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Soprano LL, Ferrero MR, Jacobs T, Couto AS, Duschak VG. Hallmarks of the relationship between host and Trypanosoma cruzi sulfated glycoconjugates along the course of Chagas disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1028496. [PMID: 37256110 PMCID: PMC10225527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1028496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease (ChD), a major problem that is still endemic in large areas of Latin America, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. This agent holds a major antigen, cruzipain (Cz). Its C-terminal domain (C-T) is retained in the glycoprotein mature form and bears several post-translational modifications. Glycoproteins containing sulfated N-linked oligosaccharides have been mostly implicated in numerous specific procedures of molecular recognition. The presence of sulfated oligosaccharides was demonstrated in Cz, also in a minor abundant antigen with serine-carboxypeptidase (SCP) activity, as well as in parasite sulfatides. Sulfate-bearing glycoproteins in Trypanosomatids are targets of specific immune responses. T. cruzi chronically infected subjects mount specific humoral immune responses to sulfated Cz. Unexpectedly, in the absence of infection, mice immunized with C-T, but not with sulfate-depleted C-T, showed ultrastructural heart anomalous pathological effects. Moreover, the synthetic anionic sugar conjugate GlcNAc6SO3-BSA showed to mimic the N-glycan-linked sulfated epitope (sulfotope) humoral responses that natural Cz elicits. Furthermore, it has been reported that sulfotopes participate via the binding of sialic acid Ig-like-specific lectins (Siglecs) to sulfosialylated glycoproteins in the immunomodulation by host-parasite interaction as well as in the parasite infection process. Strikingly, recent evidence involved Cz-sulfotope-specific antibodies in the immunopathogenesis and infection processes during the experimental ChD. Remarkably, sera from chronically T. cruzi-infected individuals with mild disease displayed higher levels of IgG2 antibodies specific for sulfated glycoproteins and sulfatides than those with more severe forms of the disease, evidencing that T. cruzi sulfotopes are antigenic independently of the sulfated glycoconjugate type. Ongoing assays indicate that antibodies specific for sulfotopes might be considered biomarkers of human cardiac ChD progression, playing a role as predictors of stability from the early mild stages of chronic ChD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L. Soprano
- Area of Protein Biochemistry and Parasite Glycobiology, Research Department National Institute of Parasitology (INP)”Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, National Administration of Health Institutes (ANLIS)-Malbrán, National Health Department, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano R. Ferrero
- Max-Planck Heart and Lung Laboratory, Research Institute in Biomedicine in Buenos Aires (IBioBA), Argentine-Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Immunology Department, Bernhard Notch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia S. Couto
- Faculty in Exact and Natural Sciences (FCEN), Chemical Organic Department-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Center of CarboHydrates (CHIHIDECAR), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vilma G. Duschak
- Area of Protein Biochemistry and Parasite Glycobiology, Research Department National Institute of Parasitology (INP)”Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, National Administration of Health Institutes (ANLIS)-Malbrán, National Health Department, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rivara-Espasandín M, Palumbo MC, Sosa EJ, Radío S, Turjanski AG, Sotelo-Silveira J, Fernandez Do Porto D, Smircich P. Omics data integration facilitates target selection for new antiparasitic drugs against TriTryp infections. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1136321. [PMID: 37089958 PMCID: PMC10115950 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1136321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction:Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Leishmania spp., commonly referred to as TriTryps, are a group of protozoan parasites that cause important human diseases affecting millions of people belonging to the most vulnerable populations worldwide. Current treatments have limited efficiencies and can cause serious side effects, so there is an urgent need to develop new control strategies. Presently, the identification and prioritization of appropriate targets can be aided by integrative genomic and computational approaches.Methods: In this work, we conducted a genome-wide multidimensional data integration strategy to prioritize drug targets. We included genomic, transcriptomic, metabolic, and protein structural data sources, to delineate candidate proteins with relevant features for target selection in drug development.Results and Discussion: Our final ranked list includes proteins shared by TriTryps and covers a range of biological functions including essential proteins for parasite survival or growth, oxidative stress-related enzymes, virulence factors, and proteins that are exclusive to these parasites. Our strategy found previously described candidates, which validates our approach as well as new proteins that can be attractive targets to consider during the initial steps of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rivara-Espasandín
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Miranda Clara Palumbo
- Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel J. Sosa
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Radío
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adrián G. Turjanski
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Sotelo-Silveira
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dario Fernandez Do Porto
- Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Dario Fernandez Do Porto, ; Pablo Smircich,
| | - Pablo Smircich
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Dario Fernandez Do Porto, ; Pablo Smircich,
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Barbosa GR, Marana SR, Stolf BS. Characterization of Leishmania ( L.) amazonensis oligopeptidase B and its role in macrophage infection. Parasitology 2022; 149:1411-1418. [PMID: 35703092 PMCID: PMC11010554 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are parasitic protozoa that cause leishmaniasis, a disease endemic in 98 countries. Leishmania promastigotes are transmitted by the vector and differentiate into amastigotes within phagocytic cells of the vertebrate host. To survive in multiple and hostile environments, the parasite has several virulence factors. Oligopeptidase B (OPB) is a serine peptidase present in prokaryotes, some eukaryotes and some higher plants. It has been considered a virulence factor in trypanosomatids, but only a few studies, performed with Old World species, analysed its role in Leishmania virulence or infectivity.L. (L.) amazonensis is an important agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. The L. (L.) amazonensis OPB encoding gene has been sequenced and analysed in silico but has never been expressed. In this work, we produced recombinant L. (L.) amazonensis OPB and showed that its pH preferences, Km and inhibition patterns are similar to those reported for L. (L.) major and L. (L.) donovani OPBs. Since Leishmania is known to secrete OPB, we performed in vitro infection assays using the recombinant enzyme. Our results showed that active OPB increased in vitro infection by L. (L.) amazonensis when present before and throughout infection. Our findings suggest that OPB is relevant to L. (L.) amazonensis infection, and that potential drugs acting through OPB will probably be effective for Old and New World Leishmania species. OPB inhibitors may eventually be explored for leishmaniasis chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Rolim Barbosa
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Roberto Marana
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Simonsen Stolf
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bhutia WD, Gupta S, Rani R, Batra K, Sethi K, Kumar S, Kumar R. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of kinase and protease inhibitors against Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:473-485. [PMID: 35751782 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a causative agent of chronic wasting and fatal disease of livestock and wild animals known as surra. In this study, repurposing approach based on drug target was used to investigate the efficacy of kinase inhibitors (Barasertib-HQPA, BAR and Palbociclib isethionate, PAL) and protease inhibitors (Z-pro-prolinal, Z-PRO and Leupeptin hemisulphate, LEU) against T. evansi in HMI-9 medium. BAR, PAL and Z-PRO exhibited IC50 values of 13.52 µM, 0.6375 µM and 63.20 µM against T. evansi in terms of growth inhibition, in the contrary, LEU failed to exhibit a significant growth inhibition at any time interval. Furthermore, oligopeptidase B and aurora kinase genes of T. evansi were targeted to determine the effect of these drugs on quantitative mRNA expression, which showed significant (p < 0.01) up-regulation of both genes in the BAR and PAL-exposed population at 12 h of exposure, whereas, Z-PRO showed only significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of aurora kinase gene at 12 h interval. In cytotoxicity assay, BAR exhibited 52% and 41% cytotoxicity at 50 μM concentration (about five folds the IC50 value) on equine PBMC's and Vero cell line, respectively. Similarly, the cytotoxicity of 25% and 24% were recorded at 10 μM concentration (about ten folds to the IC50 value) of PAL in equine PBMC's and Vero cell line, respectively. Of these, BAR and PAL, which were found effective under in vitro trials, raised the longevity of mice at higher doses during in vivo trials. Data generated showed that kinase inhibitors have higher potential to explore therapeutic molecules against surra organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangchuk Dorjee Bhutia
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Ruma Rani
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Khushboo Sethi
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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Rodríguez-Bejarano OH, Avendaño C, Patarroyo MA. Mechanisms Associated with Trypanosoma cruzi Host Target Cell Adhesion, Recognition and Internalization. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:534. [PMID: 34207491 PMCID: PMC8227291 DOI: 10.3390/life11060534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is mainly transmitted by hematophagous insect bites. The parasite's lifecycle has an obligate intracellular phase (amastigotes), while metacyclic and bloodstream-trypomastigotes are its infective forms. Mammalian host cell recognition of the parasite involves the interaction of numerous parasite and host cell plasma membrane molecules and domains (known as lipid rafts), thereby ensuring internalization by activating endocytosis mechanisms triggered by various signaling cascades in both host cells and the parasite. This increases cytoplasmatic Ca2+ and cAMP levels; cytoskeleton remodeling and endosome and lysosome intracellular system association are triggered, leading to parasitophorous vacuole formation. Its membrane becomes modified by containing the parasite's infectious form within it. Once it has become internalized, the parasite seeks parasitophorous vacuole lysis for continuing its intracellular lifecycle, fragmenting such a vacuole's membrane. This review covers the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in T. cruzi adhesion to, recognition of and internalization in host target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernán Rodríguez-Bejarano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
| | - Catalina Avendaño
- Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Main Campus, Universidad Santo Tomás, Carrera 9#51-11, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
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Ferri G, Edreira MM. All Roads Lead to Cytosol: Trypanosoma cruzi Multi-Strategic Approach to Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:634793. [PMID: 33747982 PMCID: PMC7973469 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.634793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T. cruzi has a complex life cycle involving four developmental stages namely, epimastigotes, metacyclic trypomastigotes, amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes. Although trypomastigotes are the infective forms, extracellular amastigotes have also shown the ability to invade host cells. Both stages can invade a broad spectrum of host tissues, in fact, almost any nucleated cell can be the target of infection. To add complexity, the parasite presents high genetic variability with differential characteristics such as infectivity. In this review, we address the several strategies T. cruzi has developed to subvert the host cell signaling machinery in order to gain access to the host cell cytoplasm. Special attention is made to the numerous parasite/host protein interactions and to the set of signaling cascades activated during the formation of a parasite-containing vesicle, the parasitophorous vacuole, from which the parasite escapes to the cytosol, where differentiation and replication take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ferri
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin M Edreira
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Trypanosoma, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Barzkar N, Khan Z, Tamadoni Jahromi S, Pourmozaffar S, Gozari M, Nahavandi R. A critical review on marine serine protease and its inhibitors: A new wave of drugs? Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 170:674-687. [PMID: 33387547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms are rich sources of enzymes and their inhibitors having enormous therapeutic potential. Among different proteolytic enzymes, serine proteases, which can be obtained from various marine organisms show a potential to biomedical application as thrombolytic agents. Although this type of proteases plays a crucial role in almost all biological processes, their uncontrolled activity often leads to several diseases. Accordingly, the actions of these types of proteases are regulated by serine protease inhibitors (SPIs). Marine SPIs control complement activation and various other physiological functions, such as inflammation, immune function, fibrinolysis, blood clotting, and cancer metastasis. This review highlights the potential use of serine proteases and their inhibitors as the new wave of promising drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Barzkar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Zahoor Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saeid Tamadoni Jahromi
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar 'Abbas, Iran
| | - Sajjad Pourmozaffar
- Persian Gulf Mollusks Research Station, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Bandar-e-Lengeh, Iran
| | - Mohsen Gozari
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar 'Abbas, Iran
| | - Reza Nahavandi
- Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Torrecilhas AC, Soares RP, Schenkman S, Fernández-Prada C, Olivier M. Extracellular Vesicles in Trypanosomatids: Host Cell Communication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:602502. [PMID: 33381465 PMCID: PMC7767885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.602502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania (Trypanosomatidae: Kinetoplastida) are parasitic protozoan causing Chagas disease, African Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniases worldwide. They are vector borne diseases transmitted by triatomine bugs, Tsetse fly, and sand flies, respectively. Those diseases cause enormous economic losses and morbidity affecting not only rural and poverty areas but are also spreading to urban areas. During the parasite-host interaction, those organisms release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are crucial for the immunomodulatory events triggered by the parasites. EVs are involved in cell-cell communication and can act as important pro-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, interface between EVs and host immune responses are crucial for the immunopathological events that those diseases exhibit. Additionally, EVs from these organisms have a role in the invertebrate hosts digestive tracts prior to parasite transmission. This review summarizes the available data on how EVs from those medically important trypanosomatids affect their interaction with vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Update on relevant trypanosome peptidases: Validated targets and future challenges. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140577. [PMID: 33271348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of the American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the agents of Sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis, HAT), as well as Trypanosoma brucei brucei, the agent of the cattle disease nagana, contain cysteine, serine, threonine, aspartyl and metallo peptidases. The most abundant among these enzymes are the cysteine proteases from the Clan CA, the Cathepsin L-like cruzipain and rhodesain, and the Cathepsin B-like enzymes, which have essential roles in the parasites and thus are potential targets for chemotherapy. In addition, several other proteases, present in one or both parasites, have been characterized, and some of them are also promising candidates for the developing of new drugs. Recently, new inhibitors, with good selectivity for the parasite proteasomes, have been described and are very promising as lead compounds for the development of new therapies for these neglected diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Play and interplay of proteases in health and disease".
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Pérez‐López E, Hossain MM, Tu J, Waldner M, Todd CD, Kusalik AJ, Wei Y, Bonham‐Smith PC. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Plasmodiophora brassicae Secondary Infection Effector Candidates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:337-351. [PMID: 31925980 PMCID: PMC7317818 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae (Wor.) is an obligate intracellular plant pathogen affecting Brassicas worldwide. Identification of effector proteins is key to understanding the interaction between P. brassicae and its susceptible host plants. To date, there is very little information available on putative effector proteins secreted by P. brassicae during a secondary infection of susceptible host plants, resulting in root gall production. A bioinformatics pipeline approach to RNA-Seq data from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. root tissues at 17, 20, and 24 d postinoculation (dpi) identified 32 small secreted P. brassicae proteins (SSPbPs) that were highly expressed over this secondary infection time frame. Functional signal peptides were confirmed for 31 of the SSPbPs, supporting the accuracy of the pipeline designed to identify secreted proteins. Expression profiles at 0, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 dpi verified the involvement of some of the SSPbPs in secondary infection. For seven of the SSPbPs, a functional domain was identified using Blast2GO and 3D structure analysis and domain functionality was confirmed for SSPbP22, a kinase localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Pérez‐López
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5E2Canada
| | | | - Jiangying Tu
- Agriculture and Agri‐food CanadaSaskatoon Research CentreSaskatoonSKS7N 0X2Canada
| | - Matthew Waldner
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5C9Canada
| | | | - Anthony J. Kusalik
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5C9Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5E2Canada
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Motta FN, Azevedo CDS, Neves BP, Araújo CND, Grellier P, Santana JMD, Bastos IMD. Oligopeptidase B, a missing enzyme in mammals and a potential drug target for trypanosomatid diseases. Biochimie 2019; 167:207-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Petrenko DE, Mikhailova AG, Timofeev VI, Agapova YК, Karlinsky DM, Komolov AS, Korzhenevskiy DA, Vlaskina AV, Rumsh LD, Rakitina TV. Molecular dynamics complemented by site-directed mutagenesis reveals significant difference between the interdomain salt bridge networks stabilizing oligopeptidases B from bacteria and protozoa in their active conformations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4868-4882. [PMID: 31724904 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1692694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptidases B (OpdBs) are trypsin-like peptidases from protozoa and bacteria that belong to the prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) family. All POPs consist of C-terminal catalytic domain and N-terminal β-propeller domain and exist in two major conformations: closed (active), where the domains and residues of the catalytic triad are positioned close to each other, and open (non-active), where two domains and residues of the catalytic triad are separated. The interdomain interface, particularly, one of its salt bridges (SB1), plays a role in the transition between these two conformations. However, due to double amino acid substitution (E/R and R/Q), this functionally important SB1 is absent in γ-proteobacterial OpdBs including peptidase from Serratia proteamaculans (PSP). In this study, molecular dynamics was used to analyze inter- and intradomain interactions stabilizing PSP in the closed conformation, in which catalytic H652 is located close to other residues of the catalytic triad. The 3D models of either wild-type PSP or of mutant PSPs carrying activating mutations E125A and D649A in complexes with peptide-substrates were subjected to the analysis. The mechanism that regulates transition of H652 from active to non-active conformation upon domain separation in PSP and other γ-proteobacterial OpdB was proposed. The complex network of polar interactions within H652-loop/C-terminal α-helix and between these areas and β-propeller domain, established in silico, was in a good agreement with both previously published results on the effects of single-residue mutations and new data on the effects of the activating mutations on each other and on the low active mutant PSP-K655A.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry E Petrenko
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna G Mikhailova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Timofeev
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia К Agapova
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - David M Karlinsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr S Komolov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | | | - Anna V Vlaskina
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lev D Rumsh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Rakitina
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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13
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A systematic review of the Trypanosoma cruzi genetic heterogeneity, host immune response and genetic factors as plausible drivers of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Parasitology 2018; 146:269-283. [PMID: 30210012 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a complex tropical pathology caused by the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma cruzi. This parasite displays massive genetic diversity and has been classified by international consensus in at least six Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) that are broadly distributed in the American continent. The main clinical manifestation of the disease is the chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) that is lethal in the infected individuals. However, one intriguing feature is that only 30-40% of the infected individuals will develop CCC. Some authors have suggested that the immune response, host genetic factors, virulence factors and even the massive genetic heterogeneity of T. cruzi are responsible of this clinical pattern. To date, no conclusive data support the reason why a few percentages of the infected individuals will develop CCC. Therefore, we decided to conduct a systematic review analysing the host genetic factors, immune response, cytokine production, virulence factors and the plausible association of the parasite DTUs and CCC. The epidemiological and clinical implications are herein discussed.
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Ovchinnikova MV, Mikhailova AG, Karlinsky DM, Gorlenko VA, Rumsh LD. Reversible Cyclic Thermal Inactivation of Oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:65-70. [PMID: 30116617 PMCID: PMC6087823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique property was found for oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans (PSP) as well as its mutants: they can undergo reversible thermal inactivation at 37°C, with activity being restored or even increased with respect to the initial one upon subsequent cooling. The process can be repeated several times, with the same results achieved (up to 5 cycles). This effect can be explained by a shift in the equilibrium between the inactive open form of the enzyme and the active closed one upon variation of the incubation temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia ,Moscow State Pedagogical University, M. Pirogovskaya Str. 1, bldg. 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A. G. Mikhailova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - D. M. Karlinsky
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - V. A. Gorlenko
- Moscow State Pedagogical University, M. Pirogovskaya Str. 1, bldg. 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - L. D. Rumsh
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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15
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Soprano LL, Parente JE, Landoni M, Couto AS, Duschak VG. Trypanosoma cruzi serinecarboxipeptidase is a sulfated glycoprotein and a minor antigen in human Chagas disease infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 207:117-128. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Mikhailova AG, Rakitina TV, Timofeev VI, Karlinsky DM, Korzhenevskiy DA, Agapova YК, Vlaskina AV, Ovchinnikova MV, Gorlenko VA, Rumsh LD. Activity modulation of the oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans by site-directed mutagenesis of amino acid residues surrounding catalytic triad histidine. Biochimie 2017; 139:125-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Mikhailova AG, Nekrasov AN, Zinchenko AA, Rakitina TV, Korzhenevsky DA, Lipkin AV, Razguljaeva OA, Ovchinnikova MV, Gorlenko VA, Rumsh LD. Truncated Variants of Serratia proteamaculans Oligopeptidase B Having Different Activities. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1331-43. [PMID: 26567578 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of native psychrophilic oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans (PSP, 78 kDa) with chymotrypsin (soluble or immobilized on modified porous glass MPG-PA) in the presence of 50% glycerol leads to production of a truncated enzyme form (PSP-Chtr, ~66 kDa), which retains activity toward the low molecular weight substrate of PSP, BAPNA, but in contrast to PSP, is active toward the protein substrate azocasein. It has been shown by MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry that PSP-Chtr lacks the N-terminal region of the molecule that envelops the catalytic domain of PSP and supposedly prevents hydrolysis of high molecular weight substrates. It has also been established that the lacking fragment corresponds to the N-terminal highest rank element of the informational structure of PSP. This finding confirms the usefulness of the method of informational structure analysis for protein engineering of enzymes. A similar treatment of PSP with immobilized trypsin also led to production of a stable truncated enzyme form (PSP-Tr, ~75 kDa) which lacked 22 C-terminal amino acid residues and completely lost enzymatic activity, presumably because of changes in the nearest environment of His652 of the catalytic triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Mikhailova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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18
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de Araújo CAC, Mayer C, Waniek PJ, Azambuja P, Jansen AM. Differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi I (TcI) and T. cruzi II (TcII) genotypes using genes encoding serine carboxypeptidases. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4211-4219. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Bastos IMD, Motta FN, Grellier P, Santana JM. Parasite prolyl oligopeptidases and the challenge of designing chemotherapeuticals for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:3103-15. [PMID: 23514419 PMCID: PMC3778648 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320250006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The trypanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma brucei spp. cause Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis, respectively. It is estimated that over 10 million people worldwide suffer from these neglected diseases, posing enormous social and economic problems in endemic areas. There are no vaccines to prevent these infections and chemotherapies are not adequate. This picture indicates that new chemotherapeutic agents must be developed to treat these illnesses. For this purpose, understanding the biology of the pathogenic trypanosomatid-host cell interface is fundamental for molecular and functional characterization of virulence factors that may be used as targets for the development of inhibitors to be used for effective chemotherapy. In this context, it is well known that proteases have crucial functions for both metabolism and infectivity of pathogens and are thus potential drug targets. In this regard, prolyl oligopeptidase and oligopeptidase B, both members of the S9 serine protease family, have been shown to play important roles in the interactions of pathogenic protozoa with their mammalian hosts and may thus be considered targets for drug design. This review aims to discuss structural and functional properties of these intriguing enzymes and their potential as targets for the development of drugs against Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M D Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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20
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Mikhailova AG, Khairullin RF, Demidyuk IV, Kostrov SV, Grinberg NV, Burova TV, Grinberg VY, Rumsh LD. Cloning, sequencing, expression, and characterization of thermostability of oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans, a novel psychrophilic protease. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 93:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Clark KB. Biotic activity of Ca(2+)-modulating non-traditional antimicrobial and -viral agents. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:381. [PMID: 24376441 PMCID: PMC3859912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Clark
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Walker DM, Oghumu S, Gupta G, McGwire BS, Drew ME, Satoskar AR. Mechanisms of cellular invasion by intracellular parasites. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1245-63. [PMID: 24221133 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous disease-causing parasites must invade host cells in order to prosper. Collectively, such pathogens are responsible for a staggering amount of human sickness and death throughout the world. Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, and malaria are neglected diseases and therefore are linked to socio-economical and geographical factors, affecting well-over half the world's population. Such obligate intracellular parasites have co-evolved with humans to establish a complexity of specific molecular parasite-host cell interactions, forming the basis of the parasite's cellular tropism. They make use of such interactions to invade host cells as a means to migrate through various tissues, to evade the host immune system, and to undergo intracellular replication. These cellular migration and invasion events are absolutely essential for the completion of the lifecycles of these parasites and lead to their for disease pathogenesis. This review is an overview of the molecular mechanisms of protozoan parasite invasion of host cells and discussion of therapeutic strategies, which could be developed by targeting these invasion pathways. Specifically, we focus on four species of protozoan parasites Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma, which are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Walker
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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23
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Canning P, Rea D, Morty RE, Fülöp V. Crystal structures of Trypanosoma brucei oligopeptidase B broaden the paradigm of catalytic regulation in prolyl oligopeptidase family enzymes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79349. [PMID: 24265767 PMCID: PMC3827171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B cleaves after basic amino acids in peptides up to 30 residues. As a virulence factor in bacteria and trypanosomatid pathogens that is absent in higher eukaryotes, this is a promising drug target. Here we present ligand-free open state and inhibitor-bound closed state crystal structures of oligopeptidase B from Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. These (and related) structures show the importance of structural dynamics, governed by a fine enthalpic and entropic balance, in substrate size selectivity and catalysis. Peptides over 30 residues cannot fit the enzyme cavity, preventing the complete domain closure required for a key propeller Asp/Glu to fix the catalytic His and Arg in the catalytically competent conformation. This size exclusion mechanism protects larger peptides and proteins from degradation. Similar bacterial prolyl endopeptidase and archael acylaminoacyl peptidase structures demonstrate this mechanism is conserved among oligopeptidase family enzymes across all three domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Canning
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Rea
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Vilmos Fülöp
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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24
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de Almeida Nogueira NP, Morgado-Díaz JA, Menna-Barreto RFS, Paes MC, da Silva-López RE. Effects of a marine serine protease inhibitor on viability and morphology of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2013; 128:27-35. [PMID: 23770204 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that serine peptidase activities of Trypanosoma cruzi play crucial roles in parasite dissemination and host cell invasion and therefore their inhibition could affect the progress of Chagas disease. The present study investigates the interference of the Stichodactyla helianthus Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (ShPI-I), a 55-amino acid peptide, in T. cruzi serine peptidase activities, parasite viability, and parasite morphology. The effect of this peptide was also studied in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and it was proved to be a powerful inhibitor of serine proteases activities and the parasite viability. The ultrastructural alterations caused by ShPI-I included vesiculation of the flagellar pocket membrane and the appearance of a cytoplasmic vesicle that resembles an autophagic vacuole. ShPI-I, which showed itself to be an important T. cruzi serine peptidase inhibitor, reduced the parasite viability, in a dose and time dependent manner. The maximum effect of peptide on T. cruzi viability was observed when ShPI-I at 1×10(-5)M was incubated for 24 and 48h which killed completely both metacyclic trypomastigote and epimastigote forms. At 1×10(-6)M ShPI-I, in the same periods of time, reduced parasite viability about 91-95% respectively. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated the formation of concentric membranar structures especially in the cytosol, involving organelles and small vesicles. Profiles of endoplasmic reticulum were also detected, surrounding cytosolic vesicles that resembled autophagic vacuoles. These results suggest that serine peptidases are important in T. cruzi physiology since the inhibition of their activity killed parasites in vitro as well as inducing important morphological alterations. Protease inhibitors thus appear to have a potential role as anti-trypanosomatidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Pereira de Almeida Nogueira
- Laboratório de Interação de Tripanosomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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25
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Fukumoto J, Ismail NIM, Kubo M, Kinoshita K, Inoue M, Yuasa K, Nishimoto M, Matsuki H, Tsuji A. Possible role of inter-domain salt bridges in oligopeptidase B from Trypanosoma brucei: critical role of Glu172 of non-catalytic -propeller domain in catalytic activity and Glu490 of catalytic domain in stability of OPB. J Biochem 2013; 154:465-73. [PMID: 23946505 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junki Fukumoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan; Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalam Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak D.R., Malaysia; and Department of Parasitology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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26
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Bossard G, Cuny G, Geiger A. Secreted proteases of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: possible targets for sleeping sickness control? Biofactors 2013; 39:407-14. [PMID: 23553721 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by trypanosomes of the species Trypanosoma brucei and belongs to the neglected tropical diseases. Presently, WHO has listed 36 countries as being endemic for sleeping sickness. No vaccine is available, and disease treatment is difficult and has life-threatening side effects. Therefore, there is a crucial need to search for new therapeutic targets against the parasite. Trypanosome excreted-secreted proteins could be promising targets, as the total secretome was shown to inhibit, in vitro, host dendritic cell maturation and their ability to induce lymphocytic allogenic responses. The secretome was found surprisingly rich in various proteins and unexpectedly rich in diverse peptidases, covering more than ten peptidase families or subfamilies. Given their abundance, one may speculate that they would play a genuine role not only in classical "housekeeping" tasks but also in pathogenesis. The paper reviews the deleterious role of proteases from trypanosomes, owing to their capacity to degrade host circulating or structural proteins, as well as proteic hormones, causing severe damage and preventing host immune response. In addition, proteases account for a number of drug targets, such drugs being used to treat severe diseases such AIDS. This review underlines the importance of secreted proteins and especially of secreted proteases as potential targets in HAT-fighting strategies. It points out the need to conduct further investigations on the specific role of each of these various proteases in order to identify those playing a central role in sleeping sickness and would be suitable for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Bossard
- UMR 177, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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27
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Abrahão RQ, Franciosi AC, Andrade D, Juliano L, Juliano MA, Giorgi R, Dale CS. Oligopeptidases B from Trypanossoma cruzi and Trypanossoma brucei Inhibit Inflammatory Pain in Mice by Targeting Serotoninergic Receptors. Inflammation 2013; 36:705-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Virulence factors of Trypanosoma cruzi: who is who? Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1390-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Maeda FY, Cortez C, Yoshida N. Cell signaling during Trypanosoma cruzi invasion. Front Immunol 2012; 3:361. [PMID: 23230440 PMCID: PMC3515895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling is an essential requirement for mammalian cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Depending on the parasite strain and the parasite developmental form, distinct signaling pathways may be induced. In this short review, we focus on the data coming from studies with metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) generated in vitro and tissue culture-derived trypomastigotes (TCT), used as counterparts of insect-borne and bloodstream parasites, respectively. During invasion of host cells by MT or TCT, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and host cell lysosomal exocytosis are triggered. Invasion mediated by MT surface molecule gp82 requires the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase C (PKC) in the host cell, associated with Ca2+-dependent disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. In MT, protein tyrosine kinase, PI3K, phospholipase C, and PKC appear to be activated. TCT invasion, on the other hand, does not rely on mTOR activation, rather on target cell PI3K, and may involve the host cell autophagy for parasite internalization. Enzymes, such as oligopeptidase B and the major T. cruzi cysteine proteinase cruzipain, have been shown to generate molecules that induce target cell Ca2+ signal. In addition, TCT may trigger host cell responses mediated by transforming growth factor β receptor or integrin family member. Further investigations are needed for a more complete and detailed picture of T. cruzi invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Y Maeda
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Trypanosoma cruzi heparin-binding proteins present a flagellar membrane localization and serine proteinase activity. Parasitology 2012; 140:171-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYHeparin-binding proteins (HBPs) play a key role in Trypanosoma cruzi-host cell interactions. HBPs recognize heparan sulfate (HS) at the host cell surface and are able to induce the cytoadherence and invasion of this parasite. Herein, we analysed the biochemical properties of the HBPs and also evaluated the expression and subcellular localization of HBPs in T. cruzi trypomastigotes. A flow cytometry analysis revealed that HBPs are highly expressed at the surface of trypomastigotes, and their peculiar localization mainly at the flagellar membrane, which is known as an important signalling domain, may enhance their binding to HS and elicit the parasite invasion. The plasmon surface resonance results demonstrated the stability of HBPs and their affinity to HS and heparin. Additionally, gelatinolytic activities of 70 kDa, 65·8 kDa and 59 kDa HBPs over a broad pH range (5·5–8·0) were revealed using a zymography assay. These proteolytic activities were sensitive to serine proteinase inhibitors, such as aprotinin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting that HBPs have the properties of trypsin-like proteinases.
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31
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Lee YF, Cheng CC, Chen JS, Lin NN, Hung YW, Wang JM, Tu WC, Tung KC, Chiu YT. Evidence of intracellular stages in Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri in non-phagocytic mammalian cells. Vet Parasitol 2012; 191:228-39. [PMID: 23021263 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma (subgenus Megatrypanum) theileri was first identified over one hundred years ago, and is a widespread parasite in cattle. Its life cycle within the mammalian host has rarely been reported. Whether there is an intracellular stage in tissues is unknown and such a stage has not been demonstrated experimentally. Intriguingly, using Giemsa staining with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy examination, we found that the parasite was able not only to attach to cells but also to invade several phagocytic and non-phagocytic mammalian cells. Based on these findings, we conducted further investigations using a special antibody in immunofluorescence confocal images. Moreover, we examined a series of possible events of cell invasion in T. theileri. The results revealed that GM1, a marker of membrane rafts, was implicated in the mechanism of entry by this parasite. After incubation with tissue culture trypomastigotes, the gelatinolytic activity was significantly increased and accumulated at the attachment sites. Using ultrastructural localization detection by CytoTracker live imaging and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that lysosome fusion and the autophagy pathway were engaged in invaginating processes. T. theileri amastigotes also invaded cells and were enclosed by the lysosomes. Furthermore, tissue-cultured trypomastigotes were found to be capable of triggering intracellular free Ca(2+) transients and TGF-β-signaling. Our findings that intracellular amastigote stages exist in mammalian cells infected with T. theileri and that the invasion processes involved various host cell components and cell signalings were extremely surprising and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Feng Lee
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 160, Sec. 3, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
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32
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Mikhailova AG, Khairullin RF, Kolomijtseva GY, Rumsh LD. Oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans. III. Inhibition analysis. Specific interactions with metalloproteinase inhibitors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:300-6. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Fernandes MC, Andrews NW. Host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi: a unique strategy that promotes persistence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:734-47. [PMID: 22339763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas' disease, a serious disorder that affects millions of people in Latin America. Despite the development of lifelong immunity following infections, the immune system fails to completely clear the parasites, which persist for decades within host tissues. Cardiomyopathy is one of the most serious clinical manifestations of the disease, and a major cause of sudden death in endemic areas. Despite decades of study, there is still debate about the apparent preferential tropism of the parasites for cardiac muscle, and its role in the pathology of the disease. In this review, we discuss these issues in light of recent observations, which indicate that T. cruzi invades host cells by subverting a highly conserved cellular pathway for the repair of plasma membrane lesions. Plasma membrane injury and repair is particularly prevalent in muscle cells, suggesting that the mechanism used by the parasites for cell invasion may be a primary determinant of tissue tropism, intracellular persistence, and Chagas' disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Fernandes
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
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Kangethe RT, Boulangé AF, Coustou V, Baltz T, Coetzer TH. Trypanosoma brucei brucei oligopeptidase B null mutants display increased prolyl oligopeptidase-like activity. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 182:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Motta FN, Bastos IMD, Faudry E, Ebel C, Lima MM, Neves D, Ragno M, Barbosa JARG, de Freitas SM, Santana JM. The Trypanosoma cruzi virulence factor oligopeptidase B (OPBTc) assembles into an active and stable dimer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30431. [PMID: 22276197 PMCID: PMC3261901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B, a processing enzyme of the prolyl oligopeptidase family, is considered as an important virulence factor in trypanosomiasis. Trypanosoma cruzi oligopeptidase B (OPBTc) is involved in host cell invasion by generating a Ca(2+)-agonist necessary for recruitment and fusion of host lysosomes at the site of parasite attachment. The underlying mechanism remains unknown and further structural and functional characterization of OPBTc may help clarify its physiological function and lead to the development of new therapeutic molecules to treat Chagas disease. In the present work, size exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments demonstrate that OPBTc is a dimer in solution, an association salt and pH-resistant and independent of intermolecular disulfide bonds. The enzyme retains its dimeric structure and is fully active up to 42°C. OPBTc is inactivated and its tertiary, but not secondary, structure is disrupted at higher temperatures, as monitored by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. It has a highly stable secondary structure over a broad range of pH, undergoes subtle tertiary structure changes at low pH and is less stable under moderate ionic strength conditions. These results bring new insights into the structural properties of OPBTc, contributing to future studies on the rational design of OPBTc inhibitors as a promising strategy for Chagas disease chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Nader Motta
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Izabela M. D. Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculty of Ceilândia, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eric Faudry
- INSERM, UMR-S 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Ebel
- CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
| | - Meire M. Lima
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - David Neves
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Michel Ragno
- INSERM, UMR-S 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - João Alexandre R. G. Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sônia Maria de Freitas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jaime Martins Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Caradonna KL, Burleigh BA. Mechanisms of host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 76:33-61. [PMID: 21884886 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385895-5.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the more accepted concepts in our understanding of the biology of early Trypanosoma cruzi-host cell interactions is that the mammalian-infective trypomastigote forms of the parasite must transit the host cell lysosomal compartment in order to establish a productive intracellular infection. The acidic environment of the lysosome provides the appropriate conditions for parasite-mediated disruption of the parasitophorous vacuole and release of T. cruzi into the host cell cytosol, where replication of intracellular amastigotes occurs. Recent findings indicate a level of redundancy in the lysosome-targeting process where T. cruzi trypomastigotes exploit different cellular pathways to access host cell lysosomes in non-professional phagocytic cells. In addition, the reversible nature of the host cell penetration process was recently demonstrated when conditions for fusion of the nascent parasite vacuole with the host endosomal-lysosomal system were not met. Thus, the concept of parasite retention as a critical component of the T. cruzi invasion process was introduced. Although it is clear that host cell recognition, attachment and signalling are required to initiate invasion, integration of this knowledge with our understanding of the different routes of parasite entry is largely lacking. In this chapter, we focus on current knowledge of the cellular pathways exploited by T. cruzi trypomastigotes to invade non-professional phagocytic cells and to gain access to the host cell lysosome compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey L Caradonna
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,Massachusetts, USA
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Lovato DV, Amino R, González Y, Miranda A, Schenkman S, Tanaka AS. Infestin 1R, an intestinal subtilisin inhibitor from Triatoma infestans able to impair mammalian cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:362-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Proto WR, Castanys-Munoz E, Black A, Tetley L, Moss CX, Juliano L, Coombs GH, Mottram JC. Trypanosoma brucei metacaspase 4 is a pseudopeptidase and a virulence factor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39914-25. [PMID: 21949125 PMCID: PMC3220528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.292334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacaspases are caspase family cysteine peptidases found in plants, fungi, and protozoa but not mammals. Trypanosoma brucei is unusual in having five metacaspases (MCA1-MCA5), of which MCA1 and MCA4 have active site substitutions, making them possible non-enzymatic homologues. Here we demonstrate that recombinant MCA4 lacks detectable peptidase activity despite maintaining a functional peptidase structure. MCA4 is expressed primarily in the bloodstream form of the parasite and associates with the flagellar membrane via dual myristoylation/palmitoylation. Loss of function phenotyping revealed critical roles for MCA4; rapid depletion by RNAi caused lethal disruption to the parasite's cell cycle, yet the generation of MCA4 null mutant parasites (Δmca4) was possible. Δmca4 had normal growth in axenic culture but markedly reduced virulence in mice. Further analysis revealed that MCA4 is released from the parasite and is specifically processed by MCA3, the only metacaspase that is both palmitoylated and enzymatically active. Accordingly, we have identified that the multiple metacaspases in T. brucei form a membrane-associated proteolytic cascade to generate a pseudopeptidase virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Proto
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Intracellular parasitism has arisen only a few times during the long ancestry of protozoan parasites including in diverse groups such as microsporidians, kinetoplastids, and apicomplexans. Strategies used to gain entry differ widely from injection (e.g. microsporidians), active penetration of the host cell (e.g. Toxoplasma), recruitment of lysosomes to a plasma membrane wound (e.g. Trypanosoma cruzi), to host cell-mediated phagocytosis (e.g. Leishmania). The resulting range of intracellular niches is equally diverse ranging from cytosolic (e.g. T. cruzi) to residing within a non-fusigenic vacuole (e.g. Toxoplasma, Encephalitozoon) or a modified phagolysosome (e.g. Leishmania). These lifestyle choices influence access to nutrients, interaction with host cell signaling pathways, and detection by pathogen recognition systems. As such, intracellular life requires a repertoire of adaptations to assure entry-exit from the cell, as well as to thwart innate immune mechanisms and prevent clearance. Elucidating these pathways at the cellular and molecular level may identify key steps that can be targeted to reduce parasite survival or augment immunologic responses and thereby prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA.
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Ba X, Garg NJ. Signaling mechanism of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in inflammatory diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:946-55. [PMID: 21356345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, attaching the ADP-ribose polymer chain to the receptor protein, is a unique posttranslational modification. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a well-characterized member of the PARP family. In this review, we provide a general update on molecular structure and structure-based activity of this enzyme. However, we mainly focus on the roles of PARP-1 in inflammatory diseases. Specifically, we discuss the signaling pathway context that PARP-1 is involved in to regulate the pathogenesis of inflammation. PARP-1 facilitates diverse inflammatory responses by promoting inflammation-relevant gene expression, such as cytokines, oxidation-reduction-related enzymes, and adhesion molecules. Excessive activation of PARP-1 induces mitochondria-associated cell death in injured tissues and constitutes another mechanism for exacerbating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Ba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070, USA.
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41
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Alvarez VE, Niemirowicz GT, Cazzulo JJ. The peptidases of Trypanosoma cruzi: digestive enzymes, virulence factors, and mediators of autophagy and programmed cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:195-206. [PMID: 21621652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of the American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, contains cysteine, serine, threonine, aspartyl and metallo peptidases. The most abundant among these enzymes is cruzipain, a cysteine proteinase expressed as a mixture of isoforms, some of them membrane-bound. The enzyme is an immunodominant antigen in human chronic Chagas disease and seems to be important in the host/parasite relationship. Inhibitors of cruzipain kill the parasite and cure infected mice, thus validating the enzyme as a very promising target for the development of new drugs against the disease. In addition, a 30kDa cathepsin B-like enzyme, two metacaspases and two autophagins have been described. Serine peptidases described in the parasite include oligopeptidase B, a member of the prolyl oligopeptidase family involved in Ca(2+)-signaling during mammalian cell invasion; a prolyl endopeptidase (Tc80), against which inhibitors are being developed, and a lysosomal serine carboxypeptidase. Metallopeptidases homologous to the gp63 of Leishmania spp. are present, as well as two metallocarboxypeptidases belonging to the M32 family, previously found only in prokaryotes. The proteasome has properties similar to those of other eukaryotes, and its inhibition by lactacystin blocks some differentiation steps in the life cycle of the parasite. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina E Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIB-INTECH, Universidad Nacional de San Martín-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fernandes MC, Cortez M, Flannery AR, Tam C, Mortara RA, Andrews NW. Trypanosoma cruzi subverts the sphingomyelinase-mediated plasma membrane repair pathway for cell invasion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:909-21. [PMID: 21536739 PMCID: PMC3092353 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi takes advantage of a sphingomyelinase-dependent plasma membrane repair pathway to gain access to host cells. Upon host cell contact, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi triggers cytosolic Ca2+ transients that induce exocytosis of lysosomes, a process required for cell invasion. However, the exact mechanism by which lysosomal exocytosis mediates T. cruzi internalization remains unclear. We show that host cell entry by T. cruzi mimics a process of plasma membrane injury and repair that involves Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes, delivery of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, and a rapid form of endocytosis that internalizes membrane lesions. Host cells incubated with T. cruzi trypomastigotes are transiently wounded, show increased levels of endocytosis, and become more susceptible to infection when injured with pore-forming toxins. Inhibition or depletion of lysosomal ASM, which blocks plasma membrane repair, markedly reduces the susceptibility of host cells to T. cruzi invasion. Notably, extracellular addition of sphingomyelinase stimulates host cell endocytosis, enhances T. cruzi invasion, and restores normal invasion levels in ASM-depleted cells. Ceramide, the product of sphingomyelin hydrolysis, is detected in newly formed parasitophorous vacuoles containing trypomastigotes but not in the few parasite-containing vacuoles formed in ASM-depleted cells. Thus, T. cruzi subverts the ASM-dependent ceramide-enriched endosomes that function in plasma membrane repair to infect host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Fernandes
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Siddiqui R, Emes R, Elsheikha H, Khan NA. Area 51: How do Acanthamoeba invade the central nervous system? Trends Parasitol 2011; 27:185-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mikhailova AG, Khairullin RF, Demidyuk IV, Gromova TY, Kostrov SV, Rumsh LD. Oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans. II. Enzymatic characteristics: Substrate analysis, influence of calcium ions, pH and temperature dependences. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:480-90. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Goldenberg S, Ávila AR. Aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi stage differentiation. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 75:285-305. [PMID: 21820561 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385863-4.00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi alternates between different morphological and functional types during its life cycle. Since the discovery of this parasite at the beginning of the twentieth century, efforts have been made to determine the basis of its pathogenesis in the course of Chagas disease and its biochemical constituents. There has also been work to develop tools and strategies for prophylaxis of the important disease caused by these parasites which affects millions of people in Latin America. The identification of axenic conditions allowing T. cruzi growth and differentiation has led to the identification and characterization of stage-specific antigens as well as a better characterization of the biological properties and biochemical particularities of each individual developmental stage. The recent availability of genomic data should pave the way to new progress in our knowledge of the biology and pathogenesis of T. cruzi. This review addresses the differentiation and major stage-specific antigens of T. cruzi and attempts to describe the complexity of the parasite and of the disease it causes.
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McLuskey K, Paterson NG, Bland ND, Isaacs NW, Mottram JC. Crystal structure of Leishmania major oligopeptidase B gives insight into the enzymatic properties of a trypanosomatid virulence factor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39249-59. [PMID: 20926390 PMCID: PMC2998157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.156679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B (OPB) is a serine peptidase with dibasic substrate specificity. It is found in bacteria, plants, and trypanosomatid pathogens, where it has been identified as a virulence factor and potential drug target. In this study we expressed active recombinant Leishmania major OPB and provide the first structure of an oligopeptidase B at high resolution. The crystallographic study reveals that OPB comprises two domains, a catalytic and a propeller domain, linked together by a hinge region. The structure has been determined in complex with the oligopeptide, protease-inhibitor antipain, giving detailed information on the enzyme active site and extended substrate binding pockets. It shows that Glu-621 plays a critical role in the S1 binding pocket and, along with Phe-603, is largely responsible for the enzyme substrate specificity in P1. In the S2 binding pocket, Tyr-499 was shown to be important for substrate stability. The structure also allowed an investigation into the function of residues highlighted in other studies including Glu-623, which was predicted to be involved in the S1 binding pocket but is found forming an inter-domain hydrogen bond. Additional important salt bridges/hydrogen bonds between the two domains were observed, highlighting the significance of the domain interface in OPB. This work provides a foundation for the study of the role of OPBs as virulence factors in trypanosomatids. It could facilitate the development of specific OPB inhibitors with therapeutic potential by exploiting its unique substrate recognition properties as well as providing a model for OPBs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McLuskey
- Westchem School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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47
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Swenerton RK, Zhang S, Sajid M, Medzihradszky KF, Craik CS, Kelly BL, McKerrow JH. The oligopeptidase B of Leishmania regulates parasite enolase and immune evasion. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:429-40. [PMID: 20961853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.138313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that play key roles in the life cycle of parasites, in the host-parasite relationship, and in the pathogenesis of parasitic diseases. Furthermore, proteases are targets for the development of new anti-parasitic therapy. Protozoan parasites like Leishmania predominantly express Clan CA cysteine proteases for key life cycle functions. It was therefore unexpected to find a high level of serine protease activity expressed by Leishmania donovani. Purification of this activity followed by mass spectrometry identified oligopeptidase B (OPB; Clan SC, family S9A) as the responsible enzyme. This was confirmed by gene knock-out of OPB, which resulted in the disappearance of the detected serine protease activity of Leishmania extracts. To delineate the specific role of OPB in parasite physiology, proteomic analysis was carried out on OPB(-/-) versus wild type parasites. Four protein species were significantly elevated in OPB(-/-) parasites, and all four were identified by mass spectrometry as enolase. This increased enolase was enzymatically inactive and associated with the parasite membrane. Aside from its classic role in carbohydrate metabolism, enolase was recently found to localize to membranes, where it binds host plasminogen and functions as a virulence factor for several pathogens. As expected, there was a striking alteration in macrophage responses to Leishmania when OPB was deleted. Whereas wild type parasites elicited little, if any, response from infected macrophages, OPB(-/-) parasites induced a massive up-regulation in gene transcription. Additionally, these OPB(-/-) parasites displayed decreased virulence in the murine footpad infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Swenerton
- Department of Pathology, Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Munday JC, McLuskey K, Brown E, Coombs GH, Mottram JC. Oligopeptidase B deficient mutants of Leishmania major. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 175:49-57. [PMID: 20883728 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B is a clan SC, family S9 serine peptidase found in gram positive bacteria, plants and trypanosomatids. Evidence suggests it is a virulence factor and thus therapeutic target in both Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei, but little is known about its function in Leishmania. In this study L. major OPB-deficient mutants (Δopb) were created. These grew normally as promastigotes, had a small deficiency in their ability to undergo differentiation to metacyclic promastigotes, were significantly less able to infect and survive within macrophages in vitro, but were virulent to mice. These data suggest that L. major OPB itself is not an important virulence factor, indicating functional differences between trypanosomes and Leishmania in their interaction with the mammalian host. The possibility that an OPB-like enzyme (designated OPB2) in L. major might compensate for the loss of OPB in Δopb was investigated via by mapping its sequence onto the 1.6Å structure of L. major OPB. This suggested that the residues involved in the S1 and S2 subsites of OPB2 are identical to OPB and hence the substrate specificity would be similar. Consequently there may be redundancy between the two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Munday
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
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Review on Trypanosoma cruzi: Host Cell Interaction. Int J Cell Biol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20811486 PMCID: PMC2926652 DOI: 10.1155/2010/295394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, which affects a large number of individuals in Central and South America, is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking insects. This protozoan is an obligate intracellular parasite. The infective forms of the parasite are metacyclic and bloodstream trypomastigote and amastigote. Metacyclic trypomastigotes are released with the feces of the insect while amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes are released from the infected host cells of the vertebrate host after a complex intracellular life cycle. The recognition between parasite and mammalian host cell involves numerous molecules present in both cell types. Here, we present a brief review of the interaction between Trypanosoma cruzi and its host cells, mainly emphasizing the mechanisms and molecules that participate in the T. cruzi invasion process of the mammalian cells.
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50
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Feng J, Hwang R, Hwang SF, Strelkov SE, Gossen BD, Zhou QX, Peng G. Molecular characterization of a serine protease Pro1 from Plasmodiophora brassicae that stimulates resting spore germination. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:503-12. [PMID: 20618708 PMCID: PMC6640502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most serious diseases of cultivated cruciferous crops in the world. However, the basis for pathogenicity in P. brassicae is not well understood. In this study, a serine protease gene (PRO1) was cloned from P. brassicae and its molecular characteristics were investigated. Southern analysis and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification indicated that PRO1 is a single-copy gene present in a broad range of P. brassicae pathotypes. Northern analysis revealed that the expression of PRO1 was induced during plant infection, and that the quantity of transcript fluctuated according to the stage of pathogenesis. Amino acid sequence analysis suggested that the encoded protein (Pro1) belongs to the S28 family of proteases, with a predicted signal peptide and a theoretical molecular mass of 49.4 kDa. The open reading frame (ORF) of PRO1 was transferred into Pichia pastoris and Pro1 was heterologously produced. Pro1 showed proteolytic activity on skimmed milk and N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Phe-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, and the activity could be inhibited by serine protease inhibitors and the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The optimal temperature of Pro1 was 25 degrees C, and it exhibited high activity at pH 6.0-6.4. These values coincide with the temperature and pH conditions favourable for P. brassicae resting spore germination in the field. When Pro1 was used to treat canola root exudates, it enhanced the stimulating effect of the root exudates on P. brassicae resting spore germination, indicating that Pro1 may play a role during clubroot pathogenesis by stimulating resting spore germination through its proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton, AB, T5Y 6H3, Canada
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