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Zhanzak Z, Cina D, Johnson AC, Larsen CP. Implications of MHC-restricted immunopeptidome in transplantation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1436233. [PMID: 39035001 PMCID: PMC11257886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1436233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The peptide presentation by donor and recipient major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is the major driver of T-cell responses in transplantation. In this review, we address an emerging area of interest, the application of immunopeptidome in transplantation, and describe the potential opportunities that exist to use peptides for targeting alloreactive T cells. The immunopeptidome, the set of peptides presented on an individual's MHC, plays a key role in immune surveillance. In transplantation, the immunopeptidome is heavily influenced by MHC-derived peptides, delineating a key subset of the diverse peptide repertoire implicated in alloreactivity. A better understanding of the immunopeptidome in transplantation has the potential to open up new approaches to identify, characterize, longitudinally quantify, and therapeutically target donor-specific T cells and ultimately support more personalized immunotherapies to prevent rejection and promote allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuldyz Zhanzak
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Davide Cina
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aileen C. Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christian P. Larsen
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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2
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Ouologuem L, Bartel K. Endolysosomal transient receptor potential mucolipins and two-pore channels: implications for cancer immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1389194. [PMID: 38840905 PMCID: PMC11150529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1389194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Past research has identified that cancer cells sustain several cancer hallmarks by impairing function of the endolysosomal system (ES). Thus, maintaining the functional integrity of endolysosomes is crucial, which heavily relies on two key protein families: soluble hydrolases and endolysosomal membrane proteins. Particularly members of the TPC (two-pore channel) and TRPML (transient receptor potential mucolipins) families have emerged as essential regulators of ES function as a potential target in cancer therapy. Targeting TPCs and TRPMLs has demonstrated significant impact on multiple cancer hallmarks, including proliferation, growth, migration, and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, endosomes and lysosomes also actively participate in various immune regulatory mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and the release of proinflammatory mediators. Yet, knowledge about the role of TPCs and TRPMLs in immunity is scarce. This prompts a discussion regarding the potential role of endolysosomal ion channels in aiding cancers to evade immune surveillance and destruction. Specifically, understanding the interplay between endolysosomal ion channels and cancer immunity becomes crucial. Our review aims to comprehensively explore the current knowledge surrounding the roles of TPCs and TRPMLs in immunity, whilst emphasizing the critical need to elucidate their specific contributions to cancer immunity by pointing out current research gaps that should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Delivery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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3
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Hämälistö S, Del Valle Batalla F, Yuseff MI, Mattila PK. Endolysosomal vesicles at the center of B cell activation. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307047. [PMID: 38305771 PMCID: PMC10837082 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The endolysosomal system specializes in degrading cellular components and is crucial to maintaining homeostasis and adapting rapidly to metabolic and environmental cues. Cells of the immune system exploit this network to process antigens or promote cell death by secreting lysosome-related vesicles. In B lymphocytes, lysosomes are harnessed to facilitate the extraction of antigens and to promote their processing into peptides for presentation to T cells, critical steps to mount protective high-affinity antibody responses. Intriguingly, lysosomal vesicles are now considered important signaling units within cells and also display secretory functions by releasing their content to the extracellular space. In this review, we focus on how B cells use pathways involved in the intracellular trafficking, secretion, and function of endolysosomes to promote adaptive immune responses. A basic understanding of such mechanisms poses an interesting frontier for the development of therapeutic strategies in the context of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Hämälistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Cancer Research Unit and FICAN West Cancer Centre Laboratory, Turku, Finland
| | - Felipe Del Valle Batalla
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Isabel Yuseff
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pieta K. Mattila
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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4
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de Lavergne M, Maisonneuve L, Podsypanina K, Manoury B. The role of the antigen processing machinery in the regulation and trafficking of intracellular -Toll-like receptor molecules. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102375. [PMID: 37562076 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system. Their expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and in particular dendritic cells (DCs), makes them critical in the induction of the adaptive immune response. In DCs, they interact with the chaperone UNC93B1 that mediates their trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to endosomes where they are cleaved by proteases and activated. All these different steps are also shared by major histocompatibility complex class-II (MHCII) molecules. Here, we will discuss the tight relationship intracellular TLRs have with the antigen processing machinery in APCs for their trafficking and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moïse de Lavergne
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France
| | - Lucie Maisonneuve
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France
| | - Katrina Podsypanina
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France.
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5
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Negi D, Granak S, Shorter S, O'Leary VB, Rektor I, Ovsepian SV. Molecular Biomarkers of Neuronal Injury in Epilepsy Shared with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:767-778. [PMID: 36884195 PMCID: PMC10275849 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases, changes in neuronal proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood are viewed as potential biomarkers of the primary pathology in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent reports suggest, however, that level of neuronal proteins in fluids also alters in several types of epilepsy in various age groups, including children. With increasing evidence supporting clinical and sub-clinical seizures in Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, and in other less common neurodegenerative conditions, these findings call into question the specificity of neuronal protein response to neurodegenerative process and urge analysis of the effects of concomitant epilepsy and other comorbidities. In this article, we revisit the evidence for alterations in neuronal proteins in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid associated with epilepsy with and without neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss shared and distinctive characteristics of changes in neuronal markers, review their neurobiological mechanisms, and consider the emerging opportunities and challenges for their future research and diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Negi
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Simon Granak
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, Klecany, 25067, Czech Republic
| | - Susan Shorter
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague, 10000, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rektor
- First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Multimodal and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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6
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Lalnunthangi A, Dakpa G, Tiwari S. Multifunctional role of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway in phagocytosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:179-217. [PMID: 36631192 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized form of endocytosis where large cells and particles (>0.5μm) are engulfed by the phagocytic cells, and ultimately digested in the phagolysosomes. This process not only eliminates unwanted particles and pathogens from the extracellular sources, but also eliminates apoptotic cells within the body, and is critical for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. It is believed that both endocytosis and phagocytosis share common pathways after particle internalization, but specialized features and differences between these two routes of internalization are also likely. The recruitment and removal of each protein/particle during the maturation of endocytic/phagocytic vesicles has to be tightly regulated to ensure their timely action. Ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP), degrades unwanted proteins by post-translational modification of proteins with chains of conserved protein Ubiquitin (Ub), with subsequent recognition of Ub chains by the 26S proteasomes and substrate degradation by this protease. This pathway utilizes different Ub linkages to modify proteins to regulate protein-protein interaction, localization, and activity. Due to its vast number of targets, it is involved in many cellular pathways, including phagocytosis. This chapters describes the basic steps and signaling in phagocytosis and different roles that UPP plays at multiple steps in regulating phagocytosis directly, or through its interaction with other phagosomal proteins. How aberrations in UPP function affect phagocytosis and their association with human diseases, and how pathogens exploit this pathway for their own benefit is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Swati Tiwari
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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7
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Mahmutefendić Lučin H, Blagojević Zagorac G, Marcelić M, Lučin P. Host Cell Signatures of the Envelopment Site within Beta-Herpes Virions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9994. [PMID: 36077391 PMCID: PMC9456339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-herpesvirus infection completely reorganizes the membrane system of the cell. This system is maintained by the spatiotemporal arrangement of more than 3000 cellular proteins that continuously adapt the configuration of membrane organelles according to cellular needs. Beta-herpesvirus infection establishes a new configuration known as the assembly compartment (AC). The AC membranes are loaded with virus-encoded proteins during the long replication cycle and used for the final envelopment of the newly formed capsids to form infectious virions. The identity of the envelopment membranes is still largely unknown. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence studies suggest that the envelopment occurs as a membrane wrapping around the capsids, similar to the growth of phagophores, in the area of the AC with the membrane identities of early/recycling endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. During wrapping, host cell proteins that define the identity and shape of these membranes are captured along with the capsids and incorporated into the virions as host cell signatures. In this report, we reviewed the existing information on host cell signatures in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) virions. We analyzed the published proteomes of the HCMV virion preparations that identified a large number of host cell proteins. Virion purification methods are not yet advanced enough to separate all of the components of the rich extracellular material, including the large amounts of non-vesicular extracellular particles (NVEPs). Therefore, we used the proteomic data from large and small extracellular vesicles (lEVs and sEVs) and NVEPs to filter out the host cell proteins identified in the viral proteomes. Using these filters, we were able to narrow down the analysis of the host cell signatures within the virions and determine that envelopment likely occurs at the membranes derived from the tubular recycling endosomes. Many of these signatures were also found at the autophagosomes, suggesting that the CMV-infected cell forms membrane organelles with phagophore growth properties using early endosomal host cell machinery that coordinates endosomal recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pero Lučin
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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8
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Canning P, Alwan A, Khalil F, Zhang Y, Opara EC. Perspectives and Challenges on the Potential Use of Exosomes in Bioartificial Pancreas Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1177-1186. [PMID: 35804253 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are enclosed within a single outer membrane and exemplify a specific subtype of secreted vesicles. Exosomes transfer signalling molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNA (mRNA), fatty acids, proteins, and growth factors, making them a promising therapeutic tool. In routine bioartificial pancreas fabrication, cells are immobilized in polymeric hydrogels lacking attachment capability for cells and other biological cues. In this opinion article, we will discuss the potential role that exosomes and their specific biofactors may play to improve and sustain the function of this bioartificial construct. We will particularly discuss the challenges associated with their isolation and characterization. Since stem cells are an attractive source of exosomes, we will present the advantages of using exosomes in place of stem cells in medical devices including the bioartificial pancreas. We will provide literature evidence of active biofactors in exosomes to support their incorporation in the matrix of encapsulated islets. This will include their potential beneficial effect on hypoxic injury to encapsulated islets. In summary, we propose that the biofactors contained in secreted exosomes have significant potential to enhance the performance of islets encapsulated in polymeric material hydrogels with perm-selective properties to provide immunoisolation for islet transplants as an insulin delivery platform in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Canning
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Alwan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Fatma Khalil
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Emmanuel C Opara
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27-57, USA.
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9
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Ng L, Wang X, Yang C, Su C, Li M, Cheung AKL. Celastrol Downmodulates Alpha-Synuclein-Specific T Cell Responses by Mediating Antigen Trafficking in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833515. [PMID: 35309340 PMCID: PMC8926036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the elderly. It is associated with motor dysfunction due to the accumulation of misfolded or aggregated fibrillar alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the mid-brain. Current treatments are mainly focused on relieving the symptoms but are accompanied by side effects and are limited in halting disease progression. Increasing evidence points to peripheral immune cells underlying disease development, especially T cells contributing to α-syn-related neuroinflammation in PD. The onset of these cells is likely mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), whose role in α-syn-specific responses remain less studied. Moreover, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-derived compounds that are candidates to treat PD may alleviate DC-T cell-mediated immune responses. Therefore, our study focused on the role of DC in response to fibrillar α-syn and subsequent induction of antigen-specific T cell responses, and the effect of TCM Curcumin-analog C1 and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F-derived Celastrol. We found that although fibrillar α-syn did not induce significant inflammatory or T cell-mediating cytokines, robust pro-inflammatory T cell responses were found by co-culturing fibrillar α-syn-pulsed DCs with α-syn-specific CD4+ T cells. Celastrol, but not C1, reduced the onset of pro-inflammatory T cell differentiation, through promoting interaction of endosomal, amphisomal, and autophagic vesicles with fibrillar α-syn, which likely lead to its degradation and less antigen peptides available for presentation and T cell recognition. In conclusion, regulating the intracellular trafficking/processing of α-syn by DCs can be a potential approach to control the progression of PD, in which Celastrol is a potential candidate to accomplish this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Ng
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengfu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Ka Loon Cheung, ; Min Li,
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Ka Loon Cheung, ; Min Li,
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10
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Watts C. Lysosomes and lysosome‐related organelles in immune responses. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:678-693. [PMID: 35220694 PMCID: PMC8972042 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic, degradative capacity of the endo‐lysosome system is put to good use in mammalian immune responses as is their recently established status as signaling platforms. From the ‘creative destruction’ of antigenic and ‘self’ material for antigen presentation to T cells to the re‐purposing of lysosomes as toxic exocytosable lysosome‐related organelles (granules) in leukocytes such as CD8 T cells and eosinophils, endo‐lysosomes are key players in host defense. Signaled responses to some pathogen products initiate in endo‐lysosomes and these organelles are emerging as important in distinct ways in the unique immunobiology of dendritic cells. Potential self‐inflicted toxicity from lysosomal and granule proteases is countered by expression of serpin and cystatin family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Watts
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK
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11
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Bilderbeek RJC, Baranov MV, van den Bogaart G, Bianchi F. Transmembrane Helices Are an Over-Presented and Evolutionarily Conserved Source of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I and II Epitopes. Front Immunol 2022; 12:763044. [PMID: 35087515 PMCID: PMC8787072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic T cell responses are predicted to be biased towards membrane proteins. The peptide-binding grooves of most alleles of histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) are relatively hydrophobic, therefore peptide fragments derived from human transmembrane helices (TMHs) are predicted to be presented more often as would be expected based on their abundance in the proteome. However, the physiological reason of why membrane proteins might be over-presented is unclear. In this study, we show that the predicted over-presentation of TMH-derived peptides is general, as it is predicted for bacteria and viruses and for both MHC-I and MHC-II, and confirmed by re-analysis of epitope databases. Moreover, we show that TMHs are evolutionarily more conserved, because single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are present relatively less frequently in TMH-coding chromosomal regions compared to regions coding for extracellular and cytoplasmic protein regions. Thus, our findings suggest that both cytolytic and helper T cells are more tuned to respond to membrane proteins, because these are evolutionary more conserved. We speculate that TMHs are less prone to mutations that enable pathogens to evade T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richèl J C Bilderbeek
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maksim V Baranov
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frans Bianchi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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12
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Camelo C, Körte A, Jacobs T, Luschnig S. Tracheal tube fusion in Drosophila involves release of extracellular vesicles from multivesicular bodies. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274235. [PMID: 35019140 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise diverse types of cell-released membranous structures that are thought to play important roles in intercellular communication. While the formation and functions of EVs have been investigated extensively in cultured cells, studies of EVs in vivo have remained scarce. We report here that EVs are present in the developing lumen of tracheal tubes in Drosophila embryos. We defined two distinct EV subpopulations, one of which contains the Munc13-4 homologue Staccato (Stac) and is spatially and temporally associated with tracheal tube fusion (anastomosis) events. The formation of Stac-positive luminal EVs depends on the tracheal tip-cell-specific GTPase Arl3, which is also required for the formation of Stac-positive multivesicular bodies, suggesting that Stac-EVs derive from fusion of Stac-MVBs with the luminal membrane in tip cells during anastomosis formation. The GTPases Rab27 and Rab35 cooperate downstream of Arl3 to promote Stac-MVB formation and tube fusion. We propose that Stac-MVBs act as membrane reservoirs that facilitate tracheal lumen fusion in a process regulated by Arl3, Rab27, Rab35, and Stac/Munc13-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Camelo
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Centre, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Körte
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Centre, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thea Jacobs
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Centre, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Luschnig
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Centre, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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13
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Reed S, Chen W, Bergstein V, He B. Toll-Dorsal signaling regulates the spatiotemporal dynamics of yolk granule tubulation during Drosophila cleavage. Dev Biol 2022; 481:64-74. [PMID: 34627795 PMCID: PMC10835099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Toll-Dorsal signaling pathway controls dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning in early Drosophila embryos, which defines specific cell fates along the DV axis and controls morphogenetic behavior of cells during gastrulation and beyond. The extent by which DV patterning information regulates subcellular organization in pre-gastrulation embryos remains unclear. We find that during Drosophila cleavage, the late endosome marker Rab7 is increasingly recruited to the yolk granules and promotes the formation of dynamic membrane tubules. The biogenesis of yolk granule tubules is positively regulated by active Rab7 and its effector complex HOPS, but negatively regulated by the Rab7 effector retromer. The occurrence of tubules is strongly biased towards the ventral side of the embryo, which we show is controlled by the Toll-Dorsal signaling pathway. Our work provides the first evidence for the formation and regulation of yolk granule tubulation in oviparous embryos and elucidates an unexpected role of Toll-Dorsal signaling in regulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Victoria Bergstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Bing He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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14
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Yuan A, Nixon RA. Neurofilament Proteins as Biomarkers to Monitor Neurological Diseases and the Efficacy of Therapies. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:689938. [PMID: 34646114 PMCID: PMC8503617 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.689938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuronal injury have the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, disease monitoring, prognosis, and measure treatment efficacy. Neurofilament proteins (NfPs) are well suited as biomarkers in these contexts because they are major neuron-specific components that maintain structural integrity and are sensitive to neurodegeneration and neuronal injury across a wide range of neurologic diseases. Low levels of NfPs are constantly released from neurons into the extracellular space and ultimately reach the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood under physiological conditions throughout normal brain development, maturation, and aging. NfP levels in CSF and blood rise above normal in response to neuronal injury and neurodegeneration independently of cause. NfPs in CSF measured by lumbar puncture are about 40-fold more concentrated than in blood in healthy individuals. New ultra-sensitive methods now allow minimally invasive measurement of these low levels of NfPs in serum or plasma to track disease onset and progression in neurological disorders or nervous system injury and assess responses to therapeutic interventions. Any of the five Nf subunits - neurofilament light chain (NfL), neurofilament medium chain (NfM), neurofilament heavy chain (NfH), alpha-internexin (INA) and peripherin (PRPH) may be altered in a given neuropathological condition. In familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), plasma NfL levels may rise as early as 22 years before clinical onset in familial AD and 10 years before sporadic AD. The major determinants of elevated levels of NfPs and degradation fragments in CSF and blood are the magnitude of damaged or degenerating axons of fiber tracks, the affected axon caliber sizes and the rate of release of NfP and fragments at different stages of a given neurological disease or condition directly or indirectly affecting central nervous system (CNS) and/or peripheral nervous system (PNS). NfPs are rapidly emerging as transformative blood biomarkers in neurology providing novel insights into a wide range of neurological diseases and advancing clinical trials. Here we summarize the current understanding of intracellular NfP physiology, pathophysiology and extracellular kinetics of NfPs in biofluids and review the value and limitations of NfPs and degradation fragments as biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Yuan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ralph A. Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, (NYU), Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Abstract
Intraluminal vesicles accumulate within the endosomal lumen before lysosomal delivery or extracellular release. A new study reports the development of an elegant assay showing that these vesicles can escape from the endosomal lumen by 'back-fusion' or 'retrofusion' with the endosomal limiting membrane.
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16
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Retrofusion of intralumenal MVB membranes parallels viral infection and coexists with exosome release. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3884-3893.e4. [PMID: 34237268 PMCID: PMC8445322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal system constitutes a highly dynamic vesicle network used to relay materials and signals between the cell and its environment.1 Once internalized, endosomes gradually mature into late acidic compartments and acquire a multivesicular body (MVB) organization through invagination of the limiting membrane (LM) to form intraluminal vesicles (ILVs).2 Cargoes sequestered into ILVs can either be delivered to lysosomes for degradation or secreted following fusion of the MVB with the plasma membrane.3 It has been speculated that commitment to ILVs is not a terminal event, and that a return pathway exists, allowing “back-fusion” or “retrofusion” of intraluminal membranes to the LM.4 The existence of retrofusion as a way to support membrane equilibrium within the MVB has been widely speculated in various cell biological contexts, including exosome uptake5 and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) antigen presentation.6, 7, 8, 9 Given the small physical scale, retrofusion of ILVs cannot be measured with conventional techniques. To circumvent this, we designed a chemically tunable cell-based system to monitor retrofusion in real time. Using this system, we demonstrate that retrofusion occurs as part of the natural MVB lifestyle, with attributes parallel to those of viral infection. Furthermore, we find that retrofusion and exocytosis coexist in an equilibrium, implying that ILVs inert to retrofusion comprise a significant fraction of exosomes destined for secretion. MVBs thus contain three types of ILVs: those committed to lysosomal degradation, those retrofusing ILVs, and those subject to secretion in the form of exosomes. Video abstract
MVBs are complex organelles with intraluminal vesicles bound by the limiting membrane Intraluminal membranes are in a dynamic equilibrium with the limiting membrane Retrofusion of internal vesicles is controlled by processes used for viral fusion Exosomes arise from internal MVB vesicles not participating in retrofusion
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17
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Demmers LC, Wu W, Heck AJR. HLA Class II Presentation Is Specifically Altered at Elevated Temperatures in the B-Lymphoblastic Cell Line JY. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100089. [PMID: 33933681 PMCID: PMC8724904 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules play critical roles in our adaptive immune system by signaling a cell's health status to the immune system, through presentation of small peptides. Understanding HLA biology is important because of its prominent role in autoimmune diseases and cancer immunotherapy. Although both the HLA class I and class II antigen processing and presentation pathways have been studied extensively, the fundamental rules in HLA class II antigen presentation still remain less understood. To clarify the mechanistic and adaptive differences between the HLA systems, we challenged a B lymphoblastic cell line (JY), widely used as model system in studying antigen presentation, with a high temperature treatment to mimic a "fever-like state", representing one of the most common physiological responses to infection. In the absence of real invading pathogenic peptides to present, we could focus on delineating the intrinsic HLA pathway adaptations in response to high temperature in this particular cell line. Following a three-pronged approach, we performed quantitative analyses of the proteome, the HLA class I ligandome, as well as the HLA class II ligandome. The data reveals that elevated temperature may already prepare these cells for an immune-like response through increased HLA class II presentation capacity and specific release of, from the invariant chain originating, CLIP peptides. Interestingly, at high temperature, prominent changes in the composition of the CLIP repertoire were observed, with enrichment of peptides containing C-terminal extensions beyond the CLIP-core region. Collectively, these illustrate intriguing temperature sensitive adaptations in this B cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Demmers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wei Wu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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18
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Gruenberg J. Life in the lumen: The multivesicular endosome. Traffic 2021; 21:76-93. [PMID: 31854087 PMCID: PMC7004041 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The late endosomes/endo‐lysosomes of vertebrates contain an atypical phospholipid, lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) (also termed bis[monoacylglycero]phosphate [BMP]), which is not detected elsewhere in the cell. LBPA is abundant in the membrane system present in the lumen of this compartment, including intralumenal vesicles (ILVs). In this review, the current knowledge on LBPA and LBPA‐containing membranes will be summarized, and their role in the control of endosomal cholesterol will be outlined. Some speculations will also be made on how this system may be overwhelmed in the cholesterol storage disorder Niemann‐Pick C. Then, the roles of intralumenal membranes in endo‐lysosomal dynamics and functions will be discussed in broader terms. Likewise, the mechanisms that drive the biogenesis of intralumenal membranes, including ESCRTs, will also be discussed, as well as their diverse composition and fate, including degradation in lysosomes and secretion as exosomes. This review will also discuss how intralumenal membranes are hijacked by pathogenic agents during intoxication and infection, and what is the biochemical composition and function of the intra‐endosomal lumenal milieu. Finally, this review will allude to the size limitations imposed on intralumenal vesicle functions and speculate on the possible role of LBPA as calcium chelator in the acidic calcium stores of endo‐lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gruenberg
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Norris RP, Terasaki M. Gap junction internalization and processing in vivo: a 3D immuno-electron microscopy study. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs252726. [PMID: 33277382 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions have well-established roles in cell-cell communication by way of forming permeable intercellular channels. Less is understood about their internalization, which forms double membrane vesicles containing cytosol and membranes from another cell called connexosomes or annular gap junctions. Here, we systematically investigated the fate of connexosomes in intact ovarian follicles. High-pressure frozen, serial-sectioned tissue was immunogold labeled for connexin 43 (Cx43, also known as GJA1). Within a volume corresponding to ∼35 cells, every labeled structure was categorized and had its surface area measured. Measurements support the concept that multiple connexosomes form from larger invaginated gap junctions. Subsequently, the inner and outer membranes separate, Cx43 immunogenicity is lost from the outer membrane, and the inner membrane appears to undergo fission. One pathway for processing involves lysosomes, based on localization of cathepsin B to some processed connexosomes. In summary, this study demonstrates new technology for high-resolution analyses of gap junction processing.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael P Norris
- Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Mark Terasaki
- Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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20
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Gafson AR, Barthélemy NR, Bomont P, Carare RO, Durham HD, Julien JP, Kuhle J, Leppert D, Nixon RA, Weller RO, Zetterberg H, Matthews PM. Neurofilaments: neurobiological foundations for biomarker applications. Brain 2020; 143:1975-1998. [PMID: 32408345 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in neurofilaments has risen sharply in recent years with recognition of their potential as biomarkers of brain injury or neurodegeneration in CSF and blood. This is in the context of a growing appreciation for the complexity of the neurobiology of neurofilaments, new recognition of specialized roles for neurofilaments in synapses and a developing understanding of mechanisms responsible for their turnover. Here we will review the neurobiology of neurofilament proteins, describing current understanding of their structure and function, including recently discovered evidence for their roles in synapses. We will explore emerging understanding of the mechanisms of neurofilament degradation and clearance and review new methods for future elucidation of the kinetics of their turnover in humans. Primary roles of neurofilaments in the pathogenesis of human diseases will be described. With this background, we then will review critically evidence supporting use of neurofilament concentration measures as biomarkers of neuronal injury or degeneration. Finally, we will reflect on major challenges for studies of the neurobiology of intermediate filaments with specific attention to identifying what needs to be learned for more precise use and confident interpretation of neurofilament measures as biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie R Gafson
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Nicolas R Barthélemy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pascale Bomont
- ATIP-Avenir team, INM, INSERM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Heather D Durham
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, 2601 Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Leppert
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Roy O Weller
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, London
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21
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Larios J, Mercier V, Roux A, Gruenberg J. ALIX- and ESCRT-III-dependent sorting of tetraspanins to exosomes. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133723. [PMID: 32049272 PMCID: PMC7054990 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201904113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of endosomes mediate the delivery of activated signaling receptors and other proteins to lysosomes for degradation, but they also modulate intercellular communication when secreted as exosomes. The formation of ILVs requires four complexes, ESCRT-0, -I, -II, and -III, with ESCRT-0, -I, and -II presumably involved in cargo sorting and ESCRT-III in membrane deformation and fission. Here, we report that an active form of the ESCRT-associated protein ALIX efficiently recruits ESCRT-III proteins to endosomes. This recruitment occurs independently of other ESCRTs but requires lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) in vivo, and can be reconstituted on supported bilayers in vitro. Our data indicate that this ALIX- and ESCRT-III-dependent pathway promotes the sorting and delivery of tetraspanins to exosomes. We conclude that ALIX provides an additional pathway of ILV formation, secondary to the canonical pathway, and that this pathway controls the targeting of exosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Larios
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Mercier
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean Gruenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by cells under physiological and pathological conditions. There is emerging evidence associating exosomes with tumorigenesis. They carry cargo (DNA, RNA, miRNA and protein) pertaining to the cell of origin and play a key role in intercellular communication, influencing several cellular processes. Moreover, exosomes can be shed and found in almost all body fluids, providing a source of biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and prognosis. In addition, the use of exosomes for cancer therapeutics is another research area that is gaining attention. This book chapter aims to explore the role of exosomes in tumor biogenesis, progression and clinical applications, comprehensively compiling the research for three tumor types, namely head and neck cancer, lung cancer and glioblastoma.
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23
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Božić M, Verkhratsky A, Zorec R, Stenovec M. Exocytosis of large-diameter lysosomes mediates interferon γ-induced relocation of MHC class II molecules toward the surface of astrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3245-3264. [PMID: 31667557 PMCID: PMC7391398 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the key homeostatic cells in the central nervous system; initiation of reactive astrogliosis contributes to neuroinflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon γ (IFNγ) induces the expression of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules, involved in antigen presentation in reactive astrocytes. The pathway for MHCII delivery to the astrocyte plasma membrane, where MHCII present antigens, is unknown. Rat astrocytes in culture and in organotypic slices were exposed to IFNγ to induce reactive astrogliosis. Astrocytes were probed with optophysiologic tools to investigate subcellular localization of immunolabeled MHCII, and with electrophysiology to characterize interactions of single vesicles with the plasmalemma. In culture and in organotypic slices, IFNγ augmented the astrocytic expression of MHCII, which prominently co-localized with lysosomal marker LAMP1-EGFP, modestly co-localized with Rab7, and did not co-localize with endosomal markers Rab4A, EEA1, and TPC1. MHCII lysosomal localization was corroborated by treatment with the lysosomolytic agent glycyl-L-phenylalanine-β-naphthylamide, which reduced the number of MHCII-positive vesicles. The surface presence of MHCII was revealed by immunolabeling of live non-permeabilized cells. In IFNγ-treated astrocytes, an increased fraction of large-diameter exocytotic vesicles (lysosome-like vesicles) with prolonged fusion pore dwell time and larger pore conductance was recorded, whereas the rate of endocytosis was decreased. Stimulation with ATP, which triggers cytosolic calcium signaling, increased the frequency of exocytotic events, whereas the frequency of full endocytosis was further reduced. In IFNγ-treated astrocytes, MHCII-linked antigen surface presentation is mediated by increased lysosomal exocytosis, whereas surface retention of antigens is prolonged by concomitant inhibition of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mićo Božić
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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24
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Modulation of TAP-dependent antigen compartmentalization during human monocyte-to-DC differentiation. Blood Adv 2020; 3:839-850. [PMID: 30867143 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018027268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) take up antigen in the periphery, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, and present processed antigen fragments to adaptive immune cells and thus prime antigen-specific immunity. During local inflammation, recirculating monocytes are recruited from blood to the inflamed tissue, where they differentiate to macrophages and DCs. In this study, we found that monocytes showed high transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-dependent peptide compartmentalization and that after antigen pulsing, they were not able to efficiently stimulate antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Nevertheless, upon in vitro differentiation to monocyte-derived DCs, TAP-dependent peptide compartmentalization as well as surface major histocompatibility complex I turnover decreased and the cells efficiently restimulated T lymphocytes. Although TAP-dependent peptide compartmentalization decreased during DC differentiation, TAP expression levels increased. Furthermore, TAP relocated from early endosomes in monocytes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomal compartments in DCs. Collectively, these data are compatible with the model that during monocyte-to-DC differentiation, the subcellular relocation of TAP and the regulation of its activity assure spatiotemporal separation of local antigen uptake and processing by monocytes and efficient T-lymphocyte stimulation by DCs.
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25
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Jongsma ML, Bakker J, Cabukusta B, Liv N, van Elsland D, Fermie J, Akkermans JL, Kuijl C, van der Zanden SY, Janssen L, Hoogzaad D, van der Kant R, Wijdeven RH, Klumperman J, Berlin I, Neefjes J. SKIP-HOPS recruits TBC1D15 for a Rab7-to-Arl8b identity switch to control late endosome transport. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102301. [PMID: 32080880 PMCID: PMC7073467 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endolysosomal system fulfils a myriad of cellular functions predicated on regulated membrane identity progressions, collectively termed maturation. Mature or “late” endosomes are designated by small membrane‐bound GTPases Rab7 and Arl8b, which can either operate independently or collaborate to form a joint compartment. Whether, and how, Rab7 and Arl8b resolve this hybrid identity compartment to regain functional autonomy is unknown. Here, we report that Arl8b employs its effector SKIP to instigate inactivation and removal of Rab7 from select membranes. We find that SKIP interacts with Rab7 and functions as its negative effector, delivering the cognate GAP, TBC1D15. Recruitment of TBC1D15 to SKIP occurs via the HOPS complex, whose assembly is facilitated by contacts between Rab7 and the KMI motif of SKIP. Consequently, SKIP mediates reinstatement of single identity Arl8b sub‐compartment through an ordered Rab7‐to‐Arl8b handover, and, together with Rab7's positive effector RILP, enforces spatial, temporal and morphological compartmentalization of endolysosomal organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlieke Lm Jongsma
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Birol Cabukusta
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne van Elsland
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Job Fermie
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy Ll Akkermans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Coenraad Kuijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Y van der Zanden
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lennert Janssen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Hoogzaad
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Sciences, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Wijdeven
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Dendritic Cells Internalize Staphylococcus aureus More Efficiently than Staphylococcus epidermidis, but Do Not Differ in Induction of Antigen-Specific T Cell Proliferation. Microorganisms 2019; 8:microorganisms8010019. [PMID: 31861881 PMCID: PMC7022728 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are related species which can cause predominantly acute and subacute infections, respectively. Differences in human adaptive immune responses to these two species are not well understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) have an important role in the control and regulation of anti-staphylococcal T cell responses. Therefore, we aimed to compare the ability of S. aureus and S. epidermidis to influence the essential steps in human DC activation and subsequent antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Using multiple strains of both species, we observed that S. aureus was internalized more effectively than S. epidermidis by DCs but that both species were equally potent in activating these host cells, as evidenced by similar induction of DC maturation marker expression and antigen loading onto MHC-II molecules. The DCs stimulated by S. aureus strains not harboring superantigen (SAg) genes or by any of the S. epidermidis strains, induced low, likely physiological levels of T cell proliferation. Only DCs stimulated with S. aureus strains harboring SAg genes induced high levels of T cell proliferation. Taken together, S. aureus and S. epidermidis do not differently affect DC activation and ensuing antigen-specific T cell proliferation, unless a strain has the capacity to produce SAgs.
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27
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Vidal M. Exosomes: Revisiting their role as "garbage bags". Traffic 2019; 20:815-828. [PMID: 31418976 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the term "extracellular vesicle" (EV) has been used to define different types of vesicles released by various cells. It includes plasma membrane-derived vesicles (ectosomes/microvesicles) and endosome-derived vesicles (exosomes). Although it remains difficult to evaluate the compartment of origin of the two kinds of vesicles once released, it is critical to discriminate these vesicles because their mode of biogenesis is probably directly related to their physiologic function and/or to the physio-pathologic state of the producing cell. The purpose of this review is to specifically consider exosome secretion and its consequences in terms of a material loss for producing cells, rather than on the effects of exosomes once they are taken up by recipient cells. I especially describe one putative basic function of exosomes, that is, to convey material out of cells for off-site degradation by recipient cells. As illustrated by some examples, these components could be evacuated from cells for various reasons, for example, to promote "differentiation" or enhance homeostatic responses. This basic function might explain why so many diseases have made use of the exosomal pathway during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Vidal
- LPHI - Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Kotsias F, Cebrian I, Alloatti A. Antigen processing and presentation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:69-121. [PMID: 31810556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are at the center of immune responses. They are defined by their ability to sense the environment, take up and process antigen, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they present antigens to the adaptive immune system. In particular, they present lipids and proteins from pathogens, which they encountered in peripheral tissues, to T cells in order to induce a specific effector immune response. These complex antigens need to be broken down into peptides of a certain length in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. Presentation of MHC/antigen complexes alongside costimulatory molecules and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines will induce an appropriate immune response. This interaction between dendritic cells and T cells takes place at defined locations within secondary lymphoid organs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie antigen processing and the subsequent presentation to T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Kotsias
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cebrian
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Andrés Alloatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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Perrin P, Jongsma MLM, Neefjes J, Berlin I. The labyrinth unfolds: architectural rearrangements of the endolysosomal system in antigen-presenting cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 58:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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The Late Endosomal Pathway Regulates the Ciliary Targeting of Tetraspanin Protein Peripherin 2. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3376-3393. [PMID: 30819798 PMCID: PMC6495125 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2811-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripherin 2 (PRPH2) is a tetraspanin protein concentrated in the light-sensing cilium (called the outer segment) of the vertebrate photoreceptor. The mechanism underlying the ciliary targeting of PRPH2 and the etiology of cone dystrophy caused by PRPH2 mutations remain elusive. Here we show that the late endosome (LE) is the main waystation that critically sorts newly synthesized PRPH2 to the cilium. PRPH2 is expressed in the luminal membrane of the LE. We delineate multiple C-terminal motifs of PRPH2 that distinctively regulate its LE and ciliary targeting through ubiquitination and binding to ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) component Hrs. Using the newly developed TetOn-inducible system in transfected male and female mouse cones in vivo, we show that the entry of nascent PRPH2 into the cone outer segment can be blocked by either cone dystrophy-causing C-terminal mutations of PRPH2, or by short-term perturbation of the LE or recycling endosomal traffic. These findings open new avenues of research to explore the biological role of the LE in the biosynthetic pathway and the etiology of cone dystrophy caused by PRPH2 mutations and/or malfunctions of the LE.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Peripherin 2 (PRPH2) is a tetraspanin protein abundantly expressed in the light-sensing cilium, the outer segment, of the vertebrate photoreceptor. The mechanism underlying the ciliary transport of PRPH2 is unclear. The present study reveals a novel ciliary targeting pathway, in which the newly synthesized PRPH2 is first targeted to the lumen of the late endosome (LE) en route to the cilia. We deciphered the protein motifs and the machinery that regulates the LE trafficking of PRPH2. Using a novel TetOn-inducible system in transfected mouse cones, we showed that the LE pathway of PRPH2 is critical for its outer segment expression. A cone dystrophy-causing mutation impairs the LE and ciliary targeting of PRPH2, implicating the relevance of LE to cone/macular degenerative diseases.
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31
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Thibodeau J, Moulefera MA, Balthazard R. On the structure–function of MHC class II molecules and how single amino acid polymorphisms could alter intracellular trafficking. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:15-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Hipolito VEB, Ospina-Escobar E, Botelho RJ. Lysosome remodelling and adaptation during phagocyte activation. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20. [PMID: 29349904 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic and hydrolytic organelles responsible for receiving and digesting cargo acquired during endocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy. For macrophages and dendritic cells, the lysosome is kingpin, playing a direct role in microbe killing and antigen processing for presentation. Strikingly, the historic view that lysosomes are homogeneous and static organelles is being replaced with a more elegant paradigm, in which lysosomes are heterogeneous, dynamic, and respond to cellular needs. For example, lysosomes are signalling platforms that integrate stress detection and molecular decision hubs such as the mTOR complex 1 and AMPK to modulate cellular activity. These signals can even adjust lysosome activity by modulating transcription factors such as transcription factor EB (TFEB) and TFE3 that govern lysosome gene expression. Here, we review lysosome remodelling and adaptation during macrophage and dendritic cell stimulation. First, we assess the functional outcomes and regulatory mechanisms driving the dramatic restructuring of lysosomes from globular organelles into a tubular network during phagocyte activation. Second, we discuss lysosome adaptation and scaling in macrophages driven by TFEB and TFE3 stimulation in response to phagocytosis and microbe challenges. Collectively, we are beginning to appreciate that lysosomes are dynamic and adapt to serve phagocyte differentiation in response to microbes and immune stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E B Hipolito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and the Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Ospina-Escobar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and the Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and the Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Ye M, Lehigh KM, Ginty DD. Multivesicular bodies mediate long-range retrograde NGF-TrkA signaling. eLife 2018; 7:33012. [PMID: 29381137 PMCID: PMC5811214 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neurons in the peripheral nervous system is dependent on target-derived, long-range retrograde neurotrophic factor signals. The prevailing view is that target-derived nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypical neurotrophin, and its receptor TrkA are carried retrogradely by early endosomes, which serve as TrkA signaling platforms in cell bodies. Here, we report that the majority of retrograde TrkA signaling endosomes in mouse sympathetic neurons are ultrastructurally and molecularly defined multivesicular bodies (MVBs). In contrast to MVBs that carry non-TrkA cargoes from distal axons to cell bodies, retrogradely transported TrkA+ MVBs that arrive in cell bodies evade lysosomal fusion and instead evolve into TrkA+ single-membrane vesicles that are signaling competent. Moreover, TrkA kinase activity associated with retrogradely transported TrkA+ MVBs determines TrkA+ endosome evolution and fate. Thus, MVBs deliver long-range retrograde NGF signals and serve as signaling and sorting platforms in the cell soma, and MVB cargoes dictate their vesicular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Ye
- Human Genetics Training Program, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Kathryn M Lehigh
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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CD9 Regulates Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Trafficking in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00202-17. [PMID: 28533221 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00202-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) stimulates naive CD4+ T cells, triggering T cell activation and the adaptive arm of the immune response. Newly synthesized major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules accumulate at MHC-II-enriched endosomal compartments and are transported to the plasma membrane of DCs after binding to antigenic peptides to enable antigen presentation. In DCs, MHC-II molecules are included in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). However, the role of tetraspanin CD9 in these processes remains largely undefined. Here, we show that CD9 regulates the T cell-stimulatory capacity of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs), without affecting antigen presentation by fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)-dependent BMDCs. CD9 knockout (KO) GM-CSF-dependent BMDCs, which resemble monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs), induce lower levels of T cell activation than wild-type DCs, and this effect is related to a reduction in MHC-II surface expression in CD9-deficient MoDCs. Importantly, MHC-II targeting to the plasma membrane is largely impaired in immature CD9 KO MoDCs, in which MHC-II remains arrested in acidic intracellular compartments enriched in LAMP-1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 1), and MHC-II internalization is also blocked. Moreover, CD9 participates in MHC-II trafficking in mature MoDCs, regulating its endocytosis and recycling. Our results demonstrate that the tetraspanin CD9 specifically regulates antigenic presentation in MoDCs through the regulation of MHC-II intracellular trafficking.
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35
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Abstract
Unlike B cells, CD8-positive and CD4-positive T cells of the adaptive immune system do not recognize intact foreign proteins but instead recognize polypeptide fragments of potential antigens. These antigenic peptides are expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells bound to MHC class I and MHC class II proteins. Here, we review the basics of antigen acquisition by antigen presenting cells, antigen proteolysis into polypeptide fragments, antigenic peptide binding to MHC proteins, and surface display of both MHC class I-peptide and MHC class II-peptide complexes.
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36
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Rezaie J, Ajezi S, Avci ÇB, Karimipour M, Geranmayeh MH, Nourazarian A, Sokullu E, Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R. Exosomes and their Application in Biomedical Field: Difficulties and Advantages. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3372-3393. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Nunes-Hasler P, Demaurex N. The ER phagosome connection in the era of membrane contact sites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1513-1524. [PMID: 28432021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism through which innate immune cells ingest foreign material that is either destroyed or used to generate and present antigens and initiate adaptive immune responses. While a role for the ER during phagosome biogenesis has been recognized, whether fusion with ER cisternae or vesicular derivatives occurs has been the source of much contention. Membrane contact sites (MCS) are tight appositions between ER membranes and various organelles that coordinate multiple functions including localized signalling, lipid transfer and trafficking. The discovery that MCS form between the ER and phagosomes now begs the question of whether MCS play a role in connecting the ER to phagosomes under different contexts. In this review, we consider the implications of MCS between the ER and phagosomes during cross-presentation and infection with intracellular pathogens. We also discuss the similarities between these contacts and those between the ER and plasma membrane and acidic organelles such as endosomes and lysosomes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Contact Sites edited by Christian Ungermann and Benoit Kornmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Nunes-Hasler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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38
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Bäck N, Kanerva K, Kurutihalli V, Yanik A, Ikonen E, Mains RE, Eipper BA. The endocytic pathways of a secretory granule membrane protein in HEK293 cells: PAM and EGF traverse a dynamic multivesicular body network together. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:407-417. [PMID: 28377049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) is highly expressed in neurons and endocrine cells, where it catalyzes one of the final steps in the biosynthesis of bioactive peptides. PAM is also expressed in unicellular organisms such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which do not store peptides in secretory granules. As for other granule membrane proteins, PAM is retrieved from the cell surface and returned to the trans-Golgi network. This pathway involves regulated entry of PAM into multivesicular body intralumenal vesicles (ILVs). The aim of this study was defining the endocytic pathways utilized by PAM in cells that do not store secretory products in granules. Using stably transfected HEK293 cells, endocytic trafficking of PAM was compared to that of the mannose 6-phosphate (MPR) and EGF (EGFR) receptors, established markers for the endosome to trans-Golgi network and degradative pathways, respectively. As in neuroendocrine cells, PAM internalized by HEK293 cells accumulated in the trans-Golgi network. Based on surface biotinylation, >70% of the PAM on the cell surface was recovered intact after a 4h chase and soluble, bifunctional PAM was produced. Endosomes containing PAM generally contained both EGFR and MPR and ultrastructural analysis confirmed that all three cargos accumulated in ILVs. PAM containing multivesicular bodies made frequent dynamic tubular contacts with younger and older multivesicular bodies. Frequent dynamic contacts were observed between lysosomes and PAM containing early endosomes and multivesicular bodies. The ancient ability of PAM to localize to ciliary membranes, which release bioactive ectosomes, may be related to its ability to accumulate in ILVs and exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Bäck
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kristiina Kanerva
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Andrew Yanik
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Pérez-Montesinos G, López-Ortega O, Piedra-Reyes J, Bonifaz LC, Moreno J. Dynamic Changes in the Intracellular Association of Selected Rab Small GTPases with MHC Class II and DM during Dendritic Cell Maturation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:340. [PMID: 28396666 PMCID: PMC5367080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen processing for presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules requires the latter to travel through the endocytic pathway together with its chaperons: the invariant chain (Ii) and DM. Nevertheless, the nature of the compartments where MHCII molecules travel to acquire peptides lacks definition regarding molecules involved in intracellular vesicular trafficking, such as Rab small GTPases. We aimed to define which Rab proteins are present during the intracellular transport of MHCII, DM, and Ii through the endocytic pathway on their route to the cell surface during dendritic cell (DC) maturation. We examined, by means of three-color confocal microscopy, the association of MHCII, DM, and Ii with Rab5, Rab7, Rab9, and Rab11 during the maturation of bone marrow-derived or spleen DC in response to LPS as an inflammatory stimulus. Prior to the stage of immature DC, MHCII migrated from diffuse small cytoplasmic vesicles, predominantly Rab5+Rab7- and Rab5+Rab7+ into a pericentriolar Rab5+Rab7+Rab9+ cluster, with Rab11+ areas. As DC reached the mature phenotype, MHCII left the pericentriolar endocytic compartments toward the cell surface in Rab11+ and Rab9+Rab11+ vesicles. The invariant chain and MHCII transport pathways were not identical. DM and MHCII appeared to arrive to pericentriolar endocytic compartments of immature DC through partially different routes. The association of MHCII molecules with distinct Rab GTPases during DC maturation suggests that after leaving the biosynthetic pathway, MHCII sequentially traffic from typical early endosomes to multivesicular late endosomes to finally arrive at the cell surface in Rab11+ recycling-type endosomes. In immature DCs, DM encounters transiently MHCII in the Rab5+Rab7+Rab9+ compartments, to remain there in mature DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibrán Pérez-Montesinos
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Centro México Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
- Centro Dermatológico “Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua”, Secretaría de Salud del Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Orestes López-Ortega
- Hospital Juárez de México, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Jessica Piedra-Reyes
- Hospital Juárez de México, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Laura C. Bonifaz
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Centro México Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - José Moreno
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Centro México Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
- Hospital Juárez de México, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
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40
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Rock KL, Reits E, Neefjes J. Present Yourself! By MHC Class I and MHC Class II Molecules. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:724-737. [PMID: 27614798 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of MHC molecules, it has taken 40 years to arrive at a coherent picture of how MHC class I and MHC class II molecules really work. This is a story of the proteases and MHC-like chaperones that support the MHC class I and II molecules in presenting peptides to the immune system. We now understand that the MHC system shapes both the repertoire of presented peptides and the subsequent T cell response, with important implications ranging from transplant rejection to tumor immunotherapies. Here we present an illustrated review of the ins and outs of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eric Reits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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41
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Mahmutefendić H, Blagojević Zagorac G, Grabušić K, Karleuša L, Maćešić S, Momburg F, Lučin P. Late Endosomal Recycling of Open MHC-I Conformers. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:872-887. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Mahmutefendić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Immunology; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | | | | | - Ljerka Karleuša
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Immunology; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Senka Maćešić
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mathematics, Physics, Foreign Languages and Kinesiology; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Frank Momburg
- Antigen Presentation & T/NK Cell Activation Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Pero Lučin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Immunology; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
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42
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Lee EJ, Park KS, Jeon IS, Choi JW, Lee SJ, Choy HE, Song KD, Lee HK, Choi JK. LAMP-3 (Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein 3) Promotes the Intracellular Proliferation of Salmonella typhimurium. Mol Cells 2016; 39:566-72. [PMID: 27329040 PMCID: PMC4959022 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are cellular organelles containing diverse classes of catabolic enzymes that are implicated in diverse cellular processes including phagocytosis, autophagy, lipid transport, and aging. Lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMP-1 and LAMP-2) are major glycoproteins important for maintaining lysosomal integrity, pH, and catabolism. LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 are constitutively expressed in Salmonella-infected cells and are recruited to Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs) as well as Salmonella-induced filaments (Sifs) that promote the survival and proliferation of the Salmonella. LAMP-3, also known as DC-LAMP/CD208, is a member of the LAMP family of proteins, but its role during Salmonella infection remains unclear. DNA microarray analysis identified LAMP-3 as one of the genes responding to LPS stimulation in THP-1 macrophage cells. Subsequent analyses reveal that LPS and Salmonella induced the expression of LAMP-3 at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Confocal Super resolution N-SIM imaging revealed that LAMP-3, like LAMP-2, shifts its localization from the cell surface to alongside Salmonella. Knockdown of LAMP-3 by specific siRNAs decreased the number of Salmonella recovered from the infected cells. Therefore, we conclude that LAMP-3 is induced by Salmonella infection and recruited to the Salmonella pathogen for intracellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
| | - In-Sook Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Jae-Woon Choi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Sang-Jeon Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Hyun E. Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
| | - Joong-Kook Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
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43
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Bretou M, Kumari A, Malbec O, Moreau HD, Obino D, Pierobon P, Randrian V, Sáez PJ, Lennon-Duménil AM. Dynamics of the membrane-cytoskeleton interface in MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation. Immunol Rev 2016; 272:39-51. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Bretou
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Anita Kumari
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Odile Malbec
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Hélène D. Moreau
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Dorian Obino
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Violaine Randrian
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Pablo J. Sáez
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
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44
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Oh J, Shin JS. Molecular mechanism and cellular function of MHCII ubiquitination. Immunol Rev 2016; 266:134-44. [PMID: 26085212 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) is ubiquitinated via the evolutionarily conserved lysine in the cytoplasmic tail of the β chain in dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells. The ubiquitination is mediated by the membrane-associated RING-CH1 (MARCH1) ubiquitin ligase although it can be also mediated by the homologous ligase MARCH8 in model cell lines. The ubiquitination promotes MHCII endocytosis and lysosomal sorting that results in a reduction in the level of MHCII at cell surface. Functionally, MHCII ubiquitination serves as a means by which DCs suppress MHCII expression and reduce antigen presentation in response to the immune regulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and regulatory T cells. Recently, additional roles of MHCII ubiquitination have emerged. MHCII ubiquitination promoted DC production of inflammatory cytokines in response to the Toll-like receptor ligands. It also potentiated DC ability to activate antigen-specific naive CD4(+) T cells while limiting the amount of antigens presented at cell surface. Similarly, MHCII ubiquitination promoted DC activation of CD4(+) thymocytes supporting regulatory T-cell development independent of its effect of limiting antigen presentation. Thus, ubiquitination appears to confer MHCII a function independent of presenting antigens by a mechanism yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehak Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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45
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Chiaruttini G, Piperno GM, Jouve M, De Nardi F, Larghi P, Peden AA, Baj G, Müller S, Valitutti S, Galli T, Benvenuti F. The SNARE VAMP7 Regulates Exocytic Trafficking of Interleukin-12 in Dendritic Cells. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2624-36. [PMID: 26972013 PMCID: PMC4806224 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12), produced by dendritic cells in response to activation, is central to pathogen eradication and tumor rejection. The trafficking pathways controlling spatial distribution and intracellular transport of IL-12 vesicles to the cell surface are still unknown. Here, we show that intracellular IL-12 localizes in late endocytic vesicles marked by the SNARE VAMP7. Dendritic cells (DCs) from VAMP7-deficient mice are partially impaired in the multidirectional release of IL-12. Upon encounter with antigen-specific T cells, IL-12-containing vesicles rapidly redistribute at the immune synapse and release IL-12 in a process entirely dependent on VAMP7 expression. Consistently, acquisition of effector functions is reduced in T cells stimulated by VAMP7-null DCs. These results provide insights into IL-12 intracellular trafficking pathways and show that VAMP7-mediated release of IL-12 at the immune synapse is a mechanism to transmit innate signals to T cells. Intracellular trafficking of IL-12 in dendritic cells is mediated by the SNARE VAMP7 VAMP7 is required for optimal secretion of IL-12 in the extracellular space IL-12/VAMP7+ vesicles gather at the immune synapse VAMP7 controls synaptic release of IL-12 and IFN-γ production in T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chiaruttini
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia M Piperno
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mabel Jouve
- Génétique et Biologie du Développement, UMR 3215, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca De Nardi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Larghi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Gabriele Baj
- Life Sciences Department, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabina Müller
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Thierry Galli
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France; Membrane Traffic in Neuronal and Epithelial Morphogenesis, INSERM ERL U950, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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46
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Unanue ER, Turk V, Neefjes J. Variations in MHC Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:265-97. [PMID: 26907214 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules are critical in the control of many immune responses. They are also involved in most autoimmune diseases and other pathologies. Here, we describe the biology of MHC-II and MHC-II variations that affect immune responses. We discuss the classic cell biology of MHC-II and various perturbations. Proteolysis is a major process in the biology of MHC-II, and we describe the various components forming and controlling this endosomal proteolytic machinery. This process ultimately determines the MHC-II-presented peptidome, including cryptic peptides, modified peptides, and other peptides that are relevant in autoimmune responses. MHC-II also variable in expression, glycosylation, and turnover. We illustrate that MHC-II is variable not only in amino acids (polymorphic) but also in its biology, with consequences for both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; .,Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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47
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Liang D, Halpert MM, Konduri V, Decker WK. Stepping Out of the Cytosol: AIMp1/p43 Potentiates the Link Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:367-81. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1077829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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48
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Sahillioğlu AC, Özören N. Artificial Loading of ASC Specks with Cytosolic Antigens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134912. [PMID: 26258904 PMCID: PMC4530869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome complexes form upon interaction of Nod Like Receptor (NLR) proteins with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAPMS) inside the cytosol. Stimulation of a subset of inflammasome receptors including NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 triggers formation of the micrometer-sized spherical supramolecular complex called the ASC speck. The ASC speck is thought to be the platform of inflammasome activity, but the reason why a supramolecular complex is preferred against oligomeric platforms remains elusive. We observed that a set of cytosolic proteins, including the model antigen ovalbumin, tend to co-aggregate on the ASC speck. We suggest that co-aggregation of antigenic proteins on the ASC speck during intracellular infection might be instrumental in antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Can Sahillioğlu
- Apoptosis and Cancer Immunology Laboratory (AKiL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Özören
- Apoptosis and Cancer Immunology Laboratory (AKiL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Life Sciences and Technologies Research Center, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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49
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Hennies CM, Lehn MA, Janssen EM. Quantitating MHC class II trafficking in primary dendritic cells using imaging flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2015; 423:18-28. [PMID: 25967952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of antigenic peptides in MHC class II (MHCII) on dendritic cells (DCs) is the first step in the activation of antigen-specific CD4(+)T cells. The expression of surface MHCII-peptide complexes is tightly regulated as the frequency of MHCII-peptide complexes can affect the magnitude, as well as the phenotype of the ensuing CD4(+)T cell response. The surface MHCII-peptide levels are determined by the balance between expression of newly generated complexes, complex internalization, and their subsequent re-emergence or degradation. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin these processes are still poorly understood. Here we describe a multispectral imaging flow cytometry assay to visualize MHCII trafficking that can be used as a tool to dissect the molecular mechanisms that regulate MHCII homeostasis in primary mouse and human DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Hennies
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria A Lehn
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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50
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van Luijn MM, Kreft KL, Jongsma ML, Mes SW, Wierenga-Wolf AF, van Meurs M, Melief MJ, der Kant RV, Janssen L, Janssen H, Tan R, Priatel JJ, Neefjes J, Laman JD, Hintzen RQ. Multiple sclerosis-associated CLEC16A controls HLA class II expression via late endosome biogenesis. Brain 2015; 138:1531-47. [PMID: 25823473 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins are key players in immune regulation by driving distinct functions of antigen-presenting cells. The C-type lectin CLEC16A gene is located at 16p13, a susceptibility locus for several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. However, the function of this gene and its potential contribution to these diseases in humans are poorly understood. In this study, we found a strong upregulation of CLEC16A expression in the white matter of multiple sclerosis patients (n = 14) compared to non-demented controls (n = 11), mainly in perivascular leukocyte infiltrates. Moreover, CLEC16A levels were significantly enhanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis patients (n = 69) versus healthy controls (n = 46). In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CLEC16A was most abundant in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, in which it strongly co-localized with human leukocyte antigen class II. Treatment of these professional antigen-presenting cells with vitamin D, a key protective environmental factor in multiple sclerosis, downmodulated CLEC16A in parallel with human leukocyte antigen class II. Knockdown of CLEC16A in distinct types of model and primary antigen-presenting cells resulted in severely impaired cytoplasmic distribution and formation of human leucocyte antigen class II-positive late endosomes, as determined by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Mechanistically, CLEC16A participated in the molecular machinery of human leukocyte antigen class II-positive late endosome formation and trafficking to perinuclear regions, involving the dynein motor complex. By performing co-immunoprecipitations, we found that CLEC16A directly binds to two critical members of this complex, RILP and the HOPS complex. CLEC16A silencing in antigen-presenting cells disturbed RILP-mediated recruitment of human leukocyte antigen class II-positive late endosomes to perinuclear regions. Together, we identify CLEC16A as a pivotal gene in multiple sclerosis that serves as a direct regulator of the human leukocyte antigen class II pathway in antigen-presenting cells. These findings are a first step in coupling multiple sclerosis-associated genes to the regulation of the strongest genetic factor in multiple sclerosis, human leukocyte antigen class II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin M van Luijn
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karim L Kreft
- 2 Department of Neurology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlieke L Jongsma
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W Mes
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annet F Wierenga-Wolf
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan van Meurs
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Melief
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennert Janssen
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rusung Tan
- 4 Department of Pathology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar 5 BC Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - John J Priatel
- 5 BC Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Q Hintzen
- 2 Department of Neurology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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