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You S, Xu J, Guo Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Sun G, Sun Y. E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2 as a promising therapeutic target for diverse human diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 96:101257. [PMID: 38430667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligases have emerged in recent years as critical regulators of cellular homeostasis due to their roles in targeting substrate proteins for ubiquitination and triggering subsequent downstream signals. In this review, we describe the multiple roles of WWP2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase with unique and important functions in regulating a wide range of biological processes, including DNA repair, gene expression, signal transduction, and cell-fate decisions. As such, WWP2 has evolved to play a key role in normal physiology and diseases, such as tumorigenesis, skeletal development and diseases, immune regulation, cardiovascular disease, and others. We attempt to provide an overview of the biochemical, physiological, and pathophysiological roles of WWP2, as well as open questions for future research, particularly in the context of putative therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yushan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility, National Health Commission, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Guozhe Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Hollingsworth LR, Sangaré LO, Paredes-Santos TC, Krishnamurthy S, Penn BH, Wu H, Saeij JPJ. Host E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH mediates Toxoplasma gondii effector GRA35-triggered NLRP1 inflammasome activation and cell-autonomous immunity. mBio 2024; 15:e0330223. [PMID: 38376248 PMCID: PMC10936166 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03302-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that can activate the NLRP1 inflammasome leading to macrophage pyroptosis in Lewis rats, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen and identified the dense granule proteins GRA35, GRA42, and GRA43 as the Toxoplasma effectors mediating cell death in Lewis rat macrophages. GRA35 localizes on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, where it interacts with the host E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH. Inhibition of proteasome activity or ITCH knockout prevented pyroptosis in Toxoplasma-infected Lewis rat macrophages, consistent with the "NLRP1 functional degradation model." However, there was no evidence that ITCH directly ubiquitinates or interacts with rat NLRP1. We also found that GRA35-ITCH interaction affected Toxoplasma fitness in IFNγ-activated human fibroblasts, likely due to ITCH's role in recruiting ubiquitin and the parasite-restriction factor RNF213 to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. These findings identify a new role of host E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH in mediating effector-triggered immunity, a critical concept that involves recognizing intracellular pathogens and initiating host innate immune responses.IMPORTANCEEffector-triggered immunity represents an innate immune defense mechanism that plays a crucial role in sensing and controlling intracellular pathogen infection. The NLRP1 inflammasome in the Lewis rats can detect Toxoplasma infection, which triggers proptosis in infected macrophages and eliminates the parasite's replication niche. The work reported here revealed that host E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH is able to recognize and interact with Toxoplasma effector protein GRA35 localized on the parasite-host interface, leading to NLRP1 inflammasome activation in Lewis rat macrophages. Furthermore, ITCH-GRA35 interaction contributes to the restriction of Toxoplasma in human fibroblasts stimulated by IFNγ. Thus, this research provides valuable insights into understanding pathogen recognition and restriction mediated by host E3 ubiquitin ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - L. Robert Hollingsworth
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lamba Omar Sangaré
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Tatiana C. Paredes-Santos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shruthi Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bennett H. Penn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeroen P. J. Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Wu Z, Huang Y, Liu K, Min J. N/C-degron pathways and inhibitor development for PROTAC applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:194952. [PMID: 37263341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a fascinating post-translational modification that has received continuous attention since its discovery. In this review, we first provide a concise overview of the E3 ubiquitin ligases, delving into classification, characteristics and mechanisms of ubiquitination. We then specifically examine the ubiquitination pathways mediated by the N/C-degrons, discussing their unique features and substrate recognition mechanisms. Finally, we offer insights into the current state of development pertaining to inhibitors that target the N/C-degron pathways, as well as the promising advances in the field of PROTAC (PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras). Overall, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of the rapidly-evolving field of ubiquitin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yunyuan Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Jinrong Min
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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4
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Herianto S, Subramani B, Chen BR, Chen CS. Recent advances in liposome development for studying protein-lipid interactions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:1-14. [PMID: 36170980 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Protein-lipid interactions are crucial for various cellular biological processes like intracellular signaling, membrane transport, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Therefore, studying these interactions is essential to understand and unravel their specific functions. Nevertheless, the interacting proteins of many lipids are poorly understood and still require systematic study. Liposomes are the most well-known and familiar biomimetic systems used to study protein-lipid interactions. Although liposomes have been widely used for studying protein-lipid interactions in classical methods such as the co-flotation assay (CFA), co-sedimentation assay (CSA), and flow cytometric assay (FCA), an overview of their current applications and developments in high-throughput methods is not yet available. Here, we summarize the liposome development in low and high-throughput methods to study protein-lipid interactions. Besides, a constructive comment for each platform is presented to stimulate the advancement of these technologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herianto
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry (Chemical Biology Division), College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Boopathi Subramani
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ruei Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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5
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Wang Y, Hollingsworth LR, Sangaré LO, Paredes-Santos TC, Krishnamurthy S, Penn BH, Wu H, Saeij JPJ. Host E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH mediates Toxoplasma gondii effector GRA35-triggered NLRP1 inflammasome activation and cell-autonomous immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.13.571530. [PMID: 38168400 PMCID: PMC10760081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that can activate the NLRP1 inflammasome leading to macrophage pyroptosis in Lewis rats, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen and identified the dense granule proteins GRA35, GRA42, and GRA43 as the Toxoplasma effectors mediating cell death in Lewis rat macrophages. GRA35 localizes on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, where it interacts with the host E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH. Inhibition of proteasome activity or ITCH knockout prevented pyroptosis in Toxoplasma-infected Lewis rat macrophages, consistent with the "NLRP1 functional degradation model". However, there was no evidence that ITCH directly ubiquitinates or interacts with rat NLRP1. We also found that GRA35-ITCH interaction affected Toxoplasma fitness in IFNγ-activated human fibroblasts, likely due to ITCH's role in recruiting ubiquitin and the parasite-restriction factor RNF213 to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. These findings identify a new role of host E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH in mediating effector-triggered immunity, a critical concept that involves recognizing intracellular pathogens and initiating host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L. Robert Hollingsworth
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lamba Omar Sangaré
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tatiana C. Paredes-Santos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shruthi Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bennett H. Penn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeroen P. J. Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Gawden-Bone CM, Lehner PJ, Volkmar N. As a matter of fat: Emerging roles of lipid-sensitive E3 ubiquitin ligases. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300139. [PMID: 37890275 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic structure and composition of lipid membranes need to be tightly regulated to control the vast array of cellular processes from cell and organelle morphology to protein-protein interactions and signal transduction pathways. To maintain membrane integrity, sense-and-response systems monitor and adjust membrane lipid composition to the ever-changing cellular environment, but only a relatively small number of control systems have been described. Here, we explore the emerging role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in monitoring and maintaining membrane lipid composition. We focus on the ER-resident RNF145 E3 ubiquitin ligase, its role in regulating adiponectin receptor 2 (ADIPOR2), its lipid hydrolase substrate, and the broader implications for understanding the homeostatic processes that fine-tune cellular membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Gawden-Bone
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Norbert Volkmar
- Institute for Molecular Systems Biology (IMSB), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Zhang R, Shi S. The role of NEDD4 related HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in defective autophagy in cancer cells: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Mol Med 2023; 29:34. [PMID: 36918822 PMCID: PMC10015828 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT)-type E3 ubiquitin ligases are the selective executers in the protein ubiquitination, playing a vital role in modulation of the protein function and stability. Evidence shows the regulatory role of HECT-type E3 ligases in various steps of the autophagic process. Autophagy is an intracellular digestive and recycling process that controls the cellular hemostasis. Defective autophagy is involved in tumorigenesis and has been detected in various types of cancer cells. A growing body of findings indicates that HECT-type E3 ligases, in particular members of the neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4 (NEDD4) including NEDD4-1, NEDD4-L, SMURFs, WWPs, and ITCH, play critical roles in dysregulation or dysfunction of autophagy in cancer cells. The present review focuses on NEDD4 E3 ligases involved in defective autophagy in cancer cells and discusses their autophagic function in different cancer cells as well as substrates and the signaling pathways in which they participate, conferring a basis for the cancer treatment through the modulating of these E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610021, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqing Shi
- Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Sun A, Tian X, Chen Y, Yang W, Lin Q. Emerging roles of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases in gastric cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1610931. [PMID: 36825281 PMCID: PMC9941164 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1610931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most pernicious gastrointestinal tumors with extraordinarily high incidence and mortality. Ubiquitination modification of cellular signaling proteins has been shown to play important roles in GC tumorigenesis, progression, and prognosis. The E3 ubiquitin ligase is the crucial enzyme in the ubiquitination reaction and determines the specificity of ubiquitination substrates, and thus, the cellular effects. The HECT E3 ligases are the second largest E3 ubiquitin ligase family characterized by containing a HECT domain that has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. The HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases have been found to engage in GC progression. However, whether HECT E3 ligases function as tumor promoters or tumor suppressors in GC remains controversial. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries about the role of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases, especially members of the NEDD4 and other HECT E3 ligase subfamilies, in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China,Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China,*Correspondence: Aiqin Sun, ; Qiong Lin,
| | - Xianyan Tian
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wannian Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiong Lin
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China,*Correspondence: Aiqin Sun, ; Qiong Lin,
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Zhai F, Wang J, Yang W, Ye M, Jin X. The E3 Ligases in Cervical Cancer and Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5354. [PMID: 36358773 PMCID: PMC9658772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial (EC) and cervical (CC) cancers are the most prevalent malignancies of the female reproductive system. There is a global trend towards increasing incidence and mortality, with a decreasing age trend. E3 ligases label substrates with ubiquitin to regulate their activity and stability and are involved in various cellular functions. Studies have confirmed abnormal expression or mutations of E3 ligases in EC and CC, indicating their vital roles in the occurrence and progression of EC and CC. This paper provides an overview of the E3 ligases implicated in EC and CC and discusses their underlying mechanism. In addition, this review provides research advances in the target of ubiquitination processes in EC and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Zhai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Tripathi-Giesgen I, Behrends C, Alpi AF. The ubiquitin ligation machinery in the defense against bacterial pathogens. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52864. [PMID: 34515402 PMCID: PMC8567218 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system is an important part of the host cellular defense program during bacterial infection. This is in particular evident for a number of bacteria including Salmonella Typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis which—inventively as part of their invasion strategy or accidentally upon rupture of seized host endomembranes—become exposed to the host cytosol. Ubiquitylation is involved in the detection and clearance of these bacteria as well as in the activation of innate immune and inflammatory signaling. Remarkably, all these defense responses seem to emanate from a dense layer of ubiquitin which coats the invading pathogens. In this review, we focus on the diverse group of host cell E3 ubiquitin ligases that help to tailor this ubiquitin coat. In particular, we address how the divergent ubiquitin conjugation mechanisms of these ligases contribute to the complexity of the anti‐bacterial coating and the recruitment of different ubiquitin‐binding effectors. We also discuss the activation and coordination of the different E3 ligases and which strategies bacteria evolved to evade the activities of the host ubiquitin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Tripathi-Giesgen
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, München, Germany
| | - Arno F Alpi
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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11
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Delvecchio VS, Fierro C, Giovannini S, Melino G, Bernassola F. Emerging roles of the HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in hematological malignancies. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:39. [PMID: 35201500 PMCID: PMC8777521 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination-mediated proteolysis or regulation of proteins, ultimately executed by E3 ubiquitin ligases, control a wide array of cellular processes, including transcription, cell cycle, autophagy and apoptotic cell death. HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases can be distinguished from other subfamilies of E3 ubiquitin ligases because they have a C-terminal HECT domain that directly catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to their substrate proteins. Deregulation of HECT-type E3-mediated ubiquitination plays a prominent role in cancer development and chemoresistance. Several members of this subfamily are indeed frequently deregulated in human cancers as a result of genetic mutations and altered expression or activity. HECT-type E3s contribute to tumorigenesis by regulating the ubiquitination rate of substrates that function as either tumour suppressors or oncogenes. While the pathological roles of the HECT family members in solid tumors are quite well established, their contribution to the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies has only recently emerged. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the involvement of the HECT-type E3s in leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Simona Delvecchio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fierro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Giovannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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12
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Wang L, Sun X, He J, Liu Z. Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Deltex Family Ubiquitin E3 Ligases in Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:706997. [PMID: 34513839 PMCID: PMC8424196 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.706997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification of proteins that significantly affects protein stability and function. The specificity of substrate recognition is determined by ubiquitin E3 ligase during ubiquitination. Human Deltex (DTX) protein family, which functions as ubiquitin E3 ligases, comprises five members, namely, DTX1, DTX2, DTX3, DTX3L, and DTX4. The characteristics and functional diversity of the DTX family proteins have attracted significant attention over the last decade. DTX proteins have several physiological and pathological roles and are closely associated with cell signal transduction, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as the occurrence and development of various tumors. Although they have been extensively studied in various species, data on structural features, biological functions, and potential mechanisms of action of the DTX family proteins remain limited. In this review, recent research progress on each member of the DTX family is summarized, providing insights into future research directions and potential strategies in disease diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Sun
- Postdoctoral Research Workstation, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Jingni He
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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13
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Yang Q, Zhao J, Chen D, Wang Y. E3 ubiquitin ligases: styles, structures and functions. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:23. [PMID: 35006464 PMCID: PMC8607428 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases are a large family of enzymes that join in a three-enzyme ubiquitination cascade together with ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2. E3 ubiquitin ligases play an essential role in catalyzing the ubiquitination process and transferring ubiquitin protein to attach the lysine site of targeted substrates. Importantly, ubiquitination modification is involved in almost all life activities of eukaryotes. Thus, E3 ligases might be involved in regulating various biological processes and cellular responses to stress signal associated with cancer development. Thanks to their multi-functions, E3 ligases can be a promising target of cancer therapy. A deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of E3 ligases in tumorigenesis will help to find new prognostic markers and accelerate the growth of anticancer therapeutic approaches. In general, we mainly introduce the classifications of E3 ligases and their important roles in cancer progression and therapeutic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jinyao Zhao
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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14
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Zhu L, Sardana R, Jin DK, Emr SD. Calcineurin-dependent regulation of endocytosis by a plasma membrane ubiquitin ligase adaptor, Rcr1. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151785. [PMID: 32421152 PMCID: PMC7401822 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rsp5, the Nedd4 family member in yeast, is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in numerous cellular processes, many of which require Rsp5 to interact with PY-motif containing adaptor proteins. Here, we show that two paralogous transmembrane Rsp5 adaptors, Rcr1 and Rcr2, are sorted to distinct cellular locations: Rcr1 is a plasma membrane (PM) protein, whereas Rcr2 is sorted to the vacuole. Rcr2 is delivered to the vacuole using ubiquitin as a sorting signal. Rcr1 is delivered to the PM by the exomer complex using a newly uncovered PM sorting motif. Further, we show that Rcr1, but not Rcr2, is up-regulated via the calcineurin/Crz1 signaling pathway. Upon exogenous calcium treatment, Rcr1 ubiquitinates and down-regulates the chitin synthase Chs3. We propose that the PM-anchored Rsp5/Rcr1 ubiquitin ligase-adaptor complex can provide an acute response to degrade unwanted proteins under stress conditions, thereby maintaining cell integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Richa Sardana
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Daniel K Jin
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Scott D Emr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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15
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Bussienne C, Marquet R, Paillart JC, Bernacchi S. Post-Translational Modifications of Retroviral HIV-1 Gag Precursors: An Overview of Their Biological Role. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062871. [PMID: 33799890 PMCID: PMC8000049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) play key roles in eukaryotes since they finely regulate numerous mechanisms used to diversify the protein functions and to modulate their signaling networks. Besides, these chemical modifications also take part in the viral hijacking of the host, and also contribute to the cellular response to viral infections. All domains of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag precursor of 55-kDa (Pr55Gag), which is the central actor for viral RNA specific recruitment and genome packaging, are post-translationally modified. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about HIV-1 Pr55Gag PTMs such as myristoylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, methylation, and ISGylation in order to figure out how these modifications affect the precursor functions and viral replication. Indeed, in HIV-1, PTMs regulate the precursor trafficking between cell compartments and its anchoring at the plasma membrane, where viral assembly occurs. Interestingly, PTMs also allow Pr55Gag to hijack the cell machinery to achieve viral budding as they drive recognition between viral proteins or cellular components such as the ESCRT machinery. Finally, we will describe and compare PTMs of several other retroviral Gag proteins to give a global overview of their role in the retroviral life cycle.
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16
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Kahlhofer J, Leon S, Teis D, Schmidt O. The α-arrestin family of ubiquitin ligase adaptors links metabolism with selective endocytosis. Biol Cell 2021; 113:183-219. [PMID: 33314196 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of nutrient uptake into cells is important, as it allows to either increase biomass for cell growth or to preserve homoeostasis. A key strategy to adjust cellular nutrient uptake is the reconfiguration of the nutrient transporter repertoire at the plasma membrane by the addition of nutrient transporters through the secretory pathway and by their endocytic removal. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that regulate selective nutrient transporter endocytosis, which is mediated by the α-arrestin protein family. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 14 different α-arrestins (also named arrestin-related trafficking adaptors, ARTs) function as adaptors for the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5. They instruct Rsp5 to ubiquitinate subsets of nutrient transporters to orchestrate their endocytosis. The ART proteins are under multilevel control of the major nutrient sensing systems, including amino acid sensing by the general amino acid control and target of rapamycin pathways, and energy sensing by 5'-adenosine-monophosphate-dependent kinase. The function of the six human α-arrestins is comparably under-characterised. Here, we summarise the current knowledge about the function, regulation and substrates of yeast ARTs and human α-arrestins, and highlight emerging communalities and general principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kahlhofer
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastien Leon
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - David Teis
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Wu Y, Zhang W. The Role of E3s in Regulating Pluripotency of Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1168. [PMID: 33503896 PMCID: PMC7865285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from early embryos and can differentiate into any type of cells in living organisms. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) resemble ESCs, both of which serve as excellent sources to study early embryonic development and realize cell replacement therapies for age-related degenerative diseases and other cell dysfunction-related illnesses. To achieve these valuable applications, comprehensively understanding of the mechanisms underlying pluripotency maintenance and acquisition is critical. Ubiquitination modifies proteins with Ubiquitin (Ub) at the post-translational level to monitor protein stability and activity. It is extensively involved in pluripotency-specific regulatory networks in ESCs and iPSCs. Ubiquitination is achieved by sequential actions of the Ub-activating enzyme E1, Ub-conjugating enzyme E2, and Ub ligase E3. Compared with E1s and E2s, E3s are most abundant, responsible for substrate selectivity and functional diversity. In this review, we focus on E3 ligases to discuss recent progresses in understanding how they regulate pluripotency and somatic cell reprogramming through ubiquitinating core ESC regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China;
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18
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Herianto S, Rathod J, Shah P, Chen YZ, Wu WS, Liang B, Chen CS. Systematic Analysis of Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate-Interacting Proteins Using Yeast Proteome Microarrays. Anal Chem 2020; 93:868-877. [PMID: 33302626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We used yeast proteome microarrays (∼5800 purified proteins) to conduct a high-throughput and systematic screening of PI5P-interacting proteins with PI5P-tagged fluorescent liposomal nanovesicles. Lissamine rhodamine B-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanol was incorporated into the liposome bilayer to provide the nanovesicles with fluorescence without any encapsulants, which not only made the liposome fabrication much easier without the need for purification but also improved the chip-probing quality. A special chip assay was washed very gently without the traditional spin-dry step. Forty-five PI5P-interacting proteins were identified in triplicate with this special chip assay. Subsequently, we used flow cytometry to validate these interactions, and a total of 41 PI5P-interacting proteins were confirmed. Enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins have significant functions associated with ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, ribosome binding, GTP binding, and hydrolase activity. Their component enrichment is located in the nucleolus. The InterPro domain analysis indicated that PI5P-interacting proteins are enriched in the P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases domain (P-loop). Additionally, using the MEME program, we identified a consensus motif (IVGPAGTGKSTLF) that contains the Walker A sequence, a well-known nucleotide-binding motif. Furthermore, using a quartz crystal microbalance, both the consensus motif and Walker A motif showed strong affinities to PI5P-containing liposomes but not to PI5P-deprived liposomes or PI-containing liposomes. Additionally, the glycine (G6) and lysine (K7) residues of the Walker A motif (-GPAGTG6K7S-) were found to be critical to the PI5P-binding ability. This study not only identified an additional set of PI5P-interacting proteins but also revealed the strong PI5P-binding affinity (Kd = 1.81 × 10-7 M) of the Walker A motif beyond the motif's nucleotide-binding characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herianto
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jagat Rathod
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pramod Shah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, College of Health Sciences and Technology, National Central University, Jhongli 300, Taiwan
| | - You-Zuo Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Biqing Liang
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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19
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Tanahashi R, Afiah TSN, Nishimura A, Watanabe D, Takagi H. The C2 domain of the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 is required for ubiquitination of the endocytic protein Rvs167 upon change of nitrogen source. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5986617. [PMID: 33201982 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a key signal for endocytosis of proteins on the plasma membrane. The ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which contains an amino-terminal membrane-binding C2 domain, three substrate-recognizing tryptophan-tryptophan (WW) domains and a carboxyl-terminal catalytic homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT) domain, can ubiquitinate plasma membrane proteins directing them for endocytosis. Here, we examined the roles of the C2 domain in endocytosis for the downregulation of the general amino acid permease Gap1, which is one of nitrogen-regulated permeases in S. cerevisiae. First, we constructed several rsp5 mutants producing Rsp5 variants without the C2 domain or with amino acid changes of membrane-binding lysine residues. These mutants showed defects in endocytosis of Gap1 in response to a preferred nitrogen source. Intriguingly, we found that ubiquitination of Gap1 in these mutant cells was highly similar to that in wild-type cells during endocytosis. These results indicate that the C2 domain is essential for endocytosis but not for ubiquitination of substrates such as Gap1. Moreover, genetic and biochemical analyses showed that the endocytic protein Rvs167 was ubiquitinated via Rsp5 and the C2 domain was required for efficient ubiquitination in response to a preferred nitrogen source. Here, we propose a mechanism for the C2 domain-mediated endocytosis of plasma membrane permeases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Tanahashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tira Siti Nur Afiah
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Nishimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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20
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RNF11 at the Crossroads of Protein Ubiquitination. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111538. [PMID: 33187263 PMCID: PMC7697665 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNF11 (Ring Finger Protein 11) is a 154 amino-acid long protein that contains a RING-H2 domain, whose sequence has remained substantially unchanged throughout vertebrate evolution. RNF11 has drawn attention as a modulator of protein degradation by HECT E3 ligases. Indeed, the large number of substrates that are regulated by HECT ligases, such as ITCH, SMURF1/2, WWP1/2, and NEDD4, and their role in turning off the signaling by ubiquitin-mediated degradation, candidates RNF11 as the master regulator of a plethora of signaling pathways. Starting from the analysis of the primary sequence motifs and from the list of RNF11 protein partners, we summarize the evidence implicating RNF11 as an important player in modulating ubiquitin-regulated processes that are involved in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) signaling pathways. This connection appears to be particularly significant, since RNF11 is overexpressed in several tumors, even though its role as tumor growth inhibitor or promoter is still controversial. The review highlights the different facets and peculiarities of this unconventional small RING-E3 ligase and its implication in tumorigenesis, invasion, neuroinflammation, and cancer metastasis.
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21
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Abstract
Ubiquitination is a modification after protein transcription that plays a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the cellular environment. The Homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) family E3 ubiquitin ligases are a kind of E3 ubiquitin ligases with a C-terminal HECT domain that mediates the binding of ubiquitin to substrate proteins and a variable-length N-terminal extension. HECT-ubiquitinated ligases can be divided into three categories: NEDD4 superfamily, HERC superfamily, and other HECT superfamilies. HECT ubiquitin ligase plays an essential role in the development of many human diseases. In this review, we focus on the physiological and pathological processes involved in oxidative stress and the role of E3 ubiquitin ligase of the HECT family.
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22
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Yin Q, Wyatt CJ, Han T, Smalley KSM, Wan L. ITCH as a potential therapeutic target in human cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:117-130. [PMID: 32165318 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ITCH/AIP4 ubiquitin E3 ligase was discovered independently by two groups searching for atrophin-1 interacting proteins and studying the genetics of mouse coat color alteration, respectively. ITCH is classified as a NEDD4 family E3 ligase featured with the C-terminal HECT domain for E3 ligase function and WW domains for substrate recruiting. ITCH deficiency in the mouse causes severe multi-organ autoimmune disease. Its roles in maintaining a balanced immune response have been extensively characterized over the past two and a half decades. A wealth of reports demonstrate a multifaceted role of ITCH in human cancers. Given the versatility of ITCH in catalyzing both proteolytic and non-proteolytic ubiquitination of its over fifty substrates, ITCH's role in malignancies is believed to be context-dependent. In this review, we summarize the downstream substrates of ITCH, the functions of ITCH in both tumor cells and the immune system, as well as the implications of such functions in human cancers. Moreover, we describe the upstream regulatory mechanisms of ITCH and the efforts have been made to target ITCH using small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Clayton J Wyatt
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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23
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Pak Dek MS, Padmanabhan P, Tiwari K, Todd JF, Paliyath G. Structural and functional characterization of Solanum lycopersicum phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase C2 domain. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:180-192. [PMID: 31972387 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are characterized by the presence of a C2 domain at the N-terminal end (class I, III); or at both the N-terminal and C-terminal ends (class II), sometimes including a Plextrin homology domain and/or a Ras domain. Plant PI3Ks are analogous to the class III mammalian PI3K. An N-terminal fragment (~170 aa) of the tomato PI3K regulatory domain including the C2 domain, was cloned and expressed in a bacterial system. This protein was purified to homogeneity and its physicochemical properties analyzed. The purified protein showed strong binding with monophosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, and the binding was dependent on calcium ion concentration and pH. In the overall tertiary structure of PI3K, C2 domain showed unique characteristics, having three antiparallel beta-sheets, hydrophobic regions, acidic as well as alkaline motifs, that can enable its membrane binding upon activation. To elucidate the functional significance of C2 domain, transgenic tobacco plants expressing the C2 domain of PI3K were generated. Transgenic plants showed defective pollen development and disrupted seed set. Flowers from the PI3K-C2 transgenic plants showed delayed wilting, and a decrease in ethylene production. It is likely that introduction of the PI3K-C2 segment may have interfered with the normal binding of PI3K to the membrane, delaying the onset of membrane lipid catabolism that lead to senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sabri Pak Dek
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Priya Padmanabhan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Krishnaraj Tiwari
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - James F Todd
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Simcoe Research Station, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gopinadhan Paliyath
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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24
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Jiao H, Liu Q, Zhang H, Qi K, Liu Z, Wang P, Wu J, Zhang S. PbrPCCP1 mediates the PbrTTS1 signaling to control pollen tube growth in pear. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 289:110244. [PMID: 31623778 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, genes containing the C2 domain have been identified and play a crucial role in many key physiological processes. One hundred and sixty-six genes containing a C2 domain were identified in pear and 38 genes contained multiple C2 domains. Whole genome duplication and tandem duplication events were the major forces driving the C2 superfamily expansion, and C2 superfamily members have evolved under negative selection. There were 104 C2 genes expressed during pollen tube growth. Here, we identified Pbr028378.1 containing the C2 domain from pear and named it PbrPCCP1. PbrPCCP1 was localized in the plasma membrane and mainly expressed in pollen. PbrPCCP1 interacted with PbrTTS1, which contained a Cys-rich C-terminal domain, and promoted pollen tube growth. The Pollen ole e I domain of PbrTTS1 was responsible for its interaction. Additionally, pollen tube growth was inhibited and the promoting effect of PbrTTS1 was attenuated when PbrPCCP1 expression level was knocked-down by antisense oligonucleotides. The qRT-PCR results indicated that PbrPCCP1 and PbrTTS1 expression levels were consistently present in the style after pollination, and their expression levels were up-regulated within 24 h. This implied that they could co-regulate pollen tube growth when the pollen tube grew in the pistil.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiJun Jiao
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - JuYou Wu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China.
| | - ShaoLing Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China.
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25
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Wasserman SS, Shteiman-Kotler A, Harris K, Iliadi KG, Persaud A, Zhong Y, Zhang Y, Fang X, Boulianne GL, Stewart B, Rotin D. Regulation of SH3PX1 by dNedd4-long at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1739-1752. [PMID: 30518551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Nedd4 (dNedd4) is a HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase present in two major isoforms: short (dNedd4S) and long (dNedd4Lo), with the latter containing two unique regions (N terminus and Middle). Although dNedd4S promotes neuromuscular synaptogenesis (NMS), dNedd4Lo inhibits it and impairs larval locomotion. To explain how dNedd4Lo inhibits NMS, MS analysis was performed to find its binding partners and identified SH3PX1, which binds dNedd4Lo unique Middle region. SH3PX1 contains SH3, PX, and BAR domains and is present at neuromuscular junctions, where it regulates active zone ultrastructure and presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Here, we demonstrate direct binding of SH3PX1 to the dNedd4Lo Middle region (which contains a Pro-rich sequence) in vitro and in cells, via the SH3PX1-SH3 domain. In Drosophila S2 cells, dNedd4Lo overexpression reduces SH3PX1 levels at the cell periphery. In vivo overexpression of dNedd4Lo post-synaptically, but not pre-synaptically, reduces SH3PX1 levels at the subsynaptic reticulum and impairs neurotransmitter release. Unexpectedly, larvae that overexpress dNedd4Lo post-synaptically and are heterozygous for a null mutation in SH3PX1 display increased neurotransmission compared with dNedd4Lo or SH3PX1 mutant larvae alone, suggesting a compensatory effect from the remaining SH3PX1 allele. These results suggest a post-synaptic-specific regulation of SH3PX1 by dNedd4Lo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Wasserman
- Hospital for Sick Children, Cell Biology and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology programs, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Alina Shteiman-Kotler
- Hospital for Sick Children, Cell Biology and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology programs, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kathryn Harris
- Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Konstantin G Iliadi
- Hospital for Sick Children, Cell Biology and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology programs, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Avinash Persaud
- Hospital for Sick Children, Cell Biology and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology programs, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yvonne Zhong
- Hospital for Sick Children, Cell Biology and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology programs, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xuedong Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Gabrielle L Boulianne
- Hospital for Sick Children, Cell Biology and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology programs, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bryan Stewart
- Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Daniela Rotin
- Hospital for Sick Children, Cell Biology and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology programs, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.
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Sluimer J, Distel B. Regulating the human HECT E3 ligases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3121-3141. [PMID: 29858610 PMCID: PMC6063350 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to proteins, by E3 ligases of the HECT (homologous to E6AP C terminus) family is critical in controlling diverse physiological pathways. Stringent control of HECT E3 ligase activity and substrate specificity is essential for cellular health, whereas deregulation of HECT E3s plays a prominent role in disease. The cell employs a wide variety of regulatory mechanisms to control HECT E3 activity and substrate specificity. Here, we summarize the current understanding of these regulatory mechanisms that control HECT E3 function. Substrate specificity is generally determined by interactions of adaptor proteins with domains in the N-terminal extensions of HECT E3 ligases. These N-terminal domains have also been found to interact with the HECT domain, resulting in the formation of inhibitory conformations. In addition, catalytic activity of the HECT domain is commonly regulated at the level of E2 recruitment and through HECT E3 oligomerization. The previously mentioned regulatory mechanisms can be controlled through protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications, the binding of calcium ions, and more. Functional activity is determined not only by substrate recruitment and catalytic activity, but also by the type of ubiquitin polymers catalyzed to the substrate. While this is often determined by the specific HECT member, recent studies demonstrate that HECT E3s can be modulated to alter the type of ubiquitin polymers they catalyze. Insight into these diverse regulatory mechanisms that control HECT E3 activity may open up new avenues for therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibition or enhancement of HECT E3 function in disease-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Sluimer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Distel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wijtemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Balaji V, Pokrzywa W, Hoppe T. Ubiquitylation Pathways In Insulin Signaling and Organismal Homeostasis. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700223. [PMID: 29611634 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling (IIS) pathway is a pivotal genetic program regulating cell growth, tissue development, metabolic physiology, and longevity of multicellular organisms. IIS integrates a fine-tuned cascade of signaling events induced by insulin/IGF-1, which is precisely controlled by post-translational modifications. The ubiquitin/proteasome-system (UPS) influences the functionality of IIS through inducible ubiquitylation pathways that regulate internalization of the insulin/IGF-1 receptor, the stability of downstream insulin/IGF-1 signaling targets, and activity of nuclear receptors for control of gene expression. An age-related decline in UPS activity is often associated with an impairment of IIS, contributing to pathologies such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Recent findings identified a key role of diverse ubiquitin modifications in insulin signaling decisions, which governs dynamic adaption upon environmental and physiological changes. In this review, we discuss the mutual crosstalk between ubiquitin and insulin signaling pathways in the context of cellular and organismal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Balaji
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pokrzywa
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism in Development and Aging, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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28
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Todaro DR, Augustus-Wallace AC, Klein JM, Haas AL. The mechanism of neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-2 (Nedd4-2)/NEDD4L-catalyzed polyubiquitin chain assembly. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19521-19536. [PMID: 28972136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of Nedd4-2 has been quantitatively explored for the first time using biochemically defined kinetic assays examining rates of 125I-polyubiquitin chain assembly as a functional readout. We demonstrate that Nedd4-2 exhibits broad specificity for E2 paralogs of the Ubc4/5 clade to assemble Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Full-length Nedd4-2 catalyzes free 125I-polyubiquitin chain assembly by hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to Ubc5B∼ubiquitin thioester concentration (Km = 44 ± 6 nm; kcat = 0.020 ± 0.007 s-1) and substrate inhibition above 0.5 μm (Ki = 2.5 ± 1.3 μm) that tends to zero velocity, requiring ordered binding at two functionally distinct E2∼ubiquitin-binding sites. The Ubc5BC85A product analog non-competitively inhibits Nedd4-2 (Ki = 2.0 ± 0.5 μm), consistent with the presence of the second E2-binding site. In contrast, the isosteric Ubc5BC85S-ubiquitin oxyester substrate analog exhibits competitive inhibition at the high-affinity Site 1 (Ki = 720 ± 340 nm) and non-essential activation at the lower-affinity Site 2 (Kact = 750 ± 260 nm). Additional studies utilizing Ubc5BF62A, defective in binding the canonical E2 site, demonstrate that the cryptic Site 1 is associated with thioester formation, whereas binding at the canonical site (Site 2) is associated with polyubiquitin chain elongation. Finally, previously described Ca2+-dependent C2 domain-mediated autoinhibition of Nedd4-2 is not observed under our reported experimental conditions. These studies collectively demonstrate that Nedd4-2 catalyzes polyubiquitin chain assembly by an ordered two-step mechanism requiring two dynamically linked E2∼ubiquitin-binding sites analogous to that recently reported for E6AP, the founding member of the Hect ligase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Todaro
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | | | - Arthur L Haas
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and .,the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
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Liu Q, Zhang S, Chen G, Zhou H. E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 inhibits AP-1 activity and TNF-α production through targeting p38α for polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4521. [PMID: 28674435 PMCID: PMC5495757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
p38α plays an important role in many inflammatory diseases, such as skin inflammation, endotoxic shock and arthritis. Ubiquitination is a vital posttranslational modification of proteins and plays a crucial regulatory role in inflammatory cells. It has been reported that ubiquitination of Tak1 and TAB1 upstream of p38α can regulate p38α activation respectively. However, p38α ubiquitination is not yet clear. In this paper, we showed that E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 is a regulatory component of the p38α pathway and is responsible for polyubiquitination of p38α through K48-linked and K63-linked polyubiquitination. The levels of p38α and its downstream target TNF-α were increased in Nedd4 deficient macrophages response to LPS compared with wild-type cells. AP-1 activity and degradation of p38α were induced by Nedd4 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that phosphorylation of p38α is involved in the interactions between p38α and Nedd4 and subsequently promotes polyubiquitination of p38α, especially K48-linked polyubiquitination by Nedd4. The different conformation of two p38α isoforms (p38αV1 and p38αV2) might be the cause of their different interactions with Nedd4 and their polyubiquitination sites by Nedd4. Thus, NEDD4 is a previously unknown component of the p38α signaling complex necessary for TNF-α activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Liu
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Taiping Road 27, 100850, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Shihui Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Taiping Road 27, 100850, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Gan Chen
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Taiping Road 27, 100850, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Taiping Road 27, 100850, Beijing, P.R. China.
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Attali I, Tobelaim WS, Persaud A, Motamedchaboki K, Simpson-Lavy KJ, Mashahreh B, Levin-Kravets O, Keren-Kaplan T, Pilzer I, Kupiec M, Wiener R, Wolf DA, Rotin D, Prag G. Ubiquitylation-dependent oligomerization regulates activity of Nedd4 ligases. EMBO J 2017; 36:425-440. [PMID: 28069708 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation controls protein function and degradation. Therefore, ubiquitin ligases need to be tightly controlled. We discovered an evolutionarily conserved allosteric restraint mechanism for Nedd4 ligases and demonstrated its function with diverse substrates: the yeast soluble proteins Rpn10 and Rvs167, and the human receptor tyrosine kinase FGFR1 and cardiac IKS potassium channel. We found that a potential trimerization interface is structurally blocked by the HECT domain α1-helix, which further undergoes ubiquitylation on a conserved lysine residue. Genetic, bioinformatics, biochemical and biophysical data show that attraction between this α1-conjugated ubiquitin and the HECT ubiquitin-binding patch pulls the α1-helix out of the interface, thereby promoting trimerization. Strikingly, trimerization renders the ligase inactive. Arginine substitution of the ubiquitylated lysine impairs this inactivation mechanism and results in unrestrained FGFR1 ubiquitylation in cells. Similarly, electrophysiological data and TIRF microscopy show that NEDD4 unrestrained mutant constitutively downregulates the IKS channel, thus confirming the functional importance of E3-ligase autoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Attali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - William Sam Tobelaim
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avinash Persaud
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khatereh Motamedchaboki
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program and NCI Cancer Centre Proteomics Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kobi J Simpson-Lavy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bayan Mashahreh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Olga Levin-Kravets
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbar Pilzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Martin Kupiec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Reuven Wiener
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dieter A Wolf
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program and NCI Cancer Centre Proteomics Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Daniela Rotin
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gali Prag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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32
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Domanska A, Kaminska J. Role of Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase in biogenesis of rRNA, mRNA and tRNA in yeast. RNA Biol 2016; 12:1265-74. [PMID: 26403176 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1094604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase is required for ubiquitination of a wide variety of proteins involved in essential processes. Rsp5 was shown to be involved in regulation of lipid biosynthesis, intracellular trafficking of proteins, response to various stresses, and many other processes. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the nuclear and cytoplasmic functions of Rsp5 with a focus on biogenesis of different RNAs. We also briefly describe the participation of Rsp5 in the regulation of the RNA polymerase II complex, and its potential role in the regulation of other RNA polymerases. Moreover, we emphasize the function of Rsp5 in the coordination of the different steps of rRNA, mRNA and tRNA metabolism in the context of protein biosynthesis. Finally, we highlight the involvement of Rsp5 in controlling diverse cellular mechanisms at multiple levels and in adaptation of the cell to changing growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Domanska
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences ; Warsaw , Poland
| | - Joanna Kaminska
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences ; Warsaw , Poland
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Sun M, Cai J, Anderson RA, Sun Y. Type I γ Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate 5-Kinase i5 Controls the Ubiquitination and Degradation of the Tumor Suppressor Mitogen-inducible Gene 6. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21461-21473. [PMID: 27557663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-inducible gene 6 (Mig6) is a tumor suppressor, and the disruption of Mig6 expression is associated with cancer development. Mig6 directly interacts with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to suppress the activation and downstream signaling of EGFR. Therefore, loss of Mig6 enhances EGFR-mediated signaling and promotes EGFR-dependent carcinogenesis. The molecular mechanism modulating Mig6 expression in cancer remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that type I γ phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-kinase i5 (PIPKIγi5), an enzyme producing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2), stabilizes Mig6 expression. Knockdown of PIPKIγi5 leads to the loss of Mig6 expression, which dramatically enhances and prolongs EGFR-mediated cell signaling. Loss of PIPKIγi5 significantly promotes Mig6 protein degradation via proteasomes, but it does not affect the Mig6 mRNA level. PIPKIγi5 directly interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-1 (NEDD4-1). The C-terminal domain of PIPKIγi5 and the WW1 and WW2 domains of NEDD4-1 are required for their interaction. The C2 domain of NEDD4-1 is required for its interaction with PtdIns(4,5)P2 By binding with NEDD4-1 and producing PtdIns(4,5)P2, PIPKIγi5 perturbs NEDD4-1-mediated Mig6 ubiquitination and the subsequent proteasomal degradation. Thus, loss of NEDD4-1 can rescue Mig6 expression in PIPKIγi5 knockdown cells. In this way, PIPKIγi5, NEDD4-1, and Mig6 form a novel molecular nexus that controls EGFR activation and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- From the Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298 and
| | - Jinyang Cai
- From the Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298 and
| | - Richard A Anderson
- the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yue Sun
- From the Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298 and
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Kaminska J, Rzepnikowska W, Polak A, Flis K, Soczewka P, Bala K, Sienko M, Grynberg M, Kaliszewski P, Urbanek A, Ayscough K, Zoladek T. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate regulates response of cells to proteotoxic stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:494-504. [PMID: 27498190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human Nedd4 ubiquitin ligase, or its variants, inhibit yeast cell growth by disturbing the actin cytoskeleton organization and dynamics, and lead to an increase in levels of ubiquitinated proteins. In a screen for multicopy suppressors which rescue growth of yeast cells producing Nedd4 ligase with an inactive WW4 domain (Nedd4w4), we identified a fragment of ATG2 gene encoding part of the Atg2 core autophagy protein. Expression of the Atg2-C1 fragment (aa 1074-1447) improved growth, actin cytoskeleton organization, but did not significantly change the levels of ubiquitinated proteins in these cells. The GFP-Atg2-C1 protein in Nedd4w4-producing cells primarily localized to a single defined structure adjacent to the vacuole, surrounded by an actin filament ring, containing Hsp42 and Hsp104 chaperones. This localization was not affected in several atg deletion mutants, suggesting that it might be distinct from the phagophore assembly site (PAS). However, deletion of ATG18 encoding a phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P)-binding protein affected the morphology of the GFP-Atg2-C1 structure while deletion of ATG14 encoding a subunit of PI3 kinase suppressed toxicity of Nedd4w4 independently of GFP-Atg2-C1. Further analysis of the Atg2-C1 revealed that it contains an APT1 domain of previously uncharacterized function. Most importantly, we showed that this domain is able to bind phosphatidylinositol phosphates, especially PI3P, which is abundant in the PAS and endosomes. Together our results suggest that human Nedd4 ubiquitinates proteins in yeast and causes proteotoxic stress and, with some Atg proteins, leads to formation of a perivacuolar structure, which may be involved in sequestration, aggregation or degradation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Rzepnikowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Polak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Flis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Soczewka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Sienko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Grynberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Kaliszewski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Urbanek
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kathryn Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Escobedo A, Gomes T, Aragón E, Martín-Malpartida P, Ruiz L, Macias MJ. Structural basis of the activation and degradation mechanisms of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4L. Structure 2016; 22:1446-57. [PMID: 25295397 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms of activation and degradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4L combining the available biochemical information with complementary biophysical techniques. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we identified that the C2 domain binds Ca(2+) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) using the same interface that is used to interact with the HECT domain. Thus, we propose that the transition from the closed to the active form is regulated by a competition of IP3 and Ca(2+) with the HECT domain for binding to the C2 domain. We performed relaxation experiments and molecular dynamic simulations to determine the flexibility of the HECT structure and observed that its conserved PY motif can become solvent-exposed when the unfolding process is initiated. The structure of the WW3 domain bound to the HECT-PY site reveals the details of this interaction, suggesting a possible auto-ubquitination mechanism using two molecules, a partially unfolded one and a fully functional Nedd4L counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Escobedo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tiago Gomes
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Aragón
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Martín-Malpartida
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruiz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Macias
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Ismael A, Tian W, Waszczak N, Wang X, Cao Y, Suchkov D, Bar E, Metodiev MV, Liang J, Arkowitz RA, Stone DE. Gβ promotes pheromone receptor polarization and yeast chemotropism by inhibiting receptor phosphorylation. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra38. [PMID: 27072657 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gradient-directed cell migration (chemotaxis) and growth (chemotropism) are processes that are essential to the development and life cycles of all species. Cells use surface receptors to sense the shallow chemical gradients that elicit chemotaxis and chemotropism. Slight asymmetries in receptor activation are amplified by downstream signaling systems, which ultimately induce dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton. During the mating response of budding yeast, a model chemotropic system, the pheromone receptors on the plasma membrane polarize to the side of the cell closest to the stimulus. Although receptor polarization occurs before and independently of actin cable-dependent delivery of vesicles to the plasma membrane (directed secretion), it requires receptor internalization. Phosphorylation of pheromone receptors by yeast casein kinase 1 or 2 (Yck1/2) stimulates their internalization. We showed that the pheromone-responsive Gβγ dimer promotes the polarization of the pheromone receptor by interacting with Yck1/2 and locally inhibiting receptor phosphorylation. We also found that receptor phosphorylation is essential for chemotropism, independently of its role in inducing receptor internalization. A mathematical model supports the idea that the interaction between Gβγ and Yck1/2 results in differential phosphorylation and internalization of the pheromone receptor and accounts for its polarization before the initiation of directed secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Ismael
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Nicholas Waszczak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Youfang Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Dmitry Suchkov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Eli Bar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Metodi V Metodiev
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Robert A Arkowitz
- CNRS UMR7277/INSERM UMR1091/Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Biology Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - David E Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Fan P, Cunliffe HE, Maximov PY, Agboke FA, McDaniel RE, Zou X, Ramos P, Russell ML, Jordan VC. Integration of Downstream Signals of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress for Estrogen-Induced Growth or Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1367-76. [PMID: 26116171 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Estrogen (E2) exerts a dual function on E2-deprived breast cancer cells, with both initial proliferation and subsequent induction of stress responses to cause apoptosis. However, the mechanism by which E2 integrally regulates cell growth or apoptosis-associated pathways remains to be elucidated. Here, E2 deprivation results in many alterations in stress-responsive pathways. For instance, E2-deprived breast cancer cells had higher basal levels of stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), compared with wild-type MCF-7 cells. E2 treatment further constitutively activated JNK after 24 hours. However, inhibition of JNK (SP600125) was unable to abolish E2- induced apoptosis, whereas SP600125 alone arrested cells at the G2 phase of the cell cycle and increased apoptosis. Further examination showed that inhibition of JNK increased gene expression of TNFα and did not effectively attenuate expression of apoptosis-related genes induced by E2. A notable finding was that E2 regulated both JNK and Akt as the downstream signals of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGFIR)/PI3K, but with distinctive modulation patterns: JNK was constitutively activated, whereas Akt and Akt-associated proteins, such as PTEN and mTOR, were selectively degraded. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) was involved in the selective protein degradation. These findings highlight a novel IGFIR/PI3K/JNK axis that plays a proliferative role during the prelude to E2-induced apoptosis and that the endoplasmic reticulum is a key regulatory site to decide cell fate after E2 treatment. IMPLICATIONS This study provides a new rationale for further exploration of E2-induced apoptosis to improve clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia. Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather E Cunliffe
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philipp Y Maximov
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia. Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fadeke A Agboke
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Russell E McDaniel
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xiaojun Zou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Pilar Ramos
- Computational Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Megan L Russell
- Computational Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia. Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Puca L, Brou C. Α-arrestins - new players in Notch and GPCR signaling pathways in mammals. J Cell Sci 2015; 127:1359-67. [PMID: 24687185 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.142539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, β-arrestins have been known to be involved in G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization. However, β-arrestins belong to a family of proteins that act as multifunctional scaffolding proteins, in particular during trafficking of transmembrane receptors. The arrestin family comprises visual arrestins, β-arrestins and α-arrestins. In mammals, the functions of the α-arrestins are beginning to be elucidated, and they are described as versatile adaptors that link GPCRs or the Notch receptor to E3 ubiquitin ligases and endocytic factors. These α-arrestins can act in sequence, complementarily or cooperatively with β-arrestins in trafficking and ubiquitylation events. This Commentary will summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the functions and properties of these α-arrestin proteins in comparison to β-arrestins, and will highlight a new hypothesis linking their functional complementarity to their physical interactions. α- and β-arrestins could form transient and versatile heterodimers that form a bridge between cargo and E3 ubiquitin ligases, thus allowing trafficking to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Puca
- Institut Pasteur and CNRS URA 2582, Signalisation Moléculaire et Activation Cellulaire, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Synaptic strength is bidirectionally controlled by opposing activity-dependent regulation of Nedd4-1 and USP8. J Neurosci 2015; 34:16637-49. [PMID: 25505317 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2452-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) to and from synapses is crucial for synaptic plasticity. Previous work has demonstrated that AMPARs undergo activity-dependent ubiquitination by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-1, which promotes their internalization and degradation in lysosomes. Here, we define the molecular mechanisms involved in ubiquitination and deubiquitination of AMPARs. We report that Nedd4-1 is rapidly redistributed to dendritic spines in response to AMPAR activation and not in response to NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation in cultured rat neurons. In contrast, NMDAR activation directly antagonizes Nedd4-1 function by promoting the deubiquitination of AMPARs. We show that NMDAR activation causes the rapid dephosphorylation and activation of the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) USP8. Surface AMPAR levels and synaptic strength are inversely regulated by Nedd4-1 and USP8. Strikingly, we show that homeostatic downscaling of synaptic strength is accompanied by an increase and decrease in Nedd4-1 and USP8 protein levels, respectively. Furthermore, we show that Nedd4-1 is required for homeostatic loss of surface AMPARs and downscaling of synaptic strength. This study provides the first mechanistic evidence for rapid and opposing activity-dependent control of a ubiquitin ligase and DUB at mammalian CNS synapses. We propose that the dynamic regulation of these opposing forces is critical in maintaining synapses and scaling them during homeostatic plasticity.
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Boase NA, Kumar S. NEDD4: The founding member of a family of ubiquitin-protein ligases. Gene 2014; 557:113-22. [PMID: 25527121 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays a crucial role in regulating proteins post-translationally. The focus of this review is on NEDD4, the founding member of the NEDD4 family of ubiquitin ligases that is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. Many potential substrates of NEDD4 have been identified and NEDD4 has been shown to play a critical role in the regulation of a number of membrane receptors, endocytic machinery components and the tumour suppressor PTEN. In this review we will discuss the diverse pathways in which NEDD4 is involved, and the patho-physiological significance of this important ubiquitin ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Anne Boase
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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Erpapazoglou Z, Walker O, Haguenauer-Tsapis R. Versatile roles of k63-linked ubiquitin chains in trafficking. Cells 2014; 3:1027-88. [PMID: 25396681 PMCID: PMC4276913 DOI: 10.3390/cells3041027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification by Lys63-linked ubiquitin (UbK63) chains is the second most abundant form of ubiquitylation. In addition to their role in DNA repair or kinase activation, UbK63 chains interfere with multiple steps of intracellular trafficking. UbK63 chains decorate many plasma membrane proteins, providing a signal that is often, but not always, required for their internalization. In yeast, plants, worms and mammals, this same modification appears to be critical for efficient sorting to multivesicular bodies and subsequent lysosomal degradation. UbK63 chains are also one of the modifications involved in various forms of autophagy (mitophagy, xenophagy, or aggrephagy). Here, in the context of trafficking, we report recent structural studies investigating UbK63 chains assembly by various E2/E3 pairs, disassembly by deubiquitylases, and specifically recognition as sorting signals by receptors carrying Ub-binding domains, often acting in tandem. In addition, we address emerging and unanticipated roles of UbK63 chains in various recycling pathways that function by activating nucleators required for actin polymerization, as well as in the transient recruitment of signaling molecules at the plasma or ER membrane. In this review, we describe recent advances that converge to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the wealth of trafficking functions of UbK63 chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Erpapazoglou
- Institut Jacques Monod-CNRS, UMR 7592, Université-Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Walker
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, Université de Lyon/Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Rosine Haguenauer-Tsapis
- Institut Jacques Monod-CNRS, UMR 7592, Université-Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France.
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Fang NN, Chan GT, Zhu M, Comyn SA, Persaud A, Deshaies RJ, Rotin D, Gsponer J, Mayor T. Rsp5/Nedd4 is the main ubiquitin ligase that targets cytosolic misfolded proteins following heat stress. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:1227-37. [PMID: 25344756 PMCID: PMC5224936 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The heat-shock response is a complex cellular program that induces major changes in protein translation, folding and degradation to alleviate toxicity caused by protein misfolding. Although heat shock has been widely used to study proteostasis, it remained unclear how misfolded proteins are targeted for proteolysis in these conditions. We found that Rsp5 and its mammalian homologue Nedd4 are important E3 ligases responsible for the increased ubiquitylation induced by heat stress. We determined that Rsp5 ubiquitylates mainly cytosolic misfolded proteins upon heat shock for proteasome degradation. We found that ubiquitylation of heat-induced substrates requires the Hsp40 co-chaperone Ydj1 that is further associated with Rsp5 upon heat shock. In addition, ubiquitylation is also promoted by PY Rsp5-binding motifs found primarily in the structured regions of stress-induced substrates, which can act as heat-induced degrons. Our results support a bipartite recognition mechanism combining direct and chaperone-dependent ubiquitylation of misfolded cytosolic proteins by Rsp5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy N Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Gerard T Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Mang Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Sophie A Comyn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Avinash Persaud
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Raymond J Deshaies
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 114-96 Caltech, 1200 E. California Boulevard Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Daniela Rotin
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Joerg Gsponer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Thibault Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
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Persaud A, Alberts P, Mari S, Tong J, Murchie R, Maspero E, Safi F, Moran MF, Polo S, Rotin D. Tyrosine phosphorylation of NEDD4 activates its ubiquitin ligase activity. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra95. [PMID: 25292214 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ligand binding to the receptor tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 1 (FGFR1) causes dimerization and activation by transphosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the kinase domain. FGFR1 is ubiquitylated by the E3 ligase NEDD4 (also known as NEDD4-1), which promotes FGFR1 internalization and degradation. Although phosphorylation of FGFR1 is required for NEDD4-dependent endocytosis, NEDD4 directly binds to a nonphosphorylated region of FGFR1. We found that activation of FGFR1 led to activation of c-Src kinase-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of NEDD4, enhancing the ubiquitin ligase activity of NEDD4. Using mass spectrometry, we identified several FGF-dependent phosphorylated tyrosines in NEDD4, including Tyr(43) in the C2 domain and Tyr(585) in the HECT domain. Mutating these tyrosines to phenylalanine to prevent phosphorylation inhibited FGF-dependent NEDD4 activity and FGFR1 endocytosis and enhanced cell proliferation. Mutating the tyrosines to glutamic acid to mimic phosphorylation enhanced NEDD4 activity. Moreover, the NEDD4 C2 domain bound the HECT domain, and the presence of phosphomimetic mutations inhibited this interaction, suggesting that phosphorylation of NEDD4 relieves an inhibitory intra- or intermolecular interaction. Accordingly, activation of FGFR1 was not required for activation of NEDD4 that lacked its C2 domain. Activation of c-Src by epidermal growth factor (EGF) also promoted tyrosine phosphorylation and enhanced the activity of NEDD4. Thus, we identified a feedback mechanism by which receptor tyrosine kinases promote catalytic activation of NEDD4 and that may represent a mechanism of receptor crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Persaud
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Philipp Alberts
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sara Mari
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Jiefei Tong
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Molecular Genetics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ryan Murchie
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Elena Maspero
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Frozan Safi
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael F Moran
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Molecular Genetics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Simona Polo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy. Dipartimento Scienze della Salute, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudini 8, Milan 20142, Italy
| | - Daniela Rotin
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.
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Voynova NS, Mallela SK, Vazquez HM, Cerantola V, Sonderegger M, Knudsen J, Ejsing CS, Conzelmann A. Characterization of yeast mutants lacking alkaline ceramidases YPC1 and YDC1. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:776-88. [PMID: 24866405 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and yeast possess alkaline ceramidases located in the early secretory pathway. Single deletions of the highly homologous yeast alkaline ceramidases YPC1 and YDC1 have very little genetic interactions or phenotypes. Here, we performed chemical-genetic screens to find deletions/conditions that would alter the growth of ypc1∆ydc1∆ double mutants. These screens were essentially negative, demonstrating that ceramidase activity is not required for cell growth even under genetic stresses. A previously reported protein targeting defect of ypc1∆ could not be reproduced and reported abnormalities in sphingolipid biosynthesis detected by metabolic labeling do not alter the mass spectrometric lipid profile of ypc1∆ydc1∆ cells. Ceramides of ypc1∆ydc1∆ remained normal even in presence of aureobasidin A, an inhibitor of inositolphosphorylceramide synthase. Moreover, in caloric restriction conditions Ypc1p reduces chronological life span. A novel finding is that, when working backwards as a ceramide synthase in vivo, Ypc1p prefers C24 and C26 fatty acids as substrates, whereas it prefers C16:0, when solubilized in detergent and working in vitro. Therefore, its physiological activity may not only concern the minor ceramides containing C14 and C16. Intriguingly, so far the sole discernable benefit of conserving YPC1 for yeast resides with its ability to convey relative resistance toward H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Voynova
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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45
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Weinberg JS, Drubin DG. Regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by dynamic ubiquitination and deubiquitination. Curr Biol 2014; 24:951-9. [PMID: 24746795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in budding yeast requires the regulated recruitment and disassociation of more than 60 proteins at discrete plasma membrane punctae. Posttranslational modifications such as ubiquitination may play important regulatory roles in this highly processive and ordered process. However, although ubiquitination plays an important role in cargo selection, functions for ubiquitination of the endocytic machinery are not known. RESULTS We identified the deubiquitinase (DUB) Ubp7 as a late-arriving endocytic protein. Deletion of the DUBs Ubp2 and Ubp7 resulted in elongation of endocytic coat protein lifetimes at the plasma membrane and recruitment of endocytic proteins to internal membranes. These phenotypes could be replicated by expressing a permanently ubiquitinated version of Ede1, the yeast Eps15 homolog, which is implicated in endocytic site initiation, whereas EDE1 deletion partially suppressed the DUB deletion phenotype. Both DUBs are capable of deubiquitinating Ede1 in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Deubiquitination regulates formation of endocytic sites and stability of the endocytic coat. This regulation appears to occur through Ede1, because permanently ubiquitinated Ede1 phenocopies deletion of UBP2 and UBP7. Moreover, incomplete suppression of the ubp2Δ ubp7Δ phenotype by ede1Δ indicates that ubiquitination and deubiquitination are likely to regulate additional components of the endocytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper S Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 16 Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 16 Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA.
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46
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Assessing the subcellular distribution of oncogenic phosphoinositide 3-kinase using microinjection into live cells. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:BSR20130133. [PMID: 27919038 PMCID: PMC3985441 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in PIK3CA lead to an increase in intrinsic phosphoinositide kinase activity, but it is thought that increased access of PI3Kα (phosphoinositide 3-kinase α) to its PM (plasma membrane) localized substrate is also required for increased levels of downstream PIP3/Akt [phosphoinositide-3,4,5-trisphosphate/also called PKB (protein kinase B)] signalling. We have studied the subcellular localization of wild-type and the two most common oncogenic mutants of PI3Kα in cells maintained in growth media, and starved or stimulated cells using a novel method in which PI3Kα is pre-formed as a 1:1 p110α:p85α complex in vitro then introduced into live cells by microinjection. Oncogenic E545K and H1047R mutants did not constitutively interact with membrane lipids in vitro or in cells maintained in 10% (v/v) FBS. Following stimulation of RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases), microinjected PI3Kα was recruited to the PM, but oncogenic forms of PI3Kα were not recruited to the PM to a greater extent and did not reside at the PM longer than the wild-type PI3Kα. Instead, the E545K mutant specifically bound activated Cdc42 in vitro and microinjection of E545K was associated with the formation of cellular protrusions, providing some preliminary evidence that changes in protein–protein interactions may play a role in the oncogenicity of the E545K mutant in addition to the well-known changes in lipid kinase activity. Oncogenic forms of PI3Kα (phosphoinositide 3-kinase α) microinjected into live cells are not recruited to the PM (plasma membrane) to a greater extent, and do not reside at the PM longer, than wild-type PI3Kα.
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47
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Kalli AC, Morgan G, Sansom MSP. Interactions of the auxilin-1 PTEN-like domain with model membranes result in nanoclustering of phosphatidyl inositol phosphates. Biophys J 2014; 105:137-45. [PMID: 23823232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxilin-1 is a neuron-specific membrane-binding protein involved in a late stage of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. It recruits Hsc70, thus initiating uncoating of the clathrin-coated vesicles. Interactions of auxilin-1 with the vesicle membrane are crucial for this function and are mediated via an N-terminal PTEN-like domain. We have used multiscale molecular dynamics simulations to probe the interactions of the auxilin-1 PTEN-like domain with lipid bilayers containing differing phospholipid composition, including bilayers containing phosphatidyl inositol phosphates. Our results suggest a novel, to our knowledge, model for the auxilin/membrane encounter and subsequent interactions. Negatively charged lipids (especially PIP2) enhance binding of auxilin to lipid bilayers and facilitate its correct orientation relative to the membrane. Mutations in three basic residues (R301E/R307E/K311E) of the C2 subdomain of the PTEN-like domain perturbed its interaction with the bilayer, changing its orientation. The interaction of membrane-bound auxilin-1 PTEN-like domain with negatively charged lipid headgroups results in nanoclustering of PIP2 molecules in the adjacent bilayer leaflet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antreas C Kalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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48
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An H, Krist DT, Statsyuk AV. Crosstalk between kinases and Nedd4 family ubiquitin ligases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:1643-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70572b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between kinase and E3 ligase signaling pathways will allow better understanding of therapeutically relevant pathways and the design of small molecule therapeutics targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeseon An
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston, USA
| | - David T. Krist
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston, USA
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49
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Lam MHY, Emili A. Ubp2 regulates Rsp5 ubiquitination activity in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75372. [PMID: 24069405 PMCID: PMC3777918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast HECT-family E3 ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 has been implicated in diverse cell functions. Previously, we and others [1], [2] reported the physical and functional interaction of Rsp5 with the deubiquitinating enzyme Ubp2, and the ubiquitin associated (UBA) domain-containing cofactor Rup1. To investigate the mechanism and significance of the Rsp5-Rup1-Ubp2 complex, we examined Rsp5 ubiquitination status in the presence or absence of these cofactors. We found that, similar to its mammalian homologues, Rsp5 is auto-ubiquitinated in vivo. Association with a substrate or Rup1 increased Rsp5 self-ubiquitination, whereas Ubp2 efficiently deubiquitinates Rsp5 in vivo and in vitro. The data reported here imply an auto-modulatory mechanism of Rsp5 regulation common to other E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy H. Y. Lam
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Emili
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Mitra S, Traughber CA, Brannon MK, Gomez S, Capelluto DGS. Ubiquitin interacts with the Tollip C2 and CUE domains and inhibits binding of Tollip to phosphoinositides. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25780-25791. [PMID: 23880770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of cellular signaling processes are directed through internalization, via endocytosis, of polyubiquitinated cargo proteins. Tollip is an adaptor protein that facilitates endosomal cargo sorting for lysosomal degradation. Tollip preferentially binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) via its C2 domain, an association that may be required for endosomal membrane targeting. Here, we show that Tollip binds ubiquitin through its C2 and CUE domains and that its association with the C2 domain inhibits PtdIns(3)P binding. NMR analysis demonstrates that the C2 and CUE domains bind to overlapping sites on ubiquitin, suggesting that two ubiquitin molecules associate with Tollip simultaneously. Hydrodynamic studies reveal that ubiquitin forms heterodimers with the CUE domain, indicating that the association disrupts the dimeric state of the CUE domain. We propose that, in the absence of polyubiquitinated cargo, the dual binding of ubiquitin partitions Tollip into membrane-bound and membrane-free states, a function that contributes to the engagement of Tollip in both membrane trafficking and cytosolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Mitra
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - C Alicia Traughber
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Mary K Brannon
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Stephanie Gomez
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Daniel G S Capelluto
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061.
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