1
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Dhar A, Bagyashree VT, Biswas S, Kumari J, Sridhara A, Jeevan Subodh B, Shekhar S, Palani S. Functional redundancy and formin-independent localization of tropomyosin isoforms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.587703. [PMID: 38617342 PMCID: PMC11014519 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.587703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Tropomyosin is an actin binding protein which protects actin filaments from cofilin-mediated disassembly. Distinct tropomyosin isoforms have long been hypothesized to differentially sort to subcellular actin networks and impart distinct functionalities. Nevertheless, a mechanistic understanding of the interplay between Tpm isoforms and their functional contributions to actin dynamics has been lacking. In this study, we present acetylation-mimic engineered mNeonGreen-Tpm fusion proteins that exhibit complete functionality as a sole copy, surpassing limitations of existing probes and enabling real-time dynamic tracking of Tpm-actin filaments in vivo. Using these functional Tpm fusion proteins, we find that both Tpm1 and Tpm2 indiscriminately bind to actin filaments nucleated by either formin isoform- Bnr1 and Bni1 in vivo, in contrast to the long-held paradigm of Tpm-formin pairing. We also show that Tpm2 can protect and organize functional actin cables in absence of Tpm1. Overall, our work supports a concentration-dependent and formin-independent model of Tpm-actin binding and demonstrates for the first time, the functional redundancy of the paralog Tpm2 in actin cable maintenance in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
- equal contribution
| | - VT Bagyashree
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
- equal contribution
| | - Sudipta Biswas
- Departments of Physics, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jayanti Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Amruta Sridhara
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - B Jeevan Subodh
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Departments of Physics, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Saravanan Palani
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
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2
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Ornitz Oliveira Souza R, Yang C, Arrizabalaga G. Myosin A and F-Actin play a critical role in mitochondrial dynamics and inheritance in Toxoplasma gondii. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585462. [PMID: 38562694 PMCID: PMC10983951 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The single mitochondrion of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii is highly dynamic. Toxoplasma's mitochondrion changes morphology as the parasite moves from the intracellular to the extracellular environment and during division. Toxoplasma's mitochondrial dynamic is dependent on an outer mitochondrion membrane-associated protein LMF1 and its interaction with IMC10, a protein localized at the inner membrane complex (IMC). In the absence of either LMF1 or IMC10, parasites have defective mitochondrial morphology and inheritance defects. As little is known about mitochondrial inheritance in Toxoplasma, we have used the LMF1/IMC10 tethering complex as an entry point to dissect the machinery behind this process. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we previously identified Myosin A (MyoA) as a putative interactor of LMF1. Although MyoA is known to be located at the parasite's pellicle, we now show through ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) that this protein accumulates around the mitochondrion in the late stages of parasite division. Parasites lacking MyoA show defective mitochondrial morphology and a delay in mitochondrion delivery to the daughter parasite buds during division, indicating that this protein is involved in organellar inheritance. Disruption of the parasite's actin network also affects mitochondrion morphology. We also show that parasite-extracted mitochondrion vesicles interact with actin filaments. Interestingly, mitochondrion vesicles extracted out of parasites lacking LMF1 pulled down less actin, showing that LMF1 might be important for mitochondrion and actin interaction. Accordingly, we are showing for the first time that actin and Myosin A are important for Toxoplasma mitochondrial morphology and inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunlin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Gustavo Arrizabalaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine
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3
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Yoshii SR, Barral Y. Fission-independent compartmentalization of mitochondria during budding yeast cell division. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202211048. [PMID: 38180475 PMCID: PMC10783438 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lateral diffusion barriers compartmentalize membranes to generate polarity or asymmetrically partition membrane-associated macromolecules. Budding yeasts assemble such barriers in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the outer nuclear envelope at the bud neck to retain aging factors in the mother cell and generate naïve and rejuvenated daughter cells. However, little is known about whether other organelles are similarly compartmentalized. Here, we show that the membranes of mitochondria are laterally compartmentalized at the bud neck and near the cell poles. The barriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane are constitutive, whereas those in the outer membrane form in response to stresses. The strength of mitochondrial diffusion barriers is regulated positively by spatial cues from the septin axis and negatively by retrograde (RTG) signaling. These data indicate that mitochondria are compartmentalized in a fission-independent manner. We propose that these diffusion barriers promote mitochondrial polarity and contribute to mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori R. Yoshii
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yves Barral
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Obara K, Nishimura K, Kamura T. E3 Ligases Regulate Organelle Inheritance in Yeast. Cells 2024; 13:292. [PMID: 38391905 PMCID: PMC10887072 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae proliferates by budding, which includes the formation of a cytoplasmic protrusion called the 'bud', into which DNA, RNA, proteins, organelles, and other materials are transported. The transport of organelles into the growing bud must be strictly regulated for the proper inheritance of organelles by daughter cells. In yeast, the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases, Dma1 and Dma2, are involved in the proper inheritance of mitochondria, vacuoles, and presumably peroxisomes. These organelles are transported along actin filaments toward the tip of the growing bud by the myosin motor protein, Myo2. During organelle transport, organelle-specific adaptor proteins, namely Mmr1, Vac17, and Inp2 for mitochondria, vacuoles, and peroxisomes, respectively, bridge the organelles and myosin. After reaching the bud, the adaptor proteins are ubiquitinated by the E3 ubiquitin ligases and degraded by the proteasome. Targeted degradation of the adaptor proteins is necessary to unload vacuoles, mitochondria, and peroxisomes from the actin-myosin machinery. Impairment of the ubiquitination of adaptor proteins results in the failure of organelle release from myosin, which, in turn, leads to abnormal dynamics, morphology, and function of the inherited organelles, indicating the significance of proper organelle unloading from myosin. Herein, we summarize the role and regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases during organelle inheritance in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Obara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan;
| | | | - Takumi Kamura
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan;
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5
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Yang EJN, Liao PC, Pon L. Mitochondrial protein and organelle quality control-Lessons from budding yeast. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:72-87. [PMID: 37731280 PMCID: PMC10842221 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for normal cellular function and have emerged as key aging determinants. Indeed, defects in mitochondrial function have been linked to cardiovascular, skeletal muscle and neurodegenerative diseases, premature aging, and age-linked diseases. Here, we describe mechanisms for mitochondrial protein and organelle quality control. These surveillance mechanisms mediate repair or degradation of damaged or mistargeted mitochondrial proteins, segregate mitochondria based on their functional state during asymmetric cell division, and modulate cellular fitness, the response to stress, and lifespan control in yeast and other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jie-Ning Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Pin-Chao Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013
| | - Liza Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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6
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Cunha-Oliveira T, Montezinho L, Simões RF, Carvalho M, Ferreiro E, Silva FSG. Mitochondria: A Promising Convergent Target for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2024; 13:248. [PMID: 38334639 PMCID: PMC10854804 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons, for which current treatment options are limited. Recent studies have shed light on the role of mitochondria in ALS pathogenesis, making them an attractive therapeutic intervention target. This review contains a very comprehensive critical description of the involvement of mitochondria and mitochondria-mediated mechanisms in ALS. The review covers several key areas related to mitochondria in ALS, including impaired mitochondrial function, mitochondrial bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species, metabolic processes and energy metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, turnover, autophagy and mitophagy, impaired mitochondrial transport, and apoptosis. This review also highlights preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated various mitochondria-targeted therapies for ALS treatment. These include strategies to improve mitochondrial function, such as the use of dichloroacetate, ketogenic and high-fat diets, acetyl-carnitine, and mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. Additionally, antiapoptotic agents, like the mPTP-targeting agents minocycline and rasagiline, are discussed. The paper aims to contribute to the identification of effective mitochondria-targeted therapies for ALS treatment by synthesizing the current understanding of the role of mitochondria in ALS pathogenesis and reviewing potential convergent therapeutic interventions. The complex interplay between mitochondria and the pathogenic mechanisms of ALS holds promise for the development of novel treatment strategies to combat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Montezinho
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Rui F. Simões
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Carvalho
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ferreiro
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filomena S. G. Silva
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Mitotag Lda, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
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7
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Chelius X, Bartosch V, Rausch N, Haubner M, Schramm J, Braun RJ, Klecker T, Westermann B. Selective retention of dysfunctional mitochondria during asymmetric cell division in yeast. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002310. [PMID: 37721958 PMCID: PMC10538663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Decline of mitochondrial function is a hallmark of cellular aging. To counteract this process, some cells inherit mitochondria asymmetrically to rejuvenate daughter cells. The molecular mechanisms that control this process are poorly understood. Here, we made use of matrix-targeted D-amino acid oxidase (Su9-DAO) to selectively trigger oxidative damage in yeast mitochondria. We observed that dysfunctional mitochondria become fusion-incompetent and immotile. Lack of bud-directed movements is caused by defective recruitment of the myosin motor, Myo2. Intriguingly, intact mitochondria that are present in the same cell continue to move into the bud, establishing that quality control occurs directly at the level of the organelle in the mother. The selection of healthy organelles for inheritance no longer works in the absence of the mitochondrial Myo2 adapter protein Mmr1. Together, our data suggest a mechanism in which the combination of blocked fusion and loss of motor protein ensures that damaged mitochondria are retained in the mother cell to ensure rejuvenation of the bud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Chelius
- Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jana Schramm
- Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Braun
- Department Medizin, Fakultät Medizin/Zahnmedizin, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | - Till Klecker
- Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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8
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Aoki K, Yamamoto K, Ohkuma M, Sugita T, Tanaka N, Takashima M. Hyphal Growth in Trichosporon asahii Is Accelerated by the Addition of Magnesium. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0424222. [PMID: 37102973 PMCID: PMC10269644 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04242-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal dimorphism involves two morphologies: a unicellular yeast cell and a multicellular hyphal form. Invasion of hyphae into human cells causes severe opportunistic infections. The transition between yeast and hyphal forms is associated with the virulence of fungi; however, the mechanism is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to identify factors that induce hyphal growth of Trichosporon asahii, a dimorphic basidiomycete that causes trichosporonosis. T. asahii showed poor growth and formed small cells containing large lipid droplets and fragmented mitochondria when cultivated for 16 h in a nutrient-deficient liquid medium. However, these phenotypes were suppressed via the addition of yeast nitrogen base. When T. asahii cells were cultivated in the presence of different compounds present in the yeast nitrogen base, we found that magnesium sulfate was a key factor for inducing cell elongation, and its addition dramatically restored hyphal growth in T. asahii. In T. asahii hyphae, vacuoles were enlarged, the size of lipid droplets was decreased, and mitochondria were distributed throughout the cell cytoplasm and adjacent to the cell walls. Additionally, hyphal growth was disrupted due to treatment with an actin inhibitor. The actin inhibitor latrunculin A disrupted the mitochondrial distribution even in hyphal cells. Furthermore, magnesium sulfate treatment accelerated hyphal growth in T. asahii for 72 h when the cells were cultivated in a nutrient-deficient liquid medium. Collectively, our results suggest that an increase in magnesium levels triggers the transition from the yeast to hyphal form in T. asahii. These findings will support studies on the pathogenesis of fungi and aid in developing treatments. IMPORTANCE Understanding the mechanism underlying fungal dimorphism is crucial to discern its invasion into human cells. Invasion is caused by the hyphal form rather than the yeast form; therefore, it is important to understand the mechanism of transition from the yeast to hyphal form. To study the transition mechanism, we utilized Trichosporon asahii, a dimorphic basidiomycete that causes severe trichosporonosis since there are fewer studies on T. asahii than on ascomycetes. This study suggests that an increase in Mg2+, the most abundant mineral in living cells, triggers growth of filamentous hyphae and increases the distribution of mitochondria throughout the cell cytoplasm and adjacent to the cell walls in T. asahii. Understanding the mechanism of hyphal growth triggered by Mg2+ increase will provide a model system to explore fungal pathogenicity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Aoki
- Laboratory of Yeast Systematics, Tokyo NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Takashima
- Laboratory of Yeast Systematics, Tokyo NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Peng G, Hu K, Shang X, Li W, Dou F. The phosphorylation status of Hsp82 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis during glucose sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168106. [PMID: 37068581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Sensing extracellular glucose, budding yeast switches from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation to adapt to environmental changes. During the conversion of metabolic mode, mitochondrial function and morphology change significantly. Mitochondria are the main supply factories of energy for various life activities in cells. However, the research on the signal pathways from glucose sensing to changes in mitochondrial function and morphology is still scarce and worthy of further exploration. In this study, we found that in addition to the known involvement of molecular chaperone Hsp82 in stress response during the conversion of metabolic mode, the phosphorylation status of Hsp82 at S485 residue regulates mitochondrial function and morphology to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. The Hsp82S485A mutant that mimics dephosphorylation at S485 residue showed abnormal growth phenotypes related to mitochondrial defects, such as the petite phenotype, slow growth rates, and inability to use non-fermentable carbon sources. Further exploring the causes of growth defects, we found that the Hsp82S485A mutant caused mitochondrial dysfunction, including a decrease in cellular oxygen consumption rate, defects in mitochondrial electron transport chain, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and complete loss of mtDNA. Furthermore, the Hsp82S485A mutant displayed fragmented or globular mitochondria, which may be responsible for its mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings suggested that the phosphorylation status of Hsp82 at S485 residue might regulate mitochondrial function and morphology by affecting the stability of mitochondrial fission and fusion-related proteins. Thus, Hsp82 might be a key molecule in the signal pathway from glucose sensing to changes in mitochondrial function and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Ozeir M, Cohen MM. From dynamin related proteins structures and oligomers to membrane fusion mediated by mitofusins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148913. [PMID: 36057374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria assemble in a highly dynamic network where interconnected tubules evolve in length and size through regulated cycles of fission and fusion of mitochondrial membranes thereby adapting to cellular needs. Mitochondrial fusion and fission processes are mediated by specific sets of mechano-chemical large GTPases that belong to the Dynamin-Related Proteins (DRPs) super family. DRPs bind to cognate membranes and auto-oligomerize to drive lipid bilayers remodeling in a nucleotide dependent manner. Although structural characterization and mechanisms of DRPs that mediate membrane fission are well established, the capacity of DRPs to mediate membrane fusion is only emerging. In this review, we discuss the distinct structures and mechanisms of DRPs that trigger the anchoring and fusion of biological membranes with a specific focus on mitofusins that are dedicated to the fusion of mitochondrial outer membranes. In particular, we will highlight oligomeric assemblies of distinct DRPs and confront their mode of action against existing models of mitofusins assemblies with emphasis on recent biochemical, structural and computational reports. As we will see, the literature brings valuable insights into the presumed macro-assemblies mitofusins may form during anchoring and fusion of mitochondrial outer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ozeir
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8226, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mickael M Cohen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8226, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, F-75005 Paris, France.
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11
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Green A, Hossain T, Eckmann DM. Mitochondrial dynamics involves molecular and mechanical events in motility, fusion and fission. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1010232. [PMID: 36340034 PMCID: PMC9626967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cell organelles that play pivotal roles in maintaining cell survival, cellular metabolic homeostasis, and cell death. Mitochondria are highly dynamic entities which undergo fusion and fission, and have been shown to be very motile in vivo in neurons and in vitro in multiple cell lines. Fusion and fission are essential for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis through control of morphology, content exchange, inheritance of mitochondria, maintenance of mitochondrial DNA, and removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy. Mitochondrial motility occurs through mechanical and molecular mechanisms which translocate mitochondria to sites of high energy demand. Motility also plays an important role in intracellular signaling. Here, we review key features that mediate mitochondrial dynamics and explore methods to advance the study of mitochondrial motility as well as mitochondrial dynamics-related diseases and mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Green
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tanvir Hossain
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David M. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Medical and Engineering Innovation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: David M. Eckmann,
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12
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Tarasenko TA, Koulintchenko MV. Heterogeneity of the Mitochondrial Population in Cells of Plants and Other Organisms. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Kumar Sharma R, Chafik A, Bertolin G. Mitochondrial transport, partitioning and quality control at the heart of cell proliferation and fate acquisition. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C311-C325. [PMID: 35044857 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00256.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential to cell homeostasis, and alterations in mitochondrial distribution, segregation or turnover have been linked to complex pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases or cancer. Understanding how these functions are coordinated in specific cell types is a major challenge to discover how mitochondria globally shape cell functionality. In this review, we will first describe how mitochondrial transport and dynamics are regulated throughout the cell cycle in yeast and in mammals. Second, we will explore the functional consequences of mitochondrial transport and partitioning on cell proliferation, fate acquisition, stemness, and on the way cells adapt their metabolism. Last, we will focus on how mitochondrial clearance programs represent a further layer of complexity for cell differentiation, or in the maintenance of stemness. Defining how mitochondrial transport, dynamics and clearance are mutually orchestrated in specific cell types may help our understanding of how cells can transition from a physiological to a pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes), UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Abderrahman Chafik
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes), UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Bertolin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes), UMR 6290, Rennes, France
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14
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Zheng C, Zhang W, Zhang S, Yang G, Tan L, Guo M. Class I myosin mediated endocytosis and polarization growth is essential for pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7395-7410. [PMID: 34536105 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, myosin provides the necessary impetus for a series of physiological processes, including organelle movement, cytoplasmic flow, cell division, and mitosis. Previously, three members of myosin were identified in Magnaporthe oryzae, with class II and class V myosins playing important roles in intracellular transport, fungal growth, and pathogenicity. However, limited is known about the biological function of the class I myosin protein in the rice blast fungus. Here, we found that Momyo1 is highly expressed during conidiation and infection. Functional characterization of this gene via RNA interference (RNAi) revealed that Momyo1 is required for vegetative growth, conidiation, melanin pigmentation, and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. The Momyo1 knockdown mutant is defective in formation of appressorium-like structures (ALS) at the hyphal tips. In addition, Momyo1 also displays defects on cell wall integrity, hyphal hydrophobicity, extracellular enzyme activities, endocytosis, and formation of the Spitzenkörper. Furthermore, Momyo1 was identified to physically interact with the MoShe4, a She4p/Dim1p orthologue potentially involved in endocytosis, polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. Overall, our findings provide a novel insight into the regulatory mechanism of Momyo1 that is involved in fungal growth, cell wall integrity, endocytosis, and virulence of M. oryzae. KEY POINTS: • Momyo1 is required for vegetative growth and pigmentation of M. oryzae. • Momyo1 is essential for cell wall integrity and endocytosis of M. oryzae. • Momyo1 is involved in hyphal surface hydrophobicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guogen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Leyong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
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15
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Qian Y, Zhao M, Han Q, Wang J, Liao L, Yang H, Liu D, Tu P, Liang H, Zeng K. Pharmacologically targeting molecular motor promotes mitochondrial fission for anti-cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1853-1866. [PMID: 34386324 PMCID: PMC8343112 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial shape rapidly changes by dynamic balance of fusion and fission to adjust to constantly changing energy demands of cancer cells. Mitochondrial dynamics balance is exactly regulated by molecular motor consisted of myosin and actin cytoskeleton proteins. Thus, targeting myosin-actin molecular motor is considered as a promising strategy for anti-cancer. In this study, we performed a proof-of-concept study with a natural-derived small-molecule J13 to test the feasibility of anti-cancer therapeutics via pharmacologically targeting molecular motor. Here, we found J13 could directly target myosin-9 (MYH9)-actin molecular motor to promote mitochondrial fission progression, and markedly inhibited cancer cells survival, proliferation and migration. Mechanism study revealed that J13 impaired MYH9-actin interaction to inactivate molecular motor, and caused a cytoskeleton-dependent mitochondrial dynamics imbalance. Moreover, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) technology-coupled with pulldown analysis identified HSPA9 as a crucial adaptor protein connecting MYH9-actin molecular motor to mitochondrial fission. Taken together, we reported the first natural small-molecule directly targeting MYH9-actin molecular motor for anti-cancer translational research. Besides, our study also proved the conceptual practicability of pharmacologically disrupting mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics in human cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- Anti-cancer
- CAM, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane
- CETSA, cellular thermal shift assay
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- HE, hematoxylin–eosin staining
- HSPA9
- HSPA9, heat-shock protein A9
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- LIHC, liver hepatocellular carcinoma
- Liver hepatocellular carcinoma
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- MYH9
- MYH9, myosin-9
- Mitochondrial fission
- Molecular motor
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- Small molecule
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling
- Target identification
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meimei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qinghua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lixi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Heng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Proteomics Laboratory, Medical and Healthy Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kewu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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16
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Majstrowicz K, Honnert U, Nikolaus P, Schwarz V, Oeding SJ, Hemkemeyer SA, Bähler M. Coordination of mitochondrial and cellular dynamics by the actin-based motor Myo19. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:268312. [PMID: 34013964 PMCID: PMC8186483 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin XIX (Myo19) is an actin-based motor that competes with adaptors of microtubule-based motors for binding to the outer mitochondrial transmembrane proteins Miro1 and Miro2 (collectively Miro, also known as RhoT1 and RhoT2, respectively). Here, we investigate which mitochondrial and cellular processes depend on the coordination of Myo19 and microtubule-based motor activities. To this end, we created Myo19-deficient HEK293T cells. Mitochondria in these cells were not properly fragmented at mitosis and were partitioned asymmetrically to daughter cells. Respiratory functions of mitochondria were impaired and ROS generation was enhanced. On a cellular level, cell proliferation, cytokinesis and cell-matrix adhesion were negatively affected. On a molecular level, Myo19 regulates focal adhesions in interphase, and mitochondrial fusion and mitochondrially associated levels of fission protein Drp1 and adaptor proteins dynactin and TRAK1 at prometaphase. These alterations were due to a disturbed coordination of Myo19 and microtubule-based motor activities by Miro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Majstrowicz
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrike Honnert
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Nikolaus
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Vera Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie J Oeding
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra A Hemkemeyer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Bähler
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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17
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Aretz I, Jakubke C, Osman C. Power to the daughters - mitochondrial and mtDNA transmission during cell division. Biol Chem 2021; 401:533-546. [PMID: 31812944 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria supply virtually all eukaryotic cells with energy through ATP production by oxidative phosphoryplation (OXPHOS). Accordingly, maintenance of mitochondrial function is fundamentally important to sustain cellular health and various diseases have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Biogenesis of OXPHOS complexes crucially depends on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that encodes essential subunits of the respiratory chain and is distributed in multiple copies throughout the mitochondrial network. During cell division, mitochondria, including mtDNA, need to be accurately apportioned to daughter cells. This process requires an intimate and coordinated interplay between the cell cycle, mitochondrial dynamics and the replication and distribution of mtDNA. Recent years have seen exciting advances in the elucidation of the mechanisms that facilitate these processes and essential key players have been identified. Moreover, segregation of qualitatively distinct mitochondria during asymmetric cell division is emerging as an important quality control step, which secures the maintenance of a healthy cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Aretz
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christopher Jakubke
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christof Osman
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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18
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Shah M, Chacko LA, Joseph JP, Ananthanarayanan V. Mitochondrial dynamics, positioning and function mediated by cytoskeletal interactions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3969-3986. [PMID: 33576841 PMCID: PMC11071877 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a mitochondrion to undergo fission and fusion, and to be transported and localized within a cell are central not just to proper functioning of mitochondria, but also to that of the cell. The cytoskeletal filaments, namely microtubules, F-actin and intermediate filaments, have emerged as prime movers in these dynamic mitochondrial shape and position transitions. In this review, we explore the complex relationship between the cytoskeleton and the mitochondrion, by delving into: (i) how the cytoskeleton helps shape mitochondria via fission and fusion events, (ii) how the cytoskeleton facilitates the translocation and anchoring of mitochondria with the activity of motor proteins, and (iii) how these changes in form and position of mitochondria translate into functioning of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Shah
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Leeba Ann Chacko
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Joel P Joseph
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vaishnavi Ananthanarayanan
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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19
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Actin cables and comet tails organize mitochondrial networks in mitosis. Nature 2021; 591:659-664. [PMID: 33658713 PMCID: PMC7990722 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Symmetric cell division requires the even partitioning of genetic information and cytoplasmic contents between daughter cells. While the mechanisms coordinating the segregation of the genome are well known, the processes which ensure organelle segregation between daughter cells remain less well-understood1. Here, we identify multiple actin assemblies that play distinct but complementary roles in mitochondrial organization and inheritance in mitosis. First, we find a dense meshwork of subcortical actin cables assembled throughout the mitotic cytoplasm. This network scaffolds the endoplasmic reticulum and organizes three-dimensional mitochondrial positioning to ensure the equal segregation of mitochondrial mass at cytokinesis. Second, we identify a dynamic wave of actin filaments reversibly assembling on the surface of mitochondria through mitosis. Mitochondria sampled by this wave are enveloped within actin clouds that can spontaneously break symmetry to form elongated comet tails. Mitochondrial comet tails promote randomly directed bursts of movement that shuffle mitochondrial position within the mother cell to randomize inheritance of healthy and damaged mitochondria between daughter cells. Thus, parallel mechanisms mediated by the actin cytoskeleton ensure both equal and random inheritance of mitochondria in symmetrically dividing cells.
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20
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Wong S, Weisman LS. Roles and regulation of myosin V interaction with cargo. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 79:100787. [PMID: 33541831 PMCID: PMC7920922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A major question in cell biology is, how are organelles and large macromolecular complexes transported within a cell? Myosin V molecular motors play critical roles in the distribution of organelles, vesicles, and mRNA. Mis-localization of organelles that depend on myosin V motors underlie diseases in the skin, gut, and brain. Thus, the delivery of organelles to their proper destination is important for animal physiology and cellular function. Cargoes attach to myosin V motors via cargo specific adaptor proteins, which transiently bridge motors to their cargoes. Regulation of these adaptor proteins play key roles in the regulation of cargo transport. Emerging studies reveal that cargo adaptors play additional essential roles in the activation of myosin V, and the regulation of actin filaments. Here, we review how motor-adaptor interactions are controlled to regulate the proper loading and unloading of cargoes, as well as roles of adaptor proteins in the regulation of myosin V activity and the dynamics of actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wong
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lois S Weisman
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
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21
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Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism used by prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike to control cell fate and generate cell diversity. A detailed mechanistic understanding of ACD is therefore necessary to understand cell fate decisions in health and disease. ACD can be manifested in the biased segregation of macromolecules, the differential partitioning of cell organelles, or differences in sibling cell size or shape. These events are usually preceded by and influenced by symmetry breaking events and cell polarization. In this Review, we focus predominantly on cell intrinsic mechanisms and their contribution to cell polarization, ACD and binary cell fate decisions. We discuss examples of polarized systems and detail how polarization is established and, whenever possible, how it contributes to ACD. Established and emerging model organisms will be considered alike, illuminating both well-documented and underexplored forms of polarization and ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Sunchu
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Life Science Building, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Clemens Cabernard
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Life Science Building, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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22
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Klecker T, Westermann B. Asymmetric inheritance of mitochondria in yeast. Biol Chem 2020; 401:779-791. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMitochondria are essential organelles of virtually all eukaryotic organisms. As they cannot be made de novo, they have to be inherited during cell division. In this review, we provide an overview on mitochondrial inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a powerful model organism to study asymmetric cell division. Several processes have to be coordinated during mitochondrial inheritance: mitochondrial transport along the actin cytoskeleton into the emerging bud is powered by a myosin motor protein; cell cortex anchors retain a critical fraction of mitochondria in the mother cell and bud to ensure proper partitioning; and the quantity of mitochondria inherited by the bud is controlled during cell cycle progression. Asymmetric division of yeast cells produces rejuvenated daughter cells and aging mother cells that die after a finite number of cell divisions. We highlight the critical role of mitochondria in this process and discuss how asymmetric mitochondrial partitioning and cellular aging are connected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Klecker
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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23
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Chacko LA, Mehta K, Ananthanarayanan V. Cortical tethering of mitochondria by the anchor protein Mcp5 enables uniparental inheritance. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3560-3571. [PMID: 31582398 PMCID: PMC6829665 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paternal mitochondria are removed during eukaryotic sexual reproduction to ensure maternal mitochondrial inheritance. Chacko et al. show that fission yeast uses an anchor protein to physically separate and tether parental mitochondria to the cortex during meiosis, thereby achieving uniparental mitochondrial inheritance. During sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, processes such as active degradation and dilution of paternal mitochondria ensure maternal mitochondrial inheritance. In the isogamous organism fission yeast, we employed high-resolution fluorescence microscopy to visualize mitochondrial inheritance during meiosis by differentially labeling mitochondria of the two parental cells. Remarkably, mitochondria, and thereby mitochondrial DNA from the parental cells, did not mix upon zygote formation but remained segregated at the poles by attaching to clusters of the anchor protein Mcp5 via its coiled-coil domain. We observed that this tethering of parental mitochondria to the poles results in uniparental inheritance of mitochondria, wherein two of the four spores formed subsequently contained mitochondria from one parent and the other spores contained mitochondria from the other parent. Further, the presence of dynein on an Mcp5 cluster precluded the attachment of mitochondria to the same cluster. Taken together, we reveal a distinct mechanism that achieves uniparental inheritance by segregation of parental mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeba Ann Chacko
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kritika Mehta
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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24
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De Vecchis D, Brandner A, Baaden M, Cohen MM, Taly A. A Molecular Perspective on Mitochondrial Membrane Fusion: From the Key Players to Oligomerization and Tethering of Mitofusin. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:293-306. [PMID: 31485701 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles characterized by an ultrastructural organization which is essential in maintaining their quality control and ensuring functional efficiency. The complex mitochondrial network is the result of the two ongoing forces of fusion and fission of inner and outer membranes. Understanding the functional details of mitochondrial dynamics is physiologically relevant as perturbations of this delicate equilibrium have critical consequences and involved in several neurological disorders. Molecular actors involved in this process are large GTPases from the dynamin-related protein family. They catalyze nucleotide-dependent membrane remodeling and are widely conserved from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. Although structural characterization of different family members has contributed in understanding molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics in more detail, the complete structure of some members as well as the precise assembly of functional oligomers remains largely unknown. As increasing structural data become available, the domain modularity across the dynamin superfamily emerged as a foundation for transfering the knowledge towards less characterized members. In this review, we will first provide an overview of the main actors involved in mitochondrial dynamics. We then discuss recent example of computational methodologies for the study of mitofusin oligomers, and present how the usage of integrative modeling in conjunction with biochemical data can be an asset in progressing the still challenging field of membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario De Vecchis
- School of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, LIGHT Building, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Astrid Brandner
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique - Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marc Baaden
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique - Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mickael M Cohen
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique - Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8226, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Taly
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France. .,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique - Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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25
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Furnish M, Caino MC. Altered mitochondrial trafficking as a novel mechanism of cancer metastasis. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 3:e1157. [PMID: 32671955 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian cells must constantly reprogram the distribution of mitochondria in order to meet the local demands for energy, calcium, redox balance, and other mitochondrial functions. Mitochondrial localization inside the cell is a result of a combination of movement along the microtubule tracks plus anchoring to actin filaments. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances show that subcellular distribution of mitochondria can regulate tumor cell growth, proliferation/motility plasticity, metastatic competence, and therapy responses in tumors. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms by which mitochondrial subcellular distribution is regulated in tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial trafficking is dysregulated in tumors. Accumulation of mitochondria at the leading edge of the cell supports energy expensive processes of focal adhesion dynamics, cell membrane dynamics, migration, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Furnish
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M Cecilia Caino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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26
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Ramírez-Del Villar A, Roberson RW, Callejas-Negrete OA, Mouriño-Pérez RR. The actin motor MYO-5 effect in the intracellular organization of Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 125:13-27. [PMID: 30615944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, polarized growth is the result of vesicle secretion at the hyphal apex. Motor proteins mediate vesicle transport to target destinations on the plasma membrane via actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. Myosins are motor proteins associated with actin filaments. Specifically, class V myosins are responsible for cargo transport in eukaryotes. We studied the dynamics and localization of myosin V in wild type hyphae of Neurospora crassa and in hyphae that lacked MYO-5. In wild type hyphae, MYO-5-GFP was localized concentrated in the hyphal apex and colocalized with Spitzenkörper. Photobleaching studies showed that MYO-5-GFP was transported to the apex from subapical hyphal regions. The deletion of the class V myosin resulted in a reduced rate of hyphal growth, apical hyperbranching, and intermittent loss of hyphal polarity. MYO-5 did not participate in breaking the symmetrical growth during germination but contributed in the apical organization upon establishment of polarized growth. In the Δmyo-5 mutant, actin was organized into thick cables in the apical and subapical hyphal regions, and the number of endocytic patches was reduced. The microvesicles-chitosomes observed with CHS-1-GFP were distributed as a cloud occupying the apical dome and not in the Spitzenkörper as the WT strain. The mitochondrial movement was not associated with MYO-5, but tubular vacuole position is MYO-5-dependent. These results suggest that MYO-5 plays a role in maintaining apical organization and the integrity of the Spitzenkörper and is required for normal hyphal growth, polarity, septation, conidiation, and proper conidial germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Ramírez-Del Villar
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | | | - Olga A Callejas-Negrete
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Rosa R Mouriño-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
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27
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Chen W, Ping HA, Lackner LL. Direct membrane binding and self-interaction contribute to Mmr1 function in mitochondrial inheritance. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2346-2357. [PMID: 30044712 PMCID: PMC6249809 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transport and anchoring mechanisms work in concert to position mitochondria to meet cellular needs. In yeast, Mmr1 functions as a mitochondrial adaptor for Myo2 to facilitate actin-based transport of mitochondria to the bud. Posttransport, Mmr1 is proposed to anchor mitochondria at the bud tip. Although both functions require an interaction between Mmr1 and mitochondria, the molecular basis of the Mmr1-mitochondria interaction is poorly understood. Our in vitro phospholipid binding assays indicate Mmr1 can directly interact with phospholipid membranes. Through structure-function studies we identified an unpredicted membrane-binding domain composed of amino acids 76-195 that is both necessary and sufficient for Mmr1 to interact with mitochondria in vivo and liposomes in vitro. In addition, our structure-function analyses indicate that the coiled-coil domain of Mmr1 is necessary and sufficient for Mmr1 self-interaction and facilitates the polarized localization of the protein. Disrupting either the Mmr1-membrane interaction or Mmr1 self-interaction leads to defects in mitochondrial inheritance. Therefore, direct membrane binding and self-interaction are necessary for Mmr1 function in mitochondrial inheritance and are utilized as a means to spatially and temporally regulate mitochondrial positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiTing Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Holly A Ping
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Laura L Lackner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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28
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Feng Z, Tian J, Han L, Geng Y, Sun J, Kong Z. The Myosin5-mediated actomyosin motility system is required for Verticillium
pathogenesis of cotton. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1607-1621. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidi Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture; College of Agriculture, Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang 832000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomic; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomic; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomic; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Yuan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomic; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture; College of Agriculture, Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang 832000 China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomic; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
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Tang W, Gao C, Wang J, Yin Z, Zhang J, Ji J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z, Wang P. Disruption of actin motor function due to MoMyo5 mutation impairs host penetration and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:689-699. [PMID: 28378891 PMCID: PMC5628116 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Actin motor myosin proteins are the driving forces behind the active transport of vesicles, and more than 20 classes of myosin have been found to contribute to a wide range of cellular processes, including endocytosis and exocytosis, autophagy, cytokinesis and the actin cytoskeleton. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, class V myosin Myo2 (ScMyo2p) is important for the transport of distinct sets of cargo to regions of the cell along the cytoskeleton for polarized growth. To study whether myosins play a role in the formation or function of the appressorium (infectious structure) of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, we identified MoMyo5 as an orthologue of ScMyo2p and characterized its function. Targeted gene disruption revealed that MoMyo5 is required for intracellular transport and is essential for hyphal growth and asexual reproduction. Although the ΔMomyo5 mutant could form appressorium-like structures, the structures were unable to penetrate host cells and were therefore non-pathogenic. We further found that MoMyo5 moves dynamically from the cytoplasm to the hyphal tip, where it interacts with MoSec4, a Rab GTPase involved in secretory transport, hyphal growth and fungal pathogenicity. Our studies indicate that class V myosin and its translocation are tightly coupled with hyphal growth, asexual reproduction, appressorium function and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Chuyun Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Jingzhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Ping Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology, and ParasitologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew Orleans, LA 70112USA
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Kraft LM, Lackner LL. Mitochondria-driven assembly of a cortical anchor for mitochondria and dynein. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3061-3071. [PMID: 28835466 PMCID: PMC5626545 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kraft and Lackner demonstrate that mitochondria drive the assembly of a tether, which serves to stably anchor the organelle itself as well as dynein to the plasma membrane. Thus, mitochondria–plasma membrane tethering influences when and where dynein is anchored, adding to the growing list of interorganelle contact site functions. Interorganelle contacts facilitate communication between organelles and impact fundamental cellular functions. In this study, we examine the assembly of the MECA (mitochondria–endoplasmic reticulum [ER]–cortex anchor), which tethers mitochondria to the ER and plasma membrane. We find that the assembly of Num1, the core component of MECA, requires mitochondria. Once assembled, Num1 clusters persistently anchor mitochondria to the cell cortex. Num1 clusters also function to anchor dynein to the plasma membrane, where dynein captures and walks along astral microtubules to help orient the mitotic spindle. We find that dynein is anchored by Num1 clusters that have been assembled by mitochondria. When mitochondrial inheritance is inhibited, Num1 clusters are not assembled in the bud, and defects in dynein-mediated spindle positioning are observed. The mitochondria-dependent assembly of a dual-function cortical anchor provides a mechanism to integrate the positioning and inheritance of the two essential organelles and expands the function of organelle contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Kraft
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Laura L Lackner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
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31
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Böckler S, Chelius X, Hock N, Klecker T, Wolter M, Weiss M, Braun RJ, Westermann B. Fusion, fission, and transport control asymmetric inheritance of mitochondria and protein aggregates. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2481-2498. [PMID: 28615194 PMCID: PMC5551707 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric inheritance of cell organelles determines the fate of daughter cells. Böckler et al. use yeast as a model to demonstrate that the dynamics of mitochondrial fusion, fission, and transport determine partitioning of mitochondria and cytosolic protein aggregates, which is critical for rejuvenation of daughter cells. Partitioning of cell organelles and cytoplasmic components determines the fate of daughter cells upon asymmetric division. We studied the role of mitochondria in this process using budding yeast as a model. Anterograde mitochondrial transport is mediated by the myosin motor, Myo2. A genetic screen revealed an unexpected interaction of MYO2 and genes required for mitochondrial fusion. Genetic analyses, live-cell microscopy, and simulations in silico showed that fused mitochondria become critical for inheritance and transport across the bud neck in myo2 mutants. Similarly, fused mitochondria are essential for retention in the mother when bud-directed transport is enforced. Inheritance of a less than critical mitochondrial quantity causes a severe decline of replicative life span of daughter cells. Myo2-dependent mitochondrial distribution also is critical for the capture of heat stress–induced cytosolic protein aggregates and their retention in the mother cell. Together, these data suggest that coordination of mitochondrial transport, fusion, and fission is critical for asymmetric division and rejuvenation of daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xenia Chelius
- Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nadine Hock
- Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Till Klecker
- Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Madita Wolter
- Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiss
- Experimentalphysik I, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ralf J Braun
- Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Li YR, Zhong A, Dong H, Ni LH, Tan FQ, Yang WX. Myosin Va plays essential roles in maintaining normal mitosis, enhancing tumor cell motility and viability. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54654-54671. [PMID: 28903372 PMCID: PMC5589611 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Va, a member of Class V myosin, functions in organelle motility, spindle formation, nuclear morphogenesis and cell motility. The purpose of this study is to explore the expression and localization of myosin Va in testicular cancer and prostate cancer, and its specific roles in tumor progression including cell division, migration and proliferation. We detected myosin Va in testicular and prostate tumor tissues using sqRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Tumor samples showed an increased expression of myosin Va, abnormal actin and myosin Va distribution. Immunofluorescence images during the cell cycle showed that myosin Va tended to gather at cytoplasm during anaphase but co-localized with nucleus during other phases, suggesting the roles of myosin Va in disassembly of spindle microtubule, movement of chromosomes and normal cytokinesis. In addition, multi-nucleation and aberrant nuclear morphology were observed in myosin Va-knockdown cells. Wounding assay and CCK-8-based cell counting were conducted to explore myosin Va roles in cell migration, viability and proliferation. Our results suggest that myosin Va plays essential roles in maintaining normal mitosis, enhancing tumor cell motility and viability, and these properties are the hallmark of tumor progression and metastasis development. Therefore, an increased understanding of myosin Va expression and function will assist in the development of future oncodiagnosis and -therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai Zhong
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Dong
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Han Ni
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Qing Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Abnormalities of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020025. [PMID: 28379197 PMCID: PMC5488005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and devastating neurological disorders characterized by the progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons in the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Mitochondria, organelles found in most eukaryotic cells, are essential for neuronal survival and are involved in a number of neuronal functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been demonstrated as a common prominent early pathological feature of a variety of common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD). Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo continuous fusion, fission, and transport, the processes of which not only control mitochondrial morphology and number but also regulate mitochondrial function and location. The importance of mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases has been increasingly unraveled after the identification of several key fusion and fission regulators such as Drp1, OPA1, and mitofusins. In this review, after a brief discussion of molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial fusion, fission, distribution, and trafficking, as well as the important role of mitochondrial dynamics for neuronal function, we review previous and the most recent studies about mitochondrial dynamic abnormalities observed in various major neurodegenerative diseases and discuss the possibility of targeting mitochondrial dynamics as a likely novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Unger AK, Geimer S, Harner M, Neupert W, Westermann B. Analysis of Yeast Mitochondria by Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1567:293-314. [PMID: 28276026 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6824-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents a widely used model organism for the study of mitochondrial biogenesis and architecture. Electron microscopy is an essential tool in the analysis of cellular ultrastructure and the precise localization of proteins to organellar subcompartments. We provide here detailed protocols for the analysis of yeast mitochondria by transmission electron microscopy: (1) chemical fixation and Epon embedding of yeast cells and isolated mitochondria, and (2) cryosectioning and immunolabeling of yeast cells and isolated mitochondria according to the Tokuyasu method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Unger
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Geimer
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Max Harner
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Walter Neupert
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
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35
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MIYAKAWA I. Organization and dynamics of yeast mitochondrial nucleoids. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:339-359. [PMID: 28496055 PMCID: PMC5489437 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is packaged by association with specific proteins in compact DNA-protein complexes named mitochondrial nucleoids (mt-nucleoids). The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to grow either aerobically or anaerobically. Due to this characteristic, S. cerevisiae has been extensively used as a model organism to study genetics, morphology and biochemistry of mitochondria for a long time. Mitochondria of S. cerevisiae frequently fuse and divide, and perform dynamic morphological changes depending on the culture conditions and the stage of life cycle of the yeast cells. The mt-nucleoids also dynamically change their morphology, accompanying morphological changes of mitochondria. The mt-nucleoids have been isolated morphologically intact and functional analyses of mt-nucleoid proteins have been extensively performed. These studies have revealed that the functions of mt-nucleoid proteins are essential for maintenance of mtDNA. The aims of this review are to summarize the history on the research of yeast mt-nucleoids as well as recent findings on the organization of the mt-nucleoids and mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu MIYAKAWA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: I. Miyakawa, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan (e-mail: )
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36
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Abstract
Apart from energy transformation, mitochondria play important signaling roles. In
yeast, mitochondrial signaling relies on several molecular cascades. However, it
is not clear how a cell detects a particular mitochondrial malfunction. The
problem is that there are many possible manifestations of mitochondrial
dysfunction. For example, exposure to the specific antibiotics can either
decrease (inhibitors of respiratory chain) or increase (inhibitors of
ATP-synthase) mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Moreover, even in the
absence of the dysfunctions, a cell needs feedback from mitochondria to
coordinate mitochondrial biogenesis and/or removal by mitophagy during the
division cycle. To cope with the complexity, only a limited set of compounds is
monitored by yeast cells to estimate mitochondrial functionality. The known
examples of such compounds are ATP, reactive oxygen species, intermediates of
amino acids synthesis, short peptides, Fe-S clusters and heme, and also the
precursor proteins which fail to be imported by mitochondria. On one hand, the
levels of these molecules depend not only on mitochondria. On the other hand,
these substances are recognized by the cytosolic sensors which transmit the
signals to the nucleus leading to general, as opposed to mitochondria-specific,
transcriptional response. Therefore, we argue that both ways of
mitochondria-to-nucleus communication in yeast are mostly (if not completely)
unspecific, are mediated by the cytosolic signaling machinery and strongly
depend on cellular metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Knorre
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Svyatoslav S Sokolov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna N Zyrina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-73, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Fedor F Severin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russia. ; Institute of Mitoengineering, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
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37
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Interfaces between mitochondrial dynamics and disease. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:190-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hawthorne JL, Mehta PR, Singh PP, Wong NQ, Quintero OA. Positively charged residues within the MYO19 MyMOMA domain are essential for proper localization of MYO19 to the mitochondrial outer membrane. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:286-299. [PMID: 27126804 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Myosins are well characterized molecular motors essential for intracellular transport. MYO19 copurifies with mitochondria, and can be released from mitochondrial membranes by high pH buffer, suggesting that positively-charged residues participate in interactions between MYO19 and mitochondria. The MYO19-specific mitochondria outer membrane association (MyMOMA) domain contains approximately 150 amino acids with a pI approximately 9 and is sufficient for localization to the mitochondrial outer membrane. The minimal sequence and specific residues involved in mitochondrial binding have not been identified. To address this, we generated GFP-MyMOMA truncations, establishing the boundaries for truncations based on sequence homology. We identified an 83-amino acid minimal binding region enriched with basic residues (pI ∼ 10.5). We sequentially replaced basic residues in this region with alanine, identifying residues R882 and K883 as essential for mitochondrial localization. Constructs containing the RK882-883AA mutation primarily localized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To determine if ER-associated mutant MyMOMA domain and mitochondria-associated wild type MyMOMA display differences in kinetics of membrane interaction, we paired FRAP analysis with permeabilization activated reduction in fluorescence (PARF) analysis. Mitochondria-bound and ER-bound MYO19 constructs displayed slow dissociation from their target membrane when assayed by PARF; both constructs displayed exchange within their respective organelle networks. However, ER-bound mutant MYO19 displayed more rapid exchange within the ER network than did mitochondria-bound MYO19. Taken together these data indicate that the MyMOMA domain contains strong membrane-binding activity, and membrane targeting is mediated by a specific, basic region of the MYO19 tail with slow dissociation kinetics appropriate for its role(s) in mitochondrial network dynamics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pali P Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, VA 23173
| | - Nathan Q Wong
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, VA 23173
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39
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Neuhaus A, Eggeling C, Erdmann R, Schliebs W. Why do peroxisomes associate with the cytoskeleton? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1019-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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40
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Sibirny AA. Yeast peroxisomes: structure, functions and biotechnological opportunities. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow038. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Abstract
During mitosis, cells undergo massive deformation and reorganization, impacting on all cellular structures. Mitochondria, in particular, are highly dynamic organelles, which constantly undergo events of fission, fusion and cytoskeleton-based transport. This plasticity ensures the proper distribution of the metabolism, and the proper inheritance of functional organelles. During cell cycle, mitochondria undergo dramatic changes in distribution. In this review, we focus on the dynamic events that target mitochondria during mitosis. We describe how the cell-cycle-dependent microtubule-associated protein centromeric protein F (Cenp-F) is recruited to mitochondria by the mitochondrial Rho GTPase (Miro) to promote mitochondrial transport and re-distribution following cell division.
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42
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Knoblach B, Rachubinski RA. Sharing with your children: Mechanisms of peroxisome inheritance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1014-8. [PMID: 26620799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Organelle inheritance is the process by which eukaryotic cells actively replicate and equitably partition their organelles between mother cell and daughter cell at cytokinesis to maintain the benefits of subcellular compartmentalization. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven invaluable in helping to define the factors involved in the inheritance of different organelles and in understanding how these factors act and interact to maintain balance in the organelle populations of actively dividing cells. Inheritance factors can be classified as motors that transport organelles, tethers that retain organelles, and connectors (receptors) that mediate the attachment of organelles to motors and anchors. This article will review how peroxisomes are inherited by cells, with a focus on budding yeast, and will discuss common themes and mechanisms of action that underlie the inheritance of all membrane-enclosed organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knoblach
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Richard A Rachubinski
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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43
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Li YR, Yang WX. Myosin superfamily: The multi-functional and irreplaceable factors in spermatogenesis and testicular tumors. Gene 2015; 576:195-207. [PMID: 26478466 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a fundamental process in sexual development and reproduction, in which the diploid spermatogonia transform into haploid mature spermatozoa. This process is under the regulation of multiple factors and pathway. Myosin has been implicated in various aspects during spermatogenesis. Myosins constitute a diverse superfamily of actin-based molecular motors that translocate along microfilament in an ATP-dependent manner, and six kinds of myosins have been proved that function during spermatogenesis. In mitosis and meiosis, myosins play an important role in spindle assembly and positioning, karyokinesis and cytokinesis. During spermiogenesis, myosins participate in acrosomal formation, nuclear morphogenesis, mitochondrial translocation and spermatid individualization. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the functions of myosin in spermatogenesis and some reproductive system diseases such as testicular tumors and prostate cancer, and discuss the roles of possible upstream molecules which regulate myosin in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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44
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Knoblach B, Rachubinski RA. Motors, anchors, and connectors: orchestrators of organelle inheritance. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:55-81. [PMID: 26443192 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organelle inheritance is a process whereby organelles are actively distributed between dividing cells at cytokinesis. Much valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of organelle inheritance has come from the analysis of asymmetrically dividing cells, which transport a portion of their organelles to the bud while retaining another portion in the mother cell. Common principles apply to the inheritance of all organelles, although individual organelles use specific factors for their partitioning. Inheritance factors can be classified as motors, which are required for organelle transport; anchors, which immobilize organelles at distinct cell structures; or connectors, which mediate the attachment of organelles to motors and anchors. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in the field of organelle inheritance and highlight how motor, anchor, and connector molecules choreograph the segregation of a multicopy organelle, the peroxisome. We also discuss the role of organelle population control in the generation of cellular diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knoblach
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada;
| | - Richard A Rachubinski
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada;
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45
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Westermann B. The mitochondria–plasma membrane contact site. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Lang A, John Peter AT, Kornmann B. ER-mitochondria contact sites in yeast: beyond the myths of ERMES. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:7-12. [PMID: 25836730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A standout feature of eukaryotic cells is the presence of organelles with distinct chemical compositions and physical properties, which aid in the accomplishment of specialized metabolic tasks. This complex topology, however, makes a permanent crosstalk between the organelles a necessity for the coordination of cellular function. While molecule exchange between organelles via the vesicular transport system has been extensively studied, communication via direct connections has only recently become a new matter of interest. These direct connections termed membrane contact sites (MCSs) represent zones of close proximity (10-30nm) between two organelles. Research in the past years has revealed a number of MCSs especially between the ER and almost every other organelle [1(•)]. In particular, the MCSs between the ER and the mitochondria have undergone intense investigation. While the quest for ER-mitochondria MCS components in human cells has led to the revelation of an ever growing number of potential factors, studies in the simpler eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed the actual existence of a molecular tether between the two organelles [2(••)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lang
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Benoît Kornmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Knoblach B, Rachubinski RA. Sharing the cell's bounty - organelle inheritance in yeast. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:621-30. [PMID: 25616900 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.151423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells replicate and partition their organelles between the mother cell and the daughter cell at cytokinesis. Polarized cells, notably the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are well suited for the study of organelle inheritance, as they facilitate an experimental dissection of organelle transport and retention processes. Much progress has been made in defining the molecular players involved in organelle partitioning in yeast. Each organelle uses a distinct set of factors - motor, anchor and adaptor proteins - that ensures its inheritance by future generations of cells. We propose that all organelles, regardless of origin or copy number, are partitioned by the same fundamental mechanism involving division and segregation. Thus, the mother cell keeps, and the daughter cell receives, their fair and equitable share of organelles. This mechanism of partitioning moreover facilitates the segregation of organelle fragments that are not functionally equivalent. In this Commentary, we describe how this principle of organelle population control affects peroxisomes and other organelles, and outline its implications for yeast life span and rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knoblach
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL T6G 2H7, Canada
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Zhou C, Slaughter BD, Unruh JR, Guo F, Yu Z, Mickey K, Narkar A, Ross RT, McClain M, Li R. Organelle-based aggregation and retention of damaged proteins in asymmetrically dividing cells. Cell 2014; 159:530-42. [PMID: 25417105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of damaged or misfolded proteins is a protective mechanism against proteotoxic stress, abnormalities of which underlie many aging-related diseases. Here, we show that in asymmetrically dividing yeast cells, aggregation of cytosolic misfolded proteins does not occur spontaneously but requires new polypeptide synthesis and is restricted to the surface of ER, which harbors the majority of active translation sites. Protein aggregates formed on ER are frequently also associated with or are later captured by mitochondria, greatly constraining aggregate mobility. During mitosis, aggregates are tethered to well-anchored maternal mitochondria, whereas mitochondria acquired by the bud are largely free of aggregates. Disruption of aggregate-mitochondria association resulted in increased mobility and leakage of mother-accumulated aggregates into the bud. Cells with advanced replicative age exhibit gradual decline of aggregates-mitochondria association, likely contributing to their diminished ability to rejuvenate through asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankai Zhou
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Brian D Slaughter
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jay R Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Fengli Guo
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Zulin Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Kristen Mickey
- Department of Pharmacolgy, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Akshay Narkar
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Rhonda Trimble Ross
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Melainia McClain
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Labbé
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; , ,
| | - Andrew Murley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; , ,
| | - Jodi Nunnari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; , ,
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Mishra P, Chan DC. Mitochondrial dynamics and inheritance during cell division, development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:634-46. [PMID: 25237825 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, it is critical to properly partition functional sets of organelles to each daughter cell. The partitioning of mitochondria shares some common features with that of other organelles, particularly in the use of interactions with cytoskeletal elements to facilitate delivery to the daughter cells. However, mitochondria have unique features - including their own genome and a maternal mode of germline transmission - that place additional demands on this process. Consequently, mechanisms have evolved to regulate mitochondrial segregation during cell division, oogenesis, fertilization and tissue development, as well as to ensure the integrity of these organelles and their DNA, including fusion-fission dynamics, organelle transport, mitophagy and genetic selection of functional genomes. Defects in these processes can lead to cell and tissue pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Mishra
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - David C Chan
- 1] Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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