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Chadha Y, Khurana A, Schmoller KM. Eukaryotic cell size regulation and its implications for cellular function and dysfunction. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1679-1717. [PMID: 38900644 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00046.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Depending on cell type, environmental inputs, and disease, the cells in the human body can have widely different sizes. In recent years, it has become clear that cell size is a major regulator of cell function. However, we are only beginning to understand how the optimization of cell function determines a given cell's optimal size. Here, we review currently known size control strategies of eukaryotic cells and the intricate link of cell size to intracellular biomolecular scaling, organelle homeostasis, and cell cycle progression. We detail the cell size-dependent regulation of early development and the impact of cell size on cell differentiation. Given the importance of cell size for normal cellular physiology, cell size control must account for changing environmental conditions. We describe how cells sense environmental stimuli, such as nutrient availability, and accordingly adapt their size by regulating cell growth and cell cycle progression. Moreover, we discuss the correlation of pathological states with misregulation of cell size and how for a long time this was considered a downstream consequence of cellular dysfunction. We review newer studies that reveal a reversed causality, with misregulated cell size leading to pathophysiological phenotypes such as senescence and aging. In summary, we highlight the important roles of cell size in cellular function and dysfunction, which could have major implications for both diagnostics and treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagya Chadha
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arohi Khurana
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kurt M Schmoller
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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2
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Partscht P, Schiebel E. The diverging role of CDC14B: from mitotic exit in yeast to cell fate control in humans. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114364. [PMID: 37493185 PMCID: PMC10425841 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CDC14, originally identified as crucial mediator of mitotic exit in budding yeast, belongs to the family of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) that are present in most eukaryotes. Contradicting data have sparked a contentious discussion whether a cell cycle role is conserved in the human paralogs CDC14A and CDC14B but possibly masked due to redundancy. Subsequent studies on CDC14A and CDC14B double knockouts in human and mouse demonstrated that CDC14 activity is dispensable for mitotic progression in higher eukaryotes and instead suggested functional specialization. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of how faithful cell division is linked to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and compare functional similarities and divergences between the mitotic phosphatases CDC14, PP2A, and PP1 from yeast and higher eukaryotes. Furthermore, we review the latest discoveries on CDC14B, which identify this nuclear phosphatase as a key regulator of gene expression and reveal its role in neuronal development. Finally, we discuss CDC14B functions in meiosis and possible implications in other developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Partscht
- Zentrum für Molekulare BiologieUniversität Heidelberg, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianzHeidelbergGermany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare BiologieUniversität Heidelberg, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianzHeidelbergGermany
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Liu S, Gong X, Ma J, Wang S, Guo M. MoMih1 is indispensable for asexual development, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1146915. [PMID: 36998683 PMCID: PMC10044144 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1146915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Asexual spore serves as essential inoculum of rice blast during the disease cycle, and differentiation of young conidium from conidiophore is intimately regulated by cell cycle. Mih1 encodes a dual-specificity phosphatase that involved in the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle by regulating the Cdk1 activity in eukaryotes. Till now, the roles of Mih1 homologue, however, remain unclear in Magnaporthe oryzae. We here functionally characterized the Mih1 homologue MoMih1 in M. oryzae. MoMih1 is localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus and can physically interact with the CDK protein MoCdc28 in vivo. Loss of MoMih1 led to delayed nucleus division and a high level of Tyr15 phosphorylation of MoCdc28. The MoMih1 mutants showed retarded mycelial growth with a defective polar growth, less fungal biomass, and shorter distance between diaphragms, compared with the KU80. Asexual reproduction altered in MoMih1 mutants, with both abnormal conidial morphogenesis and decreased conidiation. The MoMih1 mutants severely attenuated the virulence to host plants due to the impaired ability of penetration and biotrophic growth. The incapability of scavenging of host-derived reactive oxygen species, which was possibly ascribed to the severely decreased extracellular enzymes activities, were partially associated with deficiency of pathogenicity. Besides, the MoMih1 mutants displayed also improper localization of retromer protein MoVps26 and polarisome component MoSpa2, and defects of cell wall integrity (CWI), melanin pigmentation, chitin synthesis, and hydrophobicity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MoMih1 plays pleiotropic roles during fungal development and plant infection of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinli Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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The CWI Pathway: A Versatile Toolbox to Arrest Cell-Cycle Progression. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121041. [PMID: 34947023 PMCID: PMC8704918 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-signaling pathways are essential for cells to respond and adapt to changes in their environmental conditions. The cell-wall integrity (CWI) pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated by environmental stresses, compounds, and morphogenetic processes that compromise the cell wall, orchestrating the appropriate cellular response to cope with these adverse conditions. During cell-cycle progression, the CWI pathway is activated in periods of polarized growth, such as budding or cytokinesis, regulating cell-wall biosynthesis and the actin cytoskeleton. Importantly, accumulated evidence has indicated a reciprocal regulation of the cell-cycle regulatory system by the CWI pathway. In this paper, we describe how the CWI pathway regulates the main cell-cycle transitions in response to cell-surface perturbance to delay cell-cycle progression. In particular, it affects the Start transcriptional program and the initiation of DNA replication at the G1/S transition, and entry and progression through mitosis. We also describe the involvement of the CWI pathway in the response to genotoxic stress and its connection with the DNA integrity checkpoint, the mechanism that ensures the correct transmission of genetic material and cell survival. Thus, the CWI pathway emerges as a master brake that stops cell-cycle progression when cells are coping with distinct unfavorable conditions.
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Lemonnier T, Daldello EM, Poulhe R, Le T, Miot M, Lignières L, Jessus C, Dupré A. The M-phase regulatory phosphatase PP2A-B55δ opposes protein kinase A on Arpp19 to initiate meiotic division. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1837. [PMID: 33758202 PMCID: PMC7988065 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oocytes are held in meiotic prophase for prolonged periods until hormonal signals trigger meiotic divisions. Key players of M-phase entry are the opposing Cdk1 kinase and PP2A-B55δ phosphatase. In Xenopus, the protein Arpp19, phosphorylated at serine 67 by Greatwall, plays an essential role in inhibiting PP2A-B55δ, promoting Cdk1 activation. Furthermore, Arpp19 has an earlier role in maintaining the prophase arrest through a second serine (S109) phosphorylated by PKA. Prophase release, induced by progesterone, relies on Arpp19 dephosphorylation at S109, owing to an unknown phosphatase. Here, we identified this phosphatase as PP2A-B55δ. In prophase, PKA and PP2A-B55δ are simultaneously active, suggesting the presence of other important targets for both enzymes. The drop in PKA activity induced by progesterone enables PP2A-B55δ to dephosphorylate S109, unlocking the prophase block. Hence, PP2A-B55δ acts critically on Arpp19 on two distinct sites, opposing PKA and Greatwall to orchestrate the prophase release and M-phase entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Lemonnier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Enrico Maria Daldello
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Robert Poulhe
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Tran Le
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Marika Miot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Jessus
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Aude Dupré
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Paris, France.
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6
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Galli M, Diani L, Quadri R, Nespoli A, Galati E, Panigada D, Plevani P, Muzi-Falconi M. Haspin Modulates the G2/M Transition Delay in Response to Polarization Failures in Budding Yeast. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:625717. [PMID: 33585466 PMCID: PMC7876276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.625717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Symmetry breaking by cellular polarization is an exquisite requirement for the cell-cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, as it allows bud emergence and growth. This process is based on the formation of polarity clusters at the incipient bud site, first, and the bud tip later in the cell-cycle, that overall promote bud emission and growth. Given the extreme relevance of this process, a surveillance mechanism, known as the morphogenesis checkpoint, has evolved to coordinate the formation of the bud and cell cycle progression, delaying mitosis in the presence of morphogenetic problems. The atypical protein kinase haspin is responsible for histone H3-T3 phosphorylation and, in yeast, for resolution of polarity clusters in mitosis. Here, we report a novel role for haspin in the regulation of the morphogenesis checkpoint in response to polarity insults. Particularly, we show that cells lacking the haspin ortholog Alk1 fail to achieve sustained checkpoint activation and enter mitosis even in the absence of a bud. In alk1Δ cells, we report a reduced phosphorylation of Cdc28-Y19, which stems from a premature activation of the Mih1 phosphatase. Overall, the data presented in this work define yeast haspin as a novel regulator of the morphogenesis checkpoint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where it monitors polarity establishment and it couples bud emergence to the G2/M cell cycle transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Galli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Diani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Quadri
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nespoli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Galati
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Panigada
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Plevani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Muzi-Falconi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Cairns J, Ly RC, Niu N, Kalari KR, Carlson EE, Wang L. CDC25B partners with PP2A to induce AMPK activation and tumor suppression in triple negative breast cancer. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa039. [PMID: 33385163 PMCID: PMC7751685 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 25 (CDC25) dual specificity phosphatases positively regulate the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin complexes. Here, we demonstrate that in addition to its role in cell cycle regulation, CDC25B functions as a regulator of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a major cellular Ser/Thr phosphatase, through its direct interaction with PP2A catalytic subunit. Importantly, CDC25B alters the regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase signaling (AMPK) by PP2A, increasing AMPK activity by inhibiting PP2A to dephosphorylate AMPK. CDC25B depletion leads to metformin resistance by inhibiting metformin-induced AMPK activation. Furthermore, dual inhibition of CDC25B and PP2A further inhibits growth of 3D organoids isolated from patient derived xenograft model of breast cancer compared to CDC25B inhibition alone. Our study identifies CDC25B as a regulator of PP2A, and uncovers a mechanism of controlling the activity of a key energy metabolism marker, AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Cairns
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Reynold C Ly
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nifang Niu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Krishna R Kalari
- Division of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Erin E Carlson
- Division of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 507 284 5264; Fax: +1 507 284 4455;
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Lemonnier T, Dupré A, Jessus C. The G2-to-M transition from a phosphatase perspective: a new vision of the meiotic division. Cell Div 2020; 15:9. [PMID: 32508972 PMCID: PMC7249327 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-020-00065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division is orchestrated by the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of thousands of proteins. These post-translational modifications underlie the molecular cascades converging to the activation of the universal mitotic kinase, Cdk1, and entry into cell division. They also govern the structural events that sustain the mechanics of cell division. While the role of protein kinases in mitosis has been well documented by decades of investigations, little was known regarding the control of protein phosphatases until the recent years. However, the regulation of phosphatase activities is as essential as kinases in controlling the activation of Cdk1 to enter M-phase. The regulation and the function of phosphatases result from post-translational modifications but also from the combinatorial association between conserved catalytic subunits and regulatory subunits that drive their substrate specificity, their cellular localization and their activity. It now appears that sequential dephosphorylations orchestrated by a network of phosphatase activities trigger Cdk1 activation and then order the structural events necessary for the timely execution of cell division. This review discusses a series of recent works describing the important roles played by protein phosphatases for the proper regulation of meiotic division. Many breakthroughs in the field of cell cycle research came from studies on oocyte meiotic divisions. Indeed, the meiotic division shares most of the molecular regulators with mitosis. The natural arrests of oocytes in G2 and in M-phase, the giant size of these cells, the variety of model species allowing either biochemical or imaging as well as genetics approaches explain why the process of meiosis has served as an historical model to decipher signalling pathways involved in the G2-to-M transition. The review especially highlights how the phosphatase PP2A-B55δ critically orchestrates the timing of meiosis resumption in amphibian oocytes. By opposing the kinase PKA, PP2A-B55δ controls the release of the G2 arrest through the dephosphorylation of their substrate, Arpp19. Few hours later, the inhibition of PP2A-B55δ by Arpp19 releases its opposing kinase, Cdk1, and triggers M-phase. In coordination with a variety of phosphatases and kinases, the PP2A-B55δ/Arpp19 duo therefore emerges as the key effector of the G2-to-M transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Lemonnier
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aude Dupré
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Jessus
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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9
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García-Blanco N, Vázquez-Bolado A, Moreno S. Greatwall-Endosulfine: A Molecular Switch that Regulates PP2A/B55 Protein Phosphatase Activity in Dividing and Quiescent Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246228. [PMID: 31835586 PMCID: PMC6941129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the cell cycle, hundreds of proteins become phosphorylated and dephosphorylated, indicating that protein kinases and protein phosphatases play a central role in its regulation. It has been widely recognized that oscillation in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity promotes DNA replication, during S-phase, and chromosome segregation, during mitosis. Each CDK substrate phosphorylation status is defined by the balance between CDKs and CDK-counteracting phosphatases. In fission yeast and animal cells, PP2A/B55 is the main protein phosphatase that counteracts CDK activity. PP2A/B55 plays a key role in mitotic entry and mitotic exit, and it is regulated by the Greatwall-Endosulfine (ENSA) molecular switch that inactivates PP2A/B55 at the onset of mitosis, allowing maximal CDK activity at metaphase. The Greatwall-ENSA-PP2A/B55 pathway is highly conserved from yeast to animal cells. In yeasts, Greatwall is negatively regulated by nutrients through TORC1 and S6 kinase, and couples cell growth, regulated by TORC1, to cell cycle progression, driven by CDK activity. In animal cells, Greatwall is phosphorylated and activated by Cdk1 at G2/M, generating a bistable molecular switch that results in full activation of Cdk1/CyclinB. Here we review the current knowledge of the Greatwall-ENSA-PP2A/B55 pathway and discuss its role in cell cycle progression and as an integrator of nutritional cues.
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10
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Raspelli E, Fraschini R. Spindle pole power in health and disease. Curr Genet 2019; 65:851-855. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Baro B, Játiva S, Calabria I, Vinaixa J, Bech-Serra JJ, de LaTorre C, Rodrigues J, Hernáez ML, Gil C, Barceló-Batllori S, Larsen MR, Queralt E. SILAC-based phosphoproteomics reveals new PP2A-Cdc55-regulated processes in budding yeast. Gigascience 2018; 7:4982941. [PMID: 29688323 PMCID: PMC5967524 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a family of conserved serine/threonine phosphatases involved in several essential aspects of cell growth and proliferation. PP2ACdc55 phosphatase has been extensively related to cell cycle events in budding yeast; however, few PP2ACdc55 substrates have been identified. Here, we performed a quantitative mass spectrometry approach to reveal new substrates of PP2ACdc55 phosphatase and new PP2A-related processes in mitotic arrested cells. Results We identified 62 statistically significant PP2ACdc55 substrates involved mainly in actin-cytoskeleton organization. In addition, we validated new PP2ACdc55 substrates such as Slk19 and Lte1, involved in early and late anaphase pathways, and Zeo1, a component of the cell wall integrity pathway. Finally, we constructed docking models of Cdc55 and its substrate Mob1. We found that the predominant interface on Cdc55 is mediated by a protruding loop consisting of residues 84–90, thus highlighting the relevance of these aminoacids for substrate interaction. Conclusions We used phosphoproteomics of Cdc55-deficient cells to uncover new PP2ACdc55 substrates and functions in mitosis. As expected, several hyperphosphorylated proteins corresponded to Cdk1-dependent substrates, although other kinases’ consensus motifs were also enriched in our dataset, suggesting that PP2ACdc55 counteracts and regulates other kinases distinct from Cdk1. Indeed, Pkc1 emerged as a novel node of PP2ACdc55 regulation, highlighting a major role of PP2ACdc55 in actin cytoskeleton and cytokinesis, gene ontology terms significantly enriched in the PP2ACdc55-dependent phosphoproteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Baro
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soraya Játiva
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Calabria
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Vinaixa
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan-Josep Bech-Serra
- IDIBELL Proteomics Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina de LaTorre
- IDIBELL Proteomics Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Rodrigues
- Structural Biology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - María Luisa Hernáez
- Proteomics Unit, Parque Científico de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concha Gil
- Proteomics Unit, Parque Científico de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Barceló-Batllori
- IDIBELL Proteomics Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ethel Queralt
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Raspelli E, Facchinetti S, Fraschini R. Swe1 and Mih1 regulate mitotic spindle dynamics in budding yeast via Bik1. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213520. [PMID: 30072442 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is a very dynamic structure that is built de novo and destroyed at each round of cell division. In order to perform its fundamental function during chromosome segregation, mitotic spindle dynamics must be tightly coordinated with other cell cycle events. These changes are driven by several protein kinases, phosphatases and microtubule-associated proteins. In budding yeast, the kinase Swe1 and the phosphatase Mih1 act in concert in controlling the phosphorylation state of Cdc28, the catalytic subunit of Cdk1, the major regulator of the cell cycle. In this study we show that Swe1 and Mih1 are also involved in the control of mitotic spindle dynamics. Our data indicate that Swe1 and the Polo-like kinase Cdc5 control the balance between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of Mih1, which is, in turn, important for mitotic spindle elongation. Moreover, we show that the microtubule-associated protein Bik1 is a phosphoprotein, and that Swe1 and Mih1 are both involved in controlling phosphorylation of Bik1. These results uncover new players and provide insights into the complex regulation of mitotic spindle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Raspelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Facchinetti
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Fraschini
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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13
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Gihana GM, Musser TR, Thompson O, Lacefield S. Prolonged cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition results in septin perturbations during return to growth and mitosis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2429-2443. [PMID: 29743192 PMCID: PMC6028541 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
By investigating how yeast cells coordinate polarity and division in a special type of cell division called return to growth, Gihana et al. discover that although checkpoints are normally beneficial, prolonged activation of the morphogenesis checkpoint is instead detrimental to the cell. We investigated how Saccharomyces cerevisiae coordinate polarization, budding, and anaphase during a unique developmental program called return to growth (RTG) in which cells in meiosis return to mitosis upon nutrient shift. Cells reentering mitosis from prophase I deviate from the normal cell cycle by budding in G2 instead of G1. We found that cells do not maintain the bipolar budding pattern, a characteristic of diploid cells. Furthermore, strict temporal regulation of M-phase cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK; M-CDK) is important for polarity establishment and morphogenesis. Cells with premature M-CDK activity caused by loss of checkpoint kinase Swe1 failed to polarize and underwent anaphase without budding. Mutants with increased Swe1-dependent M-CDK inhibition showed additional or more penetrant phenotypes in RTG than mitosis, including elongated buds, multiple buds, spindle mispositioning, and septin perturbation. Surprisingly, the enhanced and additional phenotypes were not exclusive to RTG but also occurred with prolonged Swe1-dependent CDK inhibition in mitosis. Our analysis reveals that prolonged activation of the Swe1-dependent checkpoint can be detrimental instead of beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oscar Thompson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Soni Lacefield
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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14
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Touati SA, Kataria M, Jones AW, Snijders AP, Uhlmann F. Phosphoproteome dynamics during mitotic exit in budding yeast. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798745. [PMID: 29650682 PMCID: PMC5978319 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell division cycle culminates in mitosis when two daughter cells are born. As cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity reaches its peak, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is activated to trigger sister chromatid separation and mitotic spindle elongation, followed by spindle disassembly and cytokinesis. Degradation of mitotic cyclins and activation of Cdk-counteracting phosphatases are thought to cause protein dephosphorylation to control these sequential events. Here, we use budding yeast to analyze phosphorylation dynamics of 3,456 phosphosites on 1,101 proteins with high temporal resolution as cells progress synchronously through mitosis. This reveals that successive inactivation of S and M phase Cdks and of the mitotic kinase Polo contributes to order these dephosphorylation events. Unexpectedly, we detect as many new phosphorylation events as there are dephosphorylation events. These correlate with late mitotic kinase activation and identify numerous candidate targets of these kinases. These findings revise our view of mitotic exit and portray it as a dynamic process in which a range of mitotic kinases contribute to order both protein dephosphorylation and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Touati
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Meghna Kataria
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrew W Jones
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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15
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Lianga N, Doré C, Kennedy EK, Yeh E, Williams EC, Fortinez CM, Wang A, Bloom KS, Rudner AD. Cdk1 phosphorylation of Esp1/Separase functions with PP2A and Slk19 to regulate pericentric Cohesin and anaphase onset. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007029. [PMID: 29561844 PMCID: PMC5880407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphase onset is an irreversible cell cycle transition that is triggered by the activation of the protease Separase. Separase cleaves the Mcd1 (also known as Scc1) subunit of Cohesin, a complex of proteins that physically links sister chromatids, triggering sister chromatid separation. Separase is regulated by the degradation of the anaphase inhibitor Securin which liberates Separase from inhibitory Securin/Separase complexes. In many organisms, Securin is not essential suggesting that Separase is regulated by additional mechanisms. In this work, we show that in budding yeast Cdk1 activates Separase (Esp1 in yeast) through phosphorylation to trigger anaphase onset. Esp1 activation is opposed by protein phosphatase 2A associated with its regulatory subunit Cdc55 (PP2ACdc55) and the spindle protein Slk19. Premature anaphase spindle elongation occurs when Securin (Pds1 in yeast) is inducibly degraded in cells that also contain phospho-mimetic mutations in ESP1, or deletion of CDC55 or SLK19. This striking phenotype is accompanied by advanced degradation of Mcd1, disruption of pericentric Cohesin organization and chromosome mis-segregation. Our findings suggest that PP2ACdc55 and Slk19 function redundantly with Pds1 to inhibit Esp1 within pericentric chromatin, and both Pds1 degradation and Cdk1-dependent phosphorylation of Esp1 act together to trigger anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Lianga
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carole Doré
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erin K. Kennedy
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elaine Yeh
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Department of Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth C. Williams
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Camille Marie Fortinez
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alick Wang
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kerry S. Bloom
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Department of Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Rudner
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Chandler-Brown D, Schmoller KM, Winetraub Y, Skotheim JM. The Adder Phenomenon Emerges from Independent Control of Pre- and Post-Start Phases of the Budding Yeast Cell Cycle. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2774-2783.e3. [PMID: 28889980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although it has long been clear that cells actively regulate their size, the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation have remained poorly understood. In budding yeast, cell size primarily modulates the duration of the cell-division cycle by controlling the G1/S transition known as Start. We have recently shown that the rate of progression through Start increases with cell size, because cell growth dilutes the cell-cycle inhibitor Whi5 in G1. Recent phenomenological studies in yeast and bacteria have shown that these cells add an approximately constant volume during each complete cell cycle, independent of their size at birth. These results seem to be in conflict, as the phenomenological studies suggest that cells measure the amount they grow, rather than their size, and that size control acts over the whole cell cycle, rather than specifically in G1. Here, we propose an integrated model that unifies the adder phenomenology with the molecular mechanism of G1/S cell-size control. We use single-cell microscopy to parameterize a full cell-cycle model based on independent control of pre- and post-Start cell-cycle periods. We find that our model predicts the size-independent amount of cell growth during the full cell cycle. This suggests that the adder phenomenon is an emergent property of the independent regulation of pre- and post-Start cell-cycle periods rather than the consequence of an underlying molecular mechanism measuring a fixed amount of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt M Schmoller
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Jan M Skotheim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Cui TZ, Peterson TA, Burd CG. A CDC25 family protein phosphatase gates cargo recognition by the Vps26 retromer subunit. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28362258 PMCID: PMC5409824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a regulatory mechanism that controls the activity of retromer, an evolutionarily conserved sorting device that orchestrates cargo export from the endosome. A spontaneously arising mutation that activates the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) CDC25 family phosphatase, Mih1, results in accelerated turnover of a subset of endocytosed plasma membrane proteins due to deficient sorting into a retromer-mediated recycling pathway. Mih1 directly modulates the phosphorylation state of the Vps26 retromer subunit; mutations engineered to mimic these states modulate the binding affinities of Vps26 for a retromer cargo, resulting in corresponding changes in cargo sorting at the endosome. The results suggest that a phosphorylation-based gating mechanism controls cargo selection by yeast retromer, and they establish a functional precedent for CDC25 protein phosphatases that lies outside of their canonical role in regulating cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Zhong Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Tabitha A Peterson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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18
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Lucena R, Alcaide-Gavilán M, Anastasia SD, Kellogg DR. Wee1 and Cdc25 are controlled by conserved PP2A-dependent mechanisms in fission yeast. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:428-435. [PMID: 28103117 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1281476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wee1 and Cdc25 are conserved regulators of mitosis. Wee1 is a kinase that delays mitosis via inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1, while Cdc25 is a phosphatase that promotes mitosis by removing the inhibitory phosphorylation. Although Wee1 and Cdc25 are conserved proteins, it has remained unclear whether their functions and regulation are conserved across diverse species. Here, we analyzed regulation of Wee1 and Cdc25 in fission yeast. Both proteins undergo dramatic cell cycle-dependent changes in phosphorylation that are dependent upon PP2A associated with the regulatory subunit Pab1. The mechanisms that control Wee1 and Cdc25 in fission yeast appear to share similarities to those in budding yeast and vertebrates, which suggests that there may be common mechanisms that control mitotic entry in all eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lucena
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
| | - Maria Alcaide-Gavilán
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
| | - Steph D Anastasia
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
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19
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Thai V, Dephoure N, Weiss A, Ferguson J, Leitao R, Gygi SP, Kellogg DR. Protein Kinase C Controls Binding of Igo/ENSA Proteins to Protein Phosphatase 2A in Budding Yeast. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4925-4941. [PMID: 28100785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) plays important roles in controlling mitosis in all eukaryotic cells. The form of PP2A that controls mitosis is associated with a conserved regulatory subunit that is called B55 in vertebrates and Cdc55 in budding yeast. The activity of this form of PP2A can be inhibited by binding of conserved Igo/ENSA proteins. Although the mechanisms that activate Igo/ENSA to bind and inhibit PP2A are well understood, little is known about how Igo/Ensa are inactivated. Here, we have analyzed regulation of Igo/ENSA in the context of a checkpoint pathway that links mitotic entry to membrane growth in budding yeast. Protein kinase C (Pkc1) relays signals in the pathway by activating PP2ACdc55 We discovered that constitutively active Pkc1 can drive cells through a mitotic checkpoint arrest, which suggests that Pkc1-dependent activation of PP2ACdc55 plays a critical role in checkpoint signaling. We therefore used mass spectrometry to determine how Pkc1 modifies the PP2ACdc55 complex. This revealed that Pkc1 induces changes in the phosphorylation of multiple subunits of the complex, as well as dissociation of Igo/ENSA. Pkc1 directly phosphorylates Cdc55 and Igo/ENSA, and phosphorylation site mapping and mutagenesis indicate that phosphorylation of Cdc55 contributes to Igo/ENSA dissociation. Association of Igo2 with PP2ACdc55 is regulated during the cell cycle, yet mutation of Pkc1-dependent phosphorylation sites on Cdc55 and Igo2 did not cause defects in mitotic progression. Together, the data suggest that Pkc1 controls PP2ACdc55 by multiple overlapping mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thai
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Noah Dephoure
- the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, and
| | - Amit Weiss
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Jacqueline Ferguson
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Ricardo Leitao
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Steven P Gygi
- the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064,
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20
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Tatjer L, González A, Serra-Cardona A, Barceló A, Casamayor A, Ariño J. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ptc1 protein phosphatase attenuates G2-M cell cycle blockage caused by activation of the cell wall integrity pathway. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:671-87. [PMID: 27169355 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lack of the yeast Ptc1 Ser/Thr protein phosphatase results in numerous phenotypic defects. A parallel search for high-copy number suppressors of three of these phenotypes (sensitivity to Calcofluor White, rapamycin and alkaline pH), allowed the isolation of 25 suppressor genes, which could be assigned to three main functional categories: maintenance of cell wall integrity (CWI), vacuolar function and protein sorting, and cell cycle regulation. The characterization of these genetic interactions strengthens the relevant role of Ptc1 in downregulating the Slt2-mediated CWI pathway. We show that under stress conditions activating the CWI pathway the ptc1 mutant displays hyperphosphorylated Cdc28 kinase and that these cells accumulate with duplicated DNA content, indicative of a G2-M arrest. Clb2-associated Cdc28 activity was also reduced in ptc1 cells. These alterations are attenuated by mutation of the MKK1 gene, encoding a MAP kinase kinase upstream Slt2. Therefore, our data show that Ptc1 is required for proper G2-M cell cycle transition after activation of the CWI pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tatjer
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asier González
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Serra-Cardona
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Barceló
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Casamayor
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Ariño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Redundant Regulation of Cdk1 Tyrosine Dephosphorylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2015; 202:903-10. [PMID: 26715668 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.182469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk1 activity drives both mitotic entry and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in all eukaryotes. The kinase Wee1 and the phosphatase Cdc25 regulate the mitotic activity of Cdk1 by the reversible phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine residue. Mutation of cdc25 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe blocks Cdk1 dephosphorylation and causes cell cycle arrest. In contrast, deletion of MIH1, the cdc25 homolog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is viable. Although Cdk1-Y19 phosphorylation is elevated during mitosis in mih1∆ cells, Cdk1 is dephosphorylated as cells progress into G1, suggesting that additional phosphatases regulate Cdk1 dephosphorylation. Here we show that the phosphatase Ptp1 also regulates Cdk1 dephosphorylation in vivo and can directly dephosphorylate Cdk1 in vitro. Using a novel in vivo phosphatase assay, we also show that PP2A bound to Rts1, the budding yeast B56-regulatory subunit, regulates dephosphorylation of Cdk1 independently of a function regulating Swe1, Mih1, or Ptp1, suggesting that PP2A(Rts1) either directly dephosphorylates Cdk1-Y19 or regulates an unidentified phosphatase.
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22
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Adhikari D, Diril MK, Busayavalasa K, Risal S, Nakagawa S, Lindkvist R, Shen Y, Coppola V, Tessarollo L, Kudo NR, Kaldis P, Liu K. Mastl is required for timely activation of APC/C in meiosis I and Cdk1 reactivation in meiosis II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:843-53. [PMID: 25246615 PMCID: PMC4178961 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Greatwall kinase orthologue Mastl regulates timely activation of APC/C to allow meiosis I exit and suppresses PP2A activity and thereby allows the rapid rise of Cdk1 activity that is necessary for meiosis II entry in mouse oocytes. In mitosis, the Greatwall kinase (called microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase like [Mastl] in mammals) is essential for prometaphase entry or progression by suppressing protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. PP2A suppression in turn leads to high levels of Cdk1 substrate phosphorylation. We have used a mouse model with an oocyte-specific deletion of Mastl to show that Mastl-null oocytes resume meiosis I and reach metaphase I normally but that the onset and completion of anaphase I are delayed. Moreover, after the completion of meiosis I, Mastl-null oocytes failed to enter meiosis II (MII) because they reassembled a nuclear structure containing decondensed chromatin. Our results show that Mastl is required for the timely activation of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome to allow meiosis I exit and for the rapid rise of Cdk1 activity that is needed for the entry into MII in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Kasim Diril
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kiran Busayavalasa
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sanjiv Risal
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shoma Nakagawa
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, England, UK
| | - Rebecca Lindkvist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- National Cancer Institute, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- National Cancer Institute, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Nobuaki R Kudo
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, England, UK
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kui Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Qiu L, Wang JJ, Ying SH, Feng MG. Wee1 and Cdc25 control morphogenesis, virulence and multistress tolerance ofBeauveria bassianaby balancing cell cycle-required cyclin-dependent kinase 1 activity. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1119-33. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
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24
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Knippschild U, Krüger M, Richter J, Xu P, García-Reyes B, Peifer C, Halekotte J, Bakulev V, Bischof J. The CK1 Family: Contribution to Cellular Stress Response and Its Role in Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:96. [PMID: 24904820 PMCID: PMC4032983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed pleiotropic CK1 family play major regulatory roles in many cellular processes including DNA-processing and repair, proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicular trafficking, apoptosis, and cell differentiation. As a consequence of cellular stress conditions, interaction of CK1 with the mitotic spindle is manifold increased pointing to regulatory functions at the mitotic checkpoint. Furthermore, CK1 is able to alter the activity of key proteins in signal transduction and signal integration molecules. In line with this notion, CK1 is tightly connected to the regulation and degradation of β-catenin, p53, and MDM2. Considering the importance of CK1 for accurate cell division and regulation of tumor suppressor functions, it is not surprising that mutations and alterations in the expression and/or activity of CK1 isoforms are often detected in various tumor entities including cancer of the kidney, choriocarcinomas, breast carcinomas, oral cancer, adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, and ovarian cancer. Therefore, scientific effort has enormously increased (i) to understand the regulation of CK1 and its involvement in tumorigenesis- and tumor progression-related signal transduction pathways and (ii) to develop CK1-specific inhibitors for the use in personalized therapy concepts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding CK1 regulation, function, and interaction with cellular proteins playing central roles in cellular stress-responses and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Marc Krüger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Julia Richter
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Balbina García-Reyes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Jakob Halekotte
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Vasiliy Bakulev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University , Ekaterinburg , Russia
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
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25
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Rossio V, Kazatskaya A, Hirabayashi M, Yoshida S. Comparative genetic analysis of PP2A-Cdc55 regulators in budding yeast. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2073-83. [PMID: 24800822 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc55, a regulatory B subunit of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex, plays various functions during mitosis. Sequestration of Cdc55 from the nucleus by Zds1 and Zds2 is important for robust activation of mitotic Cdk1 and mitotic progression in budding yeast. However, Zds1-family proteins are found only in fungi but not in higher eukaryotes. In animal cells, highly conserved ENSA/ARPP-19 family proteins bind and inhibit PP2A-B55 activity for mitotic entry. In this study, we compared the relative contribution of Zds1/Zds2 and ENSA-family proteins Igo1/Igo2 on Cdc55 functions in budding yeast mitosis. We confirmed that Igo1/Igo2 can inhibit Cdc55 in early mitosis, but their contribution to Cdc55 regulation is relatively minor compared with the role of Zds1/Zds2. In contrast to Zds1, which primarily localized to the sites of cell polarity and in the cytoplasm, Igo1 is localized in the nucleus, suggesting that Igo1/Igo2 inhibit Cdc55 in a manner distinct from Zds1/Zds2. Our analysis confirmed an evolutionarily conserved function of ENSA-family proteins in inhibiting PP2A-Cdc55, and we propose that Zds1-dependent sequestration of PP2A-Cdc55 from the nucleus is uniquely evolved to facilitate closed mitosis in fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rossio
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Biomedical Sciences Research Center; Brandeis University; Waltham, MA USA
| | - Anna Kazatskaya
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Biomedical Sciences Research Center; Brandeis University; Waltham, MA USA
| | - Mayo Hirabayashi
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Biomedical Sciences Research Center; Brandeis University; Waltham, MA USA
| | - Satoshi Yoshida
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Biomedical Sciences Research Center; Brandeis University; Waltham, MA USA
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26
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Enciso G, Kellogg DR, Vargas A. Compact modeling of allosteric multisite proteins: application to a cell size checkpoint. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003443. [PMID: 24516371 PMCID: PMC3916233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore a framework to model the dose response of allosteric multisite phosphorylation proteins using a single auxiliary variable. This reduction can closely replicate the steady state behavior of detailed multisite systems such as the Monod-Wyman-Changeux allosteric model or rule-based models. Optimal ultrasensitivity is obtained when the activation of an allosteric protein by its individual sites is concerted and redundant. The reduction makes this framework useful for modeling and analyzing biochemical systems in practical applications, where several multisite proteins may interact simultaneously. As an application we analyze a newly discovered checkpoint signaling pathway in budding yeast, which has been proposed to measure cell growth by monitoring signals generated at sites of plasma membrane growth. We show that the known components of this pathway can form a robust hysteretic switch. In particular, this system incorporates a signal proportional to bud growth or size, a mechanism to read the signal, and an all-or-none response triggered only when the signal reaches a threshold indicating that sufficient growth has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Enciso
- Department of Mathematics, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Arturo Vargas
- Computational and Applied Mathematics Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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27
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Lianga N, Williams EC, Kennedy EK, Doré C, Pilon S, Girard SL, Deneault JS, Rudner AD. A Wee1 checkpoint inhibits anaphase onset. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:843-62. [PMID: 23751495 PMCID: PMC3678162 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The budding yeast Wee1 kinase Swe1 restrains the metaphase-to-anaphase transition by preventing the Cdk1-dependent phosphorylation and activation of APCCdc20. Cdk1 drives both mitotic entry and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Past work has shown that Wee1 inhibition of Cdk1 blocks mitotic entry. Here we show that the budding yeast Wee1 kinase, Swe1, also restrains the metaphase-to-anaphase transition by preventing Cdk1 phosphorylation and activation of the mitotic form of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APCCdc20). Deletion of SWE1 or its opposing phosphatase MIH1 (the budding yeast cdc25+) altered the timing of anaphase onset, and activation of the Swe1-dependent morphogenesis checkpoint or overexpression of Swe1 blocked cells in metaphase with reduced APC activity in vivo and in vitro. The morphogenesis checkpoint also depended on Cdc55, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). cdc55Δ checkpoint defects were rescued by mutating 12 Cdk1 phosphorylation sites on the APC, demonstrating that the APC is a target of this checkpoint. These data suggest a model in which stepwise activation of Cdk1 and inhibition of PP2ACdc55 triggers anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Lianga
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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28
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Juanes MA, Khoueiry R, Kupka T, Castro A, Mudrak I, Ogris E, Lorca T, Piatti S. Budding yeast greatwall and endosulfines control activity and spatial regulation of PP2A(Cdc55) for timely mitotic progression. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003575. [PMID: 23861665 PMCID: PMC3701715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry into mitosis is triggered by cyclinB/Cdk1, whose activity is abruptly raised by a positive feedback loop. The Greatwall kinase phosphorylates proteins of the endosulfine family and allows them to bind and inhibit the main Cdk1-counteracting PP2A-B55 phosphatase, thereby promoting mitotic entry. In contrast to most eukaryotic systems, Cdc14 is the main Cdk1-antagonizing phosphatase in budding yeast, while the PP2ACdc55 phosphatase promotes, instead of preventing, mitotic entry by participating to the positive feedback loop of Cdk1 activation. Here we show that budding yeast endosulfines (Igo1 and Igo2) bind to PP2ACdc55 in a cell cycle-regulated manner upon Greatwall (Rim15)-dependent phosphorylation. Phosphorylated Igo1 inhibits PP2ACdc55 activity in vitro and induces mitotic entry in Xenopus egg extracts, indicating that it bears a conserved PP2A-binding and -inhibitory activity. Surprisingly, deletion of IGO1 and IGO2 in yeast cells leads to a decrease in PP2A phosphatase activity, suggesting that endosulfines act also as positive regulators of PP2A in yeast. Consistently, RIM15 and IGO1/2 promote, like PP2ACdc55, timely entry into mitosis under temperature-stress, owing to the accumulation of Tyr-phosphorylated Cdk1. In addition, they contribute to the nuclear export of PP2ACdc55, which has recently been proposed to promote mitotic entry. Altogether, our data indicate that Igo proteins participate in the positive feedback loop for Cdk1 activation. We conclude that Greatwall, endosulfines, and PP2A are part of a regulatory module that has been conserved during evolution irrespective of PP2A function in the control of mitosis. However, this conserved module is adapted to account for differences in the regulation of mitotic entry in different organisms. In all eukaryotic cells chromosome partition during mitosis requires a number of processes, including the formation of the mitotic spindle, i.e. the machinery that drives chromosome segregation to the daughter cells. Mitotic entry requires a delicate balance between protein phosphorylation, driven by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and protein dephosphorylation, carried out by specific phosphatases that counteract CDK activity. A critical threshold in CDK activity is indeed required for mitotic entry. In the past few years the Greatwall kinase has also been implicated in mitotic entry through phosphorylation of proteins of the endosulfine family, which in turn inhibit the activity of the PP2A phosphatase that would otherwise dephosphorylate CDK targets. Whether Greatwall and endosulfines have a mitotic function in budding yeast, where PP2A promotes, rather than inhibits, mitotic entry has not been established. Here we show that the Greatwall-endosulfine-PP2A regulatory module is conserved also in budding yeast and that endosulfines from different species are interchangeable for their mitotic function. However, in budding yeast cells endosulfines contribute to full activation and proper localization of PP2A, suggesting that they act as both inhibitors and activators of PP2A. Our data emphasize how the same regulatory module is adapted to meet specific mitotic features in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Kupka
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Castro
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Ingrid Mudrak
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Egon Ogris
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Lorca
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Simonetta Piatti
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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29
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Yasutis KM, Kozminski KG. Cell cycle checkpoint regulators reach a zillion. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1501-9. [PMID: 23598718 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Entry into mitosis is regulated by a checkpoint at the boundary between the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle (G2/M). In many organisms, this checkpoint surveys DNA damage and cell size and is controlled by both the activation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and the inhibition of an opposing phosphatase, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Misregulation of mitotic entry can often lead to oncogenesis or cell death. Recent research has focused on discovering the signaling pathways that feed into the core checkpoint control mechanisms dependent on Cdk and PP2A. Herein, we review the conserved mechanisms of the G2/M transition, including recently discovered upstream signaling pathways that link cell growth and DNA replication to cell cycle progression. Critical consideration of the human, frog and yeast models of mitotic entry frame unresolved and emerging questions in this field, providing a prediction of signaling molecules and pathways yet to be discovered.
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30
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Yano K, Uesono Y, Yoshida S, Kikuchi A, Kashiwazaki J, Mabuchi I, Kikuchi Y. Mih1/Cdc25 is negatively regulated by Pkc1 inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Cells 2013; 18:425-41. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouitiro Yano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Yukifumi Uesono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshida
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Biomedical Sciences Research Center; Brandeis University; 415 South Street; Waltham; MA; 02454; USA
| | - Akihiko Kikuchi
- School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Tsurumai; Shouwa-ku; Nagoya; Aichi; 466-8550; Japan
| | - Jun Kashiwazaki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science; Gakushuin University; 1-5-1 Mejiro; Toshima-ku; Tokyo; 171-8588; Japan
| | - Issei Mabuchi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science; Gakushuin University; 1-5-1 Mejiro; Toshima-ku; Tokyo; 171-8588; Japan
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31
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McCusker D, Kellogg DR. Plasma membrane growth during the cell cycle: unsolved mysteries and recent progress. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:845-51. [PMID: 23141634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth of the plasma membrane is as fundamental to cell reproduction as DNA replication, chromosome segregation and ribosome biogenesis, yet little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Membrane growth during the cell cycle requires mechanisms that control the initiation, location, and extent of membrane growth, as well as mechanisms that coordinate membrane growth with cell cycle progression. Recent experiments have established links between membrane growth and core cell cycle regulators. Further analysis of these links will yield insights into conserved and fundamental mechanisms of cell growth. A better understanding of the post-Golgi pathways by which membrane growth occurs will be essential for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek McCusker
- European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
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32
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McQueen J, van Dyk D, Young B, Loewen C, Measday V. The Mck1 GSK-3 kinase inhibits the activity of Clb2-Cdk1 post-nuclear division. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3421-32. [PMID: 22918234 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycogen synthase kinase-3 homolog, Mck1, has been implicated in many cellular functions, from sporulation to calcium stress response in budding yeast. Here, we report a novel function for Mck1 in the inhibition of Clb2-Cdk1 activity post nuclear division. Clb2-Cdk1, the major mitotic cyclin-Cdk complex in yeast, accumulates before anaphase and must be inhibited in telophase for cells to exit mitosis and enter into the next cell cycle. We show that the mck1Δ mutant is highly sensitive to increased Clb2-Cdk1 activity caused either by overexpression of Clb2 or the Cdk1-activating phosphatase Mih1. Deletion of the Cdk1 inhibitory kinase, SWE1, in combination with a mck1Δ mutant results in a synthetic growth defect, suggesting that Mck1 and Swe1 function in parallel pathways to inhibit Clb2-Cdk1. We find that mck1Δ strains have a delay in mitotic exit as well as elevated levels of Clb2-Cdk1 activity post-nuclear division. Using a co-immunoprecipitation assay, we identify a physical interaction between Mck1 and both Clb2 and Mih1. Finally, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of purified Clb2 by Cdk1 is inhibited by catalytically active Mck1 but not catalytically inactive Mck1 in vitro. We propose that Mck1 inhibits the activity of Clb2-Cdk1 via interaction with Clb2. The mammalian glycogen synthase kinase-3 homolog has been implicated in cyclin inhibition, suggesting a conserved cell cycle function for both yeast and mammalian glycogen synthase kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McQueen
- Genetics Graduate Program; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
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33
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Abstract
Study identifies a signaling pathway that may control cell size by linking membrane transport to mitotic entry.
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34
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Anastasia SD, Nguyen DL, Thai V, Meloy M, MacDonough T, Kellogg DR. A link between mitotic entry and membrane growth suggests a novel model for cell size control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:89-104. [PMID: 22451696 PMCID: PMC3317797 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201108108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Addition of new membrane to the cell surface by membrane trafficking is necessary for cell growth. In this paper, we report that blocking membrane traffic causes a mitotic checkpoint arrest via Wee1-dependent inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1. Checkpoint signals are relayed by the Rho1 GTPase, protein kinase C (Pkc1), and a specific form of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A(Cdc55)). Signaling via this pathway is dependent on membrane traffic and appears to increase gradually during polar bud growth. We hypothesize that delivery of vesicles to the site of bud growth generates a signal that is proportional to the extent of polarized membrane growth and that the strength of the signal is read by downstream components to determine when sufficient growth has occurred for initiation of mitosis. Growth-dependent signaling could explain how membrane growth is integrated with cell cycle progression. It could also control both cell size and morphogenesis, thereby reconciling divergent models for mitotic checkpoint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steph D Anastasia
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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35
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Calabria I, Baro B, Rodriguez-Rodriguez JA, Russiñol N, Queralt E. Zds1 regulates PP2A(Cdc55) activity and Cdc14 activation during mitotic exit through its Zds_C motif. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2875-84. [PMID: 22427694 PMCID: PMC3434804 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.097865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
At anaphase onset, highly active mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) is inactivated to promote exit from mitosis and completion of cytokinesis. The budding yeast Cdc14p phosphatase is a key mitotic regulator that counteracts cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity during mitotic exit. Separase, together with Zds1p, promotes the downregulation of the protein phosphatase 2A in conjunction with its Cdc55p regulatory subunit (PP2A(Cdc55)) in early anaphase, enabling accumulation of phosphorylated forms of Net1p and release of Cdc14p from the nucleolus. Here we show that the C-terminal domain of Zds1p, called the Zds_C motif, is required for Zds1-induced release of Cdc14p, and the N-terminal domain of the protein might be involved in regulating this activity. More interestingly, Zds1p physically interacts with Cdc55p, and regulates its localization through the Zds_C motif. Nevertheless, expression of the Zds_C motif at endogenous levels cannot induce timely release of Cdc14p from the nucleolus, despite the proper (nucleolar) localization of Cdc55p. Our results suggest that the activity of PP2A(Cdc55) cannot be modulated solely through regulation of its localization, and that an additional regulatory step is probably required. These results suggest that Zds1p recruits PP2A(Cdc55) to the nucleolus and induces its inactivation by an unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Calabria
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de L'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Bernal M, Sanchez-Romero MA, Salas-Pino S, Daga RR. Regulation of fission yeast morphogenesis by PP2A activator pta2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32823. [PMID: 22403715 PMCID: PMC3293916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization is key for the function of most eukaryotic cells, and regulates cell shape, migration and tissue architecture. Fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells are cylindrical and polarize cell growth to one or both cell tips dependent on the cell cycle stage. Whereas microtubule cytoskeleton contributes to the positioning of the growth sites by delivering polarity factors to the cell ends, the Cdc42 GTPase polarizes secretion via actin-dependent delivery and tethering of secretory vesicles to plasma membrane. How growth is restricted to cell tips and how re-initiation of tip growth is regulated in the cell cycle remains poorly understood. In this work we investigated the function of protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) in S. pombe morphogenesis by deleting the evolutionary conserved PTPA-type regulatory subunit that we named pta2. pta2-deleted cells showed morphological defects and altered growth pattern. Consistent with this, actin patches and active Cdc42 were mislocalized in the pta2 deletion. These defects were additive to the lack of Cdc42-GAP Rga4. pta2Δ cells show upregulated Cdc42 activity and pta2 interacts genetically with polarisome components Tea1, Tea4 and For3 leading to complete loss of cell polarity and rounded morphology. Thus, regulation of polarity by PP2A requires the polarisome and involves Pta2-dependent control of Cdc42 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael R. Daga
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucia, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
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37
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Transcriptional regulation is a major controller of cell cycle transition dynamics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29716. [PMID: 22238641 PMCID: PMC3253096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication, mitosis and mitotic exit are critical transitions of the cell cycle which normally occur only once per cycle. A universal control mechanism was proposed for the regulation of mitotic entry in which Cdk helps its own activation through two positive feedback loops. Recent discoveries in various organisms showed the importance of positive feedbacks in other transitions as well. Here we investigate if a universal control system with transcriptional regulation(s) and post-translational positive feedback(s) can be proposed for the regulation of all cell cycle transitions. Through computational modeling, we analyze the transition dynamics in all possible combinations of transcriptional and post-translational regulations. We find that some combinations lead to ‘sloppy’ transitions, while others give very precise control. The periodic transcriptional regulation through the activator or the inhibitor leads to radically different dynamics. Experimental evidence shows that in cell cycle transitions of organisms investigated for cell cycle dependent periodic transcription, only the inhibitor OR the activator is under cyclic control and never both of them. Based on these observations, we propose two transcriptional control modes of cell cycle regulation that either STOP or let the cycle GO in case of a transcriptional failure. We discuss the biological relevance of such differences.
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38
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Abstract
Studies of the processes leading to the construction of a bud and its separation from the mother cell in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have provided foundational paradigms for the mechanisms of polarity establishment, cytoskeletal organization, and cytokinesis. Here we review our current understanding of how these morphogenetic events occur and how they are controlled by the cell-cycle-regulatory cyclin-CDK system. In addition, defects in morphogenesis provide signals that feed back on the cyclin-CDK system, and we review what is known regarding regulation of cell-cycle progression in response to such defects, primarily acting through the kinase Swe1p. The bidirectional communication between morphogenesis and the cell cycle is crucial for successful proliferation, and its study has illuminated many elegant and often unexpected regulatory mechanisms. Despite considerable progress, however, many of the most puzzling mysteries in this field remain to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S. Howell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Daniel J. Lew
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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39
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Harvey SL, Enciso G, Dephoure N, Gygi SP, Gunawardena J, Kellogg DR. A phosphatase threshold sets the level of Cdk1 activity in early mitosis in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:3595-608. [PMID: 21849476 PMCID: PMC3183015 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entry into mitosis is initiated by synthesis of cyclins, which bind and activate cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). Cyclin synthesis is gradual, yet activation of Cdk1 occurs in a stepwise manner: a low level of Cdk1 activity is initially generated that triggers early mitotic events, which is followed by full activation of Cdk1. Little is known about how stepwise activation of Cdk1 is achieved. A key regulator of Cdk1 is the Wee1 kinase, which phosphorylates and inhibits Cdk1. Wee1 and Cdk1 show mutual regulation: Cdk1 phosphorylates Wee1, which activates Wee1 to inhibit Cdk1. Further phosphorylation events inactivate Wee1. We discovered that a specific form of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A(Cdc55)) opposes the initial phosphorylation of Wee1 by Cdk1. In vivo analysis, in vitro reconstitution, and mathematical modeling suggest that PP2A(Cdc55) sets a threshold that limits activation of Wee1, thereby allowing a low constant level of Cdk1 activity to escape Wee1 inhibition in early mitosis. These results define a new role for PP2A(Cdc55) and reveal a systems-level mechanism by which dynamically opposed kinase and phosphatase activities can modulate signal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L. Harvey
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Germán Enciso
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Noah Dephoure
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Douglas R. Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
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40
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Yang J, Wang L, Ji X, Feng Y, Li X, Zou C, Xu J, Ren Y, Mi Q, Wu J, Liu S, Liu Y, Huang X, Wang H, Niu X, Li J, Liang L, Luo Y, Ji K, Zhou W, Yu Z, Li G, Liu Y, Li L, Qiao M, Feng L, Zhang KQ. Genomic and proteomic analyses of the fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora provide insights into nematode-trap formation. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002179. [PMID: 21909256 PMCID: PMC3164635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi are "carnivorous" and attack their hosts using specialized trapping devices. The morphological development of these traps is the key indicator of their switch from saprophytic to predacious lifestyles. Here, the genome of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres. (ATCC24927) was reported. The genome contains 40.07 Mb assembled sequence with 11,479 predicted genes. Comparative analysis showed that A. oligospora shared many more genes with pathogenic fungi than with non-pathogenic fungi. Specifically, compared to several sequenced ascomycete fungi, the A. oligospora genome has a larger number of pathogenicity-related genes in the subtilisin, cellulase, cellobiohydrolase, and pectinesterase gene families. Searching against the pathogen-host interaction gene database identified 398 homologous genes involved in pathogenicity in other fungi. The analysis of repetitive sequences provided evidence for repeat-induced point mutations in A. oligospora. Proteomic and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses revealed that 90 genes were significantly up-regulated at the early stage of trap-formation by nematode extracts and most of these genes were involved in translation, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall and membrane biogenesis. Based on the combined genomic, proteomic and qPCR data, a model for the formation of nematode trapping device in this fungus was proposed. In this model, multiple fungal signal transduction pathways are activated by its nematode prey to further regulate downstream genes associated with diverse cellular processes such as energy metabolism, biosynthesis of the cell wall and adhesive proteins, cell division, glycerol accumulation and peroxisome biogenesis. This study will facilitate the identification of pathogenicity-related genes and provide a broad foundation for understanding the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying fungi-nematodes interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkui Yang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xinglai Ji
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yun Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Chenggang Zou
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Ren
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Qili Mi
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Junli Wu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shuqun Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Niu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Lianming Liang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yanlu Luo
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Kaifang Ji
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Zefen Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Guohong Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Min Qiao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Lu Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
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41
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Rossio V, Yoshida S. Spatial regulation of Cdc55-PP2A by Zds1/Zds2 controls mitotic entry and mitotic exit in budding yeast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 193:445-54. [PMID: 21536748 PMCID: PMC3087000 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zds1/2 regulate mitotic progression by directing the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of Cdc55–PP2A. Budding yeast CDC55 encodes a regulatory B subunit of the PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A), which plays important roles in mitotic entry and mitotic exit. The spatial and temporal regulation of PP2A is poorly understood, although recent studies demonstrated that the conserved proteins Zds1 and Zds2 stoichiometrically bind to Cdc55–PP2A and regulate it in a complex manner. Zds1/Zds2 promote Cdc55–PP2A function for mitotic entry, whereas Zds1/Zds2 inhibit Cdc55–PP2A function during mitotic exit. In this paper, we propose that Zds1/Zds2 primarily control Cdc55 localization. Cortical and cytoplasmic localization of Cdc55 requires Zds1/Zds2, and Cdc55 accumulates in the nucleus in the absence of Zds1/Zds2. By genetically manipulating the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of Cdc55, we showed that Cdc55 promotes mitotic entry when in the cytoplasm. On the other hand, nuclear Cdc55 prevents mitotic exit. Our analysis defines the long-sought molecular function for the zillion different screens family proteins and reveals the importance of the regulation of PP2A localization for proper mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rossio
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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42
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Roth AF, Papanayotou I, Davis NG. The yeast kinase Yck2 has a tripartite palmitoylation signal. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:2702-15. [PMID: 21653825 PMCID: PMC3145546 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-02-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Yck2, like many palmitoylation substrate proteins, lacks hydrophobicity for targeting to membranes and thus to its Golgi-localized palmitoyl-transferase. Perhaps accommodating this targeting need, the Yck2 palmitoylation signal is found to be large and complex, consisting of domains local to, and distant from, the modification site cysteines. The yeast kinase Yck2 tethers to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane through dual palmitoylation of its C-terminal Cys-Cys dipeptide, mediated by the Golgi-localized palmitoyl-transferase Akr1. Here, the Yck2 palmitoylation signal is found to consist of three parts: 1) a 10-residue-long, conserved C-terminal peptide (CCTP) that includes the C-terminal Cys-Cys dipeptide; 2) the kinase catalytic domain (KD); and mapping between these two elements; and 3) a 176-residue-long, poorly conserved, glutamine-rich sequence. The CCTP, which contains the C-terminal cysteines as well as an important Phe-Phe dipeptide, likely serves as an Akr1 recognition element, because CCTP mutations disrupt palmitoylation within a purified in vitro palmitoylation system. The KD contribution appears to be complex with roles for both KD activity (e.g., Yck2-mediated phosphorylation) and structure (e.g., Akr1 recognition elements). KD and CCTP mutations are strongly synergistic, suggesting that, like the CCTP, the KD may also participate at the Yck2-Akr1 recognition step. The long, glutamine-rich domain, which is located between the KD and CCTP, is predicted to be intrinsically disordered and may function as a flexible, interdomain linker, allowing a coupled interaction of the KD and CCTP with Akr1. Multipart palmitoylation signals may prove to be a general feature of this large class of palmitoylation substrates. These soluble proteins have no clear means of accessing membranes and thus may require active capture out of the cytoplasm for palmitoylation by their membrane-localized transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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43
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Papanayotou I, Sun B, Roth AF, Davis NG. Protein aggregation induced during glass bead lysis of yeast. Yeast 2011; 27:801-16. [PMID: 20641011 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast cell lysates produced by mechanical glass bead disruption are widely used in a variety of applications, including for the analysis of native function, e.g. protein-protein interaction, enzyme assays and membrane fractionations. Below, we report a striking case of protein denaturation and aggregation that is induced by this lysis protocol. Most of this analysis focuses on the type 1 casein kinase Yck2, which normally tethers to the plasma membrane through C-terminal palmitoylation. Surprisingly, when cells are subjected to glass bead disruption, non-palmitoylated, cytosolic forms of the kinase denature and aggregate, while membrane-associated forms, whether attached through their native palmitoyl tethers or through a variety of artificial membrane-tethering sequences, are wholly protected from denaturation and aggregation. A wider look at the yeast proteome finds that, while the majority of proteins resist glass bead-induced aggregation, a significant subset does, in fact, succumb to such denaturation. Thus, yeast researchers should be aware of this potential artifact when embarking on biochemical analyses that employ glass bead lysates to look at native protein function. Finally, we demonstrate an experimental utility for glass bead-induced aggregation, using its fine discrimination of membrane-associated from non-associated Yck2 forms to discern fractional palmitoylation states of Yck2 mutants that are partially defective for palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Papanayotou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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44
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Mochida S, Maslen SL, Skehel M, Hunt T. Greatwall phosphorylates an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A that is essential for mitosis. Science 2011; 330:1670-3. [PMID: 21164013 DOI: 10.1126/science.1195689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Entry into mitosis in eukaryotes requires the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). Cdk1 is opposed by protein phosphatases in two ways: They inhibit activation of Cdk1 by dephosphorylating the protein kinases Wee1 and Myt1 and the protein phosphatase Cdc25 (key regulators of Cdk1), and they also antagonize Cdk1's own phosphorylation of downstream targets. A particular form of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) containing a B55δ subunit (PP2A- B55δ) is the major protein phosphatase that acts on model CDK substrates in Xenopus egg extracts and has antimitotic activity. The activity of PP2A-B55δ is high in interphase and low in mitosis, exactly opposite that of Cdk1. We report that inhibition of PP2A-B55δ results from a small protein, known as α-endosulfine (Ensa), that is phosphorylated in mitosis by the protein kinase Greatwall (Gwl). This converts Ensa into a potent and specific inhibitor of PP2A-B55δ. This pathway represents a previously unknown element in the control of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Mochida
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3LD, UK
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45
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Yasutis K, Vignali M, Ryder M, Tameire F, Dighe SA, Fields S, Kozminski KG. Zds2p regulates Swe1p-dependent polarized cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via a novel Cdc55p interaction domain. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:4373-86. [PMID: 20980617 PMCID: PMC3002390 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-04-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the paralogs ZDS1 and ZDS2 in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae causes a mis-regulation of polarized cell growth. Here we show a function for these genes as regulators of the Swe1p (Wee1p) kinase-dependent G2/M checkpoint. We identified a conserved domain in the C-terminus of Zds2p consisting of amino acids 813-912 (hereafter referred to as ZH4 for Zds homology 4) that is required for regulation of Swe1p-dependent polarized bud growth. ZH4 is shown by protein affinity assays to be necessary and sufficient for interaction with Cdc55p, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). We hypothesized that the Zds proteins are in a pathway that negatively regulates the Swe1p-dependent G2/M checkpoint via Cdc55p. Supporting this model, deletion of CDC55 rescues the aberrant bud morphology of a zds1Δzds2Δ strain. We also show that expression of ZDS1 or ZDS2 from a strong galactose-inducible promoter can induce mitosis even when the Swe1p-dependent G2/M checkpoint is activated by mis-organization of the actin cytoskeleton. This negative regulation requires the CDC55 gene. Together these data indicate that the Cdc55p/Zds2p module has a function in the regulation of the Swe1p-dependent G2/M checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Yasutis
- *Departments of Biology and
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Stanley Fields
- Departments of Genome Sciences and Medicine and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Keith G. Kozminski
- *Departments of Biology and
- Cell Biology and
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904; and
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46
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Banerjee D, Chen X, Lin SY, Slack FJ. kin-19/casein kinase Iα has dual functions in regulating asymmetric division and terminal differentiation in C. elegans epidermal stem cells. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4748-65. [PMID: 21127398 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.23.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein Kinase I (CKI) is a conserved component of the Wnt signaling pathway, which regulates cell fate determination in metazoans. We show that post-embryonic asymmetric division and fate specification of C. elegans epidermal stem cells are controlled by a non-canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, involving the β-catenins WRM-1 and SYS-1, and that C. elegans kin-19/CKIα functions in this pathway. Furthermore, we find that kin-19 is the only member of the Wnt asymmetry pathway that functions with, or in parallel to, the heterochronic temporal patterning pathway to control withdrawal from self-renewal and subsequent terminal differentiation of epidermal stem cells. We show that, except in the case of kin-19, the Wnt asymmetry pathway and the heterochronic pathway function separately and in parallel to control different aspects of epidermal stem cell fate specification. However, given the function of kin-19/CKIα in both pathways, and that CKI, Wnt signaling pathway and heterochronic pathway genes are widely conserved in animals, our findings suggest that CKIα may function as a regulatory hub through which asymmetric division and terminal differentiation are coordinated in adult stem cells of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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47
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Wicky S, Tjandra H, Schieltz D, Yates J, Kellogg DR. The Zds proteins control entry into mitosis and target protein phosphatase 2A to the Cdc25 phosphatase. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 22:20-32. [PMID: 21119008 PMCID: PMC3016974 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-06-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wee1 kinase restrains entry into mitosis by phosphorylating and inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). The Cdc25 phosphatase promotes entry into mitosis by removing Cdk1 inhibitory phosphorylation. Experiments in diverse systems have established that Wee1 and Cdc25 are regulated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), but a full understanding of the function and regulation of PP2A in entry into mitosis has remained elusive. In budding yeast, entry into mitosis is controlled by a specific form of PP2A that is associated with the Cdc55 regulatory subunit (PP2A(Cdc55)). We show here that related proteins called Zds1 and Zds2 form a tight stoichiometric complex with PP2A(Cdc55) and target its activity to Cdc25 but not to Wee1. Conditional inactivation of the Zds proteins revealed that their function is required primarily at entry into mitosis. In addition, Zds1 undergoes cell cycle-dependent changes in phosphorylation. Together, these observations define a role for the Zds proteins in controlling specific functions of PP2A(Cdc55) and suggest that upstream signals that regulate PP2A(Cdc55) may play an important role in controlling entry into mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidonie Wicky
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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48
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Kim MJ, Go YS, Lee SB, Kim YS, Shin JS, Min MK, Hwang I, Suh MC. Seed-expressed casein kinase I acts as a positive regulator of the SeFAD2 promoter via phosphorylation of the SebHLH transcription factor. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 73:425-37. [PMID: 20349267 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microsomal oleic acid desaturase (FAD2) catalyzes the first committed step of the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids via extra-plastidial desaturation of oleic acid to linoleic acid. In the regulatory mechanism controlling seed-specific SeFAD2 expression, trans-activation of the seed-specific SeFAD2 promoter is mediated by the SebHLH transcription factor (Kim et al. in Plant Mol Biol 64:453-466, 2007). In this study, a protein interacting with SebHLH was isolated from yeast two-hybrid analysis. The protein shares approximately 80% sequence identity with other putative casein kinases and was named SeCKI (Sesame Casein Kinase I). SeCKI transcripts were predominantly expressed in developing sesame seeds and were induced approximately threefold by exogenous application of ABA. eGFP:SeCKI fusion protein was localized to the nucleus. The SeCKI protein specifically bound to SebHLH. The SeCKI protein was autophosphorylated in a calcium-independent manner and transphosphorylated the SebHLH protein. Both the SebHLH and the SeCKI genes or both the SebHLH and mutated SemCKI (K182G) genes, under the control of CaMV 35S promoter, and the GUS reporter gene driven by SeFAD2 promoter containing E- and G-Box motifs were co-expressed in developing sesame seeds. This co-expression revealed that SeCKI enhanced the SebHLH-mediated transactivation of the SeFAD2 gene promoter via phosphorylation of the SebHLH transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jung Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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49
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Kim MJ, Go YS, Lee SB, Kim YS, Shin JS, Min MK, Hwang I, Suh MC. Seed-expressed casein kinase I acts as a positive regulator of the SeFAD2 promoter via phosphorylation of the SebHLH transcription factor. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 73:425-437. [PMID: 20349267 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9630-9637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microsomal oleic acid desaturase (FAD2) catalyzes the first committed step of the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids via extra-plastidial desaturation of oleic acid to linoleic acid. In the regulatory mechanism controlling seed-specific SeFAD2 expression, trans-activation of the seed-specific SeFAD2 promoter is mediated by the SebHLH transcription factor (Kim et al. in Plant Mol Biol 64:453-466, 2007). In this study, a protein interacting with SebHLH was isolated from yeast two-hybrid analysis. The protein shares approximately 80% sequence identity with other putative casein kinases and was named SeCKI (Sesame Casein Kinase I). SeCKI transcripts were predominantly expressed in developing sesame seeds and were induced approximately threefold by exogenous application of ABA. eGFP:SeCKI fusion protein was localized to the nucleus. The SeCKI protein specifically bound to SebHLH. The SeCKI protein was autophosphorylated in a calcium-independent manner and transphosphorylated the SebHLH protein. Both the SebHLH and the SeCKI genes or both the SebHLH and mutated SemCKI (K182G) genes, under the control of CaMV 35S promoter, and the GUS reporter gene driven by SeFAD2 promoter containing E- and G-Box motifs were co-expressed in developing sesame seeds. This co-expression revealed that SeCKI enhanced the SebHLH-mediated transactivation of the SeFAD2 gene promoter via phosphorylation of the SebHLH transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jung Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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50
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Artiles K, Anastasia S, McCusker D, Kellogg DR. The Rts1 regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A is required for control of G1 cyclin transcription and nutrient modulation of cell size. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000727. [PMID: 19911052 PMCID: PMC2770260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The key molecular event that marks entry into the cell cycle is transcription of G1 cyclins, which bind and activate cyclin-dependent kinases. In yeast cells, initiation of G1 cyclin transcription is linked to achievement of a critical cell size, which contributes to cell-size homeostasis. The critical cell size is modulated by nutrients, such that cells growing in poor nutrients are smaller than cells growing in rich nutrients. Nutrient modulation of cell size does not work through known critical regulators of G1 cyclin transcription and is therefore thought to work through a distinct pathway. Here, we report that Rts1, a highly conserved regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), is required for normal control of G1 cyclin transcription. Loss of Rts1 caused delayed initiation of bud growth and delayed and reduced accumulation of G1 cyclins. Expression of the G1 cyclin CLN2 from an inducible promoter rescued the delayed bud growth in rts1Delta cells, indicating that Rts1 acts at the level of transcription. Moreover, loss of Rts1 caused altered regulation of Swi6, a key component of the SBF transcription factor that controls G1 cyclin transcription. Epistasis analysis revealed that Rts1 does not work solely through several known critical upstream regulators of G1 cyclin transcription. Cells lacking Rts1 failed to undergo nutrient modulation of cell size. Together, these observations demonstrate that Rts1 is a key player in pathways that link nutrient availability, cell size, and G1 cyclin transcription. Since Rts1 is highly conserved, it may function in similar pathways in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Artiles
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Anastasia
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Derek McCusker
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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