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Du J, Yuan X, Deng H, Huang R, Liu B, Xiong T, Long X, Zhang L, Li Y, She Q. Single-cell and spatial heterogeneity landscapes of mature epicardial cells. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:894-907. [PMID: 37719196 PMCID: PMC10499659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tbx18, Wt1, and Tcf21 have been identified as epicardial markers during the early embryonic stage. However, the gene markers of mature epicardial cells remain unclear. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis was performed with the Seurat, Monocle, and CellphoneDB packages in R software with standard procedures. Spatial transcriptomics was performed on chilled Visium Tissue Optimization Slides (10x Genomics) and Visium Spatial Gene Expression Slides (10x Genomics). Spatial transcriptomics analysis was performed with Space Ranger software and R software. Immunofluorescence, whole-mount RNA in situ hybridization and X-gal staining were performed to validate the analysis results. Spatial transcriptomics analysis revealed distinct transcriptional profiles and functions between epicardial tissue and non-epicardial tissue. Several gene markers specific to postnatal epicardial tissue were identified, including Msln, C3, Efemp1, and Upk3b. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed that cardiac cells from wildtype mouse hearts (from embryonic day 9.5 to postnatal day 9) could be categorized into six major cell types, which included epicardial cells. Throughout epicardial development, Wt1, Tbx18, and Upk3b were consistently expressed, whereas genes including Msln, C3, and Efemp1 exhibited increased expression during the mature stages of development. Pseudotime analysis further revealed two epicardial cell fates during maturation. Moreover, Upk3b, Msln, Efemp1, and C3 positive epicardial cells were enriched in extracellular matrix signaling. Our results suggested Upk3b, Efemp1, Msln, C3, and other genes were mature epicardium markers. Extracellular matrix signaling was found to play a critical role in the mature epicardium, thus suggesting potential therapeutic targets for heart regeneration in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Haijun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Precision Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Tianhua Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xianglin Long
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yingrui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qiang She
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
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Lennartz M, Atug D, Dwertmann Rico S, Reiswich V, Viehweger F, Büscheck F, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Hinsch A, Bernreuther C, Sauter G, Burandt E, Marx AH, Krech T, Simon R, Minner S, Clauditz TS, Jacobsen F, Lebok P, Gorbokon N, Möller K, Steurer S, Fraune C. Analysis of More than 16,000 Human Tumor and Normal Tissues Identifies Uroplakin 3B as a Useful Diagnostic Marker for Mesothelioma and Normal Mesothelial Cells. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2516. [PMID: 36292206 PMCID: PMC9600073 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Uroplakin 3B (Upk3b) is involved in stabilizing and strengthening the urothelial cell layer of the bladder. Based on RNA expression studies, Upk3b is expressed in a limited number of normal and tumor tissues. The potential use of Upk3b as a diagnostic or prognostic marker in tumor diagnosis has not yet been extensively investigated. A tissue microarray containing 17,693 samples from 151 different tumor types/subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In normal tissues, Upk3b expression was largely limited to mesothelial cells, urothelial umbrella cells, and amnion cells. In tumor tissues, Upk3b was detectable in only 17 of 151 (11.3%) of tumor types. Upk3b expression was most frequent in mesotheliomas (82.1% of epithelioid and 30.8% of biphasic) and in urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder, where the positivity rate decreased from 61.9% in pTaG2 (low grade) to 58.0% in pTaG3 (high grade) and 14.6% in pT2-4 cancers. Among pT2-4 urothelial carcinomas, Upk3b staining was unrelated to tumor stage, lymph node status, and patient prognosis. Less commonly, Upk3b expression was also seen in Brenner tumors of the ovary (10.8%), as well as in four other subtypes of ovarian cancer (0.9-10.6%). Four additional tumor entities showed a weak to moderate Upk3b positivity in less than 5% of cases. In summary, Upk3b immunohistochemistry is a useful diagnostic tool for the distinction of mesotheliomas from other thoracic tumors and the visualization of normal mesothelial and umbrella cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lennartz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Atug
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Viktor Reiswich
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Viehweger
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Marx
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, 90766 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S. Clauditz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Jafari NV, Rohn JL. The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1127-1142. [PMID: 36180582 PMCID: PMC9705259 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All mucosal surfaces must deal with the challenge of exposure to the outside world. The urothelium is a highly specialized layer of stratified epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the urinary bladder, a gruelling environment involving significant stretch forces, osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, toxic substances, and microbial invasion. The urinary bladder plays an important barrier role and allows the accommodation and expulsion of large volumes of urine without permitting urine components to diffuse across. The urothelium is made up of three cell types, basal, intermediate, and umbrella cells, whose specialized functions aid in the bladder's mission. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into urothelial structure, function, development, regeneration, and in particular the role of umbrella cells in barrier formation and maintenance. We briefly review diseases which involve the bladder and discuss current human urothelial in vitro models as a complement to traditional animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila V Jafari
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Rohn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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Li S, Chen LN, Zhu HJ, Feng X, Xie FY, Luo SM, Ou XH, Ma JY. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of mouse follicular somatic cells†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:1234-1245. [PMID: 34467391 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the development of ovarian follicle, in addition to cell proliferation and differentiation, sophisticated cell-cell cross talks are established among follicular somatic cells such as granulosa cells (GCs) and theca cells. To systematically reveal the cell differentiation and signal transductions in follicular somatic cells, we collected the mouse follicular somatic cells from secondary to ovulatory stage, and analyzed the single cell transcriptomes. Having data filtered and screened, we found 6883 high variable genes in 4888 single cells. Then follicular somatic cells were clustered into 26 cell clusters, including 18 GC clusters, 4 theca endocrine cell (TEC) clusters, and 4 other somatic cell clusters, which include immune cells and Acta2 positive theca externa cells. From our data, we found there was metabolic reprogramming happened during GC differentiation. We also found both Cyp19a1 and Cyp11a1 could be expressed in TECs. We analyzed the expression patterns of genes associated with cell-cell interactions such as steroid hormone receptor genes, insulin signaling genes, and cytokine/transformation growth factor beta associated genes in all cell clusters. Lastly, we clustered the highly variable genes into 300 gene clusters, which could be used to search new genes involved in follicle development. These transcriptomes of follicular somatic cells provide us potential clues to reveal how mammals regulating follicle development and could help us find targets to improve oocyte quality for women with low fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei-Ning Chen
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Jing Zhu
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Teaching Center in Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, University of South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xie Feng
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Yun Xie
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ming Luo
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Ou
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Teaching Center in Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, University of South China, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Yu Ma
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Zupančič D, Romih R. Immunohistochemistry as a paramount tool in research of normal urothelium, bladder cancer and bladder pain syndrome. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 33764020 PMCID: PMC8033529 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, an epithelium of the urinary bladder, primarily functions as blood-urine permeability barrier. The urothelium has a very slow turnover under normal conditions but is capable of extremely fast response to injury. During regeneration urothelium either restores normal function or undergoes altered differentiation pathways, the latter being the cause of several bladder diseases. In this review, we describe the structure of the apical plasma membrane that enables barrier function, the role of urothelium specific proteins uroplakins and the machinery for polarized membrane transports in terminally differentiated superficial umbrella cells. We address key markers, such as keratins, cancer stem cell markers, retinoic acid signalling pathway proteins and transient receptor potential channels and purinergic receptors that drive normal and altered differentiation in bladder cancer and bladder pain syndrome. Finally, we discuss uncertainties regarding research, diagnosis and treatment of bladder pain syndrome. Throughout the review, we emphasise the contribution of immunohistochemistry in advancing our understanding of processes in normal and diseased bladder as well as the most promising possibilities for improved bladder cancer and bladder pain syndrome management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daša Zupančič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana.
| | - Rok Romih
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana.
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6
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Expression of NGF, MCP-1, uroplakin III, and NOS in bladder urothelium after partial urethral obstruction in rats. J Pediatr Urol 2020; 16:806.e1-806.e14. [PMID: 32994092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although several cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors have been suggested to play a role in the development of bladder fibrosis and functional changes, the mechanisms that are effective in the pathogenesis of partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO)-induced bladder fibrosis are not well understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the expressions of nerve growth factor (NGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), uroplakin III (URPIII), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS) that may be involved in fibrosis in rats with partial urethral obstruction for 1, 2 and 3 weeks, and the changes in the associated ischemic and inflammatory processes. After 1, 2, and 3 weeks of pBOO, blood samples were collected for assessment of renal function from the rats under anesthesia. The bladders were dissected for the tissue antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS). The immunohistochemical studies were performed. Histopathologically, the number of urothelial layers was calculated and the thickness of the detrusor smooth muscle and lamina propria were quantitatively measured. Additionally, the edema and congestion in the submucosa were evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Three separate experimental groups of pBOO (1 week [n = 7], 2 weeks [n = 7], and 3 weeks [n = 7]) were created, with an additional sham-operated control group (n = 7). RESULTS The MDA levels increased in pBOO groups. The SOD values were decreased in the pBOO group for 1 week, and higher in the 3-week pBOO group. The TAS levels were increased in the 3 week pBOO group. The TOS levels increased in the pBOO groups. The number of urothelial layers was decreased in pBOO groups. The lamina propria, the smooth muscle thickness, edema and congestion were increase in the 1 and 2 week pBOO groups. The NGF and MCP-1 expression was increased in the 1-week and 2-week pBOO groups. The expression of URPIII in the epithelium gradually increased in the pBOO groups. In the pBOO groups, iNOS expression in the epithelium cells was significantly elevated. However, the eNOS expression was also significantly increased in the 2 week pBOO group. CONCLUSION Our study shows that overexpression of immunohistochemical parameters together with the negative effects of ischemic and inflammatory processes that subjected to pBOO for 1, 2 and 3 weeks may play a potential role in detrusor fibrosis in the rat bladders induced by pBOO. However, understanding of the immunohistochemical parameters investigated in this experimental study is limited, and further studies targeting their relationship to pBOO could help us develop new strategies.
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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8
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Jackson AR, Ching CB, McHugh KM, Becknell B. Roles for urothelium in normal and aberrant urinary tract development. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:459-468. [PMID: 32647226 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUTs) represent the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease in children. Increasing evidence points to critical roles for the urothelium in the developing urinary tract and in the genesis of CAKUTs. The involvement of the urothelium in patterning the urinary tract is supported by evidence that CAKUTs can arise as a result of abnormal urothelial development. Emerging evidence indicates that congenital urinary tract obstruction triggers urothelial remodelling that stabilizes the obstructed kidney and limits renal injury. Finally, the diagnostic potential of radiological findings and urinary biomarkers derived from the urothelium of patients with CAKUTs might aid their contribution to clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Jackson
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christina B Ching
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kirk M McHugh
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian Becknell
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Nephrology Division, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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9
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Višnjar T, Romih R, Zupančič D. Lectins as possible tools for improved urinary bladder cancer management. Glycobiology 2019; 29:355-365. [PMID: 30689891 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer in developed countries with poor prognosis and outcome for the patient due to the challenging diagnosis and limited treatment possibilities. Bladder cancer arises mainly from urothelial cells lining the lumen. Urothelial cells form a three- to five-layered urothelium, which maintains the blood-urine barrier. The carbohydrates that cover the apical surface of superficial urothelial cells, i.e. umbrella cells, are crucial for this function. The composition of the carbohydrate covering is altered during urothelial cancer transformation. These bladder cancer-associated carbohydrate changes are a promising field for diagnosis, therapy and management. Lectins, which are carbohydrate-binding proteins, can be used to detect subtle alterations in carbohydrate composition during urothelial cancer transformation. Extensive research into various lectin applications has already been conducted, but the results are often contradictory and confusing. None of these applications have reached clinical trials. We review the literature and discuss (i) current bladder cancer management, (ii) lectin-based assays for detection of various cancer subtypes, (iii) lectin-based strategies for innovative bladder cancer treatment and finally (iv) lectins in nanotheranostics for personalized bladder cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Višnjar
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Romih
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daša Zupančič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Liao Y, Tham DKL, Liang FX, Chang J, Wei Y, Sudhir PR, Sall J, Ren SJ, Chicote JU, Arnold LL, Hu CCA, Romih R, Andrade LR, Rindler MJ, Cohen SM, DeSalle R, Garcia-España A, Ding M, Wu XR, Sun TT. Mitochondrial lipid droplet formation as a detoxification mechanism to sequester and degrade excessive urothelial membranes. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2969-2984. [PMID: 31577526 PMCID: PMC6857570 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-05-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The apical surface of the terminally differentiated mammalian urothelial umbrella cell is mechanically stable and highly impermeable, in part due to its coverage by urothelial plaques consisting of 2D crystals of uroplakin particles. The mechanism for regulating the uroplakin/plaque level is unclear. We found that genetic ablation of the highly tissue-specific sorting nexin Snx31, which localizes to plaques lining the multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in urothelial umbrella cells, abolishes MVBs suggesting that Snx31 plays a role in stabilizing the MVB-associated plaques by allowing them to achieve a greater curvature. Strikingly, Snx31 ablation also induces a massive accumulation of uroplakin-containing mitochondria-derived lipid droplets (LDs), which mediate uroplakin degradation via autophagy/lipophagy, leading to the loss of apical and fusiform vesicle plaques. These results suggest that MVBs play an active role in suppressing the excessive/wasteful endocytic degradation of uroplakins. Failure of this suppression mechanism triggers the formation of mitochondrial LDs so that excessive uroplakin membranes can be sequestered and degraded. Because mitochondrial LD formation, which occurs at a low level in normal urothelium, can also be induced by disturbance in uroplakin polymerization due to individual uroplakin knockout and by arsenite, a bladder carcinogen, this pathway may represent an inducible, versatile urothelial detoxification mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Daniel K L Tham
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Jennifer Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Putty-Reddy Sudhir
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Joseph Sall
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Sarah J Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Javier U Chicote
- Research Unit, Hospital Joan XXIII, Institut de Investigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Lora L Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Chih-Chi Andrew Hu
- The Wistar Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rok Romih
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Michael J Rindler
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024
| | - Antonio Garcia-España
- Research Unit, Hospital Joan XXIII, Institut de Investigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Mingxiao Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Dachengfang, Haidian, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY 10010
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016.,Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
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11
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Lu M, Zhu K, Schulam PG, Chai TC. A non-enzymatic method for dissection of mouse bladder urothelial tissue. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1280-1292. [PMID: 30894693 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial cells contribute to bladder functions, including urine storage, urine emptying, and innate immune response. Functional studies of urothelial cells usually use either freshly isolated cells or cultured cells. Most methods of isolating urothelial cells require enzymes; however, these techniques remove proteins that connect the cells and disrupt the orientation of the cells within the multilayered urothelium. In addition, PCR or immunoblot results obtained from homogenates of bladder mucosa or whole bladder do not represent pure urothelial cells. We describe a dissection process that does not require enzymes and is able to obtain pure urothelial tissues from mice and humans. This method can isolate single urothelial cells for electrophysiology in situ and can also isolate pure urothelial tissue for PCR, microarray, and immunoblot procedures. The time required to obtain urothelial tissue from one mouse bladder is 15-20 min. This method is simple and time efficient as compared with alternative methods and therefore facilitates our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Kejia Zhu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peter G Schulam
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Toby C Chai
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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12
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Liao Y, Chang HC, Liang FX, Chung PJ, Wei Y, Nguyen TP, Zhou G, Talebian S, Krey LC, Deng FM, Wong TW, Chicote JU, Grifo JA, Keefe DL, Shapiro E, Lepor H, Wu XR, DeSalle R, Garcia-España A, Kim SY, Sun TT. Uroplakins play conserved roles in egg fertilization and acquired additional urothelial functions during mammalian divergence. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:3128-3143. [PMID: 30303751 PMCID: PMC6340209 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-08-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uroplakin (UP) tetraspanins and their associated proteins are major mammalian urothelial differentiation products that form unique two-dimensional crystals of 16-nm particles (“urothelial plaques”) covering the apical urothelial surface. Although uroplakins are highly expressed only in mammalian urothelium and are often referred to as being urothelium specific, they are also expressed in several mouse nonurothelial cell types in stomach, kidney, prostate, epididymis, testis/sperms, and ovary/oocytes. In oocytes, uroplakins colocalize with CD9 on cell-surface and multivesicular body-derived exosomes, and the cytoplasmic tail of UPIIIa undergoes a conserved fertilization-dependent, Fyn-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation that also occurs in Xenopus laevis eggs. Uroplakin knockout and antibody blocking reduce mouse eggs’ fertilization rate in in vitro fertilization assays, and UPII/IIIa double-knockout mice have a smaller litter size. Phylogenetic analyses showed that uroplakin sequences underwent significant mammal-specific changes. These results suggest that, by mediating signal transduction and modulating membrane stability that do not require two-dimensional-crystal formation, uroplakins can perform conserved and more ancestral fertilization functions in mouse and frog eggs. Uroplakins acquired the ability to form two-dimensional-crystalline plaques during mammalian divergence, enabling them to perform additional functions, including umbrella cell enlargement and the formation of permeability and mechanical barriers, to protect/modify the apical surface of the modern-day mammalian urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Hung-Chi Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tuan-Phi Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ge Zhou
- Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY 10591
| | - Sheeva Talebian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lewis C Krey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Fang-Ming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Javier U Chicote
- Unitat De Recerca, Hospital Joan XXIII, Institut de Investigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - James A Grifo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - David L Keefe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ellen Shapiro
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Robert DeSalle
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010
| | - Antonio Garcia-España
- Unitat De Recerca, Hospital Joan XXIII, Institut de Investigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024
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13
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Hustler A, Eardley I, Hinley J, Pearson J, Wezel F, Radvanyi F, Baker SC, Southgate J. Differential transcription factor expression by human epithelial cells of buccal and urothelial derivation. Exp Cell Res 2018; 369:284-294. [PMID: 29842880 PMCID: PMC6092173 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Identification of transcription factors expressed by differentiated cells is informative not only of tissue-specific pathways, but to help identify master regulators for cellular reprogramming. If applied, such an approach could generate healthy autologous tissue-specific cells for clinical use where cells from the homologous tissue are unavailable due to disease. Normal human epithelial cells of buccal and urothelial derivation maintained in identical culture conditions that lacked significant instructive or permissive signaling cues were found to display inherent similarities and differences of phenotype. Investigation of transcription factors implicated in driving urothelial-type differentiation revealed buccal epithelial cells to have minimal or absent expression of PPARG, GATA3 and FOXA1 genes. Retroviral overexpression of protein coding sequences for GATA3 or PPARy1 in buccal epithelial cells resulted in nuclear immunolocalisation of the respective proteins, with both transductions also inducing expression of the urothelial differentiation-associated claudin 3 tight junction protein. PPARG1 overexpression alone entrained expression of nuclear FOXA1 and GATA3 proteins, providing objective evidence of its upstream positioning in a transcription factor network and identifying it as a candidate factor for urothelial-type transdifferentiation or reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Hustler
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Eardley
- Pyrah Department of Urology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hinley
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Pearson
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Wezel
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Radvanyi
- Oncologie Moléculaire, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Simon C Baker
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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14
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Ren Y, Feng X, Xia X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Su J, Wang Z, Xu Y, Zhou F. Gender specificity improves the early-stage detection of clear cell renal cell carcinoma based on methylomic biomarkers. Biomark Med 2018; 12:607-618. [PMID: 29707986 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The two genders are different ranging from the molecular to the phenotypic levels. But most studies did not use this important information. We hypothesize that the integration of gender information may improve the overall prediction accuracy. MATERIALS & METHODS A comprehensive comparative study was carried out to test the hypothesis. The classification of the stages I + II versus III + IV of the clear cell renal cell carcinoma samples was formulated as an example. RESULTS & CONCLUSION In most cases, female-specific model significantly outperformed both-gender model, as similarly for the male-specific model. Our data suggested that gender information is essential for building biomedical classification models and even a simple strategy of building two gender-specific models may outperform the gender-mixed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Ren
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation & Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.,College of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation & Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xin Xia
- College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yexian Zhang
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation & Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Wenniu Zhang
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation & Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation & Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation & Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.,Computational Systems Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.,College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Fengfeng Zhou
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation & Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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15
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Purification of Intracellular Bacterial Communities during Experimental Urinary Tract Infection Reveals an Abundant and Viable Bacterial Reservoir. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00740-17. [PMID: 29378794 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00740-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major infection of humans, particularly affecting women. Recurrent UTIs can cause significant discomfort and expose patients to high levels of antibiotic use, which in turn contributes to the development of higher antibiotic resistance rates. Most UTIs are caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli, which is able to form intracellular collections (termed intracellular bacterial communities [IBCs]) within the epithelial cells lining the bladder lumen. IBCs are seen in both infected mice and humans and are a potential cause of recurrent UTI. Genetic and molecular studies of IBCs have been hampered both by the low number of bacteria in IBCs relative to the number extracellular bacteria and by population bottlenecks that occur during IBC formation. We now report the development of a simple and rapid technique for isolating pure IBCs from experimentally infected mice. We verified the specificity and purity of the isolated IBCs via microscopy, gene expression, and culture-based methods. Our results further demonstrated that our isolation technique practically enables specific molecular studies of IBCs. In the first such direct measurement, we determined that a single epithelial cell containing an early IBC typically contains 103 viable bacteria. Our isolation technique complements recent progress in low-input, single-cell genomics to enable future genomic studies of the formation of IBCs and their activation pathways during recurrent UTI, which may lead to novel strategies to eliminate them from the bladder.
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16
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Loughner CL, Tiwari A, Kenchegowda D, Swamynathan S, Swamynathan SK. Spatiotemporally Controlled Ablation of Klf5 Results in Dysregulated Epithelial Homeostasis in Adult Mouse Corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:4683-4693. [PMID: 28910443 PMCID: PMC5598321 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal epithelial (CE) homeostasis requires coordination between proliferation and differentiation. Here we examine the role of cell proliferation regulator Krüppel-like factor 5 (Klf5) in adult mouse CE homeostasis. Methods Klf5 was ablated in a spatiotemporally restricted manner by inducing Cre expression in 8-week-old ternary transgenic Klf5LoxP/LoxP/Krt12rtTA/rtTA/Tet-O-Cre (Klf5Δ/ΔCE) mouse CE by administering doxycycline via chow. Normal chow-fed ternary transgenic siblings served as controls. The control and Klf5Δ/ΔCE corneal (1) histology, (2) cell proliferation, and (3) Klf5-target gene expression were examined using (1) periodic acid Schiff reagent-stained sections, (2) Ki67 expression, and (3) quantitative PCR and immunostaining, respectively. The effect of KLF4, KLF5, and OCT1 on gastrokine-1 (GKN1) promoter activity was determined by transient transfection in human skin keratinocyte NCTC-2544 cells. Results Klf5 expression was decreased to 23% of the controls in Klf5Δ/ΔCE corneas, which displayed increased fluorescein uptake, downregulation of tight junction proteins Tjp1 and Gkn1, desmosomal Dsg1a, and basement membrane Lama3 and Lamb1, suggesting defective permeability barrier. In transient transfection assays, KLF5 and OCT1 synergistically stimulated GKN1 promoter activity. Klf5Δ/ΔCE CE displayed significantly fewer cell layers and Ki67+ proliferative cells coupled with significantly decreased cyclin-D1, and elevated phospho(Ser-10) p27/Kip1 expression. Expression of Krt12, E-cadherin, and β-catenin remained unaltered in Klf5Δ/ΔCE corneas. Conclusions Klf5 contributes to adult mouse CE homeostasis by promoting (1) permeability barrier function through upregulation of Tjp1, Gkn1, Dsg1a, Lama3, and Lamb1, and (2) basal cell proliferation through upregulation of cyclin-D1 and suppression of phospho(Ser-10) p27/Kip1, without significantly affecting the expression of epithelial markers Krt12, E-cadherin, and β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Loughner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Doreswamy Kenchegowda
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States.,Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
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17
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Tratnjek L, Romih R, Kreft ME. Differentiation-dependent rearrangements of actin filaments and microtubules hinder apical endocytosis in urothelial cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:143-156. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Carpenter AR, McHugh KM. Role of renal urothelium in the development and progression of kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:557-564. [PMID: 27115886 PMCID: PMC5081278 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and financial impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is significant, while its progression and prognosis is variable and often poor. Studies using the megabladder (mgb -/- ) model of CKD show that renal urothelium plays a key role in modulating early injury responses following the development of congenital obstruction. The aim of this review is to examine the role that urothelium has in normal urinary tract development and pathogenesis. We discuss normal morphology of renal urothelium and then examine the role that uroplakins (Upks) play in its development. Histologic, biochemical, and molecular characterization of Upk1b RFP/RFP mice indicated Upk1b expression is essential for normal urinary tract development, apical plaque/asymmetric membrane unit (AUM) formation, and differentiation and functional integrity of the renal urothelium. Our studies provide the first evidence that Upk1b is directly associated with the development of congenital anomalies of the urinary tract (CAKUT), spontaneous age-dependent hydronephrosis, and dysplastic urothelia. These observations demonstrate the importance of proper urothelial differentiation in normal development and pathogenesis of the urinary tract and provide a unique working model to test the hypothesis that the complex etiology associated with CKD is dependent upon predetermined genetic susceptibilities that establish pathogenic thresholds for disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Carpenter
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University,Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital
| | - Kirk M. McHugh
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital,Division of Anatomy, The Ohio State University
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19
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Al-Kurdi B. Hierarchical transcriptional profile of urothelial cells development and differentiation. Differentiation 2017; 95:10-20. [PMID: 28135607 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The urothelial lining of the lower urinary tract is the most efficient permeability barrier in animals, exhibiting a highly differentiated phenotype and a remarkable regenerative capacity upon wounding. During development and possibly during repair, cells undergo a sequence of hierarchical transcriptional events that mark the transition of these cells from the least differentiated urothelial phenotype characteristic of the basal cell layer, to the most differentiated cellular phenotype characteristic of the superficial cell layer. Unraveling normal urothelial differentiation program is essential to uncover the underlying causes of many congenital abnormalities and for the development of an appropriate differentiation niche for stem cells, for future use in urinary tract tissue engineering and organ reconstruction. Kruppel like factor-5 appears to be at the top of the hierarchy activating several downstream transcription factors, the most prominent of which is peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-γ. Eventually those lead to the activation of transcription factors that directly regulate the expression of uroplakin proteins along with other proteins that mediate the permeability function of the urothelium. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings in the area of urothelial cellular differentiation and transcriptional regulation, aiming for a comprehensive overview that aids in a refined understanding of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Al-Kurdi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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20
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The Tetraspanin-Associated Uroplakins Family (UPK2/3) Is Evolutionarily Related to PTPRQ, a Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase Receptor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170196. [PMID: 28099513 PMCID: PMC5242461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uroplakins are a widespread group of vertebrate integral membrane proteins that belong to two different families: UPK1a and UPK1b belong to the large tetraspanin (TSPAN) gene family, and UPK3a, UPK3b, UPK3c, UPK3d, UPK2a and UPK2b form a family of their own, the UPK2/3 tetraspanin-associated family. In a previous study, we reported that uroplakins first appeared in vertebrates, and that uroplakin tetraspanins (UPK1a and UPK1b) should have originated by duplication of an ancestor tetraspanin gene. However, the evolutionary origin of the UPK2/3 family remains unclear. In this study, we provide evidence that the UPK2/3 family originated by gene duplication and domain loss from a protoPTPRQ-like basal deuterostome gene. PTPRQs are members of the subtype R3 tyrosine phosphatase receptor (R3 PTPR) family, which are characterized by having a unique modular composition of extracellular fibronectin (FN3) repeats, a transmembrane helix, and a single intra-cytoplasmic phosphotyrosine phophatase (PTP) domain. Our assumption of a deuterostome protoPTPRQ-like gene as an ancestor of the UPK2/3 family by gene duplication and loss of its PTP and fibronectin (FN3) domains, excluding the one closest to the transmembrane helix, is based on the following: (i) phylogenetic analyses, (ii) the existence of an identical intron/exon gene pattern between UPK2/3 and the corresponding genetic region in R3 PTPRs, (iii) the conservation of cysteine patterns and protein motifs between UPK2/3 and PTPRQ proteins and, (iv) the existence in tunicates, the closest organisms to vertebrates, of two sequences related to PTPRQ; one with the full subtype R3 modular characteristic and another without the PTP domain but with a short cytoplasmic tail with some sequence similarity to that of UPK3a. This finding will facilitate further studies on the structure and function of these important proteins with implications in human diseases.
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21
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Kuriyama S, Tamiya Y, Tanaka M. Spatiotemporal expression of UPK3B and its promoter activity during embryogenesis and spermatogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:17-26. [PMID: 27577269 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Uroplakin (Upk) 3 is one of the main structural components of the urothelium tissue. Although expression of UPK3B is seen in a wider variety of the tissues and organs than UPK3A, tissue-specific expression has not yet been analyzed. Here, we analyzed the Cre recombinase activity driven by the Upk3b promoter in transgenic mice and the endogenous localization of UPK3B. We generated Tg(Upk3b-Cre)/R26tdTomato mice by crossing ROSA26tm14(CAG-tdTomato) (R26tdTomato) mice with Tg(Upk3b-Cre) mice and investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of tdTomato in embryonic and adult mice. In embryos, we detected Cre recombinase activity in neural crest cells and the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs. In adult mice, Cre recombinase activity was detected in male and female genital organs; however, the activity was absent in the bladder. Histological analyses revealed that both tdTomato and UPK3B were present in testicular and epididymal sperm; however, tdTomato was not present in the ductus epididymis, where the endogenous expression of UPK3B was detected. In female siblings, both tdTomato and UPK3B expressions were detected in the follicles of the ovary, whereas no tdTomato expression was found in the mucosal epithelium of the fallopian tubes, where the endogenous UPK3B was expressed. These data suggest that UPK3B may play a pivotal role in the maturation of gametes and gamete-delivery organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Kuriyama
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School Medicine Akita University, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita City, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Yuutaro Tamiya
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School Medicine Akita University, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita City, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.,Department of Lifescience, Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuenmachi, Akita City, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School Medicine Akita University, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita City, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
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22
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Carpenter AR, Becknell MB, Ching CB, Cuaresma EJ, Chen X, Hains DS, McHugh KM. Uroplakin 1b is critical in urinary tract development and urothelial differentiation and homeostasis. Kidney Int 2015; 89:612-24. [PMID: 26880456 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proper development and maintenance of urothelium is critical to its function. Uroplakins are expressed in developing and mature urothelium where they establish plaques associated with the permeability barrier. Their precise functional role in development and disease is unknown. Here, we disrupted Upk1b in vivo where its loss resulted in urothelial plaque disruption in the bladder and kidney. Upk1b(RFP/RFP) bladder urothelium appeared dysplastic with expansion of the progenitor cell markers, Krt14 and Krt5, increased Shh expression, and loss of terminal differentiation markers Krt20 and uroplakins. Upk1b(RFP/RFP) renal urothelium became stratified with altered cellular composition. Upk1b(RFP/RFP) mice developed age-dependent progressive hydronephrosis. Interestingly, 16% of Upk1b(RFP/RFP) mice possessed unilateral duplex kidneys. Our study expands the role of uroplakins, mechanistically links plaque formation to urinary tract development and function, and provides a tantalizing connection between congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract along with functional deficits observed in a variety of urinary tract diseases. Thus, kidney and bladder urothelium are regionally distinct and remain highly plastic, capable of expansion through tissue-specific progenitor populations. Furthermore, Upk1b plays a previously unknown role in early kidney development representing a novel genetic target for congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Carpenter
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Xi Chen
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - David S Hains
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kirk M McHugh
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Division of Anatomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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23
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Dual ligand/receptor interactions activate urothelial defenses against uropathogenic E. coli. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16234. [PMID: 26549759 PMCID: PMC4637824 DOI: 10.1038/srep16234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During urinary tract infection (UTI), the second most common bacterial infection, dynamic interactions take place between uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and host urothelial cells. While significant strides have been made in the identification of the virulence factors of UPEC, our understanding of how the urothelial cells mobilize innate defenses against the invading UPEC remains rudimentary. Here we show that mouse urothelium responds to the adhesion of type 1-fimbriated UPEC by rapidly activating the canonical NF-κB selectively in terminally differentiated, superficial (umbrella) cells. This activation depends on a dual ligand/receptor system, one between FimH adhesin and uroplakin Ia and another between lipopolysaccharide and Toll-like receptor 4. When activated, all the nuclei (up to 11) of a multinucleated umbrella cell are affected, leading to significant amplification of proinflammatory signals. Intermediate and basal cells of the urothelium undergo NF-κB activation only if the umbrella cells are detached or if the UPEC persistently express type 1-fimbriae. Inhibition of NF-κB prevents the urothelium from clearing the intracellular bacterial communities, leading to prolonged bladder colonization by UPEC. Based on these data, we propose a model of dual ligand/receptor system in innate urothelial defenses against UPEC.
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24
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Hickling DR, Sun TT, Wu XR. Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary Tract: Relation to Host Defense and Microbial Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0016-2012. [PMID: 26350322 PMCID: PMC4566164 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.uti-0016-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary tract exits to a body surface area that is densely populated by a wide range of microbes. Yet, under most normal circumstances, it is typically considered sterile, i.e., devoid of microbes, a stark contrast to the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts where many commensal and pathogenic microbes call home. Not surprisingly, infection of the urinary tract over a healthy person's lifetime is relatively infrequent, occurring once or twice or not at all for most people. For those who do experience an initial infection, the great majority (70% to 80%) thankfully do not go on to suffer from multiple episodes. This is a far cry from the upper respiratory tract infections, which can afflict an otherwise healthy individual countless times. The fact that urinary tract infections are hard to elicit in experimental animals except with inoculum 3-5 orders of magnitude greater than the colony counts that define an acute urinary infection in humans (105 cfu/ml), also speaks to the robustness of the urinary tract defense. How can the urinary tract be so effective in fending off harmful microbes despite its orifice in a close vicinity to that of the microbe-laden gastrointestinal tract? While a complete picture is still evolving, the general consensus is that the anatomical and physiological integrity of the urinary tract is of paramount importance in maintaining a healthy urinary tract. When this integrity is breached, however, the urinary tract can be at a heightened risk or even recurrent episodes of microbial infections. In fact, recurrent urinary tract infections are a significant cause of morbidity and time lost from work and a major challenge to manage clinically. Additionally, infections of the upper urinary tract often require hospitalization and prolonged antibiotic therapy. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the basic anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract with an emphasis on their specific roles in host defense. We also highlight the important structural and functional abnormalities that predispose the urinary tract to microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Hickling
- Division of Urology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Departments of Cell Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Departments of Dermatology and Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016
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25
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Spector DA, Deng J, Coleman R, Wade JB. The urothelium of a hibernator: the American black bear. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:e12429. [PMID: 26109187 PMCID: PMC4510630 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The American black bear undergoes a 3-5 month winter hibernation during which time bears do not eat, drink, defecate, or urinate. During hibernation renal function (GFR) is 16-50% of normal but urine is reabsorbed across the urinary bladder (UB) urothelium thus enabling metabolic recycling of all urinary constituents. To elucidate the mechanism(s) whereby urine is reabsorbed, we examined the UBs of five nonhibernating wild bears using light, electron (EM), and confocal immunofluorescent (IF) microscopy-concentrating on two components of the urothelial permeability barrier - the umbrella cell apical membranes and tight junctions (TJ). Bear UB has the same tissue layers (serosa, muscularis, lamina propria, urothelia) and its urothelia has the same cell layers (basal, intermediate, umbrella cells) as other mammalians. By EM, the bear apical membrane demonstrated a typical mammalian scalloped appearance with hinge and plaque regions - the latter containing an asymmetric trilaminar membrane and, on IF, uroplakins Ia, IIIa, and IIIb. The umbrella cell TJs appeared similar to those in other mammals and also contained TJ proteins occludin and claudin - 4, and not claudin -2. Thus, we were unable to demonstrate urothelial apical membrane or TJ differences between active black bears and other mammals. Expression and localization of UT-B, AQP-1 and -3, and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase on bear urothelial membranes was similar to that of other mammals. Similar studies of urothelia of hibernating bears, including evaluation of the apical membrane lipid bilayer and GAGs layer are warranted to elucidate the mechanism(s) whereby hibernating bears reabsorb their daily urine output and thus ensure successful hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Spector
- Division of Renal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jie Deng
- Division of Renal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Coleman
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James B Wade
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kątnik-Prastowska I, Lis J, Matejuk A. Glycosylation of uroplakins. Implications for bladder physiopathology. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:623-36. [PMID: 25394961 PMCID: PMC4245495 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urothelium, a specialized epithelium, covers the urinary tract and act not only as a barrier separating its light from the surrounding tissues, but fulfills an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the urothelial tract and well-being of the whole organism. Proper function of urothelium is dependent on the precise assemble of highly specialized glycoproteins called uroplakins, the end products and differentiation markers of the urothelial cells. Glycosylation changes in uroplakins correlate with and might reflect progressive stages of pathological conditions of the urothelium such as cancer, urinary tract infections, interstitial cystitis and others. In this review we focus on sugar components of uroplakins, their emerging role in urothelial biology and disease implications. The advances in our understanding of uroplakins changes in glycan moieties composition, structure, assembly and expression of their glycovariants could potentially lead to the development of targeted therapies and discoveries of novel urine and plasma markers for the benefit of patients with urinary tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Kątnik-Prastowska
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Medical University of Wroclaw, Bujwida 44a, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
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27
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Upk3b is dispensable for development and integrity of urothelium and mesothelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112112. [PMID: 25389758 PMCID: PMC4229118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesothelium, the lining of the coelomic cavities, and the urothelium, the inner lining of the urinary drainage system, are highly specialized epithelia that protect the underlying tissues from mechanical stress and seal them from the overlying fluid space. The development of these epithelia from simple precursors and the molecular characteristics of the mature tissues are poorly analyzed. Here, we show that uroplakin 3B (Upk3b), which encodes an integral membrane protein of the tetraspanin superfamily, is specifically expressed both in development as well as under homeostatic conditions in adult mice in the mesothelia of the body cavities, i.e., the epicardium and pericardium, the pleura and the peritoneum, and in the urothelium of the urinary tract. To analyze Upk3b function, we generated a creERT2 knock-in allele by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. We show that Upk3bcreERT2 represents a null allele despite the lack of creERT2 expression from the mutated locus. Morphological, histological and molecular analyses of Upk3b-deficient mice did not detect changes in differentiation or integrity of the urothelium and the mesothelia that cover internal organs. Upk3b is coexpressed with the closely related Upk3a gene in the urothelium but not in the mesothelium, leaving the possibility of a functional redundancy between the two genes in the urothelium only.
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28
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The emerging role of genomics in the diagnosis and workup of congenital urinary tract defects: a novel deletion syndrome on chromosome 3q13.31-22.1. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:257-67. [PMID: 24292865 PMCID: PMC3921621 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variants (CNVs) are increasingly recognized as an important cause of congenital malformations and likely explain over 16% of cases of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Here, we illustrate how a molecular diagnosis of CNV can be beneficial to the clinical management of a pediatric patient presenting with CAKUT and other organ defects. METHODS We describe a 14-year-old girl with a large de novo deletion of chromosome 3q13.31-22.1 that disrupts 101 known genes. The patient presented with CAKUT, neurodevelopmental delay, agenesis of corpus callosum (ACC), cardiac malformations, electrolyte and endocrine disorders, skeletal abnormalities and dysmorphic features. We performed extensive annotation of the deleted region to prioritize genes for specific phenotypes and to predict future disease risk. RESULTS Our case defined new minimal chromosomal candidate regions for both CAKUT and ACC. The presence of the CASR gene in the deleted interval predicted a diagnosis of hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, which was confirmed by the serum and urine chemistries. Our gene annotation explained clinical hypothyroidism and predicted that the index case is at increased risk of thoracic aortic aneurysm, renal cell carcinoma and myeloproliferative disorder. CONCLUSIONS Extended annotation of CNV regions refines the diagnosis and uncovers previously unrecognized phenotypic features. This approach enables personalized treatment and prevention strategies in patients harboring genomic deletions.
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Desalle R, Chicote JU, Sun TT, Garcia-España A. Generation of divergent uroplakin tetraspanins and their partners during vertebrate evolution: identification of novel uroplakins. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:13. [PMID: 24450554 PMCID: PMC3922775 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent availability of sequenced genomes from a broad array of chordates (cephalochordates, urochordates and vertebrates) has allowed us to systematically analyze the evolution of uroplakins: tetraspanins (UPK1a and UPK1b families) and their respective partner proteins (UPK2 and UPK3 families). RESULTS We report here: (1) the origin of uroplakins in the common ancestor of vertebrates, (2) the appearance of several residues that have statistically significantly positive dN/dS ratios in the duplicated paralogs of uroplakin genes, and (3) the existence of strong coevolutionary relationships between UPK1a/1b tetraspanins and their respective UPK2/UPK3-related partner proteins. Moreover, we report the existence of three new UPK2/3 family members we named UPK2b, 3c and 3d, which will help clarify the evolutionary relationships between fish, amphibian and mammalian uroplakins that may perform divergent functions specific to these different and physiologically distinct groups of vertebrates. CONCLUSIONS Since our analyses cover species of all major chordate groups this work provides an extremely clear overall picture of how the uroplakin families and their partner proteins have evolved in parallel. We also highlight several novel features of uroplakin evolution including the appearance of UPK2b and 3d in fish and UPK3c in the common ancestor of reptiles and mammals. Additional studies of these novel uroplakins should lead to new insights into uroplakin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Desalle
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA.
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30
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Desantis S, Accogli G, Zizza S, Arrighi S. In situ characterization of glycans in the urothelium of donkey bladder: evidence of secretion of sialomucins. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:712-8. [PMID: 23523263 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein pattern was investigated by lectin histochemistry in the urothelium lining the urinary bladder of the donkey Equus asinus. Tissue sections were stained with a panel of twelve lectins, in combination with saponification and sialidase digestion (K-s). The urinary bladder urothelium has three distinct layers from the basal zone to the lumen consisting of basal, intermediate and superficial cells (umbrella cells). Cytoplasm of basal cells reacted with SNA, PNA, K-s-PNA, GSA I-B4 and Con A showing glycans ending with Neu5Acα2,6Gal/GalNAc, Neu5AcGalβ1,3GalNAc, αGal and with terminal/internal αMan. The cytoplasm of umbrella cells displayed an increase of Neu5AcGalβ1,3GalNAc and the appearance of Neu5AcGalβ1,3GalNAc, Neu5acα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc and Neu5AcGalNAc residues (MAL II, K-s-SBA and K-s-HPA staining). Scattered umbrella cells were characterized by glycans terminating with GalNAc binding DBA, SBA and HPA. The mucosa forms folds with a crypt-like appearance where the urothelium shows a different pattern of glycans. The bladder luminal surface stained with K-s-PNA, K-s-DBA, KOH-s-SBA, and K-s-HPA displaying a coating of sialoglycoproteins belonging to O-linked glycans (typical secretory moieties). These findings show that different glycosylation patterns exist along the donkey bladder urothelium, and different sub-populations of umbrella cells are present secreting the sialoglycans which constitute the protective gel layer lining the bladder.
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31
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Rasouly HM, Lu W. Lower urinary tract development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 5:307-42. [PMID: 23408557 PMCID: PMC3627353 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract (CALUT) are a family of birth defects of the ureter, the bladder, and the urethra. CALUT includes ureteral anomaliesc such as congenital abnormalities of the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) and ureterovesical junction (UVJ), and birth defects of the bladder and the urethra such as bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC), prune belly syndrome (PBS), and posterior urethral valves (PUVs). CALUT is one of the most common birth defects and is often associated with antenatal hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract infections (UTI), chronic kidney disease, and renal failure in children. Here, we discuss the current genetic and molecular knowledge about lower urinary tract development and genetic basis of CALUT in both human and mouse models. We provide an overview of the developmental processes leading to the formation of the ureter, the bladder, and the urethra, and different genes and signaling pathways controlling these developmental processes. Human genetic disorders that affect the ureter, the bladder and the urethra and associated gene mutations are also presented. As we are entering the postgenomic era of personalized medicine, information in this article may provide useful interpretation for the genetic and genomic test results collected from patients with lower urinary tract birth defects. With evidence-based interpretations, clinicians may provide more effective personalized therapies to patients and genetic counseling for their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Milo Rasouly
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Weining Lu
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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32
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Membrane lipids and proteins as modulators of urothelial endocytic vesicles pathways. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:507-20. [PMID: 23624723 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The increased studies on urinary bladder umbrella cells as an important factor for maintaining the permeability barrier have suggested new pathways for the discoidal/fusiform endocytic vesicles which is one of the main features of the umbrella cells. The biological role of these vesicles was defined, for many years, as a membrane reservoir for the umbrella cell apical plasma membrane which are subject to an increased tension during the filling phase of the micturition cycle and, therefore, the vesicles are fused with the apical membrane. Upon voiding, the added membrane is reinserted via a non-clathrin or caveolin-dependant endocytosis thereby restoring the vesicle cytoplasmic pool. However, in the last decade, new evidence appeared indicating alternative pathways of the endocytic vesicles different than the cycling process of exocytosis/endocytosis. The purpose of this review is to analyze the molecular modulators, such as membrane lipids and proteins, in the permeability of endocytic vesicles, the sorting of endocytosed material to lysosomal degradation pathway and recycling of both membrane and fluid phases.
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Ho JR, Chapeaublanc E, Kirkwood L, Nicolle R, Benhamou S, Lebret T, Allory Y, Southgate J, Radvanyi F, Goud B. Deregulation of Rab and Rab effector genes in bladder cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39469. [PMID: 22724020 PMCID: PMC3378553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that Rab GTPases, key regulators of intracellular transport in eukaryotic cells, play an important role in cancer. We analysed the deregulation at the transcriptional level of the genes encoding Rab proteins and Rab-interacting proteins in bladder cancer pathogenesis, distinguishing between the two main progression pathways so far identified in bladder cancer: the Ta pathway characterized by a high frequency of FGFR3 mutation and the carcinoma in situ pathway where no or infrequent FGFR3 mutations have been identified. A systematic literature search identified 61 genes encoding Rab proteins and 223 genes encoding Rab-interacting proteins. Transcriptomic data were obtained for normal urothelium samples and for two independent bladder cancer data sets corresponding to 152 and 75 tumors. Gene deregulation was analysed with the SAM (significant analysis of microarray) test or the binomial test. Overall, 30 genes were down-regulated, and 13 were up-regulated in the tumor samples. Five of these deregulated genes (LEPRE1, MICAL2, RAB23, STXBP1, SYTL1) were specifically deregulated in FGFR3-non-mutated muscle-invasive tumors. No gene encoding a Rab or Rab-interacting protein was found to be specifically deregulated in FGFR3-mutated tumors. Cluster analysis showed that the RAB27 gene cluster (comprising the genes encoding RAB27 and its interacting partners) was deregulated and that this deregulation was associated with both pathways of bladder cancer pathogenesis. Finally, we found that the expression of KIF20A and ZWINT was associated with that of proliferation markers and that the expression of MLPH, MYO5B, RAB11A, RAB11FIP1, RAB20 and SYTL2 was associated with that of urothelial cell differentiation markers. This systematic analysis of Rab and Rab effector gene deregulation in bladder cancer, taking relevant tumor subgroups into account, provides insight into the possible roles of Rab proteins and their effectors in bladder cancer pathogenesis. This approach is applicable to other group of genes and types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R. Ho
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Chapeaublanc
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Kirkwood
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Remy Nicolle
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Université d'Evry, iSSB, Evry, France
| | - Simone Benhamou
- CNRS, UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U946, Paris, France
| | | | - Yves Allory
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques, Département de Pathologie, Créteil, France
- INSERM, Unité 955, Créteil, France
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Zocher F, Zeidel ML, Missner A, Sun TT, Zhou G, Liao Y, von Bodungen M, Hill WG, Meyers S, Pohl P, Mathai JC. Uroplakins do not restrict CO2 transport through urothelium. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11011-7. [PMID: 22315218 PMCID: PMC3322830 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.339283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid bilayers and biological membranes are freely permeable to CO2, and yet partial CO2 pressure in the urine is 3–4-fold higher than in blood. We hypothesized that the responsible permeability barrier to CO2 resides in the umbrella cell apical membrane of the bladder with its dense array of uroplakin complexes. We found that disrupting the uroplakin layer of the urothelium resulted in water and urea permeabilities (P) that were 7- to 8-fold higher than in wild type mice with intact urothelium. However, these interventions had no impact on bladder PCO2 (∼1.6 × 10−4 cm/s). To test whether the observed permeability barrier to CO2 was due to an unstirred layer effect or due to kinetics of CO2 hydration, we first measured the carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity of the bladder epithelium. Finding none, we reduced the experimental system to an epithelial monolayer, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. With CA present inside and outside the cells, we showed that PCO2 was unstirred layer limited (∼7 × 10−3 cm/s). However, in the total absence of CA activity PCO2 decreased 14-fold (∼ 5.1 × 10−4 cm/s), indicating that now CO2 transport is limited by the kinetics of CO2 hydration. Expression of aquaporin-1 did not alter PCO2 (and thus the limiting transport step), which confirmed the conclusion that in the urinary bladder, low PCO2 is due to the lack of CA. The observed dependence of PCO2 on CA activity suggests that the tightness of biological membranes to CO2 may uniquely be regulated via CA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zocher
- Institut für Biophysik, Johannes Kepler Universität, 4020 Linz, Austria
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Hudoklin S, Jezernik K, Neumüller J, Pavelka M, Romih R. Urothelial plaque formation in post-Golgi compartments. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23636. [PMID: 21887288 PMCID: PMC3161059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial plaques are specialized membrane domains in urothelial superficial (umbrella) cells, composed of highly ordered uroplakin particles. We investigated membrane compartments involved in the formation of urothelial plaques in mouse umbrella cells. The Golgi apparatus did not contain uroplakins organized into plaques. In the post-Golgi region, three distinct membrane compartments containing uroplakins were characterized: i) Small rounded vesicles, located close to the Golgi apparatus, were labelled weakly with anti-uroplakin antibodies and they possessed no plaques; we termed them "uroplakin-positive transporting vesicles" (UPTVs). ii) Spherical-to-flattened vesicles, termed "immature fusiform vesicles" (iFVs), were uroplakin-positive in their central regions and contained small urothelial plaques. iii) Flattened "mature fusiform vesicles" (mFVs) contained large plaques, which were densely labelled with anti-uroplakin antibodies. Endoytotic marker horseradish peroxidase was not found in these post-Golgi compartments. We propose a detailed model of de novo urothelial plaque formation in post-Golgi compartments: UPTVs carrying individual 16-nm particles detach from the Golgi apparatus and subsequently fuse into iFV. Concentration of 16-nm particles into plaques and removal of uroplakin-negative membranes takes place in iFVs. With additional fusions and buddings, iFVs mature into mFVs, each carrying two urothelial plaques toward the apical surface of the umbrella cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Hudoklin
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Hasan AKMM, Fukami Y, Sato KI. Gamete membrane microdomains and their associated molecules in fertilization signaling. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:814-30. [PMID: 21688335 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization is the fundamental system of biological reproduction in many organisms, including animals, plants, and algae. A growing body of knowledge has emerged to explain how fertilization and activation of development are accomplished. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of fertilization are in progress for a wide variety of multicellular organisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings and debates about the long-standing questions concerning fertilization: how egg and sperm become competent for their interaction with each other, how the binding and fusion of these gamete cells are made possible, and how the fertilized eggs initiate development to a newborn. We will focus on the structure and function of the membrane microdomains (MDs) of egg and sperm that may serve as a platform or signaling center for the aforementioned cellular functions. In particular, we provide evidence that MDs of eggs from the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, play a pivotal role in receiving extracellular signals from fertilizing sperm and then transmitting them to the egg cytoplasm, where the tyrosine kinase Src is present and responsible for the subsequent signaling events collectively called egg activation. The presence of a new signaling axis involving uroplakin III, an MD-associated transmembrane protein, and Src in this system will be highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Mahbub Hasan
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Development, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
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Eastman R, Leaf EM, Zhang D, True LD, Sweet RM, Seidel K, Siebert JR, Grady R, Mitchell ME, Bassuk JA. Fibroblast growth factor-10 signals development of von Brunn's nests in the exstrophic bladder. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F1094-110. [PMID: 20719973 PMCID: PMC2980411 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00056.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
von Brunn's nests have long been recognized as precursors of benign lesions of the urinary bladder mucosa. We report here that von Brunn's nests are especially prevalent in the exstrophic bladder, a birth defect that predisposes the patient to formation of bladder cancer. Cells of von Brunn's nest were found to coalesce into a stratified, polarized epithelium which surrounds itself with a capsule-like structure rich in types I, III, and IV collagen. Histocytochemical analysis and keratin profiling demonstrated that nested cells exhibited a phenotype similar, but not identical, to that of urothelial cells of transitional epithelium. Immunostaining and in situ hybridization analysis of exstrophic tissue demonstrated that the FGF-10 receptor is synthesized and retained by cells of von Brunn's nest. In contrast, FGF-10 is synthesized and secreted by mesenchymal fibroblasts via a paracrine pathway that targets basal epithelial cells of von Brunn's nests. Small clusters of 10pRp cells, positive for both FGF-10 and its receptor, were observed both proximal to and inside blood vessels in the lamina propria. The collective evidence points to a mechanism where von Brunn's nests develop under the control of the FGF-10 signal transduction system and suggests that 10pRp cells may be the original source of nested cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Eastman
- Program in Human Urothelial Biology, Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave., Mailstop C9S-5, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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Kreft ME, Hudoklin S, Jezernik K, Romih R. Formation and maintenance of blood-urine barrier in urothelium. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 246:3-14. [PMID: 20521071 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Blood-urine barrier, which is formed during differentiation of superficial urothelial cells, is the tightest and most impermeable barrier in the body. In the urinary bladder, the barrier must accommodate large changes in the surface area during distensions and contractions of the organ. Tight junctions and unique apical plasma membrane of superficial urothelial cells play a critical role in the barrier maintenance. Alterations in the blood-urine barrier function accompany most of the urinary tract diseases. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries on the role of tight junctions, dynamics of Golgi apparatus and post-Golgi compartments, and intracellular membrane traffic during the biogenesis and maintenance of blood-urine barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Lipiceva 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Aboushwareb T, Zhou G, Deng FM, Turner C, Andersson KE, Tar M, Zhao W, Melman A, D'Agostino R, Sun TT, Christ GJ. Alterations in bladder function associated with urothelial defects in uroplakin II and IIIa knockout mice. Neurourol Urodyn 2010; 28:1028-33. [PMID: 19267388 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The effects of deleting genes encoding uroplakins II (UPII) and III (UPIIIa) on mouse bladder physiology/dysfunction were studied in male and female wild type and knockout (KO) mice. METHODS UPII, UPIIIa, and WT mice were catheterized using previously described techniques. Continuous cystometry was conducted in conscious, freely moving animals. Bladder strips were harvested after animal sacrifice and pharmacological studies and EFS were conducted in an organ chamber. Histological studies were also carried on with H&E staining to identify differences among the three mouse types. RESULTS These studies have revealed numerous alterations, some of which were apparently gender-specific. Nonvoiding contractions were common in both UPII and UPIIIa KO mice, although more severe in the former. In particular, the increased bladder capacity, micturition pressure and demonstrable nonvoiding contractions observed in the male UPII KO's, were reminiscent of an obstruction-like syndrome accompanied by evidence of emerging bladder decompensation, as reflected by an increased residual volume. Pharmacological studies revealed a modest, gender-specific reduction in sensitivity of isolated detrusor strips from UPII KO female mice to carbachol-induced contractions. A similar reduction was observed in UPIIIa KO female mice. Histological investigation showed urothelial hyperplasia in both UPII KO and UPIIIa KO mice, although again, apparently more severe in the former. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm and extend previous work to indicate that urothelial defects due to uroplakin deficiency are associated with significant alterations in bladder function and further highlight the importance of the urothelium to bladder physiology/dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Aboushwareb
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Abstract
Urothelium, one of the slowest cycling epithelia in the body, embodies a unique biological context for cellular transformation. Introduction of oncogenes into or removing tumor suppressor genes from the urothelial cells or a combination of both using the transgenic and/or knockout mouse approaches has provided useful insights into the molecular mechanisms of urothelial transformation and tumorigenesis. It is becoming increasingly clear that over-activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway, as exemplified by the constitutively activated Ha-ras oncogene, is both necessary and sufficient to initiate the low-grade, non-invasive urothelial carcinomas. Dosage of the mutated Ha-ras, but not concurrent inactivation of pro-senescence molecules p16Ink4a and p19Arf, dictates whether and when the low-grade urothelial carcinomas arise. Inactivation of both p53 and pRb, a prevailing paradigm previously proposed for muscle-invasive urothelial tumorigenesis, is found to be necessary but insufficient to initiate this urothelial carcinoma variant. Instead, downregulation in p53/pRb co-deficient urothelial cells of p107, a pRb family member, is associated with the genesis of the muscle-invasive bladder cancers. p53 deficiency also seems to be capable of cooperating with that of PTEN in eliciting invasive urothelial carcinomas. The genetically engineered mice have improved the molecular definition of the divergent pathways of urothelial tumorigenesis and progression, helped delineate the intricate crosstalk among different genetic alterations within a urothelium-specific context, identified new prognostic markers and novel therapeutic targets potentially applicable for clinical intervention, and provided in vivo platforms for testing preventive strategies of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Guo X, Tu L, Gumper I, Plesken H, Novak EK, Chintala S, Swank RT, Pastores G, Torres P, Izumi T, Sun TT, Sabatini DD, Kreibich G. Involvement of vps33a in the fusion of uroplakin-degrading multivesicular bodies with lysosomes. Traffic 2009; 10:1350-61. [PMID: 19566896 PMCID: PMC4494113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The apical surface of the terminally differentiated mouse bladder urothelium is largely covered by urothelial plaques, consisting of hexagonally packed 16-nm uroplakin particles. These plaques are delivered to the cell surface by fusiform vesicles (FVs) that are the most abundant cytoplasmic organelles. We have analyzed the functional involvement of several proteins in the apical delivery and endocytic degradation of uroplakin proteins. Although FVs have an acidified lumen and Rab27b, which localizes to these organelles, is known to be involved in the targeting of lysosome-related organelles (LROs), FVs are CD63 negative and are therefore not typical LROs. Vps33a is a Sec1-related protein that plays a role in vesicular transport to the lysosomal compartment. A point mutation in mouse Vps33a (Buff mouse) causes albinism and bleeding (Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome) because of abnormalities in the trafficking of melanosomes and platelets. These Buff mice showed a novel phenotype observed in urothelial umbrella cells, where the uroplakin-delivering FVs were almost completely replaced by Rab27b-negative multivesicular bodies (MVBs) involved in uroplakin degradation. MVB accumulation leads to an increase in the amounts of uroplakins, Lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1/2, and the activities of beta-hexosaminidase and beta-glucocerebrosidase. These results suggest that FVs can be regarded as specialized secretory granules that deliver crystalline arrays of uroplakins to the cell surface, and that the Vps33a mutation interferes with the fusion of MVBs with mature lysosomes thus blocking uroplakin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Liyu Tu
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Iwona Gumper
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Heide Plesken
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Edward K. Novak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sreenivasulu Chintala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Richard T. Swank
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Gregory Pastores
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paola Torres
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tetsuro Izumi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Epithelial Biology Unit, The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David D. Sabatini
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gert Kreibich
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Yu Z, Mannik J, Soto A, Lin KK, Andersen B. The epidermal differentiation-associated Grainyhead gene Get1/Grhl3 also regulates urothelial differentiation. EMBO J 2009; 28:1890-903. [PMID: 19494835 PMCID: PMC2711180 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin and bladder epithelia form effective permeability barriers through the activation of distinct differentiation gene programs. Using a genome-wide gene-expression study, we identified transcriptional regulators whose expression correlates highly with that of differentiation markers in both the bladder and skin, including the Grainyhead factor Get1/Grhl3, which is already known to be important for epidermal barrier formation. In the bladder, Get1 is most highly expressed in the differentiated umbrella cells and its mutation in mice leads to a defective bladder epithelial barrier formation due to the failure of apical membrane specialization. Genes encoding components of the specialized urothelial membrane, the uroplakins, were downregulated in Get1(-/-) mice. At least one of these genes, uroplakin II, is a direct target of Get1. The urothelial-specific activation of the uroplakin II gene is due to selective binding of Get1 to the uroplakin II promoter in urothelial cells, which is most likely regulated by histone modifications. These results show a crucial role for Get1 in urothelial differentiation and barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jaana Mannik
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amelia Soto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kevin K Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Khandelwal P, Abraham SN, Apodaca G. Cell biology and physiology of the uroepithelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1477-501. [PMID: 19587142 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00327.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The uroepithelium sits at the interface between the urinary space and underlying tissues, where it forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute, and water flux, as well as pathogens. However, the uroepithelium is not simply a passive barrier; it can modulate the composition of the urine, and it functions as an integral part of a sensory web in which it receives, amplifies, and transmits information about its external milieu to the underlying nervous and muscular systems. This review examines our understanding of uroepithelial regeneration and how specializations of the outermost umbrella cell layer, including tight junctions, surface uroplakins, and dynamic apical membrane exocytosis/endocytosis, contribute to barrier function and how they are co-opted by uropathogenic bacteria to infect the uroepithelium. Furthermore, we discuss the presence and possible functions of aquaporins, urea transporters, and multiple ion channels in the uroepithelium. Finally, we describe potential mechanisms by which the uroepithelium can transmit information about the urinary space to the other tissues in the bladder proper.
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Thumbikat P, Berry RE, Zhou G, Billips BK, Yaggie RE, Zaichuk T, Sun TT, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ. Bacteria-induced uroplakin signaling mediates bladder response to infection. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000415. [PMID: 19412341 PMCID: PMC2669708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are the second most common infectious disease in humans and are predominantly caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). A majority of UPEC isolates express the type 1 pilus adhesin, FimH, and cell culture and murine studies demonstrate that FimH is involved in invasion and apoptosis of urothelial cells. FimH initiates bladder pathology by binding to the uroplakin receptor complex, but the subsequent events mediating pathogenesis have not been fully characterized. We report a hitherto undiscovered signaling role for the UPIIIa protein, the only major uroplakin with a potential cytoplasmic signaling domain, in bacterial invasion and apoptosis. In response to FimH adhesin binding, the UPIIIa cytoplasmic tail undergoes phosphorylation on a specific threonine residue by casein kinase II, followed by an elevation of intracellular calcium. Pharmacological inhibition of these signaling events abrogates bacterial invasion and urothelial apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Our studies suggest that bacteria-induced UPIIIa signaling is a critical mediator of bladder responses to insult by uropathogenic E. coli. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the second most common infectious disease in humans and are predominantly caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that UPEC induce several responses in the bladder, including inflammation, rapid onset of bladder cell death, and bacterial invasion of bladder cells. This last event, invasion, is now also thought to underlie recurrent UTI. Although members of the highly-expressed “uroplakin” proteins serve as bladder receptors for UPEC binding, it was unclear how UPEC binding to uroplakin receptors caused signals within bladder cells that mediate rapid cell death and bacterial invasion. Here, we show that another uroplakin, uroplakin III, which is associated with the receptor transduces signals within the cell in response to UPEC binding. UPEC causes elevated calcium within bladder cells, and this elevation requires phosphorylation of uroplakin III by a specific kinase. Blocking these events blocks both bladder cell death and bacterial invasion of bladder cells by UPEC. Thus, uroplakin III is the mediator of key events in UTI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Thumbikat
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Berry
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ge Zhou
- Departments of Cell Biology, Dermatology, Pharmacology and Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin K. Billips
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Yaggie
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tetiana Zaichuk
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Departments of Cell Biology, Dermatology, Pharmacology and Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David J. Klumpp
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hudoklin S, Zupancic D, Romih R. Maturation of the Golgi apparatus in urothelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 336:453-63. [PMID: 19370362 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of urothelial cells is characterized by the synthesis of uroplakins and their assembly into the asymmetric unit membrane. The Golgi apparatus (GA) has been proposed to play a central role in asymmetric unit membrane formation. We have studied the distribution and organization of the GA in normal mouse urothelial cells and in the superficial urothelial cells that undergo differentiation following cyclophosphamide-induced regeneration, in correlation with urothelial cell differentiation. In normal urothelium, immature basal cells have a simple GA, which is small and distributed close to the nucleus. In intermediate cells, the GA starts to expand into the cytoplasm, whereas the GA of terminally differentiated umbrella cells is complex, being large and spread over the whole basal half of the cytoplasm. During early stages of regeneration after cyclophosphamide treatment, the GA of superficial cells is simple and no markers of urothelial differentiation (uroplakins or asymmetric unit membranes, discoidal or fusiform vesicles, apical surface covered with microvilli) are expressed. At a later stage, the GA expands and, in the final stage of regeneration, when cells express all markers of terminal urothelial differentiation, the GA become complex once again. Our results show that: (1) GA distribution and organization in urothelial cells is differentiation-dependent; (2) the GA matures from a simple form in partially differentiated cells to a complex form in terminally differentiated superficial cells; (3) major rearrangements of GA distribution and organization correlate with the beginning of asymmetric unit membrane production. Thus, GA maturation seems to be crucial for asymmetric unit membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Hudoklin
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Lipiceva 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abstract
Urothelium covers the inner surfaces of the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and prostatic urethra. Although morphologically similar, the urothelia in these anatomic locations differ in their embryonic origin and lineages of cellular differentiation, as reflected in their different uroplakin content, expandability during micturition, and susceptibility to chemical carcinogens. Previously thought to be an inert tissue forming a passive barrier between the urine and blood, urothelia have recently been shown to have a secretory activity that actively modifies urine composition. Urothelial cells express a number of ion channels, receptors, and ligands, enabling them to receive and send signals and communicate with adjoining cells and their broader environment. The urothelial surface bears specific receptors that not only allow uropathogenic E. coli to attach to and invade the bladder mucosa, but also provide a route by which the bacteria ascend through the ureters to the kidney to cause pyelonephritis. Genetic ablation of one or more uroplakin genes in mice causes severe retrograde vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, and renal failure, conditions that mirror certain human congenital diseases. Clearly, abnormalities of the lower urinary tract can impact the upper tract, and vice versa, through the urothelial connection. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field of urothelial biology by focusing on the uroplakins, a group of urothelium-specific and differentiation-dependent integral membrane proteins. We discuss these proteins' biochemistry, structure, assembly, intracellular trafficking, and their emerging roles in urothelial biology, function, and pathological processes. We also call attention to important areas where greater investigative efforts are warranted.
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Kreft ME, Jezernik K, Kreft M, Romih R. Apical plasma membrane traffic in superficial cells of bladder urothelium. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1152:18-29. [PMID: 19161373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.04004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Superficial urothelial cells that line the urinary bladder accommodate cyclical changes in organ volume while maintaining a permeability barrier between urine and tissue fluids. The specific apical plasma membrane traffic is necessary for their proper function. The composition of the apical plasma membrane is dramatically modified during differentiation of bladder urothelial cells, most notably by assembly of urothelial plaques containing uroplakins. However, the assembly of uroplakins into plaques, their insertion and removal from the apical surface, and the regulation of these processes are still poorly understood. This review examines the traffic (exocytosis/endocytosis) of the apical plasma membrane during differentiation of urothelial cells and focuses on the physiological and clinical significance of the apical plasma membrane traffic in bladder superficial urothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Assembly of a membrane receptor complex: roles of the uroplakin II prosequence in regulating uroplakin bacterial receptor oligomerization. Biochem J 2008; 414:195-203. [PMID: 18481938 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The apical surface of the mammalian urothelium is almost completely covered by two-dimensional protein crystals (known as urothelial plaques) of hexagonally packed 16 nm particles consisting of two UP (uroplakin) heterodimers, i.e. UPs Ia/II and Ib/III pairs. UPs are functionally important as they contribute to the urothelial permeability barrier function, and UPIa may serve as the receptor for the uropathogenic Escherichia coli that causes over 90% of urinary tract infections. We study here how the UP proteins are assembled and targeted to the urothelial apical surface, paying special attention to the roles of the prosequence of UPII in UP oligomerization. We show that (i) the formation of the UPIa/UPII heterodimer, necessary for ER (endoplasmic reticulum) exit, requires disulfide formation in the prosequence domain of proUPII (the immature form of UPII still containing its prosequence); (ii) differentiation-dependent N-glycosylation of the prosequence leads to UP stabilization; (iii) a failure to form tetramers in cultured urothelial cells, in part due to altered glycosylation of the prosequence, may block two-dimensional crystal formation; and (iv) the prosequence of UPII remains attached to the mature protein complex on the urothelial apical surface even after it has been cleaved by the trans-Golgi-network-associated furin. Our results indicate that proper secondary modifications of the prosequence of UPII play important roles in regulating the oligomerization and function of the UP protein complex.
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Varley CL, Bacon EJ, Holder JC, Southgate J. FOXA1 and IRF-1 intermediary transcriptional regulators of PPARγ-induced urothelial cytodifferentiation. Cell Death Differ 2008; 16:103-14. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Uroplakin is not a reliable immunohistochemical marker for malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2008; 16:326-8. [PMID: 18528285 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31815c2e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyze the immunohistochemical expression of uroplakin (URO) in pleural malignant mesothelioma (PMM). METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed URO expression in PMM using similar immunohistochemical techniques at 2 separate institutions. At an antibody dilution of 1:10, 0/5 PMMs were immunoreactive for URO. At 1:8, diffuse weak cytoplasmic staining was seen in all 38 PMMs tested, but no membrane staining was observed. Adjacent nontumor tissue and positive control tissue showed cytoplasmic staining of equivalent intensity. Similar staining results were observed in 27 PMMs at a 1:5 dilution. CONCLUSIONS At an antibody dilution for which positive and negative control tissues stain appropriately, PMM does not stain for URO. At higher antibody concentrations, PMM exhibits nonspecific cytoplasmic staining. We assert that URO is not a useful immunohistochemical marker for the detection of PMM. Further studies addressing whether URO is overexpressed at the mRNA level in PMM are warranted.
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