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Takenaka T, Hasan A, Marumo T, Inoue T, Miyazaki T, Suzuki H, Kurosaki Y, Ishii N, Nishiyama A, Hayashi M. Klotho Supplementation Reverses Renal Dysfunction and Interstitial Fibrosis in Remnant Kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res 2023; 48:326-337. [PMID: 37019097 DOI: 10.1159/000530469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While recent investigations show that klotho exerts renoprotective actions, it has not been fully addressed whether klotho protein supplementation reverses renal damage. METHODS The impacts of subcutaneous klotho supplementation on rats with subtotal nephrectomy were examined. Animals were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (short remnant [SR]): remnant kidney for 4 weeks, group 2 (long remnant [LR]): remnant kidney for 12 weeks, and group 3 (klotho supplementation [KL]): klotho protein (20 μg/kg/day) supplementation on the remnant kidney. Blood pressure, blood and urine compositions with conventional methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, kidney histology, and renal expressions of various genes were analyzed. In vitro studies were also performed to support in vivo findings. RESULTS Klotho protein supplementation decreased albuminuria (-43%), systolic blood pressure (-16%), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 (-51%) and serum phosphate levels (-19%), renal angiotensin II concentration (-43%), fibrosis index (-70%), renal expressions of collagen I (-55%), and transforming growth factor β (-59%) (p < 0.05 for all). Klotho supplementation enhanced fractional excretion of phosphate (+45%), glomerular filtration rate (+76%), renal expressions of klotho (+148%), superoxide dismutase (+124%), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 (+174%) (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Our data indicated that klotho protein supplementation inactivated renal renin-angiotensin system, reducing blood pressure and albuminuria in remnant kidney. Furthermore, exogenous klotho protein supplementation elevated endogenous klotho expression to increase phosphate excretion with resultant reductions in FGF23 and serum phosphate. Finally, klotho supplementation reversed renal dysfunction and fibrosis in association with improved BMP7 in remnant kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Takenaka
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arif Hasan
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Marumo
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyazaki
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | | | - Naohito Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
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Zhao N, Liu C, Li N, Zhou S, Guo Y, Yang S, Liu H. Role of Interleukin-22 in ulcerative colitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114273. [PMID: 36696801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic disease, in the progression of which an immune overreaction may play an important role. IL-22 is a member of the IL-10 superfamily of cytokines and is pleiotropic in immune regulation and inflammatory responses. IL-22 can produce protective effects, promote wound healing and tissue regeneration, while it can also induce inflammatory reactions when it is chronically overexpressed. Extensive literatures reported that IL-22 played an essential role in the pathogenic development of UC. IL-22 participates in the whole disease process of UC involving signaling pathways, gene expression regulation, and intestinal flora imbalance, making IL-22 a possible candidate for the treatment of UC. In this paper, the latest knowledge to further elucidate the role of IL-22 in UC was summarized and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Chuanguo Liu
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Ning Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Shuang Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Yuting Guo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Shihua Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
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Vanni A, Carnasciali A, Mazzoni A, Russo E, Farahvachi P, Gloria LD, Ramazzotti M, Lamacchia G, Capone M, Salvati L, Calosi L, Bani D, Liotta F, Cosmi L, Amedei A, Ballerini C, Maggi L, Annunziato F. Musculin does not modulate the disease course of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and DSS colitis. Immunol Lett 2023; 255:21-31. [PMID: 36848960 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous evidences show that Musculin (Msc), a repressor member of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, is responsible in vitro for the low responsiveness of human Th17 cells to the growth factor IL-2, providing an explanation for Th17 cells rarity in inflammatory tissue. However, how and to what extent Musculin gene can regulate the immune response in vivo in an inflammatory context is still unknown. Here, exploiting two animal models of inflammatory diseases, the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect of Musculin gene knock-out on clinical course, performing also a deep immune phenotypical analysis on T cells compartment and an extended microbiota analysis in colitis-sick mice. We found that, at least during the early phase, Musculin gene has a very marginal role in modulating both the diseases. Indeed, the clinical course and the histological analysis showed no differences between wild type and Msc knock-out mice, whereas immune system appeared to give rise to a regulatory milieu in lymph nodes of EAE mice and in the spleen of DSS colitis-sick mice. Moreover, in the microbiota analysis, we found irrelevant differences between wild type and Musculin knock-out colitis-sick mice, with a similar bacterial strains' frequency and diversity after the DSS treatment. This work strengthened the idea of a negligible Msc gene involvement in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vanni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Alberto Carnasciali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Parham Farahvachi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Leandro Di Gloria
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Giulia Lamacchia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Manuela Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Salvati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Laura Calosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Clara Ballerini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy.
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
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Han X, Sun Z. Adult Mouse Kidney Stem Cells Orchestrate the De Novo Assembly of a Nephron via Sirt2-Modulated Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104034. [PMID: 35315252 PMCID: PMC9130916 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Generation of kidney organoids using autologous kidney stem cells represents an attractive strategy for treating and potentially replacing the failing kidneys. However, whether adult mammalian kidney stem cells have regenerative capacity remains unknown. Here, previously unidentified adult kidney Sca1+ Oct4+ stem/progenitor cells are isolated. Interestingly, culturing these cells leads to generation of kidney-like structures. First, the assembly of self-organizing 3D kidney-like structures is observed. These kidney organoids contain podocytes, proximal tubules, and endothelial cells that form networks of capillary loop-like structures. Second, the differentiation of kidney stem cells into functionally mature tubules and self-organizing kidney-shaped structures in monolayer culture that selectively endocytoses dextran, is shown. Finally, the de novo generation of an entire self-organizing nephron from monolayer cultures is observed. Mechanistically, it is demonstrated that Sirt2-mediated canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling is critical for the development of kidney organoids. Thus, the first evidence is provided that the adult mouse kidney stem cells are capable of de novo generating kidney organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Han
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTN38163USA
| | - Zhongjie Sun
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTN38163USA
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5
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Little MH, Humphreys BD. Regrow or Repair: An Update on Potential Regenerative Therapies for the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:15-32. [PMID: 34789545 PMCID: PMC8763179 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, this journal published a review outlining future options for regenerating the kidney. At that time, stem cell populations were being identified in multiple tissues, the concept of stem cell recruitment to a site of injury was of great interest, and the possibility of postnatal renal stem cells was growing in momentum. Since that time, we have seen the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells, substantial advances in our capacity to both sequence and edit the genome, global and spatial transcriptional analysis down to the single-cell level, and a pandemic that has challenged our delivery of health care to all. This article will look back over this period of time to see how our view of kidney development, disease, repair, and regeneration has changed and envision a future for kidney regeneration and repair over the next 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri
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Yan J, Yu J, Liu K, Liu Y, Mao C, Gao W. The Pathogenic Roles of IL-22 in Colitis: Its Transcription Regulation by Musculin in T Helper Subsets and Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758730. [PMID: 34992594 PMCID: PMC8724035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-22 plays a crucial role in promoting inflammation, antimicrobial immunity and tissue repair at barrier surfaces. The role of IL-22 in colitis is still controversial: while IL-22 has a protective effect on gut epithelium in acute injuries, it also enhances colitis in a context-dependent manner. Here, we summarize the Yin and Yang of IL-22 in colitis. Particularly, we emphasize the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in IL-22 production and regulation. A previously underappreciated transcription factor, Musculin (MSC), has been recently identified to be expressed in not only Th17 cells, but also RORγt+/Id2+ IL-22-producing group 3 ILCs in the gut of naïve mice. We hypothesize that the co-expression and interaction of MSC with the key transcription repressor Id2 in developing lymphoid cells (e.g., in LTi cells) and ILC precursors might fine tune the developmental programs or regulate the plasticity of adaptive Th subset and innate ILCs. The much-elevated expression of IL-22 in MSC-/- ILC3s suggests that MSC may function as: 1) a transcription suppressor for cytokines, particularly for IL-22, and/or 2) a gatekeeper for specific lineages of Th cells and innate ILCs as well. Amelioration of colitis symptoms in MSC-/- mice by IL-22-blocking agent IL-22BP-Fc suggests a counterintuitive pathogenic role of IL-22 in the absence of MSC as a checkpoint. The theory that exuberant production of IL-22 under pathological conditions (e.g., in human inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) may cause epithelial inflammation due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is worth further investigation. Rheostatic regulation of IL-22 may be of therapeutic value to restore homeostatic balance and promote intestinal health in human colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, United States
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7
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Defective chromatin architectures in embryonic stem cells derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer impair their differentiation potentials. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1085. [PMID: 34785659 PMCID: PMC8595669 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (ntESCs) hold enormous promise for individual-specific regenerative medicine. However, the chromatin states of ntESCs remain poorly characterized. In this study, we employed ATAC-seq and Hi-C techniques to explore the chromatin accessibility and three-dimensional (3D) genome organization of ntESCs. The results show that the chromatin accessibility and genome structures of somatic cells are re-arranged to ESC-like states overall in ntESCs, including compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs) and chromatin loops. However, compared to fertilized ESCs (fESCs), ntESCs show some abnormal openness and structures that have not been reprogrammed completely, which impair the differentiation potential of ntESCs. The histone modification H3K9me3 may be involved in abnormal structures in ntESCs, including incorrect compartment switches and incomplete TAD rebuilding. Moreover, ntESCs and iPSCs show high similarity in 3D genome structures, while a few differences are detected due to different somatic cell origins and reprogramming mechanisms. Through systematic analyses, our study provides a global view of chromatin accessibility and 3D genome organization in ntESCs, which can further facilitate the understanding of the similarities and differences between ntESCs and fESCs.
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8
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Huang J, Kong Y, Xie C, Zhou L. Stem/progenitor cell in kidney: characteristics, homing, coordination, and maintenance. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:197. [PMID: 33743826 PMCID: PMC7981824 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal failure has a high prevalence and is becoming a public health problem worldwide. However, the renal replacement therapies such as dialysis are not yet satisfactory for its multiple complications. While stem/progenitor cell-mediated tissue repair and regenerative medicine show there is light at the end of tunnel. Hence, a better understanding of the characteristics of stem/progenitor cells in kidney and their homing capacity would greatly promote the development of stem cell research and therapy in the kidney field and open a new route to explore new strategies of kidney protection. In this review, we generally summarize the main stem/progenitor cells derived from kidney in situ or originating from the circulation, especially bone marrow. We also elaborate on the kidney-specific microenvironment that allows stem/progenitor cell growth and chemotaxis, and comment on their interaction. Finally, we highlight potential strategies for improving the therapeutic effects of stem/progenitor cell-based therapy. Our review provides important clues to better understand and control the growth of stem cells in kidneys and develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yaozhong Kong
- Department of Nephrology, the First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Xie
- Department of Nephrology, the First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Dolmatov IY. Molecular Aspects of Regeneration Mechanisms in Holothurians. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:250. [PMID: 33578707 PMCID: PMC7916379 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Holothurians, or sea cucumbers, belong to the phylum Echinodermata. They show good regenerative abilities. The present review provides an analysis of available data on the molecular aspects of regeneration mechanisms in holothurians. The genes and signaling pathways activated during the asexual reproduction and the formation of the anterior and posterior parts of the body, as well as the molecular mechanisms that provide regeneration of the nervous and digestive systems, are considered here. Damage causes a strong stress response, the signs of which are recorded even at late regeneration stages. In holothurian tissues, the concentrations of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes increase. Furthermore, the cellular and humoral components of the immune system are activated. Extracellular matrix remodeling and Wnt signaling play a major role in the regeneration in holothurians. All available morphological and molecular data show that the dedifferentiation of specialized cells in the remnant of the organ and the epithelial morphogenesis constitute the basis of regeneration in holothurians. However, depending on the type of damage, the mechanisms of regeneration may differ significantly in the spatial organization of regeneration process, the involvement of different cell types, and the depth of reprogramming of their genome (dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yu Dolmatov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientifc Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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10
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Liu D, Cheng F, Pan S, Liu Z. Stem cells: a potential treatment option for kidney diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:249. [PMID: 32586408 PMCID: PMC7318741 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of kidney diseases is emerging as a public health problem. Stem cells (SCs), currently considered as a promising tool for therapeutic application, have aroused considerable interest and expectations. With self-renewal capabilities and great potential for proliferation and differentiation, stem cell therapy opens new avenues for the development of renal function and structural repair in kidney diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that stem cells exert a therapeutic effect mainly by replacing damaged tissues and paracrine pathways. The benefits of various types of SCs in acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease have been demonstrated in preclinical studies, and preliminary results of clinical trials present its safety and tolerability. This review will focus on the stem cell-based therapy approaches for the treatment of kidney diseases, including various cell sources used, possible mechanisms involved, and outcomes that are generated so far, along with prospects and challenges in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaokang Pan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Li K, Chen Y, Zhang J, Guan Y, Sun C, Li X, Xie X, Zhang D, Yu X, Liu T, Zhang X, Kong F, Zhao S. Microenvironment derived from metanephros transplantation inhibits the progression of acute kidney injury in glycerol-induced rat models. Ren Fail 2020; 42:89-97. [PMID: 31900008 PMCID: PMC6968583 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1708393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonic metanephros is the mammalian renal anlagen, which is considered as a potential source for the regeneration of functional whole kidneys. Some studies reported that metanephros implanted into unilateral nephrectomized animals can develop into kidney tissue. However, kidneys are nephrotoxic in renal failure patients, and whether metanephros can grow in nephrotoxic has not been reported. This study aims to investigate the growth of metanephros in acute nephrotoxic environment and analyze the therapeutic effect of metanephros microenvironment on acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods AKI was induced in 200 g Wistar rats by giving intramuscular injections of 50% glycerol (10 mL/kg) in their hind limbs. 45 rats were divided randomly into three groups (control, glycerin, and metanephros). Metanephros group was transplanted two metanephroi (embryonic day 15) into the renal capsule of AKI rats. Glycerin group was AKI rats without transplantation. Control group was untreated. Results Mature glomeruli and tubules were detected in the grafts in metanephros group, which means that metanephroi can grow into tissues with mature kidney structure under acute nephrotoxic. Then, we assessed the renal function of host rats and found that there were fewer tubular necrosis in metanephros group than glycerin group, and the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were significantly lower in metanephros group than glycerin group. Conclusion These results suggested that embryonic metanephroi can grow into tissues with mature kidney structure under acute nephrotoxic, and the graft microenvironment was effective in inhibiting the progression of AKI, which provides a new approach for the treatment of acute renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Li
- Department of Central Research Lab, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Central Research Lab, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Guan
- Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Central Research Lab, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Xian Li
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Xie
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Denglu Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tongyan Liu
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Kong
- Department of Central Research Lab, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China.,Karolinska Institutet Collaborative Laboratory for Stem Cell Ressearch, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengtian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China.,Karolinska Institutet Collaborative Laboratory for Stem Cell Ressearch, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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12
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Ahmadi A, Rad NK, Ezzatizadeh V, Moghadasali R. Kidney Regeneration: Stem Cells as a New Trend. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:263-283. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666191218094513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Renal disease is a major worldwide public health problem that affects one in ten people.
Renal failure is caused by the irreversible loss of the structural and functional units of kidney (nephrons)
due to acute and chronic injuries. In humans, new nephrons (nephrogenesis) are generated until
the 36th week of gestation and no new nephron develops after birth. However, in rodents, nephrogenesis
persists until the immediate postnatal period. The postnatal mammalian kidney can partly repair
their nephrons. The kidney uses intrarenal and extra-renal cell sources for maintenance and repair.
Currently, it is believed that dedifferentiation of surviving tubular epithelial cells and presence of resident
stem cells have important roles in kidney repair. Many studies have shown that stem cells obtained
from extra-renal sites such as the bone marrow, adipose and skeletal muscle tissues, in addition
to umbilical cord and amniotic fluid, have potential therapeutic benefits. This review discusses the
main mechanisms of renal regeneration by stem cells after a kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ahmadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar K. Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ezzatizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Moghadasali
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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The Eupentacta fraudatrix transcriptome provides insights into regulation of cell transdifferentiation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1522. [PMID: 32001787 PMCID: PMC6992634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix is a unique organism for studying regeneration mechanisms. Moreover, E. fraudatrix can quickly restore parts of its body and entire organ systems, yet at the moment, there is no data on the participation of stem cells in the process. To the contrary, it has been repeatedly confirmed that this process is only due to the transformation of terminally differentiated cells. In this study, we examine changes in gene expression during gut regeneration of the holothurian E. fraudatrix. Transcriptomes of intestinal anlage of the three stages of regeneration, as well as the normal gut, were sequenced with an Illumina sequencer (San Diego, CA, USA). We identified 14,617 sea urchin protein homologs, of which 308 were transcription factors. After analysing the dynamics of gene expression during regeneration and the map of biological processes in which they participate, we identified 11 factors: Ef-EGR1, Ef-ELF, Ef-GATA3, Ef-ID2, Ef-KLF1/2/4, Ef-MSC, Ef-PCGF2, Ef-PRDM9, Ef-SNAI2, Ef-TBX20, and Ef-TCF24. With the exception of TCF24, they are all involved in the regeneration, development, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immune response in other animals. We suggest that these transcription factors may also be involved in the transdifferentiation of coelomic epithelial cells into enterocytes in holothurians.
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14
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Andrianova NV, Buyan MI, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Popkov VA, Babenko VA, Silachev DN, Plotnikov EY, Zorov DB. Kidney Cells Regeneration: Dedifferentiation of Tubular Epithelium, Resident Stem Cells and Possible Niches for Renal Progenitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246326. [PMID: 31847447 PMCID: PMC6941132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A kidney is an organ with relatively low basal cellular regenerative potential. However, renal cells have a pronounced ability to proliferate after injury, which undermines that the kidney cells are able to regenerate under induced conditions. The majority of studies explain yielded regeneration either by the dedifferentiation of the mature tubular epithelium or by the presence of a resident pool of progenitor cells in the kidney tissue. Whether cells responsible for the regeneration of the kidney initially have progenitor properties or if they obtain a “progenitor phenotype” during dedifferentiation after an injury, still stays the open question. The major stumbling block in resolving the issue is the lack of specific methods for distinguishing between dedifferentiated cells and resident progenitor cells. Transgenic animals, single-cell transcriptomics, and other recent approaches could be powerful tools to solve this problem. This review examines the main mechanisms of kidney regeneration: dedifferentiation of epithelial cells and activation of progenitor cells with special attention to potential niches of kidney progenitor cells. We attempted to give a detailed description of the most controversial topics in this field and ways to resolve these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda V. Andrianova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina I. Buyan
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljubava D. Zorova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina B. Pevzner
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.Y.P.); (D.B.Z.); Tel.: +7-495-939-5944 (E.Y.P.)
| | - Dmitry B. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.Y.P.); (D.B.Z.); Tel.: +7-495-939-5944 (E.Y.P.)
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15
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Toyohara T, Osafune K. Novel regenerative therapy for acute kidney injury. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-016-0052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
The ultimate treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is orthotopic transplantation. However, the demand for kidney transplantation far exceeds the number of available donor organs. While more than 100,000 Americans need a kidney, only 17,000 people receive a kidney transplant each year (National Kidney Foundation's estimations). In recent years, several regenerative medicine/tissue engineering approaches have been exploited to alleviate the kidney shortage crisis. Although these approaches have yielded promising results in experimental animal models, the kidney is a complex organ and translation into the clinical realm has been challenging to date. In this review, we will discuss cell therapy-based approaches for kidney regeneration and whole-kidney tissue engineering strategies, including our innovative approach to regenerate a functional kidney using the lymph node as an in vivo bioreactor.
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17
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Tsujimura T, Idei M, Yoshikawa M, Takase O, Hishikawa K. Roles and regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in kidney development and diseases. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:288-296. [PMID: 27679685 PMCID: PMC5031890 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i9.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) is expressed in the developing kidney in embryos and also in the mature organ in adults. During kidney development, expression of BMP7 is essential to determine the final number of nephrons in and proper size of the organ. The secreted BMP7 acts on the nephron progenitor cells to exert its dual functions: To maintain and expand the progenitor population and to provide them with competence to respond to differentiation cues, each relying on distinct signaling pathways. Intriguingly, in the adult organ, BMP7 has been implicated in protection against and regeneration from injury. Exogenous administration of recombinant BMP7 to animal models of kidney diseases has shown promising effects in counteracting inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis evoked upon injury. Although the expression pattern of BMP7 has been well described, the mechanisms by which it is regulated have remained elusive and the processes by which the secretion sites of BMP7 impinge upon its functions in kidney development and diseases have not yet been assessed. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms will pave the way towards gaining better insight into the roles of BMP7, and to achieving desired control of the gene expression as a therapeutic strategy for kidney diseases.
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18
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Interstitial renal fibrosis due to multiple cisplatin treatments is ameliorated by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase inhibition. Kidney Int 2016; 89:374-85. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Suzuki E, Fujita D, Takahashi M, Oba S, Nishimatsu H. Adult stem cells as a tool for kidney regeneration. World J Nephrol 2016; 5:43-52. [PMID: 26788463 PMCID: PMC4707167 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v5.i1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney regeneration is a challenging but promising strategy aimed at reducing the progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and improving the quality of life of patients with ESRD. Adult stem cells are multipotent stem cells that reside in various tissues, such as bone marrow and adipose tissue. Although intensive studies to isolate kidney stem/progenitor cells from the adult kidney have been performed, it remains controversial whether stem/progenitor cells actually exist in the mammalian adult kidney. The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the recovery of kidney function has been demonstrated in animal nephropathy models, such as acute tubular injury, glomerulonephritis, renal artery stenosis, and remnant kidney. However, their beneficial effects seem to be mediated largely via their paracrine effects rather than their direct differentiation into renal parenchymal cells. MSCs not only secrete bioactive molecules directly into the circulation, but they also release various molecules, such as proteins, mRNA, and microRNA, in membrane-covered vesicles. A detailed analysis of these molecules and an exploration of the optimal combination of these molecules will enable the treatment of patients with kidney disease without using stem cells. Another option for the treatment of patients with kidney disease using adult somatic cells is a direct/indirect reprogramming of adult somatic cells into kidney stem/progenitor cells. Although many hurdles still need to be overcome, this strategy will enable bona fide kidney regeneration rather than kidney repair using remnant renal parenchymal cells.
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20
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Trophic Factors from Tissue Stem Cells for Renal Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:537204. [PMID: 26089918 PMCID: PMC4452108 DOI: 10.1155/2015/537204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies against renal injury have been advancing. The many trials for renal regeneration are reported to be effective in many kinds of renal injury models. Regarding the therapeutic mechanism, it is believed that stem cells contribute to make regeneration via not only direct stem cell differentiation in the injured space but also indirect effect via secreted factors from stem cells. Direct differentiation from stem cells to renal composed cells has been reported. They differentiate to renal composed cells and make functions. However, regarding renal regeneration, stem cells are discussed to secrete many kinds of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines in paracrine or autocrine manner, which protect against renal injury, too. In addition, it is reported that stem cells have the ability to communicate with nearby cells via microvesicle-related RNA and proteins. Taken together from many reports, many secreted factors from stem cells were needed for renal regeneration orchestrally with harmony. In this review, we focused on the effects and insights of stem cells and regenerative factors from stem cells.
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Hishikawa K, Takase O, Yoshikawa M, Tsujimura T, Nangaku M, Takato T. Adult stem-like cells in kidney. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:490-494. [PMID: 25815133 PMCID: PMC4369505 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent cells are promising for treatment for kidney diseases, but the protocols for derivation of kidney cell types are still controversial. Kidney tissue regeneration is well confirmed in several lower vertebrates such as fish, and the repair of nephrons after tubular damages is commonly observed after renal injury. Even in adult mammal kidney, renal progenitor cell or system is reportedly presents suggesting that adult stem-like cells in kidney can be practical clinical targets for kidney diseases. However, it is still unclear if kidney stem cells or stem-like cells exist or not. In general, stemness is defined by several factors such as self-renewal capacity, multi-lineage potency and characteristic gene expression profiles. The definite use of stemness may be obstacle to understand kidney regeneration, and here we describe the recent broad findings of kidney regeneration and the cells that contribute regeneration.
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22
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Rangel EB, Gomes SA, Dulce RA, Premer C, Rodrigues CO, Kanashiro-Takeuchi RM, Oskouei B, Carvalho DA, Ruiz P, Reiser J, Hare JM. C-kit(+) cells isolated from developing kidneys are a novel population of stem cells with regenerative potential. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1644-56. [PMID: 23733311 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of tissue specific precursor cells is an emerging concept in organ formation and tissue homeostasis. Several progenitors are described in the kidneys. However, their identity as a true stem cell remains elusive. Here, we identify a neonatal kidney-derived c-kit(+) cell population that fulfills all of the criteria as a stem cell. These cells were found in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and exhibited clonogenicity, self-renewal, and multipotentiality with differentiation capacity into mesoderm and ectoderm progeny. Additionally, c-kit(+) cells formed spheres in nonadherent conditions when plated at clonal density and expressed markers of stem cells, progenitors, and differentiated cells. Ex vivo expanded c-kit(+) cells integrated into several compartments of the kidney, including tubules, vessels, and glomeruli, and contributed to functional and morphological improvement of the kidney following acute ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Together, these findings document a novel neonatal rat kidney c-kit(+) stem cell population that can be isolated, expanded, cloned, differentiated, and used for kidney repair following acute kidney injury. These cells have important biological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B Rangel
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gagliardini E, Benigni A. Drugs to foster kidney regeneration in experimental animals and humans. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 126:91. [PMID: 24854648 DOI: 10.1159/000360675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of kidney diseases is increasing worldwide and they are emerging as a major public health problem. Once mostly considered inexorable, renal disease progression can now be halted and lesions can even regress with drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II type I receptor blockers, indicating the possibility of kidney repair. SUMMARY The discovery of renal progenitor cells lining the Bowman capsule of adult rat and human kidneys has shed light on the mechanism of repair by ACEi. Parietal progenitors are a reservoir of cells that contribute to podocyte turnover in physiological conditions. In the early phases of renal disease these progenitors migrate chaotically and subsequently proliferate, accumulating in Bowman's space. The abnormal behavior of parietal progenitors is sustained by the activation of CXCR4 receptors in response to an increased production of the chemokine SDF-1 by podocytes activated by the inflammatory environment. Ang II, via the AT1 receptor, also contributes to progenitor cell proliferation. The CXCR4/SDF-1 and Ang II/AT1 receptor pathogenic pathways both pave the way for lesion formation and subsequent sclerosis. ACEi normalize the CXCR4 and AT1 receptor expression on progenitors, limiting their proliferation, concomitant with the regression of hyperplastic lesions in animals, and in a patient with crescentic glomerulopathy. KEY MESSAGE Understanding the molecular and cellular determinants of regeneration triggered by renoprotective drugs will reveal novel pathways that might be challenged or targeted by pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gagliardini
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
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Osafune K. Cell therapy for kidney injury: different options and mechanisms--kidney progenitor cells. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 126:64. [PMID: 24854643 DOI: 10.1159/000360668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since no specific or radical treatments have yet been established for acute kidney injury (AKI), the development of cell transplantation therapy using renal progenitors is desirable as a new therapeutic option for AKI. The recent advances in developmental biology, stem cell biology, and nephrology have led to an increased availability of renal progenitors from multiple sources. SUMMARY Four main sources of renal progenitors have been described so far: isolation from (1) embryonic or (2) adult kidneys, (3) directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and (4) cellular reprogramming of fully differentiated adult renal cells. Renal progenitors from adult kidneys may not be equivalent to those from embryonic kidneys, and they contain several different cell populations identified by various methods. The methods used for the directed differentiation of ESCs/iPSCs and reprogramming of differentiated adult renal cells into renal progenitors have not been fully established. The therapeutic effects of progenitor cell transplantation in AKI animal models have been examined in a small number of reports using renal progenitors from adult kidneys, while no reports have described the therapeutic potential of renal progenitors from other sources. KEY MESSAGES Renal progenitor transplantation might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for AKI. Further research efforts toward the clinical application of this strategy are needed, including a detailed characterization of embryonic or adult renal progenitors and the development of in vitro expansion methods and therapeutically effective transplantation methods for these cell types. More experience and knowledge should be accumulated regarding the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and cellular reprogramming to generate renal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Regenerative medicine for the kidney: renotropic factors, renal stem/progenitor cells, and stem cell therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:595493. [PMID: 24895592 PMCID: PMC4034406 DOI: 10.1155/2014/595493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The kidney has the capacity for regeneration and repair after a variety of insults. Over the past few decades, factors that promote repair of the injured kidney have been extensively investigated. By using kidney injury animal models, the role of intrinsic and extrinsic growth factors, transcription factors, and extracellular matrix in this process has been examined. The identification of renal stem cells in the adult kidney as well as in the embryonic kidney is an active area of research. Cell populations expressing putative stem cell markers or possessing stem cell properties have been found in the tubules, interstitium, and glomeruli of the normal kidney. Cell therapies with bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and amniotic fluid-derived stem cells have been highly effective for the treatment of acute or chronic renal failure in animals. Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are also utilized for the construction of artificial kidneys or renal components. In this review, we highlight the advances in regenerative medicine for the kidney from the perspective of renotropic factors, renal stem/progenitor cells, and stem cell therapies and discuss the issues to be solved to realize regenerative therapy for kidney diseases in humans.
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26
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Torii D, Konishi K, Watanabe N, Goto S, Tsutsui T. Cementogenic potential of multipotential mesenchymal stem cells purified from the human periodontal ligament. Odontology 2014; 103:27-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-013-0145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Liu HB, Meng QH, Du DW, Sun JF, Wang JB, Han H. The effects of ABCG2 on the viability, proliferation and paracrine actions of kidney side population cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:1001-8. [PMID: 25076846 PMCID: PMC4115239 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcrp1/ABCG2 is exclusively expressed in side population (SP) cells, however, it has not been fully elucidated whether it has an impact on the viability, proliferation and paracrine actions in kidney SP cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation. In this study, we found that 2-h OGD did not injure SP cells (sub-lethal OGD) but induced SP cells proliferation 48 and 72 h after reoxygenation; whereas 4-h OGD markedly injured the cells (lethal OGD) and led to apoptosis 24-72 h after reoxygenation. Fumitremorgin C, an inhibitor of ABCG2, attenuated both the proliferation and viability of SP cells. Sub-lethal and lethal OGD induced the increase in the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, hepatocyte growth factor, and stromal cell-derived factor-1α in kidney SP cells, which was inhibited by Fumitremorgin C. Collectively, these findings provide evidence for a crucial role for the ABCG2 expression in the viability, proliferation and paracrine actions of kidney SP cells after OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bao Liu
- 1. Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; ; 2. State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Meng
- 3. Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - De-Wei Du
- 4. Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ji-Feng Sun
- 4. Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wang
- 3. Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hua Han
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Myor/ABF-1 mRNA [corrected] Expression Marks Follicular Helper T Cells but Is Dispensable for Tfh Cell Differentiation and Function In Vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84415. [PMID: 24386375 PMCID: PMC3873420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper cells (Tfh) are crucial for effective antibody responses and long term T cell-dependent humoral immunity. Although many studies are devoted to this novel T helper cell population, the molecular mechanisms governing Tfh cell differentiation have yet to be characterized. MyoR/ABF-1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a role in the differentiation of the skeletal muscle and Hodgkin lymphoma. Here we show that MyoR mRNA is progressively induced during the course of Tfh-like cell differentiation in vitro and is expressed in Tfh responding to Alum-precipitated antigens in vivo. This expression pattern suggests that MyoR could play a role in the differentiation and/or function of Tfh cells. We tested this hypothesis using MyoR-deficient mice and found this deficiency had no impact on Tfh differentiation. Hence, MyoR-deficient mice developed optimal T-dependent humoral responses to Alum-precipitated antigens. In conclusion, MyoR is a transcription factor selectively up-regulated in CD4 T cells during Tfh cell differentiation in vitro and upon response to alum-protein vaccines in vivo, but the functional significance of this up-regulation remains uncertain.
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29
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Takaori K, Yanagita M. Kidney regeneration and stem cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:129-36. [PMID: 24293404 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kidney has the capacity to recover from ischemic and toxic insults. Although there has been debate about the origin of cells that replace injured epithelial cells, it is now widely recognized that intrinsic surviving tubular cells are responsible for the repair. On the other hand, the cells, which have stem cell-like characteristics, have been isolated in the kidney using various methods, but it remains unknown if these stem cells actually exist in the adult kidney and if they are involved in kidney regeneration. This review will focus on the pathophysiology of kidney regeneration and the contribution of renal stem cells. We also discuss possible therapeutic applications to kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takaori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Herrera M, Mirotsou M. Stem cells: potential and challenges for kidney repair. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F12-23. [PMID: 24197069 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00238.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal damage resulting from acute and chronic kidney injury poses an important problem to public health. Currently, patients with end-stage renal disease rely solely on kidney transplantation or dialysis for survival. Emerging therapies aiming to prevent and reverse kidney damage are thus in urgent need. Although the kidney was initially thought to lack the capacity for self-repair, several studies have indicated that this might not be the case; progenitor and stem cells appear to play important roles in kidney repair under various pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of progenitor/stem cells on kidney repair as well as discuss their potential as a therapeutic approach for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Herrera
- Division of Cardiology, Genome Research Bldg. II, Rm. 4022, 210 Research Drive, Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.
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MacQuarrie KL, Yao Z, Fong AP, Tapscott SJ. Genome-wide binding of the basic helix-loop-helix myogenic inhibitor musculin has substantial overlap with MyoD: implications for buffering activity. Skelet Muscle 2013; 3:26. [PMID: 24175993 PMCID: PMC4177542 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-3-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Musculin (MSC) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that inhibits myogenesis during normal development and contributes to the differentiation defect in rhabdomyosarcoma. As one of many transcription factors that impede myogenesis, its binding on a genome-wide scale relative to the widespread binding of the myogenic factor MyoD is unknown. Methods Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to high-throughput sequencing was performed for endogenous MSC in rhabdomyosarcoma cells and its binding was compared to that of MyoD in the same type of cells. Results MSC binds throughout the genome, in a pattern very similar to MyoD. Its binding overlaps strongly with regions enriched for acetylated histone H4, as well as regions that score high for DNase hypersensitivity in human myoblasts. In contrast to MyoD, MSC has a more relaxed binding sequence preference in the nucleotides that flank the core E-box motif. Conclusions The myogenic inhibitor MSC binds throughout the genome of rhabdomyosarcoma cells, in a pattern highly similar to that of MyoD, suggesting a broad role in buffering the activity of MyoD in development and rhabdomyosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L MacQuarrie
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N C3-168, Seattle WA 98109, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98105, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N C3-168, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Abraham P Fong
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98105, USA
| | - Stephen J Tapscott
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N C3-168, Seattle WA 98109, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98105, USA
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Reconstitution of kidney side population cells after ischemia-reperfusion injury by self-proliferation and bone marrow-derived cell homing. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:370961. [PMID: 23864886 PMCID: PMC3707266 DOI: 10.1155/2013/370961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of side population (SP) cells from kidney and bone marrow for reconstitution of kidney SP pools after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). The SP and non-SP cells in kidneys following IRI were isolated and serially assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The apoptosis, proliferation, phenotype, and paracrine actions of SP cells were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that the SP cells from ischemic kidney were acutely depleted within one day following renal IRI and were progressively restored to baseline within 7 days after IRI, through both proliferation of remaining kidney SP cells and homing of bone marrow-derived cells to ischemic kidney. Either hypoxia or serum deprivation alone increased apoptosis of SP cells, and a combination of both further aggravated it. Furthermore, hypoxia in vivo and in vitro induced the increase in the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, hepatocyte growth factor, and stromal cell-derived factor-1 α in kidney SP but not non-SP cells. In summary, these results suggest that following renal IRI, kidney SP cells are acutely depleted and then progressively restored to baseline levels by both self-proliferation and extrarenal source, that is, bone marrow-derived cell homing.
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Han X, Zhao L, Lu G, Ge J, Zhao Y, Zu S, Yuan M, Liu Y, Kong F, Xiao Z, Zhao S. Improving outcomes of acute kidney injury using mouse renal progenitor cells alone or in combination with erythropoietin or suramin. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:74. [PMID: 23777889 PMCID: PMC3706945 DOI: 10.1186/scrt225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction So far, no effective therapy is available for acute kidney injury (AKI), a common and serious complication with high morbidity and mortality. Interest has recently been focused on the potential therapeutic effect of mouse adult renal progenitor cells (MRPC), erythropoietin (EPO) and suramin in the recovery of ischemia-induced AKI. The aim of the present study is to compare MRPC with MRPC/EPO or MRPC/suramin concomitantly in the treatment of a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) AKI. Methods MRPC were isolated from adult C57BL/6-gfp mice. Male C57BL/6 mice (eight-weeks old, n = 72) were used for the I/R AKI model. Serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and renal histology were detected in MRPC-, MRPC/EPO-, MRPC/suramin- and PBS-treated I/R AKI mice. E-cadherin, CD34 and GFP protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemical assay. Results MRPC exhibited characteristics consistent with renal stem cells. The features of MRPC were manifested by Pax-2, Oct-4, vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin positive, and E-cadherin negative, distinguished from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) by expression of CD34 and Sca-1. The plasticity of MRPC was shown by the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts and lipocytes in vitro. Injection of MRPC, especially MRPC/EPO and MRPC/suramin in I/R AKI mice attenuated renal damage with a decrease of the necrotic injury, peak plasma Cr and BUN. Furthermore, seven days after the injury, MRPC/EPO or MRPC/suramin formed more CD34+ and E-cadherin+ cells than MRPC alone. Conclusions These results suggest that MRPC, in particular MRPC/EPO or MRPC/suramin, promote renal repair after injury and may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Li Y, Wingert RA. Regenerative medicine for the kidney: stem cell prospects & challenges. Clin Transl Med 2013; 2:11. [PMID: 23688352 PMCID: PMC3665577 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney has key roles in maintaining human health. There is an escalating medical crisis in nephrology as growing numbers of patients suffer from kidney diseases that culminate in organ failure. While dialysis and transplantation provide life-saving treatments, these therapies are rife with limitations and place significant burdens on patients and healthcare systems. It has become imperative to find alternative ways to treat existing kidney conditions and preemptive means to stave off renal dysfunction. The creation of innovative medical approaches that utilize stem cells has received growing research attention. In this review, we discuss the regenerative and maladaptive cellular responses that occur during acute and chronic kidney disease, the emerging evidence about renal stem cells, and some of the issues that lie ahead in bridging the gap between basic stem cell biology and regenerative medicine for the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Kamiura N, Hirahashi J, Matsuzaki Y, Idei M, Takase O, Fujita T, Takato T, Hishikawa K. Basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional factor MyoR regulates BMP-7 in acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1159-66. [PMID: 23515721 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00510.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MyoR was originally identified as a transcriptional repressor in embryonic skeletal muscle precursors, but its function in adult kidney has not been clarified. In this study, we tried to clarify the functional role of MyoR using MyoR(-/-) mice. Cisplatin induced a significantly higher degree of severe renal dysfunction, tubular injury, and mortality in MyoR(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. The injection of cisplatin significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells in the kidney tissues of MyoR(-/-) mice, compared with that in wild-type mice. To clarify the mechanism of severe cisplatin-induced damage and apoptosis in MyoR(-/-) mice, we focused on the p53 signaling pathway and bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7). Treatment with cisplatin significantly activated p53 signaling in cultured renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) in both wild-type and MyoR(-/-) mice, but no significant difference between the groups was observed. The injection of cisplatin significantly increased the expression of BMP-7 in the kidney tissues of wild-type mice, but no increase was observed in the MyoR(-/-) mice. Treatment with cisplatin significantly increased the expression of BMP-7 in cultured RTECs from wild-type mice but not in those from MyoR(-/-) mice. Moreover, treatment with recombinant BMP-7 rescued the cisplatin-induced apoptosis in RTECs from MyoR(-/-) mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate a new protective role of MyoR in adult kidneys that acts through the regulation of BMP-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Kamiura
- Department of Advanced Nephrology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Sekiya S, Sachiko S, Shimizu T, Yamato M, Okano T. Hormone supplying renal cell sheet in vivo produced by tissue engineering technology. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:12-9. [PMID: 23514782 PMCID: PMC3569960 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a new medical field and is expected to have a profoundly positive effect in curing difficult-to-treat diseases. Cell sheet fabrication is an important tissue engineering technology used in regenerative medicine. This study investigated the creation of a hormone-releasing tissue using cell sheet technology, which could be utilized in future therapy for chronic renal disease. Renal cell sheets were fabricated on a temperature-responsive cell culture surface with primary renal cells from adult porcine kidney. These sheets contained various kinds of renal cells that showed cyst-like formation. An important renal function is the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and this was confirmed in the cell sheets in vitro. Erythropoietin (EPO) production is another important renal function. This ability was also observed in the renal cell sheets in vitro, and then again after transplantation in a nude rat. In particular, the relative expression of EPO mRNA increased more under cell sheet culture conditions compared with exponential cell growth conditions. Histological analysis of the implanted renal cell sheets showed them to be Dolichos biflorus agglutinin-positive and to have regenerated renal tubular-like morphology. These results indicated that both functional and morphological regenerative renal tissues were fabricated by cell sheet technology. This study introduces a hormone-supplying treatment for renal dysfunctional diseases using engineered renal tissues. Moreover, since our renal cell sheets developed renal tubular-like structures in vivo, it holds promise for fabricating artificially engineered true renal tissue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Sekiya
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo, Japan
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Kidney. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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De novo kidney regeneration with stem cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:453519. [PMID: 23251079 PMCID: PMC3518373 DOI: 10.1155/2012/453519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported on techniques to mobilize and activate endogenous stem-cells in injured kidneys or to introduce exogenous stem cells for tissue repair. Despite many recent advantages in renal regenerative therapy, chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality and the number of CKD patients has been increasing. When the sophisticated structure of the kidneys is totally disrupted by end stage renal disease (ESRD), traditional stem cell-based therapy is unable to completely regenerate the damaged tissue. This suggests that whole organ regeneration may be a promising therapeutic approach to alleviate patients with uncured CKD. We summarize here the potential of stem-cell-based therapy for injured tissue repair and de novo whole kidney regeneration. In addition, we describe the hurdles that must be overcome and possible applications of this approach in kidney regeneration.
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Abstract
Historically, cell-signaling pathways have been studied as the compilation of isolated elements into a unique cascade that transmits extracellular stimuli to the tumor cell nucleus. Today, growing evidence supports the fact that intracellular drivers of tumor progression do not flow in a single linear pathway, but disseminate into multiple intracellular pathways. An improved understanding of the complexity of cancer depends on the elucidation of the underlying regulatory networks at the cellular and intercellular levels and in their temporal dimension. The high complexity of the intracellular cascades causes the complete inhibition of the growth of one tumor cell to be very unlikely, except in cases in which the so-called “oncogene addiction” is known to be a clear trigger for tumor catastrophe, such as in the case of gastrointestinal stromal tumors or chronic myeloid leukemia. In other words, the separation and isolation of the driver from the passengers is required to improve accuracy in cancer treatment. This review will summarize the signaling pathway crossroads that govern renal cell carcinoma proliferation and the emerging understanding of how these pathways facilitate tumor escape. We outline the available evidence supporting the putative links between different signaling pathways and how they may influence tumor proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metabolism and invasiveness. The conclusion is that tumor cells may generate their own crossroads/crosstalk among signaling pathways, thereby reducing their dependence on stimulation of their physiologic pathways.
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Yokoo T, Fukui A, Kobayashi E. Application of regenerative medicine for kidney diseases. Organogenesis 2012; 3:34-43. [PMID: 19279698 DOI: 10.4161/org.3.1.3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Following recent advancements of stem cell research, the potential for organ regeneration using somatic stem cells as an ultimate therapy for organ failure has increased. However, anatomically complicated organs such as the kidney and liver have proven more refractory to stem cell-based regenerative techniques. At present, kidney regeneration is considered to require one of two approaches depending on the type of renal failure, namely acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF).The kidney has the potential to regenerate itself provided that the damage is not too severe and the kidney's structure remains intact. Regenerative medicine for ARF should therefore aim to activate or support this potent. In cases of the irreversible damage to the kidney, which is most likely in patients with CRF undergoing long-term dialysis, self-renewal is totally lost. Thus, regenerative medicine for CRF will likely involve the establishment of a functional whole kidney de novo. This article reviews the challenges and recent advances in both approaches and discusses the potential approach of these novel strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Department of Internal Medicine; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
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Liu WH, Liu HB, Gao DK, Ge GQ, Zhang P, Sun SR, Wang HM, Liu SB. ABCG2 protects kidney side population cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through activation of the MEK/ERK pathway. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1859-68. [PMID: 23032069 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein 1 (BCRP1/ABCG2) is used to identify the side population (SP) within a population of cells, which is enriched for stem and progenitor cells in different tissues. Here, we investigated the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 in the signaling mechanisms underlying ischemic/hypoxic conditions in kidney SP cells. Kidney SP cells were isolated using Hoechst 33342 dye-mediated fluorescein-activated cell sorting and then incubated under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) with or without verapamil, a selective BCRP1/ABCG2 inhibitor. ABCG2 expression, ERK activity, cell viability, metabolic activity, and membrane damage were tested after H/R treatment. To evaluate the role of ERK 1/2 on the expression and function of ABCG2, the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK), which preferentially activates ERK, was upregulated by transfection with the recombinant sense expression vector pcDNA3.1-MEK and downregulated by pretreatment with U0126, a specific MEK inhibitor. We found that hypoxia activated ERK activity in the kidney SP cells but not in non-SP cells both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of MEK mimicked hypoxia-induced ABCG2 expression. Contrarily, U0126 inhibited hypoxia- and MEK-upregulated ABCG2 expression. Furthermore, H/R induced significant increases in nuclear, metabolic, and membrane damage in both SP cells and non-SP cells; however, this H/R-induced cytotoxicity was much more severe in non-SP cells than in SP cells. Notably, the viability of kidney SP cells was enhanced by MEK overexpression and inhibited by U0126. Verapamil treatment reversed MEK-induced viability of kidney SP cells. When administered systemically into animals with renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, the SP cells significantly improved renal function, accelerated mitogenic response, and reduced cell apoptosis. However, this improved therapeutic potential of SP cells was significantly reduced by pretreatment with verapamil. Collectively, these findings provide evidence for a crucial role for the MEK/ERK-ABCG2 pathway in protecting kidney SP cells from ischemic/hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Mishima K, Inoue H, Nishiyama T, Mabuchi Y, Amano Y, Ide F, Matsui M, Yamada H, Yamamoto G, Tanaka J, Yasuhara R, Sakurai T, Lee MCI, Chiba K, Sumimoto H, Kawakami Y, Matsuzaki Y, Tsubota K, Saito I. Transplantation of side population cells restores the function of damaged exocrine glands through clusterin. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1925-37. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
The kidney is widely regarded as an organ without regenerative abilities. However, in recent years this dogma has been challenged on the basis of observations of kidney recovery following acute injury, and the identification of renal populations that demonstrate stem cell characteristics in various species. It is currently speculated that the human kidney can regenerate in some contexts, but the mechanisms of renal regeneration remain poorly understood. Numerous controversies surround the potency, behaviour and origins of the cell types that are proposed to perform kidney regeneration. The present review explores the current understanding of renal stem cells and kidney regeneration events, and examines the future challenges in using these insights to create new clinical treatments for kidney disease.
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Axelson H, Johansson ME. Renal stem cells and their implications for kidney cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 23:56-61. [PMID: 22766133 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The renal cell carcinomas (RCC) denote a diverse set of neoplasias with unique genetic and histological features. The RCCs emanate from the renal tubule, a highly heterogeneous epithelial structure, and depending on which cell is malignified the resulting cancer displays unique characteristics. Notwithstanding this, the cells of origin for the RCC forms are far from established, and only inferred by the accumulated weight of marker similarities, not always providing an unequivocal picture. The tubular epithelium is normally mitotically quiescent, but demonstrates a considerable regenerative capacity upon renal injury. Recently the hypothesis that regeneration is driven by adult stem cells has been added experimental support, providing further complexity to the issue of renal carcinogenesis. Whether these cells are linked to RCC is an open question. In the present review we therefore present the prevailing theories regarding kidney regeneration, since a better understanding of this process might be of relevance when considering the different malignancies that arise from kidney epithelium. Our own results show that papillary renal cell carcinoma displays considerable similarities to proximal tubular progenitor cells and we suggest that this tumor form may develop in a multi-step fashion via benign renal adenomas. The putative connection between renal stem cells and carcinomas is, however, not clarified, since the current understanding of the renal stem cell system is not complete. It is clear that the efforts to isolate and characterize renal progenitor/stem cells suffer from numerous technical limitations and that it remains likely that the kidney harbors different stem cell pools with a restricted differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Axelson
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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45
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Monks DC, Morrow BE. Identification of putative retinoic acid target genes downstream of mesenchymal Tbx1 during inner ear development. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:563-73. [PMID: 22275070 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The T-box transcription factor Tbx1 is expressed in the otic vesicle and surrounding mesoderm of the periotic mesenchyme (POM) during inner ear development. Mesenchymal Tbx1 is essential for inner ear development, with conditional mutants displaying defects in both the auditory and vestibular systems. We have previously reported that mesodermal Tbx1 loss of function mutants (Mest-KO) have reduced expression of retinoic acid (RA) metabolic genes, Cyp26a1 and Cyp26c1, in the POM, consistent with other studies showing an increase in mesodermal RA reporter expression in Tbx1-/- embryos. However, putative RA effector genes whose expression is altered downstream of increased otic mesenchymal-epithelial RA signaling have remained elusive. RESULTS Here we report the identification of 18 retinoic acid responsive genes altered in Mest-KO conditional mutants by microarray gene profiling. Nine were chosen for biological validation including quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization (Otor, Mia, Col2a1, Clu, Adm, Myt1, Dlx3, Itgb3, and Itga2b). CONCLUSION Here study provides a series of newly identified RA effector genes for inner ear development downstream of mesenchymal Tbx1 that may contribute to the inner ear phenotype observed in Tbx1 loss of function mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Monks
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Zhang H, Bai H, Yi Z, He X, Mo S. Effect of Stem Cell Factor and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Induced Bone Marrow Stem Cell Mobilization on Recovery from Acute Tubular Necrosis in Rats. Ren Fail 2012; 34:350-7. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2011.647340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lee GH, Chang MY, Hsu CH, Chen YH. Essential roles of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, Capsulin and Musculin, during craniofacial myogenesis of zebrafish. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:4065-78. [PMID: 21347725 PMCID: PMC11114528 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Capsulin and Musculin are basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, but their biophysiological roles in zebrafish cranial myogenesis are unclear. Expressions of endogenous capsulin transcripts are detected at the central- (~24-hpf) and at dorsal- and ventral-mesoderm cores (~30-72 hpf) of branchial arches. In contrast, musculin transcripts are expressed as a two-phase manner: early phase (20-22 hpf) expressions of musculin are detected at the head mesoderm, whereas late-phase (36-72 hpf) are detected at all presumptive head-muscle precursors. Knockdown of either capsulin or musculin leads to loss of all cranial muscles without affecting trunk muscle development. The defective phenotypes of Capsulin- and Musculin-morphant can be rescued by co-injection of mRNA of each other. Both myf5 and myod transcripts are down-regulated in the Capsulin-morphant while myod transcripts are up-regulated in the Musculin-morphant. Therefore, we propose a putative regulatory network to understand how capsulin/musculin regulate distinctly either myf5 or myod during zebrafish craniofacial myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Hui Lee
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, No. 151 Ying-chun Road, Tamsui, Taipei County, 251 Taiwan
| | - Min-Yen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, No. 151 Ying-chun Road, Tamsui, Taipei County, 251 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, No. 151 Ying-chun Road, Tamsui, Taipei County, 251 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan
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Abstract
Developing new therapeutic approaches to treat acute kidney injury requires a detailed understanding of endogenous cellular repair. Genetic fate mapping defines cellular hierarchies in vivo and we used this technique to assess a possible contribution of non-epithelial stem cells to renal repair after ischemic injury. Mice with efficient labeling of renal epithelial cells, but not non-epithelial interstitial cells, were subjected to a single cycle or sequential cycles of kidney injury and repair. No dilution of the epithelial cell fate marker was observed despite robust epithelial cell proliferation. Thus, non-tubular cells do not have the ability to migrate across the basement membrane and differentiate into epithelial cells in this model. Instead, surviving tubular epithelial cells are responsible for repair of the damaged nephron. Future studies will need to distinguish between uniform dedifferentiation and proliferation of all epithelial cells after injury versus selective expansion of an intratubular epithelial stem cell.
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Perin L, Da Sacco S, De Filippo RE. Regenerative medicine of the kidney. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:379-87. [PMID: 21145933 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
End stage renal disease is a major health problem in this country and worldwide. Although dialysis and kidney transplantation are currently used to treat this condition, kidney regeneration resulting in complete healing would be a desirable alternative. In this review we focus our attention on current therapeutic approaches used clinically to delay the onset of kidney failure. In addition we describe novel approaches, like Tissue Engineering, Stem cell Applications, Gene Therapy, and Renal Replacement Therapy that may one day be possible alternative therapies for patients with the hope of delaying kidney failure or even stopping the progression of renal disease.
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Abstract
Given its complexity, high metabolic activity and excretory functions, the kidney is particularly susceptible to acute ischemic and toxin-mediated injury. Current therapies do not facilitate kidney regeneration, and there is an increasing interest in newer therapies that are based on cellular sources of kidney regeneration, such as stem cell therapy. Our understanding of cellular sources for kidney regeneration and stem cells present in the adult kidney has dramatically evolved over the recent years. Herein, we discuss the current understanding of kidney stem cells present in the adult mammalian kidney and their role in kidney regeneration. We have also summarized the best available evidence supporting the role of stem cells in kidney regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Reule
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota; Minneapolis, USA
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