division of Signaling Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.
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Adamus G, Webb S, Shiraga S, Duvoisin RM. Anti-recoverin antibodies induce an increase in intracellular calcium, leading to apoptosis in retinal cells. J Autoimmun 2006; 26:146-53. [PMID: 16426815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies against recoverin, a Ca2+-binding protein found in patients with cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR syndrome), penetrate retinal cells and induce their apoptosis via a mitochondrial pathway. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the entry of anti-recoverin antibody into E1A.NR3 retinal cells causes a change in intracellular Ca2+. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye Fura-2 AM in living E1A.NR3 retinal cells treated with anti-recoverin antibody Rec-1, patients' autoantibodies, and control rat and human IgG. The exposure of retinal cells to Rec-1 antibody and to the CAR patients' autoantibodies in vitro caused a significant increase in intracellular Ca2+, while non-specific antibodies did not induce such an effect. Co-treatment of the E1A.NR3 cells with Rec-1 in the presence of nifedipine, a L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, significantly suppressed the increase of Ca2+. Treatment with nifedipine also blocked changes in the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-xL and in expressions of the pro-apoptotic protein bax. Nifedipine-treated cells also showed a decrease in cytosolic cytochrome c release and a decrease in caspase 3 activation, compared to cells treated only with Rec-1 antibody. The increase in the antibody-induced Ca2+ is at least in part dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Nifedipine was found to inhibit the entry of Ca2+ into the cells and to protect them from Rec-1-induced apoptosis. Increased levels of intracellular Ca2+ may lead to retinal dysfunction and degeneration in the CAR syndrome. Our results provide a molecular basis for the use of Ca2+ blockers in the treatment of the CAR syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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Weleber RG, Gregory-Evans K. Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Disorders. Retina 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02598-0.50023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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