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Ribatti D, Porzionato A, Emmi A, De Caro R. The bursa of Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente: from original iconography to most recent research. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:583-585. [PMID: 33544813 PMCID: PMC7864288 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.2.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente (1533-1619) described the homonymous bursa in the "De Formatione Ovi et Pulli", published posthumously in 1621. He also included a figure in which the bursa was depicted. We here present the figure of the bursa of Fabricius, along with corrections of some mislabeling still presents in some anastatic copies. The bursa of Fabricius is universally known as the origin of B-lymphocytes; morphogenetical and physiological issues are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; ; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy;
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. WA. Pathological Changes and the Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Lesion Scores of Bursa of Fabricius in Broilers Under Chronic Heat Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/rjvs.2008.62.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ribatti D, Crivellato E, Vacca A. The contribution of Bruce Glick to the definition of the role played by the bursa of Fabricius in the development of the B cell lineage. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:1-4. [PMID: 16792666 PMCID: PMC1942006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1956, Bruce Glick and Timothy Chang reported that the bursa of Fabricius plays an important role in antibody production. Their demonstration that antibody responses are suppressed in the majority of bursectomized chickens became the cornerstone of modern immunology. Bursa research increased considerably during the 1960s and early 1970s.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ribatti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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KING JE, ACKERMAN GA, KNOUFF RA. The effect of testosterone on the morphogenesis of the chick thymus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 151:11-5. [PMID: 14284248 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091510103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The foundations of experimental hematology were laid by histologists, and while their contributions were enormous, they were limited in their interpretation of very dynamic processes by the static nature of the methodology. The middle of the twentieth century saw the introduction of techniques for hematopoietic cell marking and development of in vitro and in vivo assays for primitive hematopoietic cells, allowing dynamic studies of hematopoiesis. Paralleling this was an understanding of cellular immunology with the discovery of the role of the thymus and the identification of T and B lymphocyte lineages. In the 1960s a series of ontogenetic studies in birds and subsequently in mice revealed that hematopoietic and lymphoid development involved migration streams of primitive cells that colonized developing primary lymphoid organs as well as spleen, marrow, and liver. The yolk sac was proposed as the ultimate origin of these lympho-hematopoietic precursors. Subsequent studies identified a region associated with the dorsal aorta as the primary site of "definitive" stem cells. These opposing views are currently achieving a compromise that recognizes that both sites contribute stem cells involved in seeding the developing tissues. The clear distinction between the local origin of the inducing microenvironment provided by the endoderm or by stroma derived from mesenchymal stem cells of mesodermal origin, and the immigrant origin of the hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors, raises intriguing questions in the current climate of stem cell plasticity, cell fusion, and discovery of stem cells in adult marrow with the capacity to generate hematopoiesis as well as other mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A S Moore
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Davenport WD, Allen ER. Dome epithelium and follicle-associated basal lamina pores in the avian bursa of Fabricius. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1995; 241:155-62. [PMID: 7710132 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092410203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunological role played by the avian bursa of Fabricius has been well established. Although numerous studies have also reported on the development and general morphology of this organ, some structure-function relationships still have not been fully explained. METHODS Bursae from chickens at three developmental stages were removed and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Routine preparation was used as well as sonication (microdissection). Micrographs were used for qualitative morphological study and for quantitative morphometric analyses. RESULTS Routine SEM observations were similar to those previously reported in the literature. Sonicated specimens allowed topographical study of various levels of surface erosion. Two types of surface cells were observed: typical absorptive epithelium and follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cells. Erosion of the dome surface epithelium revealed basal lamina pores in the region over the subepithelial lymphoid follicles. These pores were present at hatching. Morphometric analysis of dome and pore areas revealed that the pore area decreases in relation to dome area with aging. CONCLUSIONS Basal lamina pores may provide a communication route between the lymphoid follicles and the external environment via the FAE cells. Also, the close association between the FAE cells of the epithelial domes, the epithelial pores, the capillary complex of the previously described bursal--blood barrier, and the subepithelial lymphoid follicles could represent a morphological "pore complex" that matures early in posthatching development and may be related to the immunological function of the bursa.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Davenport
- Department of Oral Pathology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, New Orleans 70119
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Onyeanusi BI, Ezeokoli CD, Onyeanusi JC, Ema AN. The anatomy of the cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius) in the helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata). Anat Histol Embryol 1993; 22:212-21. [PMID: 8238949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1993.tb00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius) in the guinea fowls appeared either as an oval blind sac with a short thick stalk in one group or had a pointed cranial blind end with a slightly bulging middle part that was followed by a thick caudal stalk in the other group. Both groups of bursae originated from the proctodeal wall of the cloaca and were placed dorsal to the rectum. The average length of the bursa was 18 mm while the average width at the mid section was 15 mm. The internal surface showed about 12-14 primary folds. Histologically, the outline of the bursa was well established by day 18 of incubation. The primary folds had also been formed. Lymphocytes had already been encountered within the framework of the bursa at this day. The epithelium bordering the tunica propria was composed principally of two layers of cuboidal cells. Epithelial buds had also formed and some were already detached from the epithelial lining. The blood vessels present were positioned just beneath the outer covering. At day 19 of incubation, most of the epithelial buds had two layers of cells arranged in a circumscribed manner while a few had three layers of cells. Blood vessels had increased in number and were deeper placed inside the bursa than previously. At day 20, the cells of the upper layer of the epithelium were dorsoventrally flattened and stained paler than the cells of the lower layer. It was possible to distinguish the cortex from the medulla and the basement lining between both zones was distinct. Tiny vesicles within the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells at the mucosa and follicles were observed. Macrophages were also observed within the gland. At day 21, blood vessels were observed in the cortex of the follicles. The maximum number of primary folds (14) had been formed. At day 22, several follicles had severed connections with the mucosal epithelium. The mucosal lining had dropped to a single layer of cells in some areas. Goblet cells were observed amongst the mucosal cells. A plasma cell had first appeared. By day 25, dead cells had increased quite in number and there was also an increase in number of medium and small-sized lymphocytes within the gland. By day 26, the upper layer of the surface epithelium was composed primarily of tall columnar cells with numerous large vacuoles. Macrophages had suddenly increased within the thin interfollicular spaces and most of them were crowded internally with various sizes of debris.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Onyeanusi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Lupetti M, Dolfi A, Giannessi F, Bianchi F, Michelucci S. Reappraisal of histogenesis in the bursal lymphoid follicle of the chicken. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1990; 187:287-302. [PMID: 1690947 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001870308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of the bursal follicle and the appearance of the follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cell and the reticuloepithelial (REp) cell were studied. The stages of development of the bursal follicle were observed by light and electron microscopy; an anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody was also used. At the beginning of follicle development, a mesenchymal cell cluster is observed in the tunica propria; the cluster becomes wedged in a niche of the surface epithelium, and gradually it is completely surrounded by the epithelium itself, which closes under the clump of mesenchymal cells. The epithelial cells lying upon the mesenchymal clump become necrotic, and a number of mesenchymal cells bulge out, forming the FAE cells. The epithelial cells that have closed under the mesenchymal nodule become stratified and form the REp cells; they become star-shaped because the medullary-lymphoid cells grow between them. Finally, the cortex is formed, possibly as a result of the migration of medullary cells before they peripheralize. It is concluded that FAE cells are not specialized epithelial cells, as they do not react to an anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody; on the contrary, they are formed by mesenchymal stemcells that bulge into the lumen and change their character after moving into the epithelium. The REp cells appear in the follicular primordium shortly after the bursal follicle begins to develop; the pronounced reactivity of the REp cells to an anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody supports the hypothesis of their epithelial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lupetti
- Histology and General Embryology, University of Pisa, Italy
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Scala G, Caputo G, Paino G, Pelagalli GV. The vascularization of the Bursa cloacalis (of Fabricius) in the duck. Anat Histol Embryol 1989; 18:66-75. [PMID: 2712336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1989.tb00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The morphological and structural features of the vascular component of the bursa of Fabricius in the duck are described. By means of an intravasal perfusion of suitably colored neoprene Latex or Microscopaque, or a perfusion of Indian ink, it was possible to follow visually the routes of arteries, veins and the microcirculation; this last represents a major characteristic of the bursal follicle in the duck. The microcirculation has its origins in several roots arising from the follicular arterioles, which in the region of the cortex constitute an open vascular layer. From these pre-capillary arterioles, adjacent to the limiting layer between cortex and medulla, a dense capillary network is formed. With the aid of an electron microscope the presence of a cortico-medullary barrier of an epithelio-reticular nature was revealed; close to it there are the terminal branches of the intrafollicular network. The barrier appears to be structurally more compact than that of the cortical capillaries of the mammalian thymus.
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Milićević Z, Vujić D, Isaković K, Mićić M, Milićević NM. Involution of bursa of fabricius in male and female chickens: a light microscopic histoquantitative study. Poult Sci 1986; 65:2318-23. [PMID: 3575221 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0652318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A histoquantitative study of the bursa of Fabricius in 3- and 6-month-old male Prelux Bro chickens (domestic selection) was made. All compartments of normal bursal tissue were examined. At 3 months of age, there were no significant differences in bursal weight and structure between males and females. The only difference observed was the higher volume density of follicular cortex and the lower proportion of follicular medulla in males compared to females. In 6-month-old male and female chickens, a different degree of bursal involution was observed. In the bursa of males, an advanced stage of involution was observed, whereas only the initial signs of bursal involution were found in females.
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Domingo M, Reinacher M, Burkhardt E, Weiss E. Monoclonal antibodies directed towards the two major cell populations in the bursa of Fabricius of the chicken. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1986; 11:305-17. [PMID: 3521065 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(86)90033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Two mouse monoclonal IgM antibodies, B.1 and B.2, have been produced using the mouse myeloma cell line Sp2/0-Ag 14 and spleen cells from mice immunized with chicken bursa cells. The binding of the monoclonal antibodies to cells in suspension or tissue sections was demonstrated by means of the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. B.1 recognizes 61% of the bursa cells, 10-14% of the cells of spleen and of the peripheral mononuclear blood leukocytes and 1% of the thymus cells. The B.1+ cells are regarded as B cells. Their location in tissue sections corresponds with the known B-dependent areas of lymphoid organs. Competitive binding and double marker experiments proved that the B.1 antigen is distinct from surface immunoglobulin (Ig). In the bursa all B.1+ cells are also Ig+, whereas in the thymus, spleen and blood only about 90% of the B.1+ cells show this conformity. B.2 mainly recognizes so called reticular epithelial and reticular cells of the bursa (36%), thymus (20%) and spleen (13%). The B.2+ cells represent the second major cell population of the bursa.
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Abstract
By use of horseradish peroxidase (Sigma Type II) as a vascular tracer the competence of the bursal microvasculature was evaluated in 15-day-old chicks. Within 5 min circulation time tracer could be identified only within the vascular tree with no leakage into the perivascular or extracellular spaces. After 10 min circulation time tracer was no longer present in the bursal vessels. Since no tracer was ever identified among the parenchymal elements of the organ these data suggest that a blood-organ (blood-bursa) barrier may exist similar to that found in thymus and brain.
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Romppanen T. Postembryonic development of the chicken bursa of Fabricius: a light microscopic histoquantitative study. Poult Sci 1982; 61:2261-70. [PMID: 7163108 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0612261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the bursa of Fabricius in the chicken was studied from day 4 to day 84 after hatching using light microscopic, morphometric methods. The proportion of lymphoid follicles of the total bursal tissue increased from 62% at day 4 to 86% at day 63 and thereafter decreased slightly until day 84. The corresponding values for bursal stroma and epithelium decreased from day 4 to day 84. The relative and absolute amounts of lymphoid tissue increased from enlargement of individual lymphoid follicles; their mean spatial diameter increased from 185 microns at day 4 to 720 microns at day 84. The number of areas of follicle-associated epithelium at the bursal mucosa, which in a mature bursa corresponds to the follicle number, remained relatively unchanged (range 7200 to 12000 per bursa). the follicular cortex grew more rapidly than did the follicular medulla, indicating different functions for each. The total surface area of the follicle-associated epithelium was .88 cm2 at day 4 increasing to 4.71 cm2 at day 63. This increase also in mainly due to increased size of the individual areas of follicle-associated epithelium (diameter increased from 71 to 168 microns). Histoquantitative findings are discussed in light of present knowledge about the function of the bursa as a central and peripheral lymphoid organ.
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Naukkarinen A, Sorvari TE. Morphological and histochemical characterization of the medullary cells in the bursal follicles of the chicken. ACTA PATHOLOGICA, MICROBIOLOGICA, ET IMMUNOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION C, IMMUNOLOGY 1982; 90:193-9. [PMID: 7136706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1982.tb01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Using light and electron-microscopy and enzyme-histochemical methods the cells in the follicular medulla of the chicken bursa of Fabricius were characterized. The following cell types were identified: lymphocytes of both B and T cell series, lymphoblasts, plasma cells, dendritic reticulum cells and histiocytic reticulum cells--the latter being the only cells phagocytosing the tracer substance used (colloidal carbon). The medullary cells observed showed electron-microscope and histochemical characteristics typical of the germinal center cells in mammalian lymphoreticular tissues. Furthermore, a distinct bursal follicular epithelial cell was identified, and so was a medullary epithelial structure resembling Hassall's corpuscle of the thymus. These findings give further support to the idea that the avian bursa has functions of a peripheral lymphoid organ as well as containing T-derived lymphocytes.
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Effect of infection of the bursa of Fabricius of day-old chickens with infectious laryngotracheitis virus on subsequent bursa development and antibody responses. Res Vet Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Romppanen T, Sorvari TE. Late effects of colchicine on the bursa of Fabricius after neonatal application on the anal lips of chickens. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION A, PATHOLOGY 1980; 88:407-13. [PMID: 7211386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1980.tb02513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
One week after the application of colchicine on the anal lips of chickens, the bursa of Fabricius was devoid of lymphoid cells and contained only a few epithelial buds, all of which were later repopulated with lymphoid cells to form mature lymphoid follicles. After the intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide, numerous epithelial buds were found in the bursa, and at the age of six weeks only a few of them were populated with lymphoid cells. On week 6, the bursal weights of the chickens treated with colchicine were only about 10% of the normal, and about 80% of the bursal weights of the cyclophosphamide-treated chickens. The colchicine treatment affected the morphology of the spleen less than the treatment with cyclophosphamide. It is concluded that this new model of chemical bursectomy differs distinctly from the cyclophosphamide model and therefore serves as a new tool in studying bursal function in chicken.
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Fisher CJ, Sawyer RH. The effect of triamcinolone on the development of the bursa of Fabricius in chick embryos. TERATOLOGY 1980; 22:7-12. [PMID: 7444802 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420220103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Triamcinolone acetonide (TAC), a long-acting synthetic glucocorticoid, markedly reduces survival rates in chick embryos when injected in small (10--100 ng) single-injection doses on days 5 or 9 of incubation. In addition to its embryotoxic effect, TAC causes such gross malformations as gastroschisis, reduced body weight, encephalocele, micrognathia, curled toes, and club feathers. These effects of TAC are more severe in 5-day-old chick embryos than in 9-day-old ones. A comparison with cortisol (hydrocortisone), a structurally similar, naturally occurring steroid, indicates that TAC is approximately 600 times more toxic in chick embryos than cortisol. TAC also inhibits differentiation of the bursa of Fabricius: single injections on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 10--20 ng on day 5 or 9 reduced size and weight of this lymphoid organ. Histological examination showed a sharp reduction in the size and number of bursal follicles, a reduction in the number of lymphocytes within these follicles, and a degeneration of the epithelium covering bursal plicae.
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Glick B. The immune response in the chicken: lymphoid development of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus and an immune response role for the gland of Harder. Poult Sci 1978; 57:1441-4. [PMID: 364456 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0571441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Terao K, Kera K, Yazima T. The effects of trichothecene toxins on the Bursa of Fabricius in day-old chicks. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1978; 27:359-70. [PMID: 98906 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of T-2 toxin, Fusarenon X (FX), and Nivalenol (NV) on the bursa of Fabricius in the day-old chick were examined. After injections of 5 mg/kg of the mycotoxins into the residual yolk sac, cellular injury was limited at first to the smaller epithelial cells with coarse microvilli, which were located in the central portion of the follicle-associated epithelium. Subsequently necrosis spread out to the periphery. Degeneration and necrosis followed in the lymphoid cells in the lymphoid follicles. The other epithelial components in the follicle were relatively resistant to the mycotoxins. Both FX and NV were less potent than T-2 toxin, although the effects on the bursa of Fabricius were essentially the same. These findings suggest that the follicle-associated epithelium is clearly distinguished from other epithelial components in the bursa of Fabricius in day-old chicks.
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Glick B. The bursa of Fabricius and immunoglobulin synthesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1977; 48:345-402. [PMID: 320134 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Edwards JL, Murphy RC, Cho Y. On the development of the lymphoid follicles of the bursa of Fabricius. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1975; 181:735-53. [PMID: 1119704 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091810406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The structural features of the development of the bursa of Fabricius in white Leghorn chick embryos are depicted at carefully timed intervals during embryogenesis, with emphasis on the sequence of events between the ninth and twelfth days of incubation. The direction and character of the migration of lymphoid cell precursors and granulocytes from the intravascular space to intraepithelial sites, where the formation of the primitive lymphoepithelial nodule takes place, is demonstrated. The mechanism of the mode of migration of these cells through the stromal epithelial interface is described and illustrated with electron micrographs and their role in the development of the primitive lymphoid follicles is described and discussed.
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Bockman DE, Cooper MD. Pinocytosis by epithelium associated with lymphoid follicles in the bursa of Fabricius, appendix, and Peyer's patches. An electron microscopic study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1973; 136:455-77. [PMID: 4692973 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001360406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Leene W, Duyzings MJ, van Steeg C. Lymphoid stem cell identification in the developing thymus and bursa of Fabricius of the chick. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 136:521-33. [PMID: 4734410 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hemmingsson EJ, Alm GV. Migration of haemopoietic cells from the yolk sac to the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius in the chick embryo. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION A, PATHOLOGY 1973; 81:79-84. [PMID: 4734622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1973.tb00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Otto HF. The interepithelial lymphocytes of the intestinum. Morphological observations and immunologic aspects of intestinal enteropathy. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1973; 57:81-121. [PMID: 4697742 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65465-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Doughri AM, Altera KP, Kainer RA. Some developmental aspects of the bovine fetal gut. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1972; 19:417-34. [PMID: 4626380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1972.tb00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Postembryonale Entwicklung und Involution der Bursa Fabricii beim Haushuhn (Gallus domesticus). Cell Tissue Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00355039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Weston JC, Ackerman GA, Greider MH, Nikolewski RF. Nuclear membrane contributions to the Golgi complex. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 123:153-60. [PMID: 5007497 DOI: 10.1007/bf02583469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Stefoni S, Grossi CE, Manzoli FA, Manzoli-Guidotti L. Investigations on the developing chicken bursa of fabricius. Poult Sci 1971; 50:1701-5. [PMID: 5158614 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0501701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Leene W. Origin and fate of lymphoid cells in the developing palatine tonsil of the rabbit. A possible mechanism of homing of lymphoid cells. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 116:502-22. [PMID: 5103855 DOI: 10.1007/bf00335055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Faulk WP, McCormick JN, Goodman JR, Yoffey JM, Fudenberg HH. Peyer's patches: morphologic studies. Cell Immunol 1970; 1:500-20. [PMID: 4108696 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(70)90038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ackerman GA, Hostetler JR. Morphological studies of the embryonic rabbit thymus: the in situ epithelial versus the extrathymic derivation of the initial population of lymphocytes in the embryonic thymus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1970; 166:27-45. [PMID: 4905597 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091660103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Harrison BH, Patt CI, Albright JT. The epithelial origin of lymphocytes in the palatine tonsil of rabbits. Tissue Cell 1970; 2:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(70)80005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/1969] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carr I. The fine structure of the mammalian lymphoreticular system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1970; 27:283-348. [PMID: 4190450 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Glick B. Physiological response and stress. 3. The immunobiological control of the immune response of the fowl. Poult Sci 1969; 48:17-22. [PMID: 5389831 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0480017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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van Haelst U. Light and electron microscopic study of the normal and pathological thymus of the rat. I. The normal thymus. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1967; 77:534-53. [PMID: 5596652 DOI: 10.1007/bf00319347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Weakley BS. Electron microscopy of the oocyte and granulosa cells in the developing ovarian follicles of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). J Anat 1966; 100:503-34. [PMID: 6007460 PMCID: PMC1270794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Elektronenmikroskopische Autoradiographie mit H3-Thymidin an der Thymusrinde der Maus. Cell Tissue Res 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00341537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Swartzendruber DC, Hanna MG. Electron microscopic autoradiography of germinal center cells in mouse spleen. J Cell Biol 1965; 25:Suppl:109-19. [PMID: 5840793 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.25.3.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The fine structure of tritiated thymidine-labeled cells in antigen-stimulated mouse spleen germinal centers is described. In studies on the ultrastructural level, two labeled cell types found in germinal centers are observed. Large lymphocytes are characterized by their very numerous free ribosomes, a paucity of endoplasmic reticulum, relatively few mitochondria, and a poorly developed Golgi region. The nuclei are large and vesicular, and large nucleoli are present. A second labeled cell type appears to contain more mitochondria and has a higher development of the Golgi area. The nucleus contains large, numerous blocks of chromatin, indicative of a more differentiated cell type. Reticular cells, both phagocytic and non-phagocytic, were not observed to be labeled in the germinal centers.
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WOLFE DE. The Epiphyseal Cell: an Electron-microscopic Study of its Intercellular Relationships and Intracellular Morphology in the Pineal Body of the Albino Rat. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1965; 10:332-86. [PMID: 14281612 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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