1
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Schleinitz A, Pöttgen LA, Keren-Kaplan T, Pu J, Saftig P, Bonifacino JS, Haas A, Jeschke A. Consecutive functions of small GTPases guide HOPS-mediated tethering of late endosomes and lysosomes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111969. [PMID: 36640308 PMCID: PMC10018218 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transfer of endocytosed cargoes to lysosomes (LYSs) requires HOPS, a multiprotein complex that tethers late endosomes (LEs) to LYSs before fusion. Many proteins interact with HOPS on LEs/LYSs. However, it is not clear whether these HOPS interactors localize to LEs or LYSs or how they participate in tethering. Here, we biochemically characterized endosomes purified from untreated or experimentally manipulated cells to put HOPS and interacting proteins in order and to establish their functional interdependence. Our results assign Rab2a and Rab7 to LEs and Arl8 and BORC to LYSs and show that HOPS drives LE-LYS fusion by bridging late endosomal Rab2a with lysosomal BORC-anchored Arl8. We further show that Rab7 is absent from sites of HOPS-dependent tethering but promotes fusion by moving LEs toward LYSs via dynein. Thus, our study identifies the topology of the machinery for LE-LYS tethering and elucidates the role of different small GTPases in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jing Pu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism, Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Albert Haas
- Cell Biology Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Jeschke
- Cell Biology Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Jani RA, Di Cicco A, Keren-Kaplan T, Vale-Costa S, Hamaoui D, Hurbain I, Tsai FC, Di Marco M, Macé AS, Zhu Y, Amorim MJ, Bassereau P, Bonifacino JS, Subtil A, Marks MS, Lévy D, Raposo G, Delevoye C. PI4P and BLOC-1 remodel endosomal membranes into tubules. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213508. [PMID: 36169638 PMCID: PMC9524204 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking is mediated by transport carriers that originate by membrane remodeling from donor organelles. Tubular carriers contribute to the flux of membrane lipids and proteins to acceptor organelles, but how lipids and proteins impose a tubular geometry on the carriers is incompletely understood. Using imaging approaches on cells and in vitro membrane systems, we show that phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) and biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1) govern the formation, stability, and functions of recycling endosomal tubules. In vitro, BLOC-1 binds and tubulates negatively charged membranes, including those containing PI4P. In cells, endosomal PI4P production by type II PI4-kinases is needed to form and stabilize BLOC-1-dependent recycling endosomal tubules. Decreased PI4KIIs expression impairs the recycling of endosomal cargoes and the life cycles of intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia bacteria and influenza virus that exploit the membrane dynamics of recycling endosomes. This study demonstrates how a phospholipid and a protein complex coordinate the remodeling of cellular membranes into functional tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Atul Jani
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Di Cicco
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Silvia Vale-Costa
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel Hamaoui
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular biology of microbial infection, Paris, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Feng-Ching Tsai
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Di Marco
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Macé
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Yueyao Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maria João Amorim
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research Centre, Palma de Cima, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Agathe Subtil
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular biology of microbial infection, Paris, France
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel Lévy
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
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3
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Keren-Kaplan T, Sarić A, Ghosh S, Williamson CD, Jia R, Li Y, Bonifacino JS. RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1506. [PMID: 35314674 PMCID: PMC8938451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase ARL8 associates with endolysosomes, leading to the recruitment of several effectors that couple endolysosomes to kinesins for anterograde transport along microtubules, and to tethering factors for eventual fusion with other organelles. Herein we report the identification of the RUN- and FYVE-domain-containing proteins RUFY3 and RUFY4 as ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin for retrograde transport along microtubules. Using various methodologies, we find that RUFY3 and RUFY4 interact with both GTP-bound ARL8 and dynein-dynactin. In addition, we show that RUFY3 and RUFY4 promote concentration of endolysosomes in the juxtanuclear area of non-neuronal cells, and drive redistribution of endolysosomes from the axon to the soma in hippocampal neurons. The function of RUFY3 in retrograde transport contributes to the juxtanuclear redistribution of endolysosomes upon cytosol alkalinization. These studies thus identify RUFY3 and RUFY4 as ARL8-dependent, dynein-dynactin adaptors or regulators, and highlight the role of ARL8 in the control of both anterograde and retrograde endolysosome transport. Organellar transport is carefully regulated, and endolysosome localized ARL8 is important for kinesin recruitment and anterograde movement. Here, the authors show that RUFY3 and RUFY4 promote retrograde transport of endolysosomes by mediating interaction of ARL8 with dynein-dynactin.
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4
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Keren-Kaplan T, Bonifacino JS. ARL8 Relieves SKIP Autoinhibition to Enable Coupling of Lysosomes to Kinesin-1. Curr Biol 2020; 31:540-554.e5. [PMID: 33232665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Long-range movement of organelles within the cytoplasm relies on coupling to microtubule motors, a process that is often mediated by adaptor proteins. In many cases, this coupling involves organelle- or adaptor-induced activation of the microtubule motors by conformational reversal of an autoinhibited state. Herein, we show that a similar regulatory mechanism operates for an adaptor protein named SKIP (also known as PLEKHM2). SKIP binds to the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) ARL8 on the lysosomal membrane to couple lysosomes to the anterograde microtubule motor kinesin-1. Structure-function analyses of SKIP reveal that the C-terminal region comprising three pleckstrin homology (PH) domains interacts with the N-terminal region comprising ARL8- and kinesin-1-binding sites. This interaction inhibits coupling of lysosomes to kinesin-1 and, consequently, lysosome movement toward the cell periphery. We also find that ARL8 does not just recruit SKIP to the lysosomal membrane but also relieves SKIP autoinhibition, promoting kinesin-1-driven, anterograde lysosome transport. Finally, our analyses show that the largely disordered middle region of SKIP mediates self-association and that this self-association enhances the interaction of SKIP with kinesin-1. These findings indicate that SKIP is not just a passive connector of lysosome-bound ARL8 to kinesin-1 but is itself subject to intra- and inter-molecular interactions that regulate its function. We anticipate that similar organelle- or GTPase-induced conformational changes could regulate the activity of other kinesin adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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5
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Levin-Konigsberg R, Montaño-Rendón F, Keren-Kaplan T, Li R, Ego B, Mylvaganam S, DiCiccio JE, Trimble WS, Bassik MC, Bonifacino JS, Fairn GD, Grinstein S. Phagolysosome resolution requires contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1234-1247. [PMID: 31570833 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides have a pivotal role in the maturation of nascent phagosomes into microbicidal phagolysosomes. Following degradation of their contents, mature phagolysosomes undergo resolution, a process that remains largely uninvestigated. Here we studied the role of phosphoinositides in phagolysosome resolution. Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P), which is abundant in maturing phagolysosomes, was depleted as they tubulated and resorbed. Depletion was caused, in part, by transfer of phagolysosomal PtdIns(4)P to the endoplasmic reticulum, a process mediated by oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 1L (ORP1L), a RAB7 effector. ORP1L formed discrete tethers between the phagolysosome and the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in distinct regions with alternating PtdIns(4)P depletion and enrichment. Tubules emerged from PtdIns(4)P-rich regions, where ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 8B (ARL8B) and SifA- and kinesin-interacting protein/pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 2 (SKIP/PLEKHM2) accumulated. SKIP binds preferentially to monophosphorylated phosphoinositides, of which PtdIns(4)P is most abundant in phagolysosomes, contributing to their tubulation. Accordingly, premature hydrolysis of PtdIns(4)P impaired SKIP recruitment and phagosome resolution. Thus, resolution involves phosphoinositides and tethering of phagolysosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Levin-Konigsberg
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Montaño-Rendón
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ren Li
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Braeden Ego
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sivakami Mylvaganam
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica E DiCiccio
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William S Trimble
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Pu J, Keren-Kaplan T, Bonifacino JS. A Ragulator-BORC interaction controls lysosome positioning in response to amino acid availability. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:4183-4197. [PMID: 28993468 PMCID: PMC5716277 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes play key roles in the cellular response to amino acid availability. Depletion of amino acids from the medium turns off a signaling pathway involving the Ragulator complex and the Rag guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), causing release of the inactive mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) serine/threonine kinase from the lysosomal membrane. Decreased phosphorylation of mTORC1 substrates inhibits protein synthesis while activating autophagy. Amino acid depletion also causes clustering of lysosomes in the juxtanuclear area of the cell, but the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are poorly understood. Herein we show that Ragulator directly interacts with BLOC-1-related complex (BORC), a multi-subunit complex previously found to promote lysosome dispersal through coupling to the small GTPase Arl8 and the kinesins KIF1B and KIF5B. Interaction with Ragulator exerts a negative regulatory effect on BORC that is independent of mTORC1 activity. Amino acid depletion strengthens this interaction, explaining the redistribution of lysosomes to the juxtanuclear area. These findings thus demonstrate that amino acid availability controls lysosome positioning through Ragulator-dependent, but mTORC1-independent, modulation of BORC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pu
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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7
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Attali I, Tobelaim WS, Persaud A, Motamedchaboki K, Simpson-Lavy KJ, Mashahreh B, Levin-Kravets O, Keren-Kaplan T, Pilzer I, Kupiec M, Wiener R, Wolf DA, Rotin D, Prag G. Ubiquitylation-dependent oligomerization regulates activity of Nedd4 ligases. EMBO J 2017; 36:425-440. [PMID: 28069708 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation controls protein function and degradation. Therefore, ubiquitin ligases need to be tightly controlled. We discovered an evolutionarily conserved allosteric restraint mechanism for Nedd4 ligases and demonstrated its function with diverse substrates: the yeast soluble proteins Rpn10 and Rvs167, and the human receptor tyrosine kinase FGFR1 and cardiac IKS potassium channel. We found that a potential trimerization interface is structurally blocked by the HECT domain α1-helix, which further undergoes ubiquitylation on a conserved lysine residue. Genetic, bioinformatics, biochemical and biophysical data show that attraction between this α1-conjugated ubiquitin and the HECT ubiquitin-binding patch pulls the α1-helix out of the interface, thereby promoting trimerization. Strikingly, trimerization renders the ligase inactive. Arginine substitution of the ubiquitylated lysine impairs this inactivation mechanism and results in unrestrained FGFR1 ubiquitylation in cells. Similarly, electrophysiological data and TIRF microscopy show that NEDD4 unrestrained mutant constitutively downregulates the IKS channel, thus confirming the functional importance of E3-ligase autoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Attali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - William Sam Tobelaim
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avinash Persaud
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khatereh Motamedchaboki
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program and NCI Cancer Centre Proteomics Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kobi J Simpson-Lavy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bayan Mashahreh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Olga Levin-Kravets
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbar Pilzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Martin Kupiec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Reuven Wiener
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dieter A Wolf
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program and NCI Cancer Centre Proteomics Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Daniela Rotin
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gali Prag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Abstract
Lysosomes have been classically considered terminal degradative organelles, but in recent years they have been found to participate in many other cellular processes, including killing of intracellular pathogens, antigen presentation, plasma membrane repair, cell adhesion and migration, tumor invasion and metastasis, apoptotic cell death, metabolic signaling and gene regulation. In addition, lysosome dysfunction has been shown to underlie not only rare lysosome storage disorders but also more common diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. The involvement of lysosomes in most of these processes is now known to depend on the ability of lysosomes to move throughout the cytoplasm. Here, we review recent findings on the mechanisms that mediate the motility and positioning of lysosomes, and the importance of lysosome dynamics for cell physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pu
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carlos M Guardia
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Keren-Kaplan T, Prag G. Purification and crystallization of mono-ubiquitylated ubiquitin receptor Rpn10. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1120-3. [PMID: 22949210 PMCID: PMC3433213 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112034331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation controls nearly all cellular pathways in eukaryotes. A repertoire of proteins named ubiquitin (Ub) receptors harbouring ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs) recognize ubiquitylated proteins. These Ub receptors decode the Ub signal by tethering a UBD or UBDs to a functional domain or domains, thus linking the ubiquitylated target to a specific function. The rapid dynamics of ubiquitylation/deubiquitylation has impeded the characterization of ubiquitylated proteins. To bypass this obstacle, a recently developed synthetic system that reconstructs the entire eukaryotic ubiquitylation cascade in Escherichia coli was used to purify the mono-ubiquitylated form of the regulatory proteasomal non-ATPase subunit (Ub-Rpn10) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, the first crystallization and data collection of Ub-Rpn10 is reported. Purified Ub-Rpn10 was crystallized in 12%(w/v) PEG 20,000, 0.1 M MES pH 6.5 and yielded thin rhombus-shaped crystals. X-ray analysis revealed that these crystals belonged to the monoclinic system C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 107.3, b = 49.7, c = 81.3 Å, α = γ = 90.0, β = 130.5°. A full synchrotron data set has been collected, merged and scaled with a diffraction limit of 3.14 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Institute for Structural Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gali Prag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Institute for Structural Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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