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Jones RA, Trejo B, Sil P, Little KA, Pasolli HA, Joyce B, Posfai E, Devenport D. An mTurq2-Col4a1 mouse model allows for live visualization of mammalian basement membrane development. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309074. [PMID: 38051393 PMCID: PMC10697824 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are specialized sheets of extracellular matrix that underlie epithelial and endothelial tissues. BMs regulate the traffic of cells and molecules between compartments, and participate in signaling, cell migration, and organogenesis. The dynamics of mammalian BMs, however, are poorly understood, largely due to a lack of models in which core BM components are endogenously labeled. Here, we describe the mTurquoise2-Col4a1 mouse in which we fluorescently tag collagen IV, the main component of BMs. Using an innovative planar-sagittal live imaging technique to visualize the BM of developing skin, we directly observe BM deformation during hair follicle budding and basal progenitor cell divisions. The BM's inherent pliability enables dividing cells to remain attached to and deform the BM, rather than lose adhesion as generally thought. Using FRAP, we show BM collagen IV is extremely stable, even during periods of rapid epidermal growth. These findings demonstrate the utility of the mTurq2-Col4a1 mouse to shed new light on mammalian BM developmental dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Brandon Trejo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Parijat Sil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - H. Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley Joyce
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Eszter Posfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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2
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Jones RA, Trejo B, Sil P, Little KA, Pasolli HA, Joyce B, Posfai E, Devenport D. A Window into Mammalian Basement Membrane Development: Insights from the mTurq2-Col4a1 Mouse Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559396. [PMID: 37808687 PMCID: PMC10557719 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are specialized sheets of extracellular matrix that underlie epithelial and endothelial tissues. BMs regulate traffic of cells and molecules between compartments, and participate in signaling, cell migration and organogenesis. The dynamics of mammalian BMs, however, are poorly understood, largely due to a lack of models in which core BM components are endogenously labelled. Here, we describe the mTurquoise2-Col4a1 mouse, in which we fluorescently tag collagen IV, the main component of BMs. Using an innovative Planar-Sagittal live imaging technique to visualize the BM of developing skin, we directly observe BM deformation during hair follicle budding and basal progenitor cell divisions. The BM's inherent pliability enables dividing cells to remain attached to and deform the BM, rather than lose adhesion as generally thought. Using FRAP, we show BM collagen IV is extremely stable, even during periods of rapid epidermal growth. These findings demonstrate the utility of the mTurq2-Col4a1 mouse to shed new light on mammalian BM developmental dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Brandon Trejo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Parijat Sil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Katherine A Little
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Bradley Joyce
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Eszter Posfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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3
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Gugnoni M, Manzotti G, Vitale E, Sauta E, Torricelli F, Reggiani F, Pistoni M, Piana S, Ciarrocchi A. OVOL2 impairs RHO GTPase signaling to restrain mitosis and aggressiveness of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:108. [PMID: 35337349 PMCID: PMC8957195 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (ATC) is an undifferentiated and aggressive tumor that often originates from well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma (DTC) through a trans-differentiation process. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is recognized as one of the major players of this process. OVOL2 is a transcription factor (TF) that promotes epithelial differentiation and restrains EMT during embryonic development. OVOL2 loss in some types of cancers is linked to aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Here, we aim to clarify the unexplored role of OVOL2 in ATC. Methods Gene expression analysis in thyroid cancer patients and cell lines showed that OVOL2 is mainly associated with epithelial features and its expression is deeply impaired in ATC. To assess OVOL2 function, we established an OVOL2-overexpression model in ATC cell lines and evaluated its effects by analyzing gene expression, proliferation, invasion and migration abilities, cell cycle, specific protein localization through immunofluorescence staining. RNA-seq profiling showed that OVOL2 controls a complex network of genes converging on cell cycle and mitosis regulation and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation identified new OVOL2 target genes. Results Coherently with its reported function, OVOL2 re-expression restrained EMT and aggressiveness in ATC cells. Unexpectedly, we observed that it caused G2/M block, a consequent reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in cell death. This phenotype was associated to generalized abnormalities in the mitotic spindle structure and cytoskeletal organization. By RNA-seq experiments, we showed that many pathways related to cytoskeleton and migration, cell cycle and mitosis are profoundly affected by OVOL2 expression, in particular the RHO-GTPase pathway resulted as the most interesting. We demonstrated that RHO GTPase pathway is the central hub of OVOL2-mediated program in ATC and that OVOL2 transcriptionally inhibits RhoU and RhoJ. Silencing of RhoU recapitulated the OVOL2-driven phenotype pointing to this protein as a crucial target of OVOL2 in ATC. Conclusions Collectively, these data describe the role of OVOL2 in ATC and uncover a novel function of this TF in inhibiting the RHO GTPase pathway interlacing its effects on EMT, cytoskeleton dynamics and mitosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02316-2.
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Shi M, Cao L, Ding D, Shi L, Hu Y, Qi G, Zhan L, Zhu Y, Yu W, Lv P, Yu N. Acute Noise Causes Down-Regulation of ECM Protein Expression in Guinea Pig Cochlea. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 65:774-785. [PMID: 36209333 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics technology reveals the marker proteins, potential pathogenesis, and intervention targets after noise-induced hearing loss. To study the differences in cochlea protein expression before and after noise exposure using proteomics to reveal the pathological mechanism of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). A guinea pig NIHL model was established to test the ABR thresholds before and after noise exposure. The proteomics technology was used to study the mechanism of differential protein expression in the cochlea by noise stimulation. The average hearing threshold of guinea pigs on the first day after noise exposure was 57.00 ± 6.78 dB Sound pressure level (SPL); the average hearing threshold on the seventh day after noise exposure was 45.83 ± 6.07 dB SPL. The proteomics technology identified 3122 different inner ear proteins, of which six proteins related to the hearing were down-regulation: Tenascin C, Collagen Type XI alpha two chains, Collagen Type II alpha one chain, Thrombospondin 2, Collagen Type XI alpha one chain and Ribosomal protein L38, and are enriched in protein absorption, focal adhesion, and extracellular matrix receptor pathways. Impulse noise can affect the expression of differential proteins through focal adhesion pathways. This data can provide an experimental basis for the research on the prevention and treatment of NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Senior Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Suining Central Hospital, Suining, 629000, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lei Cao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Daxiong Ding
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Senior Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yiyong Hu
- Senior Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Guowei Qi
- Senior Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Li Zhan
- Senior Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Senior Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wenxing Yu
- Suining Central Hospital, Suining, 629000, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Senior Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China.
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5
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Cell Cycle Regulation by Integrin-Mediated Adhesion. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162521. [PMID: 36010598 PMCID: PMC9406542 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle and cell adhesion are two interdependent cellular processes regulating each other, reciprocally, in every cell cycle phase. The cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) via integrin receptors triggers signaling pathways required for the cell cycle progression; the passage from the G1 to S phase and the completion of cytokinesis are the best-understood events. Growing evidence, however, suggests more adhesion-dependent regulatory aspects of the cell cycle, particularly during G2 to M transition and early mitosis. Conversely, the cell cycle machinery regulates cell adhesion in manners recently shown driven mainly by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). This review summarizes the recent findings regarding the role of integrin-mediated cell adhesion and its downstream signaling components in regulating the cell cycle, emphasizing the cell cycle progression through the G2 and early M phases. Further investigations are required to raise our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of crosstalk between cell adhesion and the cell cycle in detail.
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6
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Leguay K, Decelle B, Elkholi IE, Bouvier M, Côté JF, Carréno S. Interphase microtubule disassembly is a signaling cue that drives cell rounding at mitotic entry. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213183. [PMID: 35482006 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202109065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
At mitotic entry, reorganization of the actomyosin cortex prompts cells to round-up. Proteins of the ezrin, radixin, and moesin family (ERM) play essential roles in this process by linking actomyosin forces to the plasma membrane. Yet, the cell-cycle signal that activates ERMs at mitotic entry is unknown. By screening a compound library using newly developed biosensors, we discovered that drugs that disassemble microtubules promote ERM activation. We further demonstrated that disassembly of interphase microtubules at mitotic entry directs ERM activation and metaphase cell rounding through GEF-H1, a Rho-GEF inhibited by microtubule binding, RhoA, and its kinase effector SLK. We finally demonstrated that GEF-H1 and Ect2, another Rho-GEF previously identified to control actomyosin forces, act together to drive activation of ERMs and cell rounding in metaphase. In summary, we report microtubule disassembly as a cell-cycle signal that controls a signaling network ensuring that actomyosin forces are efficiently integrated at the plasma membrane to promote cell rounding at mitotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Leguay
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Cellular Mechanisms of Morphogenesis during Mitosis and Cell Motility lab, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara Decelle
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Cellular Mechanisms of Morphogenesis during Mitosis and Cell Motility lab, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Islam E Elkholi
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Cytoskeletal Organization and Cell Migration lab, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,institution>Molecular Pharmacology Lab, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Cytoskeletal Organization and Cell Migration lab, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Carréno
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Cellular Mechanisms of Morphogenesis during Mitosis and Cell Motility lab, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Integrin-Mediated Adhesion Promotes Centrosome Separation in Early Mitosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081360. [PMID: 35456039 PMCID: PMC9030014 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix is a key regulator of the cell cycle, as demonstrated for the passage of the G1/S checkpoint and the completion of cytokinetic abscission. Here, integrin-dependent regulation of the cell cycle in G2 and early M phases was investigated. The progression through the G2 and M phases was monitored by live-cell imaging and immunofluorescence staining in adherent and non-adherent fibroblast cells. Non-adherent cells, as well as adherent cells lacking FAK activity due to suppressed expression or pharmacological inhibition, exhibited a prolonged G2 phase and severely defect centrosome separation, resulting in delayed progress through the early mitotic stages. The activation of the critical mitotic regulator PLK1 and its indirect target Eg5, a kinesin-family motor protein driving the centrosome separation, were reduced in the cells lacking FAK activity. Furthermore, the absence of integrin adhesion or FAK activity destabilized the structural integrity of centrosomes and often caused detachment of pericentriolar material from the centrioles. These data identify a novel adhesion-dependent mechanism by which integrins via FAK and PLK1 contribute to the regulation of the cell cycle in the G2 and early M phases, and to the maintenance of genome integrity.
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8
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Monster JL, Donker L, Vliem MJ, Win Z, Matthews HK, Cheah JS, Yamada S, de Rooij J, Baum B, Gloerich M. An asymmetric junctional mechanoresponse coordinates mitotic rounding with epithelial integrity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202001042. [PMID: 33688935 PMCID: PMC7953256 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are continuously self-renewed, but how epithelial integrity is maintained during the morphological changes that cells undergo in mitosis is not well understood. Here, we show that as epithelial cells round up when they enter mitosis, they exert tensile forces on neighboring cells. We find that mitotic cell-cell junctions withstand these tensile forces through the mechanosensitive recruitment of the actin-binding protein vinculin to cadherin-based adhesions. Surprisingly, vinculin that is recruited to mitotic junctions originates selectively from the neighbors of mitotic cells, resulting in an asymmetric composition of cadherin junctions. Inhibition of junctional vinculin recruitment in neighbors of mitotic cells results in junctional breakage and weakened epithelial barrier. Conversely, the absence of vinculin from the cadherin complex in mitotic cells is necessary to successfully undergo mitotic rounding. Our data thus identify an asymmetric mechanoresponse at cadherin adhesions during mitosis, which is essential to maintain epithelial integrity while at the same time enable the shape changes of mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooske L. Monster
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Donker
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J. Vliem
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zaw Win
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen K. Matthews
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joleen S. Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Soichiro Yamada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Johan de Rooij
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martijn Gloerich
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cdk1 phosphorylation negatively regulates the activity of Net1 towards RhoA during mitosis. Cell Signal 2021; 80:109926. [PMID: 33465404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Neuroepithelial transforming gene 1 (Net1) is a RhoA subfamily guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is overexpressed in a number of cancers and contributes to cancer cell motility and proliferation. Net1 also plays a Rho GTPase independent role in mitotic progression, where it promotes centrosomal activation of Aurora A and Pak2, and aids in chromosome alignment during prometaphase. To understand regulatory mechanisms controlling the mitotic function of Net1, we examined whether it was phosphorylated by the mitotic kinase Cdk1. We observed that Cdk1 phosphorylated Net1 on multiple sites in its N-terminal regulatory domain and C-terminus in vitro. By raising phospho-specific antibodies to two of these sites, we also demonstrated that both endogenous and transfected Net1 were phosphorylated by Cdk1 in cells. Substitution of the major Cdk1 phosphorylation sites with aliphatic or acidic residues inhibited the interaction of Net1 with RhoA, and treatment of metaphase cells with a Cdk1 inhibitor increased Net1 activity. Cdk1 inhibition also increased Net1 localization to the plasma membrane and stimulated cortical F-actin accumulation. Moreover, Net1 overexpression caused spindle polarity defects that were reduced in frequency by acidic substitution of the major Cdk1 phosphorylation sites. These data indicate that Cdk1 phosphorylates Net1 during mitosis and suggest that this negatively regulates its ability to signal to RhoA and alter actin cytoskeletal organization.
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10
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SERINE-910 Phosphorylated Focal Adhesion Kinase Expression Predicts Better Overall and Disease-free Survival in Melanoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 28:130-138. [PMID: 32044881 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that mediates multiple cellular functions such as survival, invasion, and migration. FAK has been found to be over-expressed in various human cancers, including melanoma. FAK molecule has several tyrosine, serine, and threonine phosphorylation sites which have an important regulatory role. Tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK has been extensively studied, however little is known about the role of serine phosphorylation. We sought to examine the frequency and extent of serine-910 phosphorylated FAK (P-FAKSer910) expression in a spectrum of melanocytic proliferations as well as it's correlation with other histopathologic predictors and its effect on patient's survival. Clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical expression of P-FAKSer910 were evaluated in 147 melanocytic proliferations: 73 primary melanoma (PM), 19 metastatic melanoma (MetM), 2 melanoma in situ, and 53 melanocytic nevi (MN). Higher cytoplasmic intensity predicted better overall survival (OS) in PM (χ=5.69; P=0.034) and was associated with 48% decrease in death risk (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28-0.95; P=0.036). In contrast, increased nuclear intensity was significantly associated with better disease-free survival (DFS) when stratified by tumor stage Log-rank test, trend of survival (χ=5.83, P=0.015) and independently on multivariate analysis when subcategorized into 3-tier categories (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.18-0.98; P=0.045). Also, Clark's level and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILS) were independent predictors of DFS. Cytoplasmic intensity correlated inversely with American Joint Commission on Cancer stage in primary melanoma cases as well with vascularity in both primary and metastatic melanoma. Nuclear intensity independently correlated negatively with angioinvasion and TILS when subcategorized to 3 tier system. We found American Joint Commission on Cancer tumor stage, Clark's level, depth, ulceration, TILS, mitosis, angioinvasion, and tumor vascularity predictors of both DFS and OS. There was no significant difference in cytoplasmic or nuclear expression among the major categories of melanocytic proliferation. In this pilot immunohistochemistry-based study, we found P-FAKSer910 expression in melanoma by cytoplasmic intensity to correlate with better OS while nuclear intensity correlated with better DFS.
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11
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Boolean model of anchorage dependence and contact inhibition points to coordinated inhibition but semi-independent induction of proliferation and migration. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2145-2165. [PMID: 32913583 PMCID: PMC7451872 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells respond to their physical neighborhood with mechano-sensitive behaviors required for development and tissue maintenance. These include anchorage dependence, matrix stiffness-dependent proliferation, contact inhibition of proliferation and migration, and collective migration that balances cell crawling with the maintenance of cell junctions. While required for development and tissue repair, these coordinated responses to the microenvironment also contribute to cancer metastasis. Predictive models of the signaling networks that coordinate these behaviors are critical in controlling cell behavior to halt disease. Here we propose a Boolean regulatory network model that synthesizes mechanosensitive signaling that links anchorage to a matrix of varying stiffness and cell density sensing to contact inhibition, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Our model can reproduce anchorage dependence and anoikis, detachment-induced cytokinesis errors, the effect of matrix stiffness on proliferation, and contact inhibition of proliferation and migration by two mechanisms that converge on the YAP transcription factor. In addition, we offer testable predictions related to cell cycle-dependent anoikis sensitivity, the molecular requirements for abolishing contact inhibition, and substrate stiffness dependent expression of the catalytic subunit of PI3K. Moreover, our model predicts heterogeneity in migratory vs. non-migratory phenotypes in sub-confluent monolayers, and co-inhibition but semi-independent induction of proliferation vs. migration as a function of cell density and mitogenic stimulation. Our model serves as a stepping-stone towards modeling mechanosensitive routes to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, capturing the effects of the mesenchymal state on anoikis resistance, and understanding the balance between migration versus proliferation at each stage of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
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12
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Sion C, Loubière C, Wlodarczyk-Biegun M, Davoudi N, Müller-Renno C, Guedon E, Chevalot I, Olmos E. Effects of microcarriers addition and mixing on WJ-MSC culture in bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Wu H, Chen L, Zhu F, Han X, Sun L, Chen K. The Cytotoxicity Effect of Resveratrol: Cell Cycle Arrest and Induced Apoptosis of Breast Cancer 4T1 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120731. [PMID: 31847250 PMCID: PMC6950385 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural polyterpenoid, can scavenge reactive oxygen species in vivo to carry out the functions of antioxidation and antiaging. Resveratrol’s anti-cancer capability has attracted widespread attention, but its molecular mechanism has not been systematically explained. In this study, by comparing the activity of normal cell lines and cancer cell lines after treating with resveratrol, it was found that resveratrol has more significant cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. Resveratrol could play a toxic role through inducing apoptosis of the cancer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. A total of 330 significantly differential genes were identified through large-scale transcriptome sequencing, among which 103 genes were upregulated and 227 genes were downregulated. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR data proved that a large number of genes related to cell cycle were differentially expressed after the treatment of resveratrol. The changes of cell cycle phases at different time points after treating with resveratrol were further detected, and it was found that the cells were arrested in the S phase because of the percentage of cells in S phase increased and cells in G1/G0 phase decreased. In conclusion, resveratrol can inhibit the proliferation of 4T1 cancer cells by inhibiting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Keping Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-511-88791923
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14
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Jones MC, Zha J, Humphries MJ. Connections between the cell cycle, cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180227. [PMID: 31431178 PMCID: PMC6627016 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division, the purpose of which is to enable cell replication, and in particular to distribute complete, accurate copies of genetic material to daughter cells, is essential for the propagation of life. At a morphological level, division not only necessitates duplication of cellular structures, but it also relies on polar segregation of this material followed by physical scission of the parent cell. For these fundamental changes in cell shape and positioning to be achieved, mechanisms are required to link the cell cycle to the modulation of cytoarchitecture. Outside of mitosis, the three main cytoskeletal networks not only endow cells with a physical cytoplasmic skeleton, but they also provide a mechanism for spatio-temporal sensing via integrin-associated adhesion complexes and site-directed delivery of cargoes. During mitosis, some interphase functions are retained, but the architecture of the cytoskeleton changes dramatically, and there is a need to generate a mitotic spindle for chromosome segregation. An economical solution is to re-use existing cytoskeletal molecules: transcellular actin stress fibres remodel to create a rigid cortex and a cytokinetic furrow, while unipolar radial microtubules become the primary components of the bipolar spindle. This remodelling implies the existence of specific mechanisms that link the cell-cycle machinery to the control of adhesion and the cytoskeleton. In this article, we review the intimate three-way connection between microenvironmental sensing, adhesion signalling and cell proliferation, particularly in the contexts of normal growth control and aberrant tumour progression. As the morphological changes that occur during mitosis are ancient, the mechanisms linking the cell cycle to the cytoskeleton/adhesion signalling network are likely to be primordial in nature and we discuss recent advances that have elucidated elements of this link. A particular focus is the connection between CDK1 and cell adhesion. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin J. Humphries
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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15
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Taneja N, Rathbun L, Hehnly H, Burnette DT. The balance between adhesion and contraction during cell division. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 56:45-52. [PMID: 30268802 PMCID: PMC6363874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability to divide is a fundamental property of a living cell. The 3D orientation of cell division is essential for embryogenesis, maintenance of tissue organization and architecture, as well as controlling cell fate. Much attention has been placed on the mitotic spindle's role in placing itself along the cell's longest axis, where a shape sensing mechanism between a population of microtubules extending from mitotic centrosomes to the cell cortex occurs. However, contractile forces at the cell cortex also likely play a decisive role in determining the final placement of daughter cells following division. In this review, we discuss recent literature that describes the role of these contractile forces and how these forces could be balanced by mitotic adhesion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Taneja
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lindsay Rathbun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Dylan T Burnette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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16
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Gemperle J, Dibus M, Koudelková L, Rosel D, Brábek J. The interaction of p130Cas with PKN3 promotes malignant growth. Mol Oncol 2018; 13:264-289. [PMID: 30422386 PMCID: PMC6360386 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein p130Cas constitutes an adaptor protein mainly involved in integrin signaling downstream of Src kinase. Owing to its modular structure, p130Cas acts as a general regulator of cancer cell growth and invasiveness induced by different oncogenes. However, other mechanisms of p130Cas signaling leading to malignant progression are poorly understood. Here, we show a novel interaction of p130Cas with Ser/Thr kinase PKN3, which is implicated in prostate and breast cancer growth downstream of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase. This direct interaction is mediated by the p130Cas SH3 domain and the centrally located PKN3 polyproline sequence. PKN3 is the first identified Ser/Thr kinase to bind and phosphorylate p130Cas and to colocalize with p130Cas in cell structures that have a pro‐invasive function. Moreover, the PKN3–p130Cas interaction is important for mouse embryonic fibroblast growth and invasiveness independent of Src transformation, indicating a mechanism distinct from that previously characterized for p130Cas. Together, our results suggest that the PKN3–p130Cas complex represents an attractive therapeutic target in late‐stage malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Gemperle
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science - Biocev, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dibus
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science - Biocev, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Koudelková
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science - Biocev, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science - Biocev, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science - Biocev, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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17
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Jones MC, Askari JA, Humphries JD, Humphries MJ. Cell adhesion is regulated by CDK1 during the cell cycle. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3203-3218. [PMID: 29930204 PMCID: PMC6122981 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In most tissues, anchorage-dependent growth and cell cycle progression are dependent on cells engaging extracellular matrices (ECMs) via integrin-receptor adhesion complexes. In a highly conserved manner, cells disassemble adhesion complexes, round up, and retract from their surroundings before division, suggestive of a primordial link between the cell cycle machinery and the regulation of cell adhesion to the ECM. In this study, we demonstrate that cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) mediates this link. CDK1, in complex with cyclin A2, promotes adhesion complex and actin cytoskeleton organization during interphase and mediates a large increase in adhesion complex area as cells transition from G1 into S. Adhesion complex area decreases in G2, and disassembly occurs several hours before mitosis. This loss requires elevated cyclin B1 levels and is caused by inhibitory phosphorylation of CDK1-cyclin complexes. The inactivation of CDK1 is therefore the trigger that initiates remodeling of adhesion complexes and the actin cytoskeleton in preparation for rapid entry into mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Jones
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Janet A Askari
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Jonathan D Humphries
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Martin J Humphries
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
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18
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Rafiq QA, Ruck S, Hanga MP, Heathman TR, Coopman K, Nienow AW, Williams DJ, Hewitt CJ. Qualitative and quantitative demonstration of bead-to-bead transfer with bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells on microcarriers: Utilising the phenomenon to improve culture performance. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Wong AD, Searson PC. Mitosis-Mediated Intravasation in a Tissue-Engineered Tumor-Microvessel Platform. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6453-6461. [PMID: 28923855 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intravasation involves the migration of tumor cells across the local endothelium and escape into vessel flow. Although tumor cell invasiveness has been correlated to increased intravasation, the details of transendothelial migration and detachment into circulation are still unclear. Here, we analyzed the intravasation of invasive human breast cancer cells within a tissue-engineered microvessel model of the tumor microenvironment. Using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we captured 2,330 hours of tumor cell interactions with functional microvessels and provide evidence for a mitosis-mediated mechanism where tumor cells located along the vessel periphery are able to disrupt the vessel endothelium through cell division and detach into circulation. This model provides a framework for understanding the physical and biological parameters of the tumor microenvironment that mediate intravasation of tumor cells across an intact endothelium. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6453-61. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wong
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Cellular Reorganization during Mitotic Entry. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:26-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Animal cells undergo dramatic changes in shape, mechanics and polarity as they progress through the different stages of cell division. These changes begin at mitotic entry, with cell-substrate adhesion remodelling, assembly of a cortical actomyosin network and osmotic swelling, which together enable cells to adopt a near spherical form even when growing in a crowded tissue environment. These shape changes, which probably aid spindle assembly and positioning, are then reversed at mitotic exit to restore the interphase cell morphology. Here, we discuss the dynamics, regulation and function of these processes, and how cell shape changes and sister chromatid segregation are coupled to ensure that the daughter cells generated through division receive their fair inheritance.
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22
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Choi CW, Kim YH, Sohn JH, Lee H, Kim WS. Focal adhesion kinase and Src expression in premalignant and malignant skin lesions. Exp Dermatol 2016; 24:361-4. [PMID: 25711159 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src are non-receptor tyrosine kinases. FAK and Src play a critical role in inducing malignant transformation in tumor cells. We performed immunohistochemical staining for total and phosphorylated forms of FAK and Src, to evaluate the role of FAK and Src in the development of premalignant and malignant skin lesions. A total of 59 facial skin samples (30 actinic keratoses, 10 Bowen's diseases, 13 squamous cell carcinomas and six perilesional skins) were immunohistochemically stained for Ki-67, total (t) and phosphorylated (p) form of FAK and Src. Cells positive for t-Src, p-Src-y530, t-FAK and pFAK-s722 were detected in premalignant intra-epithelial lesions (PELs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), but not in the perilesional skin. There was a tendency towards high correlation between Ki-67 and t-FAK or pFAK-s722, suggestive of the active role of FAK in cell proliferation. However, our findings of higher t-Src and p-Src-y530 positive cells in PELs, as compared to SCCs (with higher Ki-67 level), are suggestive of the other role of Src in tumor formation and progression, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Won Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Weber S, Meyer-Roxlau S, Wagner M, Dobrev D, El-Armouche A. Counteracting Protein Kinase Activity in the Heart: The Multiple Roles of Protein Phosphatases. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:270. [PMID: 26617522 PMCID: PMC4643138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of cardiovascular research have shown that variable and flexible levels of protein phosphorylation are necessary to maintain cardiac function. A delicate balance between phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states of proteins is guaranteed by a complex interplay of protein kinases (PKs) and phosphatases. Serine/threonine phosphatases, in particular members of the protein phosphatase (PP) family govern dephosphorylation of the majority of these cardiac proteins. Recent findings have however shown that PPs do not only dephosphorylate previously phosphorylated proteins as a passive control mechanism but are capable to actively control PK activity via different direct and indirect signaling pathways. These control mechanisms can take place on (epi-)genetic, (post-)transcriptional, and (post-)translational levels. In addition PPs themselves are targets of a plethora of proteinaceous interaction partner regulating their endogenous activity, thus adding another level of complexity and feedback control toward this system. Finally, novel approaches are underway to achieve spatiotemporal pharmacologic control of PPs which in turn can be used to fine-tune misleaded PK activity in heart disease. Taken together, this review comprehensively summarizes the major aspects of PP-mediated PK regulation and discusses the subsequent consequences of deregulated PP activity for cardiovascular diseases in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Weber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meyer-Roxlau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden, Germany
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center , Essen, Germany
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden, Germany
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24
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Chojnacka K, Mruk DD. The Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase paradigm: New insights into mammalian Sertoli cell biology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:133-42. [PMID: 26296907 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Src kinases are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate diverse substrates, which control processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and survival; cell adhesion; and cell motility. c-Src, the prototypical member of this protein family, is widely expressed by several organs that include the testis. In the seminiferous epithelium of the adult rat testis, c-Src is highest at the tubule lumen during the release of mature spermatids. Other studies show that testosterone regulates spermatid adhesion to Sertoli cells via c-Src, indicating Src phosphorylates key substrates that prompt the disassembly of Sertoli cell-spermatid junctions. A more recent in vitro study reveals that c-Src participates in the internalization of proteins that constitute the blood-testis barrier, which is present between Sertoli cells, suggesting a similar mechanism of junction disassembly is at play during spermiation. In this review, we discuss recent findings on c-Src, with an emphasis on its role in spermatogenesis in the mammalian testis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dolores D Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA.
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25
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Cdk1-dependent mitotic enrichment of cortical myosin II promotes cell rounding against confinement. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:148-59. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Chanasakulniyom M, Glidle A, Cooper JM. Cell proliferation and migration inside single cell arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:208-15. [PMID: 25340681 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and migration are fundamental processes in determining cell and tissue behaviour. In this study we show the design and fabrication of a new single cell microfluidic structure, called a "vertically integrated array" or "VIA" trap to explore quantitative functional assays including single cell attachment, proliferation and migration studies. The chip can be used in a continuous (flow-through) manner, with a continuous supply of new media, as well as in a quiescent mode. We show the fabrication of the device, together with the flow characteristics inside the network of channels and the single cell traps. The flow patterns inside the device not only facilitate cell trapping, but also protect the cells from mechanical flow-induced stress. MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were used to study attachment and detachment during the cell cycle as well as explore the influences of the chemokine SDF-1 (enabling the quantification of the role of chemokine gradients both on pseudopod formation and directional cell migration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuree Chanasakulniyom
- The Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, G12 8LT Glasgow, UK.
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27
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Marchesi S, Montani F, Deflorian G, D'Antuono R, Cuomo A, Bologna S, Mazzoccoli C, Bonaldi T, Di Fiore PP, Nicassio F. DEPDC1B coordinates de-adhesion events and cell-cycle progression at mitosis. Dev Cell 2014; 31:420-33. [PMID: 25458010 PMCID: PMC4250264 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cells entering mitosis become rounded, lose attachment to the substrate, and increase their cortical rigidity. Pivotal to these events is the dismantling of focal adhesions (FAs). How mitotic reshaping is linked to commitment to divide is unclear. Here, we show that DEPDC1B, a protein that accumulates in G2, coordinates de-adhesion events and cell-cycle progression at mitosis. DEPDC1B functions as an inhibitor of a RhoA-based signaling complex, which assembles on the FA-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, F (PTPRF) and mediates the integrity of FAs. By competing with RhoA for the interaction with PTPRF, DEPDC1B promotes the dismantling of FAs, which is necessary for the morphological changes preceding mitosis. The circuitry is relevant in whole organisms, as shown by the control exerted by the DEPDC1B/RhoA/PTPRF axis on mitotic dynamics during zebrafish development. Our results uncover an adhesion-dependent signaling mechanism that coordinates adhesion events with the control of cell-cycle progression. DEPDC1B is a cell-cycle gene involved in the transition from G2 phase to mitosis Persistent adhesion at G2 phase delays CycB/CDK1 activation and G2/M transition DEPDC1B controls RhoA/ROCK-dependent adhesion dynamics at G2 phase DEPDC1B inhibits RhoA activation by displacing it from the PTPRF/GEF-H1 complex
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marchesi
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), 20141 Milan, Italy; Fondazione IFOM-Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy; Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Deflorian
- Fondazione IFOM-Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Rocco D'Antuono
- Fondazione IFOM-Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Serena Bologna
- Fondazione IFOM-Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmela Mazzoccoli
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | | | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), 20141 Milan, Italy; Fondazione IFOM-Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), 20141 Milan, Italy; Fondazione IFOM-Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy; Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy.
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28
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Matus DQ, Chang E, Makohon-Moore SC, Hagedorn MA, Chi Q, Sherwood DR. Cell division and targeted cell cycle arrest opens and stabilizes basement membrane gaps. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4184. [PMID: 24924309 PMCID: PMC4138880 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large gaps in basement membrane (BM) occur during organ remodelling and cancer cell invasion. Whether dividing cells, which temporarily reduce their attachment to BM, influence these breaches is unknown. Here we analyse uterine-vulval attachment during development across 21 species of rhabditid nematodes and find that the BM gap that forms between these organs is always bounded by a non-dividing vulval cell. Through cell cycle manipulation and live cell imaging in Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that actively dividing vulval cells facilitate enlargement of this breach by promoting BM movement. In contrast, targeted cell cycle arrest halts BM movement and limits gap opening. Further, we demonstrate that the BM component laminin accumulates at the BM gap edge and promotes increased integrin levels in non-dividing vulval cells, stabilizing gap position. Together, these studies reveal that cell division can be used as a mechanism to regulate BM breaches, thus controlling the exchange of cells between tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Q Matus
- 1] Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA [2]
| | - Emily Chang
- 1] Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA [2]
| | | | - Mary A Hagedorn
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
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29
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Peng H, Ong YM, Shah WA, Holland PC, Carbonetto S. Integrins regulate centrosome integrity and astrocyte polarization following a wound. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:333-53. [PMID: 22949126 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In response to a wound, astrocytes in culture extend microtubule-rich processes and polarize, orienting their centrosomes and Golgi apparatus woundside. β1 Integrin null astrocytes fail to extend processes toward the wound, and are disoriented, and often migrate away orthogonal, to the wound. The centrosome is unusually fragmented in β1 integrin null astrocytes. Expression of a β1 integrin cDNA in the null background yields cells with intact centrosomes that polarize and extend processes normally. Fragmented centrosomes rapidly assemble following integrin ligation and cell attachment. However, several experiments indicated that cell adhesion is not necessary. For example, astrocytes in suspension expressing a chimeric β1 subunit that can be activated by an antibody assemble centrosomes suggesting that β1 activation is sufficient to cause centrosome assembly in the absence of cell adhesion. siRNA knockdown of PCM1, a major centrosomal protein, inhibits cell polarization, consistent with the notion that centrosomes are necessary for polarity and that integrins regulate polarity via centrosome integrity. Screening inhibitors of molecules downstream of integrins indicate that neither FAK nor ILK is involved in regulation of centrosome integrity. In contrast, blebbistatin, a specific inhibitor of non-muscle myosin II (NMII), mimics the response of β1 integrin null astrocytes by disrupting centrosome integrity and cell polarization. Blebbistatin also inhibits integrin-mediated centrosome assembly in astrocytes attaching to fibronectin, consistent with the hypothesis that NMII functions downstream of integrins in regulating centrosome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Peng
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
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30
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Reynolds AB, Kanner SB, Bouton AH, Schaller MD, Weed SA, Flynn DC, Parsons JT. SRChing for the substrates of Src. Oncogene 2013; 33:4537-47. [PMID: 24121272 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By the mid 1980's, it was clear that the transforming activity of oncogenic Src was linked to the activity of its tyrosine kinase domain and attention turned to identifying substrates, the putative next level of control in the pathway to transformation. Among the first to recognize the potential of phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies, Parsons and colleagues launched a risky shotgun-based approach that led ultimately to the cDNA cloning and functional characterization of many of today's best-known Src substrates (for example, p85-Cortactin, p110-AFAP1, p130Cas, p125FAK and p120-catenin). Two decades and over 6000 citations later, the original goals of the project may be seen as secondary to the enormous impact of these protein substrates in many areas of biology. At the request of the editors, this review is not restricted to the current status of the substrates, but reflects also on the anatomy of the project itself and some of the challenges and decisions encountered along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Reynolds
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S B Kanner
- Arrowhead Research Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A H Bouton
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M D Schaller
- Department of Biochemistry, 3124 HSN, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S A Weed
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 1833 Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D C Flynn
- Department of Medical Lab Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - J T Parsons
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Petridou NI, Stylianou P, Skourides PA. A dominant-negative provides new insights into FAK regulation and function in early embryonic morphogenesis. Development 2013; 140:4266-76. [PMID: 24048589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.096073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
FAK is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in a wide variety of biological processes and crucial for embryonic development. In this manuscript, we report the generation of a new FAK dominant negative (FF), composed of the C terminus (FRNK) and the FERM domain of the protein. FF, unlike FRNK and FERM, mimics the localization of active FAK in the embryo, demonstrating that both domains are necessary to target FAK to its complexes in vivo. We show that the FERM domain has a role in the recruitment of FAK on focal adhesions and controls the dynamics of the protein on these complexes. Expression of FF blocks focal adhesion turnover and, unlike FRNK, acts as a dominant negative in vivo. FF expression in Xenopus results in an overall phenotype remarkably similar to the FAK knockout in mice, including loss of mesodermal tissues. Expression of FF in the animal cap revealed a previously unidentified role of FAK in early morphogenesis and specifically epiboly. We show that a fibronectin-derived signal transduced by FAK governs polarity and cell intercalation. Finally, failure of epiboly results in severe gastrulation problems that can be rescued by either mechanical or pharmacological relief of tension within the animal cap, demonstrating that epiboly is permissive for gastrulation. Overall, this work introduces a powerful new tool for the study of FAK, uncovers new roles for FAK in morphogenesis and reveals new mechanisms through which the FERM domain regulates the localization and dynamics of FAK.
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Ferreira JG, Pereira AJ, Akhmanova A, Maiato H. Aurora B spatially regulates EB3 phosphorylation to coordinate daughter cell adhesion with cytokinesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:709-24. [PMID: 23712260 PMCID: PMC3664705 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201301131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During mitosis, human cells round up, decreasing their adhesion to extracellular substrates. This must be quickly reestablished by poorly understood cytoskeleton remodeling mechanisms that prevent detachment from epithelia, while ensuring the successful completion of cytokinesis. Here we show that the microtubule end-binding (EB) proteins EB1 and EB3 play temporally distinct roles throughout cell division. Whereas EB1 was involved in spindle orientation before anaphase, EB3 was required for stabilization of focal adhesions and coordinated daughter cell spreading during mitotic exit. Additionally, EB3 promoted midbody microtubule stability and, consequently, midbody stabilization necessary for efficient cytokinesis. Importantly, daughter cell adhesion and cytokinesis completion were spatially regulated by distinct states of EB3 phosphorylation on serine 176 by Aurora B. This EB3 phosphorylation was enriched at the midbody and shown to control cortical microtubule growth. These findings uncover differential roles of EB proteins and explain the importance of an Aurora B phosphorylation gradient for the spatiotemporal regulation of microtubule function during mitotic exit and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Werner ME, Ward HH, Phillips CL, Miller C, Gattone VH, Bacallao RL. Inversin modulates the cortical actin network during mitosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C36-47. [PMID: 23515530 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00279.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in inversin cause nephronophthisis type II, an autosomal recessive form of polycystic kidney disease associated with situs inversus, dilatation, and kidney cyst formation. Since cyst formation may represent a planar polarity defect, we investigated whether inversin plays a role in cell division. In developing nephrons from inv-/- mouse embryos we observed heterogeneity of nuclear size, increased cell membrane perimeters, cells with double cilia, and increased frequency of binuclear cells. Depletion of inversin by siRNA in cultured mammalian cells leads to an increase in bi- or multinucleated cells. While spindle assembly, contractile ring formation, or furrow ingression appears normal in the absence of inversin, mitotic cell rounding and the underlying rearrangement of the cortical actin cytoskeleton are perturbed. We find that inversin loss causes extensive filopodia formation in both interphase and mitotic cells. These cells also fail to round up in metaphase. The resultant spindle positioning defects lead to asymmetric division plane formation and cell division. In a cell motility assay, fibroblasts isolated from inv-/- mouse embryos migrate at half the speed of wild-type fibroblasts. Together these data suggest that inversin is a regulator of cortical actin required for cell rounding and spindle positioning during mitosis. Furthermore, cell division defects resulting from improper spindle position and perturbed actin organization contribute to altered nephron morphogenesis in the absence of inversin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Werner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Roles for focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in blastomere abscission and vesicle trafficking during cleavage in the sea urchin embryo. Mech Dev 2013; 130:290-303. [PMID: 23313141 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Is focal adhesion kinase (FAK) needed for embryonic cleavage? We find that FAK is expressed during early cleavage divisions of sea urchin embryos as determined by polyclonal antibodies to the Lytechinus variegatus protein. FAK is absent in eggs and zygotes and then cycles in abundance during the first cleavages after fertilization. It is maximal at anaphase, similar to the destruction and synthesis of cyclin proteins. To investigate whether FAK is needed during early cleavage, we interfered with its function by microinjecting eggs with anti-FAK antibodies or with FAK antisense morpholino oligonucleotides. Both treatments led to regression of the cleavage furrow. FAK knockdown with antibodies or morpholino oligonucleotides also resulted in an over-accumulation of endocytic vesicles. Thus, FAK could be restricting endocytosis or increasing exocytosis in localized areas important for abscission. FAK appears to be necessary for successful cleavage. These results are the first to document a functional role for FAK during embryonic cleavage.
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35
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Fonseca C, Voabil P, Carvalho AS, Matthiesen R. Tools for protein posttranslational modifications analysis: FAK, a case study. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1007:335-58. [PMID: 23666734 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-392-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in mass spectrometry have resulted in an exponential increase in annotation of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Just in the Swiss-Prot Knowledgebase, there are 89,931 of a total of 27 characterized PTM types reported experimentally. A single protein can be dynamically modified during its lifetime for regulation of its function. Considering a PTM can occur at different levels and the number of different PTMs described, the number of possibilities for a single protein is unthinkable. Narrowing the study to a single PTM can be rather unmerited considering that most proteins are heavily modified. Currently crosstalk between PTMs is plentifully reported in the literature. The example of amino acids serine and threonine on one hand and lysine on the other hand, as targets of different modifications, demand a more global analysis approach of a protein. Besides the direct competition for the same amino acid, a PTM can directly or indirectly influence other PTMs in the same protein molecule by for example steric hindrance due to close proximity between the modifications or creation of a binding site such as an SH2 binding domain for protein recruitment and further modifications. Given the complexity of PTMs a number of tools have been developed to archive, analyze, and visualize modifications. VISUALPROT is presented here to demonstrate the usefulness of visualizing all annotated protein features such as amino acid content, domains, amino acid modification sites and single amino acid polymorphisms in a single image. VISUALPROT application is demonstrated for the protein focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as an example. FAK is a highly phosphorylated cytoplasmatic tyrosine kinase comprising different domains and regions. FAK is crucial for integrating signals from integrins and receptor tyrosine kinases in processes such as cell survival, proliferation, and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Fonseca
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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36
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Barrett A, Pellet-Many C, Zachary IC, Evans IM, Frankel P. p130Cas: a key signalling node in health and disease. Cell Signal 2012; 25:766-77. [PMID: 23277200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
p130Cas/breast cancer anti-oestrogen resistance 1 (BCAR1) is a member of the Cas (Crk-associated substrate) family of adaptor proteins, which have emerged as key signalling nodes capable of interactions with multiple proteins, with important regulatory roles in normal and pathological cell function. The Cas family of proteins is characterised by the presence of multiple conserved motifs for protein-protein interactions, and by extensive tyrosine and serine phosphorylations. Recent studies show that p130Cas contributes to migration, cell cycle control and apoptosis. p130Cas is essential during early embryogenesis, with a critical role in cardiovascular development. Furthermore, p130Cas has been reported to be involved in the development and progression of several human cancers. p130Cas is able to perform roles in multiple processes due to its capacity to regulate a diverse array of signalling pathways, transducing signals from growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, non-receptor tyrosine kinases, and integrins. In this review we summarise the current understanding of the structure, function, and regulation of p130Cas, and discuss the importance of p130Cas in both physiological and pathophysiological settings, with a focus on the cardiovascular system and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Barrett
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom.
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37
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Margadant C, Cremers L, Sonnenberg A, Boonstra J. MAPK uncouples cell cycle progression from cell spreading and cytoskeletal organization in cycling cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:293-307. [PMID: 22926416 PMCID: PMC3535415 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Integrin-mediated cytoskeletal tension supports growth-factor-induced proliferation, and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in growth factor-stimulated cells prevents the re-expression of cyclin D and cell cycle re-entry from quiescence. In contrast to cells that enter the cell cycle from G0, cycling cells continuously express cyclin D, and are subject to major cell shape changes during the cell cycle. Here, we investigated the cell cycle requirements for cytoskeletal tension and cell spreading in cycling mammalian cells that enter G1-phase from mitosis. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton at progressive time-points in G1-phase induced cell rounding, FA disassembly, and attenuated both integrin signaling and growth factor-induced p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Although cyclin D expression was reduced, the expression of cyclin A and entry into S-phase were not affected. Moreover, expression of cyclin B1, progression through G2- and M-phase, and commitment to a new cell cycle occurred normally. In contrast, cell cycle progression was strongly prevented by inhibition of MAPK activity in G1-phase, whereas cell spreading, cytoskeletal organization, and integrin signaling were not impaired. MAPK inhibition also prevented cytoskeleton-independent cell cycle progression. Thus, these results uncouple the requirements for cell spreading and cytoskeletal organization from MAPK signaling, and show that cycling mammalian cells can proliferate independently of actin stress fibers, focal adhesions, or cell spreading, as long as a threshold level of MAPK activity is sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coert Margadant
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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38
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Guerrero MS, Parsons JT, Bouton AH. Cas and NEDD9 Contribute to Tumor Progression through Dynamic Regulation of the Cytoskeleton. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:371-81. [PMID: 23226575 PMCID: PMC3513795 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912458585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cas family proteins, p130(Cas) (Cas) and NEDD9, are adaptor molecules that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics to promote multiple cellular processes, including migration, invasion, proliferation, and survival. Because these functions are also critical for tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis, Cas and NEDD9 are well positioned to contribute to these oncogenic processes. Indeed, mouse models of cancer show that these proteins function during multiple stages of disease progression. Furthermore, in many human cancers, high expression of Cas and NEDD9 is associated with advanced stage disease and is predictive of poor outcome. This review explores the contribution of Cas and NEDD9 during cellular transformation and neoplastic growth, tumor progression, metastasis, and the development of therapeutic resistance. Given these roles, Cas and NEDD9 may prove to be viable candidates for use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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39
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Jamesdaniel S, Hu B, Kermany MH, Jiang H, Ding D, Coling D, Salvi R. Noise induced changes in the expression of p38/MAPK signaling proteins in the sensory epithelium of the inner ear. J Proteomics 2011; 75:410-24. [PMID: 21871588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Noise exposure is a major cause of hearing loss. Classical methods of studying protein involvement have provided a basis for understanding signaling pathways that mediate hearing loss and damage repair but do not lend themselves to studying large networks of proteins that are likely to increase or decrease during noise trauma. To address this issue, antibody microarrays were used to quantify the very early changes in protein expression in three distinct regions of the chinchilla cochlea 2h after exposure to a 0.5-8 kHz band of noise for 2h at 112 dB SPL. The noise exposure caused significant functional impairment 2h post-exposure which only partially recovered. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions were abolished 2h after the exposure, but at 4 weeks post-exposure, otoacoustic emissions were present, but still greatly depressed. Cochleograms obtained 4 weeks post-exposure demonstrated significant loss of outer hair cells in the basal 60% of the cochlea corresponding to frequencies in the noise spectrum. A comparative analysis of the very early (2h post-exposure) noise-induced proteomic changes indicated that the sensory epithelium, lateral wall and modiolus differ in their biological response to noise. Bioinformatic analysis of the cochlear protein profile using "The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery 2008" (DAVID - http://david.abcc. ncifcrf.gov) revealed the initiation of the cell death process in sensory epithelium and modiolus. An increase in Fas and phosphorylation of FAK and p38/MAPK in the sensory epithelium suggest that noise-induced stress signals at the cell membrane are transmitted to the nucleus by Fas and focal adhesion signaling through the p38/MAPK signaling pathway. Up-regulation of downstream nuclear proteins E2F3 and WSTF in immunoblots and microarrays along with their immunolocalization in the outer hair cells supported the pivotal role of p38/MAPK signaling in the mechanism underlying noise-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Jamesdaniel
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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40
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Clark AG, Paluch E. Mechanics and regulation of cell shape during the cell cycle. Results Probl Cell Differ 2011; 53:31-73. [PMID: 21630140 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19065-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many cell types undergo dramatic changes in shape throughout the cell cycle. For individual cells, a tight control of cell shape is crucial during cell division, but also in interphase, for example during cell migration. Moreover, cell cycle-related cell shape changes have been shown to be important for tissue morphogenesis in a number of developmental contexts. Cell shape is the physical result of cellular mechanical properties and of the forces exerted on the cell. An understanding of the causes and repercussions of cell shape changes thus requires knowledge of both the molecular regulation of cellular mechanics and how specific changes in cell mechanics in turn effect global shape changes. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the control of cell morphology, both in terms of general cell mechanics and specifically during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Clark
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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41
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Heng YW, Koh CG. Actin cytoskeleton dynamics and the cell division cycle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1622-33. [PMID: 20412868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The network of actin filaments is one of the crucial cytoskeletal structures contributing to the morphological framework of a cell and which participates in the dynamic regulation of cellular functions. In adherent cell types, cells adhere to the substratum during interphase and spread to assume their characteristic shape supported by the actin cytoskeleton. This actin cytoskeleton is reorganized during mitosis to form rounded cells with increased cortical rigidity. The actin cytoskeleton is re-established after mitosis, allowing cells to regain their extended shape and attachment to the substratum. The modulation of such drastic changes in cell shape in coordination with cell cycle progression suggests a tight regulatory interaction between cytoskeleton signalling, cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesions and mitotic events. Here, we review the contribution of the actin cytoskeleton to cell cycle progression with an emphasis on the effectors responsible for the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and integration of their activities with the cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Heng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Serine dephosphorylation of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha in mitosis induces Src binding and activation. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:2850-61. [PMID: 20385765 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01202-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (RPTPalpha) is the mitotic activator of the protein tyrosine kinase Src. RPTPalpha serine hyperphosphorylation was proposed to mediate mitotic activation of Src. We raised phosphospecific antibodies to the two main serine phosphorylation sites, and we discovered that RPTPalpha Ser204 was almost completely dephosphorylated in mitotic NIH 3T3 and HeLa cells, whereas Ser180 and Tyr789 phosphorylation were only marginally reduced in mitosis. Concomitantly, Src pTyr527 and pTyr416 were dephosphorylated, resulting in 2.3-fold activation of Src in mitosis. Using inhibitors and knockdown experiments, we demonstrated that dephosphorylation of RPTPalpha pSer204 in mitosis was mediated by PP2A. Mutation of Ser204 to Ala did not activate RPTPalpha, and intrinsic catalytic activity of RPTPalpha was not affected in mitosis. Interestingly, binding of endogenous Src to RPTPalpha was induced in mitosis. GRB2 binding to RPTPalpha, which was proposed to compete with Src binding to RPTPalpha, was only modestly reduced in mitosis, which could not account for enhanced Src binding. Moreover, we demonstrate that Src bound to mutant RPTPalpha-Y789F, lacking the GRB2 binding site, and mutant Src with an impaired Src homology 2 (SH2) domain bound to RPTPalpha, illustrating that Src binding to RPTPalpha is not mediated by a pTyr-SH2 interaction. Mutation of RPTPalpha Ser204 to Asp, mimicking phosphorylation, reduced coimmunoprecipitation with Src, suggesting that phosphorylation of Ser204 prohibits binding to Src. Based on our results, we propose a new model for mitotic activation of Src in which PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of RPTPalpha pSer204 facilitates Src binding, leading to RPTPalpha-mediated dephosphorylation of Src pTyr527 and pTyr416 and hence modest activation of Src.
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43
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Tikhmyanova N, Little JL, Golemis EA. CAS proteins in normal and pathological cell growth control. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1025-48. [PMID: 19937461 PMCID: PMC2836406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the CAS (Crk-associated substrate) family (BCAR1/p130Cas, NEDD9/HEF1/Cas-L, EFS/SIN and CASS4/HEPL) are integral players in normal and pathological cell biology. CAS proteins act as scaffolds to regulate protein complexes controlling migration and chemotaxis, apoptosis, cell cycle, and differentiation, and have more recently been linked to a role in progenitor cell function. Reflecting these complex functions, over-expression of CAS proteins has now been strongly linked to poor prognosis and increased metastasis in cancer, as well as resistance to first-line chemotherapeutics in multiple tumor types including breast and lung cancers, glioblastoma, and melanoma. Further, CAS proteins have also been linked to additional pathological conditions including inflammatory disorders, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as developmental defects. This review will explore the roles of the CAS proteins in normal and pathological states in the context of the many mechanistic insights into CAS protein function that have emerged in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Tikhmyanova
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
| | - Joy L. Little
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Erica A. Golemis
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
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44
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Mechanical stress-induced sarcomere assembly for cardiac muscle growth in length and width. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48:817-23. [PMID: 20188736 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A ventricular myocyte experiences changes in length and load during every beat of the heart and has the ability to remodel cell shape to maintain cardiac performance. Specifically, myocytes elongate in response to increased diastolic strain by adding sarcomeres in series, and they thicken in response to continued systolic stress by adding filaments in parallel. Myocytes do this while still keeping the resting sarcomere length close to its optimal value at the peak of the length-tension curve. This review focuses on the little understood mechanisms by which direction of growth is matched in a physiologically appropriate direction. We propose that the direction of strain is detected by differential phosphorylation of proteins in the costamere, which then transmit signaling to the Z-disc for parallel or series addition of thin filaments regulated via the actin capping processes. In this review, we link mechanotransduction to the molecular mechanisms for regulation of myocyte length and width.
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45
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Peng L, Ran YL, Hu H, Yu L, Liu Q, Zhou Z, Sun YM, Sun LC, Pan J, Sun LX, Zhao P, Yang ZH. Secreted LOXL2 is a novel therapeutic target that promotes gastric cancer metastasis via the Src/FAK pathway. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1660-9. [PMID: 19625348 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate invasion- and metastasis-related genes in gastric cancer. To this end, we used the transwell system to select a highly invasive subcell line from minimally invasive parent cells and compared gene expression in paired cell lines with high- and low-invasive potentials. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) was overexpressed in the highly invasive subcell line. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that LOXL2 expression was markedly increased in carcinoma relative to normal epithelia, and this overexpression in primary tumor was significantly associated with depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and poorer overall survival. Moreover, LOXL2 expression was further increased in lymph node metastases compared with primary cancer tissues. RNA interference-mediated knockdown and ectopic expression of LOXL2 showed that LOXL2 promoted tumor cell invasion in vitro and increased gastric carcinoma metastasis in vivo. Subsequent mechanistic studies showed that LOXL2 could activate both the Snail/E-cadherin and Src kinase/Focal adhesion kinase (Src/FAK) pathways. However, secreted LOXL2 induced gastric tumor cell invasion and metastasis exclusively via the Src/FAK pathway. Expression correlation analysis in gastric carcinoma tissues also revealed that LOXL2 promoted invasion via the Src/FAK pathway but not the Snail/E-cadherin pathway. We then evaluated secreted LOXL2 as a target for gastric carcinoma treatment and found that an antibody against LOXL2 significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis. Overall, our data revealed that LOXL2 overexpression, a frequent event in gastric carcinoma progression, contributes to tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and LOXL2 may be a therapeutic target for preventing and treating metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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46
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Lie PPY, Cheng CY, Mruk DD. Coordinating cellular events during spermatogenesis: a biochemical model. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34:366-73. [PMID: 19535250 PMCID: PMC2804915 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Throughout spermatogenesis, a select pool of germ cells, the leptotene spermatocytes, must traverse the blood-testis barrier (BTB) to enter the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium. This event requires extensive restructuring of cell junctions, and it must also coincide with germ cell cycle progression in preparation for primary spermatocyte meiosis. Recent findings show that cell-cycle-associated kinases and phosphatases, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), participate in the pathways that also direct germ cell adhesion and movement. Our new biochemical model explains, in part, how two distinct cellular events, BTB restructuring and spermiation, are coordinated to maintain spermatogenesis and fertility. In this way, MAPKs would synchronize cell cycle progression in primary spermatocytes with junction remodeling and cell migration across the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl P Y Lie
- Center for Biomedical Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
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47
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Hivert V, Pierre J, Raingeaud J. Phosphorylation of human enhancer of filamentation (HEF1) on serine 369 induces its proteasomal degradation. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1017-25. [PMID: 19539609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human enhancer of filamentation 1 (HEF1) is a multi-domain docking protein of the p130 Cas family. HEF1 is present at focal adhesions and is involved in integrin signalling mediating cytoskeleton reorganization associated with cell migration, adhesion or apoptosis. HEF1 functions are regulated in part by phosphorylation on tyrosine residues. HEF1 is also phosphorylated on serines/threonines leading to two isoforms refered to as p105 and p115. In most cases, the serine/threonine kinase(s) responsible for HEF1 phosphorylation have not been identified. In the present study, we have investigated HEF1 ser/thr phosphorylation. In the HCT-116 cell line transiently overexpressing Flag-HEF1 we showed that Hesperadin, a synthetic indolinone displaying antiproliferative effect and described as an inhibitor of various kinases including Aurora-B, prevented HEF1 phosphorylation induced by the ser/thr phosphatase PP2A inhibitor: okadaic acid (OA). In addition we showed that conversion of endogenous HEF1 p105 to p115 in HaCaT cells was prevented upon treatment with Hesperadin, resulting in accumulation of p105HEF1. We also identified serine 369 as the target site of phosphorylation by this Hesperadin-inhibited kinase in HCT-116. Finally, we provide evidence that phosphorylation on serine 369 but not phosphorylation on serine 296, triggers HEF1 degradation by the proteasomal machinery. These data suggest that conversion of p105 to p115 results from a ser-369-dependent phosphorylation mediated by an Hesperadin-sensitive kinase and regulates the half-life of HEF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Hivert
- INSERM U749, Université Paris-sud 11, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue JB Clement, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Measuring cell adhesion forces during the cell cycle by force spectroscopy. Biointerphases 2009; 4:27-34. [DOI: 10.1116/1.3139962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Makkinje A, Near RI, Infusini G, Vanden Borre P, Bloom A, Cai D, Costello CE, Lerner A. AND-34/BCAR3 regulates adhesion-dependent p130Cas serine phosphorylation and breast cancer cell growth pattern. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1423-35. [PMID: 19454314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NSP protein family members associate with p130Cas, a focal adhesion adapter protein best known as a Src substrate that integrates adhesion-related signaling. Over-expression of AND-34/BCAR3/NSP2 (BCAR3), but not NSP1 or NSP3, induces anti-estrogen resistance in human breast cancer cell lines. BCAR3 over-expression in epithelial MCF-7 cells augments levels of a phosphorylated p130Cas species that migrates more slowly on SDS-PAGE while NSP1 and NSP3 induce modest or no phosphorylation, respectively. Conversely, reduction in BCAR3 expression in mesenchymal MDA-231 cells by inducible shRNA results in loss of such p130Cas phosphorylation. Replacement of NSP3's serine/proline-rich domain with that of AND-34/BCAR3 instills the ability to induce p130Cas phosphorylation. Phospho-amino acid analysis demonstrates that BCAR3 induces p130Cas serine phosphorylation. Mass spectrometry identified phosphorylation at p130Cas serines 139, 437 and 639. p130Cas serine phosphorylation accumulates for several hours after adhesion of MDA-231 cells to fibronectin and is dependent upon BCAR3 expression. BCAR3 knockdown alters p130Cas localization and converts MDA-231 growth to an epithelioid pattern characterized by striking cohesiveness and lack of cellular projections at colony borders. These studies demonstrate that BCAR3 regulates p130Cas serine phosphorylation that is adhesion-dependent, temporally distinct from previously well-characterized rapid Fak and Src kinase-mediated p130Cas tyrosine phosphorylation and that correlates with invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Makkinje
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Park AYJ, Shen TL, Chien S, Guan JL. Role of focal adhesion kinase Ser-732 phosphorylation in centrosome function during mitosis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:9418-25. [PMID: 19201755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is the major cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase in focal adhesions and a critical mediator of integrin signaling in a variety of cells, including endothelial cells (ECs). Here we describe a new function for FAK in the regulation of centrosome functions in a Ser-732 phosphorylation-dependent manner during mitosis. Deletion of FAK in primary ECs causes increases in centrosome numbers, multipolar and disorganized spindles, and unaligned chromosomes during mitosis. Re-expression of wild-type FAK, but not S732A mutant, rescued these mitotic defects, suggesting a role for Ser-732 phosphorylation in the regulation of centrosomal functions. Consistent with this possibility, Ser-732-phosphorylated FAK was found to co-localize in centrosomes in mitotic cells. FAK also associated with cytoplasmic dynein in a Ser-732 phosphorylation-dependent manner. Further analysis in FAK-null primary ECs showed that S732A mutant could rescue EC migration but not proliferation or tubulogenesis in vitro. Last, we showed that deletion of FAK in ECs reduced tumor angiogenesis in vivo, which could be restored by re-expression of wild-type FAK but not S732A mutant. Together, these studies demonstrated a novel role for Ser-732 phosphorylation of FAK in the regulation of centrosome function during mitosis, which may contribute to EC proliferation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Y J Park
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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