Membrane proteins Bqt3 and -4 anchor telomeres to the nuclear envelope to ensure chromosomal bouquet formation

Heterochromatin in plant meiosis

Heterochromatin is an organizational property of eukaryotic chromosomes, characterized by extensive DNA and histone modifications, that is associated with the silencing of transposable elements and repetitive sequences. Maintaining heterochromatin is crucial for ensuring genomic integrity and stability during the cell cycle. During meiosis, heterochromatin is important for homologous chromosome synapsis, recombination, and segregation, but our understanding of meiotic heterochromatin formation and condensation is limited. In this review, we focus on the dynamics and features of heterochromatin and how it condenses during meiosis in plants. We also discuss how meiotic heterochromatin influences the interaction and recombination of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.

3,3'-Diindolylmethane disrupts the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

3,3'-Diindolylmethane is recognized for its anti-cancer activities in various pathways, though its mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. Previous studies have shown that 3,3'-Diindolylmethane disturbed the localization of Cut11, a nuclear pore complex subunit in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This study further reveals that in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 3,3'-Diindolylmethane also disrupts other components of nuclear envelope, causing GFP-NLS leakage, making it evident that 3,3'-Diindolylmethane disrupts the nuclear envelope. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane also disturbs the localization of GFP-ADEL and Ost4, which are endoplasmic reticulum lumen proteins and membrane proteins respectively, suggesting the function of 3,3'-Diindolylmethane on endoplasmic reticulum disturbance. The nuclear envelope repairment, normal nuclear envelope physical properties, and lipid metabolism homeostasis are crucial for cell survival in the presence of 3,3'-Diindolylmethane. These findings provide new insights into the understanding and development of 3,3'-Diindolylmethane as an anti-cancer agent.

Structural duality enables a single protein to act as a toxin-antidote pair for meiotic drive

In sexual reproduction, selfish genetic elements known as killer meiotic drivers (KMDs) bias inheritance by eliminating gametes that do not carry them. The selective killing behavior of most KMDs can be explained by a toxin-antidote model, where a toxin harms all gametes while an antidote provides resistance to the toxin in carriers. This study investigates whether and how the KMD element tdk1 in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe deploys this strategy. Intriguingly, tdk1 relies on a single protein product, Tdk1, for both killing and resistance. We show that Tdk1 exists in a nontoxic tetrameric form during vegetative growth and meiosis but transforms into a distinct toxic form in spores. This toxic form acquires the ability to interact with the histone reader Bdf1 and assembles into supramolecular foci that disrupt mitosis in noncarriers after spore germination. In contrast, Tdk1 synthesized during germination of carrier spores is nontoxic and acts as an antidote, dismantling the preformed toxic Tdk1 assemblies. Replacement of the N-terminal region of Tdk1 with a tetramer-forming peptide reveals its dual roles in imposing an autoinhibited tetrameric conformation and facilitating the assembly of supramolecular foci when autoinhibition is released. Moreover, we successfully reconstituted a functional KMD element by combining a construct that exclusively expresses Tdk1 during meiosis ("toxin-only") with another construct that expresses Tdk1 specifically during germination ("antidote-only"). This work uncovers a remarkable example of a single protein employing structural duality to form a toxin-antidote pair, expanding our understanding of the mechanisms underlying toxin-antidote systems.

Behind the stoNE wall: A fervent activity for nuclear lipids

The four main types of biomolecules are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. The knowledge about their respective interactions is as important as the individual understanding of each of them. However, while, for example, the interaction of proteins with the other three groups is extensively studied, that of nucleic acids and lipids is, in comparison, very poorly explored. An iconic paradigm of physical (and likely functional) proximity between DNA and lipids is the case of the genomic DNA in eukaryotes: enclosed within the nucleus by two concentric lipid bilayers, the wealth of implications of this interaction, for example in genome stability, remains underassessed. Nuclear lipid-related phenotypes have been observed for 50 years, yet in most cases kept as mere anecdotical descriptions. In this review, we will bring together the evidence connecting lipids with both the nuclear envelope and the nucleoplasm, and will make critical analyses of these descriptions. Our exploration establishes a scenario in which lipids irrefutably play a role in nuclear homeostasis.

Disordered region of nuclear membrane protein Bqt4 recruits phosphatidic acid to the nuclear envelope to maintain its structural integrity

The nuclear envelope (NE) is a permeable barrier that maintains nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalization and ensures nuclear function; however, it ruptures in various situations such as mechanical stress and mitosis. Although the protein components for sealing a ruptured NE have been identified, the mechanism by which lipid components are involved in this process remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that an inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein Bqt4 directly interacts with phosphatidic acid (PA) and serves as a platform for NE maintenance in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of Bqt4, proximal to the transmembrane domain, binds to PA and forms a solid aggregate in vitro. Excessive accumulation of Bqt4 IDR in INM results in membrane overproliferation and lipid droplet formation in the nucleus, leading to centromere dissociation from the NE and chromosome missegregation. Our findings suggest that Bqt4 IDR controls nuclear membrane homeostasis by recruiting PA to the INM, thereby maintaining the structural integrity of the NE.

Bqt4 affects relative movement between SPB and nucleolus in fission yeast

Movement dynamics in the nucleus involve various biological processes, including DNA repair, which is crucial for cancer prevention. Changes in the movement of the components of the nucleus indicate the changes in movement dynamics in the nucleus. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the inner nuclear membrane protein Bqt4 plays an essential role in attaching telomeres to the nuclear envelope. We observed that the deletion of bqt4+ caused a significant decrease in the mean square displacement (MSD) calculated from the distance between the nucleolar center and spindle pole body (SPB), hereafter referred to as MSD(SPB-Nucleolus). The MSD(SPB-Nucleolus) decrease in bqt4Δ was microtubule-dependent. The Rap1-binding ability loss mutant, bqt4F46A, and nonspecific DNA-binding ability mutants, bqt43E-A, did not exhibit an MSD(SPB-Nucleolus) decrease compared to the WT. Moreover, the bqt43E-Arap1Δ double mutant and 1-262 amino acids truncated mutant bqt4ΔN (263-432), which does not have either Rap1-binding or nonspecific DNA-binding abilities, did not exhibit the MSD(SPB-Nucleolus) decrease to the same extent as bqt4Δ. These results suggest that the unknown function of Bqt4 in the C-terminal domain is essential for the maintenance of the pattern of relative movement between SPB and the nucleolus.

The SUN-family protein Sad1 mediates heterochromatin spatial organization through interaction with histone H2A-H2B

Heterochromatin is generally associated with the nuclear periphery, but how the spatial organization of heterochromatin is regulated to ensure epigenetic silencing remains unclear. Here we found that Sad1, an inner nuclear membrane SUN-family protein in fission yeast, interacts with histone H2A-H2B but not H3-H4. We solved the crystal structure of the histone binding motif (HBM) of Sad1 in complex with H2A-H2B, revealing the intimate contacts between Sad1HBM and H2A-H2B. Structure-based mutagenesis studies revealed that the H2A-H2B-binding activity of Sad1 is required for the dynamic distribution of Sad1 throughout the nuclear envelope (NE). The Sad1-H2A-H2B complex mediates tethering telomeres and the mating-type locus to the NE. This complex is also important for heterochromatin silencing. Mechanistically, H2A-H2B enhances the interaction between Sad1 and HDACs, including Clr3 and Sir2, to maintain epigenetic identity of heterochromatin. Interestingly, our results suggest that Sad1 exhibits the histone-enhanced liquid-liquid phase separation property, which helps recruit heterochromatin factors to the NE. Our results uncover an unexpected role of SUN-family proteins in heterochromatin regulation and suggest a nucleosome-independent role of H2A-H2B in regulating Sad1's functionality.

Non-random spatial organization of telomeres varies during the cell cycle and requires LAP2 and BAF

Spatial genome organization within the nucleus influences major biological processes and is impacted by the configuration of linear chromosomes. Here, we applied 3D spatial statistics and modeling on high-resolution telomere and centromere 3D-structured illumination microscopy images in cancer cells. We found a multi-scale organization of telomeres that dynamically evolved from a mixed clustered-and-regular distribution in early G1 to a purely regular distribution as cells progressed through the cell cycle. In parallel, our analysis revealed two pools of peripheral and internal telomeres, the proportions of which were inverted during the cell cycle. We then conducted a targeted screen using MadID to identify the molecular pathways driving or maintaining telomere anchoring to the nuclear envelope observed in early G1. Lamina-associated polypeptide (LAP) proteins were found transiently localized to telomeres in anaphase, a stage where LAP2α initiates the reformation of the nuclear envelope, and impacted telomere redistribution in the next interphase together with their partner barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF).

The Greatwall-Endosulfine-PP2A/B55 pathway controls entry into quiescence by promoting translation of Elongator-tuneable transcripts

Quiescent cells require a continuous supply of proteins to maintain protein homeostasis. In fission yeast, entry into quiescence is triggered by nitrogen stress, leading to the inactivation of TORC1 and the activation of TORC2. Here, we report that the Greatwall-Endosulfine-PPA/B55 pathway connects the downregulation of TORC1 with the upregulation of TORC2, resulting in the activation of Elongator-dependent tRNA modifications essential for sustaining the translation programme during entry into quiescence. This process promotes U34 and A37 tRNA modifications at the anticodon stem loop, enhancing translation efficiency and fidelity of mRNAs enriched for AAA versus AAG lysine codons. Notably, some of these mRNAs encode inhibitors of TORC1, activators of TORC2, tRNA modifiers, and proteins necessary for telomeric and subtelomeric functions. Therefore, we propose a novel mechanism by which cells respond to nitrogen stress at the level of translation, involving a coordinated interplay between the tRNA epitranscriptome and biased codon usage.

Condensin positioning at telomeres by shelterin proteins drives sister-telomere disjunction in anaphase

The localization of condensin along chromosomes is crucial for their accurate segregation in anaphase. Condensin is enriched at telomeres but how and for what purpose had remained elusive. Here, we show that fission yeast condensin accumulates at telomere repeats through the balancing acts of Taz1, a core component of the shelterin complex that ensures telomeric functions, and Mit1, a nucleosome remodeler associated with shelterin. We further show that condensin takes part in sister-telomere separation in anaphase, and that this event can be uncoupled from the prior separation of chromosome arms, implying a telomere-specific separation mechanism. Consistent with a cis-acting process, increasing or decreasing condensin occupancy specifically at telomeres modifies accordingly the efficiency of their separation in anaphase. Genetic evidence suggests that condensin promotes sister-telomere separation by counteracting cohesin. Thus, our results reveal a shelterin-based mechanism that enriches condensin at telomeres to drive in cis their separation during mitosis.

A ubiquitin-proteasome pathway degrades the inner nuclear membrane protein Bqt4 to maintain nuclear membrane homeostasis

Aberrant accumulation of inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins is associated with deformed nuclear morphology and mammalian diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of INM homeostasis remain poorly understood. In this study, we explored the degradation mechanisms of the INM protein Bqt4 in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We have previously shown that Bqt4 interacts with the transmembrane protein Bqt3 at the INM and is degraded in the absence of Bqt3. Here, we reveal that excess Bqt4, unassociated with Bqt3, is targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system localized in the nucleus and Bqt3 antagonizes this process. The degradation process involves the Doa10 E3 ligase complex at the INM. Bqt4 is a tail-anchored protein and the Cdc48 complex is required for its degradation. The C-terminal transmembrane domain of Bqt4 was necessary and sufficient for proteasome-dependent protein degradation. Accumulation of Bqt4 at the INM impaired cell viability with nuclear envelope deformation, suggesting that quantity control of Bqt4 plays an important role in nuclear membrane homeostasis.

The biological relevance of the FspTF transcription factor, homologous of Bqt4, in Fusarium sp. associated with the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus

Transcription factors in phytopathogenic fungi are key players due to their gene expression regulation leading to fungal growth and pathogenicity. The KilA-N family encompasses transcription factors unique to fungi, and the Bqt4 subfamily is included in it and is poorly understood in filamentous fungi. In this study, we evaluated the role in growth and pathogenesis of the homologous of Bqt4, FspTF, in Fusarium sp. isolated from the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus through the characterization of a CRISPR/Cas9 edited strain in Fsptf. The phenotypic analysis revealed that TF65-6, the edited strain, modified its mycelia growth and conidia production, exhibited affectation in mycelia and culture pigmentation, and in the response to certain stress conditions. In addition, the plant infection process was compromised. Untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, clearly showed that FspTF may regulate secondary metabolism, transmembrane transport, virulence, and diverse metabolic pathways such as lipid metabolism, and signal transduction. These data highlight for the first time the biological relevance of an orthologue of Bqt4 in Fusarium sp. associated with an ambrosia beetle.

Roles of Specialized Chromatin and DNA Structures at Subtelomeres in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes with domains called telomeres at both ends. The telomere DNA consists of a simple tandem repeat sequence, and multiple telomere-binding proteins including the shelterin complex maintain chromosome-end structures and regulate various biological reactions, such as protection of chromosome ends and control of telomere DNA length. On the other hand, subtelomeres, which are located adjacent to telomeres, contain a complex mosaic of multiple common segmental sequences and a variety of gene sequences. This review focused on roles of the subtelomeric chromatin and DNA structures in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The fission yeast subtelomeres form three distinct chromatin structures; one is the shelterin complex, which is localized not only at the telomeres but also at the telomere-proximal regions of subtelomeres to form transcriptionally repressive chromatin structures. The others are heterochromatin and knob, which have repressive effects in gene expression, but the subtelomeres are equipped with a mechanism that prevents these condensed chromatin structures from invading adjacent euchromatin regions. On the other hand, recombination reactions within or near subtelomeric sequences allow chromosomes to be circularized, enabling cells to survive in telomere shortening. Furthermore, DNA structures of the subtelomeres are more variable than other chromosomal regions, which may have contributed to biological diversity and evolution while changing gene expression and chromatin structures.

Conservation and Expansion of Transcriptional Factor Repertoire in the Fusarium oxysporum Species Complex

The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) includes both plant and human pathogens that cause devastating plant vascular wilt diseases and threaten public health. Each F. oxysporum genome comprises core chromosomes (CCs) for housekeeping functions and accessory chromosomes (ACs) that contribute to host-specific adaptation. This study inspects global transcription factor profiles (TFomes) and their potential roles in coordinating CC and AC functions to accomplish host-specific interactions. Remarkably, we found a clear positive correlation between the sizes of TFomes and the proteomes of an organism. With the acquisition of ACs, the FOSC TFomes were larger than the other fungal genomes included in this study. Among a total of 48 classified TF families, 14 families involved in transcription/translation regulations and cell cycle controls were highly conserved. Among the 30 FOSC expanded families, Zn2-C6 and Znf_C2H2 were most significantly expanded to 671 and 167 genes per family including well-characterized homologs of Ftf1 (Zn2-C6) and PacC (Znf_C2H2) that are involved in host-specific interactions. Manual curation of characterized TFs increased the TFome repertoires by 3% including a disordered protein Ren1. RNA-Seq revealed a steady pattern of expression for conserved TF families and specific activation for AC TFs. Functional characterization of these TFs could enhance our understanding of transcriptional regulation involved in FOSC cross-kingdom interactions, disentangle species-specific adaptation, and identify targets to combat diverse diseases caused by this group of fungal pathogens.

Exploring Genetic Interactions with Telomere Protection Gene pot1 in Fission Yeast

The regulation of telomere length has a significant impact on cancer risk and aging in humans. Circular chromosomes are found in humans and are often unstable during mitosis, resulting in genome instability. Some types of cancer have a high frequency of a circular chromosome. Fission yeast is a good model for studying the formation and stability of circular chromosomes as deletion of pot1 (encoding a telomere protection protein) results in rapid telomere degradation and chromosome fusion. Pot1 binds to single-stranded telomere DNA and is conserved from fission yeast to humans. Loss of pot1 leads to viable strains in which all three fission yeast chromosomes become circular. In this review, I will introduce pot1 genetic interactions as these inform on processes such as the degradation of uncapped telomeres, chromosome fusion, and maintenance of circular chromosomes. Therefore, exploring genes that genetically interact with pot1 contributes to finding new genes and/or new functions of genes related to the maintenance of telomeres and/or circular chromosomes.

MJL-1 is a nuclear envelope protein required for homologous chromosome pairing and regulation of synapsis during meiosis in C. elegans

Interactions between chromosomes and LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complexes in the nuclear envelope (NE) promote homolog pairing and synapsis during meiosis. By tethering chromosomes to cytoskeletal motors, these connections lead to processive chromosome movements along the NE. This activity is usually mediated by telomeres, but in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, special chromosome regions called "pairing centers" (PCs) have acquired this meiotic function. Here, we identify a previously uncharacterized meiosis-specific NE protein, MJL-1 (MAJIN-Like-1), that is essential for interactions between PCs and LINC complexes in C. elegans. Mutations in MJL-1 eliminate active chromosome movements during meiosis, resulting in nonhomologous synapsis and impaired homolog pairing. Fission yeast and mice also require NE proteins to connect chromosomes to LINC complexes. Extensive similarities in the molecular architecture of meiotic chromosome-NE attachments across eukaryotes suggest a common origin and/or functions of this architecture during meiosis.

Conservation and Expansion of Transcriptional Factor Repertoire in the Fusarium oxysporum Species Complex

The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) includes both plant and human pathogens that cause devastating plant vascular wilt diseases and threaten public health. Each F. oxysporum genome comprises core chromosomes (CCs) for housekeeping functions and accessory chromosomes (ACs) that contribute to host-specific adaptation. This study inspected global transcription factor profiles (TFomes) and their potential roles in coordinating CCs and ACs functions to accomplish host-specific pathogenicity. Remarkably, we found a clear positive correlation between the sizes of TFome and proteome of an organism, and FOSC TFomes are larger due to the acquisition of ACs. Among a total of 48 classified TF families, 14 families involved in transcription/translation regulations and cell cycle controls are highly conserved. Among 30 FOSC expanded families, Zn2-C6 and Znf_C2H2 are most significantly expanded to 671 and 167 genes per family, including well-characterized homologs of Ftf1 (Zn2-C6) and PacC (Znf_C2H2) involved in host-specific interactions. Manual curation of characterized TFs increased the TFome repertoires by 3%, including a disordered protein Ren1. Expression profiles revealed a steady expression of conserved TF families and specific activation of AC TFs. Functional characterization of these TFs could enhance our understanding of transcriptional regulation involved in FOSC cross-kingdom interactions, disentangle species-specific adaptation, and identify targets to combat diverse diseases caused by this group of fungal pathogens.

Cyclins and CDKs in the regulation of meiosis-specific events

How eukaryotic cells control their duplication is a fascinating example of how a biological system self-organizes specific activities to temporally order cellular events. During cell cycle progression, the cellular level of CDK (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase) activity temporally orders the different cell cycle phases, ensuring that DNA replication occurs prior to segregation into two daughter cells. CDK activity requires the binding of a regulatory subunit (cyclin) to the core kinase, and both CDKs and cyclins are well conserved throughout evolution from yeast to humans. As key regulators, they coordinate cell cycle progression with metabolism, DNA damage, and cell differentiation. In meiosis, the special cell division that ensures the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next, cyclins and CDKs have acquired novel functions to coordinate meiosis-specific events such as chromosome architecture, recombination, and synapsis. Interestingly, meiosis-specific cyclins and CDKs are common in evolution, some cyclins seem to have evolved to acquire CDK-independent functions, and even some CDKs associate with a non-cyclin partner. We will review the functions of these key regulators in meiosis where variation has specially flourished.

Splicing of branchpoint-distant exons is promoted by Cactin, Tls1 and the ubiquitin-fold-activated Sde2

Intron diversity facilitates regulated gene expression and alternative splicing. Spliceosomes excise introns after recognizing their splicing signals: the 5'-splice site (5'ss), branchpoint (BP) and 3'-splice site (3'ss). The latter two signals are recognized by U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) and its accessory factors (U2AFs), but longer spacings between them result in weaker splicing. Here, we show that excision of introns with a BP-distant 3'ss (e.g. rap1 intron 2) requires the ubiquitin-fold-activated splicing regulator Sde2 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. By monitoring splicing-specific ura4 reporters in a collection of S. pombe mutants, Cay1 and Tls1 were identified as additional regulators of this process. The role of Sde2, Cay1 and Tls1 was further confirmed by increasing BP-3'ss spacings in a canonical tho5 intron. We also examined BP-distant exons spliced independently of these factors and observed that RNA secondary structures possibly bridged the gap between the two signals. These proteins may guide the 3'ss towards the spliceosome's catalytic centre by folding the RNA between the BP and 3'ss. Orthologues of Sde2, Cay1 and Tls1, although missing in the intron-poor Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are present in intron-rich eukaryotes, including humans. This type of intron-specific pre-mRNA splicing appears to have evolved for regulated gene expression and alternative splicing of key heterochromatin factors.

Rap1 prevents fusions between long telomeres in fission yeast

The conserved Rap1 protein is part of the shelterin complex that plays critical roles in chromosome end protection and telomere length regulation. Previous studies have addressed how fission yeast Rap1 contributes to telomere length maintenance, but the mechanism by which the protein inhibits end fusions has remained elusive. Here, we use a mutagenesis screen in combination with high‐throughput sequencing to identify several amino acid positions in Rap1 that have key roles in end protection. Interestingly, mutations at these sites render cells susceptible to genome instability in a conditional manner, whereby longer telomeres are prone to undergoing end fusions, while telomeres within the normal length range are sufficiently protected. The protection of long telomeres is in part dependent on their nuclear envelope attachment mediated by the Rap1–Bqt4 interaction. Our data demonstrate that long telomeres represent a challenge for the maintenance of genome integrity, thereby providing an explanation for species‐specific upper limits on telomere length.

Establishment of centromere identity is dependent on nuclear spatial organization

The establishment of centromere-specific CENP-A chromatin is influenced by epigenetic and genetic processes. Central domain sequences from fission yeast centromeres are preferred substrates for CENP-ACnp1 incorporation, but their use is context dependent, requiring adjacent heterochromatin. CENP-ACnp1 overexpression bypasses heterochromatin dependency, suggesting that heterochromatin ensures exposure to conditions or locations permissive for CENP-ACnp1 assembly. Centromeres cluster around spindle-pole bodies (SPBs). We show that heterochromatin-bearing minichromosomes localize close to SPBs, consistent with this location promoting CENP-ACnp1 incorporation. We demonstrate that heterochromatin-independent de novo CENP-ACnp1 chromatin assembly occurs when central domain DNA is placed near, but not far from, endogenous centromeres or neocentromeres. Moreover, direct tethering of central domain DNA at SPBs permits CENP-ACnp1 assembly, suggesting that the nuclear compartment surrounding SPBs is permissive for CENP-ACnp1 incorporation because target sequences are exposed to high levels of CENP-ACnp1 and associated assembly factors. Thus, nuclear spatial organization is a key epigenetic factor that influences centromere identity.

How and Why Chromosomes Interact with the Cytoskeleton during Meiosis

During the early meiotic prophase, connections are established between chromosomes and cytoplasmic motors via a nuclear envelope bridge, known as a LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex. These widely conserved links can promote both chromosome and nuclear motions. Studies in diverse organisms have illuminated the molecular architecture of these connections, but important questions remain regarding how they contribute to meiotic processes. Here, we summarize the current knowledge in the field, outline the challenges in studying these chromosome dynamics, and highlight distinctive features that have been characterized in major model systems.

Subtelomeric Chromatin in the Fission Yeast S. pombe

Telomeres play important roles in safeguarding the genome. The specialized repressive chromatin that assembles at telomeres and subtelomeric domains is key to this protective role. However, in many organisms, the repetitive nature of telomeric and subtelomeric sequences has hindered research efforts. The fission yeast S. pombe has provided an important model system for dissection of chromatin biology due to the relative ease of genetic manipulation and strong conservation of important regulatory proteins with higher eukaryotes. Telomeres and the telomere-binding shelterin complex are highly conserved with mammals, as is the assembly of constitutive heterochromatin at subtelomeres. In this review, we seek to summarize recent work detailing the assembly of distinct chromatin structures within subtelomeric domains in fission yeast. These include the heterochromatic SH subtelomeric domains, the telomere-associated sequences (TAS), and ST chromatin domains that assemble highly condensed chromatin clusters called knobs. Specifically, we review new insights into the sequence of subtelomeric domains, the distinct types of chromatin that assemble on these sequences and how histone H3 K36 modifications influence these chromatin structures. We address the interplay between the subdomains of chromatin structure and how subtelomeric chromatin is influenced by both the telomere-bound shelterin complexes and by euchromatic chromatin regulators internal to the subtelomeric domain. Finally, we demonstrate that telomere clustering, which is mediated via the condensed ST chromatin knob domains, does not depend on knob assembly within these domains but on Set2, which mediates H3K36 methylation.

The Diverse Cellular Functions of Inner Nuclear Membrane Proteins

The nuclear compartment is delimited by a specialized expanded sheet of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) known as the nuclear envelope (NE). Compared to the outer nuclear membrane and the contiguous peripheral ER, the inner nuclear membrane (INM) houses a unique set of transmembrane proteins that serve a staggering range of functions. Many of these functions reflect the exceptional position of INM proteins at the membrane-chromatin interface. Recent research revealed that numerous INM proteins perform crucial roles in chromatin organization, regulation of gene expression, genome stability, and mediation of signaling pathways into the nucleus. Other INM proteins establish mechanical links between chromatin and the cytoskeleton, help NE remodeling, or contribute to the surveillance of NE integrity and homeostasis. As INM proteins continue to gain prominence, we review these advancements and give an overview on the functional versatility of the INM proteome.

Tell the Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis: Interplay Between Chromosomes, Cytoskeleton, and Cell Cycle Regulation

Meiosis is a specialized style of cell division conserved in eukaryotes, particularly designed for the production of gametes. A huge number of studies to date have demonstrated how chromosomes behave and how meiotic events are controlled. Yeast substantially contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of meiosis in the past decades. Recently, evidence began to accumulate to draw a perspective landscape showing that chromosomes and microtubules are mutually influenced: microtubules regulate chromosomes, whereas chromosomes also regulate microtubule behaviors. Here we focus on lessons from recent advancement in genetical and cytological studies of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, revealing how chromosomes, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle progression are organized and particularly how these are differentiated in mitosis and meiosis. These studies illuminate that meiosis is strategically designed to fulfill two missions: faithful segregation of genetic materials and production of genetic diversity in descendants through elaboration by meiosis-specific factors in collaboration with general factors.

Nuclear envelope tethering inhibits the formation of ALT-associated PML bodies in ALT cells

Telomere length homeostasis is essential for maintaining genomic stability and cancer proliferation. Telomerase-negative cancer cells undergo recombination-mediated alternative lengthening of telomeres. Telomeres associate with the nuclear envelope through the shelterin RAP1 and nuclear envelope SUN1 proteins. However, how the associations between telomeres and the nuclear envelope affect the progression of telomere recombination is not understood. Here, we show that telomere anchorage might inhibit telomere-telomere recombination. SUN1 depletion stimulates the formation of alternative lengthening of telomeres-associated promyelocytic leukemia bodies in ALT cells. In contrast, overexpression of a telomere-nuclear envelope-tethering chimera protein, RAP1-SUN1, suppresses APB formation. Moreover, inhibition of this nuclear envelope attachment alleviates the requirement of TOP3α for resolving the supercoiling pressure during telomere recombination. A coimmunoprecipitation assay revealed that the SUN1 N-terminal nucleoplasmic domain interacts with the RAP1 middle coil domain, and phosphorylation-mimetic mutations in RAP1 inhibit this interaction. However, abolishing the RAP1-SUN1 interaction does not hinder APB formation, which hints at the existence of another SUN1-dependent telomere anchorage pathway. In summary, our results reveal an inhibitory role of telomere-nuclear envelope association in telomere-telomere recombination and imply the presence of redundant pathways for the telomere-nuclear envelope association in ALT cells.

Identification of mutants with increased variation in cell size at onset of mitosis in fission yeast

Fission yeast cells divide at a similar cell length with little variation about the mean. This is thought to be the result of a control mechanism that senses size and corrects for any deviations by advancing or delaying onset of mitosis. Gene deletions that advance cells into mitosis at a smaller size or delay cells entering mitosis have led to the identification of genes potentially involved in this mechanism. However, the molecular basis of this control is still not understood. In this work, we have screened for genes that when deleted increase the variability in size of dividing cells. The strongest candidate identified in this screen was mga2 The mga2 deletion strain shows a greater variation in cell length at division, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 15-24%, while the wild-type strain has a CV of 5-8%. Furthermore, unlike wild-type cells, the mga2 deletion cells are unable to correct cell size deviations within one cell cycle. We show that the mga2 gene genetically interacts with nem1 and influences the nuclear membrane and the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of CDK regulators.

LINC complex regulation of genome organization and function

The regulation of genomic function is in part mediated through the physical organization and architecture of the nucleus. Disruption to nuclear organization and architecture is increasingly being recognized by its contribution to many diseases. The LINC complexes - protein structures traversing the nuclear envelope, that physically connect the nuclear interior, and hence the genome, to cytoplasmic cytoskeletal networks are an important component in the physical organization of the genome and its function. This connection, potentially allows for the constant detection of environmental mechanical stimuli, resulting in altered regulation of nuclear architecture and genome function, either directly or via the process of mechanotransduction. Here, we review the influences LINC complexes exert on genome functions and their impact on cellular/organismal health.

Transient Breakage of the Nucleocytoplasmic Barrier Controls Spore Maturation via Mobilizing the Proteasome Subunit Rpn11 in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Forespore membrane (FSM) closure is a process of specialized cytokinesis in yeast meiosis. FSM closure begins with the contraction of the FSM opening and finishes with the disassembly of the leading-edge proteins (LEPs) from the FSM opening. Here, we show that the FSM opening starts to contract when the event of virtual nuclear envelope breakdown (vNEBD) occurs in anaphase II of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The occurrence of vNEBD controls the redistribution of the proteasomal subunit Rpn11 from the nucleus to the cytosol. To investigate the importance of Rpn11 re-localization during vNEBD, Rpn11 was sequestered at the inner nuclear membrane by fusion with the transmembrane region of Bqt4 (Rpn11-GFP-INM). Remarkably, in the absence of endogenous rpn11⁺, the cells carrying Rpn11-GFP-INM had abnormal or no spore formation. Live-cell imaging analysis further reveals that the FSM opening failed to contract when vNEBD occurred, and the LEP Meu14 was persistently present at the FSM in the rpn11-gfp-INM cells. The results suggest that the dynamic localization of Rpn11 during vNEBD is essential for spore development.

Nuclear Envelope Proteins Modulating the Heterochromatin Formation and Functions in Fission Yeast

The nuclear envelope (NE) consists of the inner and outer nuclear membranes (INM and ONM), and the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which penetrates the double membrane. ONM continues with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). INM and NPC can interact with chromatin to regulate the genetic activities of the chromosome. Studies in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have contributed to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying heterochromatin formation by the RNAi-mediated and histone deacetylase machineries. Recent studies have demonstrated that NE proteins modulate heterochromatin formation and functions through interactions with heterochromatic regions, including the pericentromeric and the sub-telomeric regions. In this review, we first introduce the molecular mechanisms underlying the heterochromatin formation and functions in fission yeast, and then summarize the NE proteins that play a role in anchoring heterochromatic regions and in modulating heterochromatin formation and functions, highlighting roles for a conserved INM protein, Lem2.

Chromosome-nuclear envelope tethering - a process that orchestrates homologue pairing during plant meiosis?

During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair, synapse and exchange their genetic material through reciprocal homologous recombination, a phenomenon essential for faithful chromosome segregation. Partial sequence identity between non-homologous and heterologous chromosomes can also lead to recombination (ectopic recombination), a highly deleterious process that rapidly compromises genome integrity. To avoid ectopic exchange, homology recognition must be extended from the narrow position of a crossover-competent double-strand break to the entire chromosome. Here, we review advances on chromosome behaviour during meiotic prophase I in higher plants, by integrating centromere- and telomere dynamics driven by cytoskeletal motor proteins, into the processes of homologue pairing, synapsis and recombination. Centromere-centromere associations and the gathering of telomeres at the onset of meiosis at opposite nuclear poles create a spatially organised and restricted nuclear state in which homologous DNA interactions are favoured but ectopic interactions also occur. The release and dispersion of centromeres from the nuclear periphery increases the motility of chromosome arms, allowing meiosis-specific movements that disrupt ectopic interactions. Subsequent expansion of interstitial synapsis from numerous homologous interactions further corrects ectopic interactions. Movement and organisation of chromosomes, thus, evolved to facilitate the pairing process, and can be modulated by distinct stages of chromatin associations at the nuclear envelope and their collective release.

The SUN Domain Proteins OsSUN1 and OsSUN2 Play Critical but Partially Redundant Roles in Meiosis

During meiosis, Sad1/UNC-84 (SUN) domain proteins play conserved roles in promoting telomere bouquet formation and homologous pairing across species. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtSUN1 and AtSUN2 have been shown to have overlapping functions in meiosis. However, the role of SUN proteins in rice (Oryza sativa) meiosis and the extent of functional redundancy between them remain elusive. Here, we generated single and double mutants of OsSUN1 and OsSUN2 in rice using genome editing. The Ossun1 Ossun2 double mutant showed severe defects in telomere clustering, homologous pairing, and crossover formation, suggesting that OsSUN1 and OsSUN2 are essential for rice meiosis. When introducing a mutant allele of O. sativa SPORULATION11-1 (OsSPO11-1), which encodes a topoisomerase initiating homologous recombination, into the Ossun1 Ossun2 mutant, we observed a combined Osspo11-1- and Ossun1 Ossun2-like phenotype, demonstrating that OsSUN1 and OsSUN2 promote bouquet formation independent of OsSPO11-1 but regulate pairing and crossover formation downstream of OsSPO11-1. Importantly, the Ossun1 single mutant had a normal phenotype, but meiosis was disrupted in the Ossun2 mutant, indicating that OsSUN1 and OsSUN2 are not completely redundant in rice. Further analyses revealed a genetic dosage-dependent effect and an evolutionary differentiation between OsSUN1 and OsSUN2 These results suggested that OsSUN2 plays a more critical role than OsSUN1 in rice meiosis. Taken together, this work reveals the essential but partially redundant roles of OsSUN1 and OsSUN2 in rice meiosis and demonstrates that functional divergence of SUN proteins has taken place during evolution.

Telomeric Transcription and Telomere Rearrangements in Quiescent Cells

Despite the condensed nature of terminal sequences, the telomeres are transcribed into a group of noncoding RNAs, including the TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA (TERRA). Since the discovery of TERRA, its evolutionary conserved function has been confirmed, and its involvement in telomere length regulation, heterochromatin establishment, and telomere recombination has been demonstrated. We previously reported that TERRA is upregulated in quiescent fission yeast cells, although the global transcription is highly reduced. Elevated telomeric transcription was also detected when telomeres detach from the nuclear periphery. These intriguing observations unveil unexpected facets of telomeric transcription in arrested cells. In this review, we present the different aspects of TERRA transcription during quiescence and discuss their implications for telomere maintenance and cell fate.

The mechanisms and significance of the positional control of centromeres and telomeres in plants

The centromere and telomere are universal heterochromatic domains; however, the proper positioning of those domains in nuclear space during the mitotic interphase differs among eukaryotes. Consequently, the question arises how and why this difference occurs. Studies over the past 2 decades have identified several nuclear membrane proteins, nucleolar proteins, and the structural maintenance of a chromosome complex as factors involved in the positional control of centromeres and/or telomeres during the mitotic interphase in yeasts, animals, and plants. In this review, with a primary focus on plants, the roles of those factors are summarized, and the biological significance of proper centromere and telomere positionings during the mitotic interphase is discussed in an effort to provide guidance for this question.

The TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN complex of mouse meiotic telomeres dates back to the common ancestor of metazoans

Background

Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction and generates genetically diverse haploid gametes from a diploid germ cell. Reduction of ploidy depends on active chromosome movements during early meiotic prophase I. Chromosome movements require telomere attachment to the nuclear envelope. This attachment is mediated by telomere adaptor proteins. Telomere adaptor proteins have to date been identified in fission yeast and mice. In the mouse, they form a complex composed of the meiotic proteins TERB1, TERB2, and MAJIN. No sequence similarity was observed between these three mouse proteins and the adaptor proteins of fission yeast, raising the question of the evolutionary history and significance of this specific protein complex.

Result

Here, we show the TERB1, TERB2, and MAJIN proteins are found throughout the Metazoa and even in early-branching non-bilateral phyla such as Cnidaria, Placozoa and Porifera. Metazoan TERB1, TERB2, and MAJIN showed comparable domain architecture across all clades. Furthermore, the protein domains involved in the formation of the complex as well as those involved for the interaction with the telomere shelterin protein and the LINC complexes revealed high sequence similarity. Finally, gene expression in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris provided evidence that the TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN complex is selectively expressed in the germ line.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN complex has an ancient origin in metazoans, suggesting conservation of meiotic functions.

Phase separation drives pairing of homologous chromosomes

Pairing of homologous chromosomes is crucial for ensuring accurate segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. Molecular mechanisms of homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis have been extensively studied in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In this organism, meiosis-specific noncoding RNA transcribed from specific genes accumulates at the respective gene loci, and chromosome-associated RNA-protein complexes mediate meiotic pairing of homologous loci through phase separation. Pairing of homologous chromosomes also occurs in somatic diploid cells in certain situations. For example, somatic pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs during the early embryogenesis in diptera, and relies on the transcription-associated chromatin architecture. Earlier models also suggest that transcription factories along the chromosome mediate pairing of homologous chromosomes in plants. These studies suggest that RNA bodies formed on chromosomes mediate the pairing of homologous chromosomes. This review summarizes lessons from S. pombe to provide general insights into mechanisms of homologous chromosome pairing mediated by phase separation of chromosome-associated RNA-protein complexes.

Nuclear envelope attachment of telomeres limits TERRA and telomeric rearrangements in quiescent fission yeast cells

Telomere anchoring to nuclear envelope (NE) is a key feature of nuclear genome architecture. Peripheral localization of telomeres is important for chromatin silencing, telomere replication and for the control of inappropriate recombination. Here, we report that fission yeast quiescent cells harbor predominantly a single telomeric cluster anchored to the NE. Telomere cluster association to the NE relies on Rap1-Bqt4 interaction, which is impacted by the length of telomeric sequences. In quiescent cells, reducing telomere length or deleting bqt4, both result in an increase in transcription of the telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA). In the absence of Bqt4, telomere shortening leads to deep increase in TERRA level and the concomitant formation of subtelomeric rearrangements (STEEx) that accumulate massively in quiescent cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Rap1-Bqt4-dependent telomere association to NE preserves telomere integrity in post-mitotic cells, preventing telomeric transcription and recombination. This defines the nuclear periphery as an area where recombination is restricted, creating a safe zone for telomeres of post-mitotic cells.

Casein kinase 2 regulates telomere protein complex formation through Rap1 phosphorylation

Telomeres located at the ends of linear chromosomes play important roles in the maintenance of life. Rap1, a component of the shelterin telomere protein complex, interacts with multiple proteins to perform various functions; further, formation of shelterin requires Rap1 binding to other components such as Taz1 and Poz1, and telomere tethering to the nuclear envelope (NE) involves interactions between Rap1 and Bqt4, a nuclear membrane protein. Although Rap1 is a hub for telomere protein complexes, the regulatory mechanisms of its interactions with partner proteins are not fully understood. Here, we show that Rap1 is phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) at multiple sites, which promotes interactions with Bqt4 and Poz1. Among the multiple CK2-mediated phosphorylation sites of Rap1, phosphorylation at Ser496 was found to be crucial for both Rap1–Bqt4 and Rap1–Poz1 interactions. These mechanisms mediate proper telomere tethering to the NE and the formation of the silenced chromatin structure at chromosome ends.

MLKS2 is an ARM domain and F-actin-associated KASH protein that functions in stomatal complex development and meiotic chromosome segregation

The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is an essential multi-protein structure spanning the eukaryotic nuclear envelope. The LINC complex functions to maintain nuclear architecture, positioning, and mobility, along with specialized functions in meiotic prophase and chromosome segregation. Members of the LINC complex were recently identified in maize, an important scientific and agricultural grass species. Here we characterized Maize LINC KASH AtSINE-like2, MLKS2, which encodes a highly conserved SINE-group plant KASH protein with characteristic N-terminal armadillo repeats (ARM). Using a heterologous expression system, we showed that actively expressed GFP-MLKS2 is targeted to the nuclear periphery and colocalizes with F-actin and the endoplasmic reticulum, but not microtubules in the cell cortex. Expression of GFP-MLKS2, but not GFP-MLKS2ΔARM, resulted in nuclear anchoring. Genetic analysis of transposon-insertion mutations, mlks2-1 and mlks2-2, showed that the mutant phenotypes were pleiotropic, affecting root hair nuclear morphology, stomatal complex development, multiple aspects of meiosis, and pollen viability. In male meiosis, the mutants showed defects for bouquet-stage telomere clustering, nuclear repositioning, perinuclear actin accumulation, dispersal of late prophase bivalents, and meiotic chromosome segregation. These findings support a model in which the nucleus is connected to cytoskeletal F-actin through the ARM-domain, predicted alpha solenoid structure of MLKS2. Functional conservation of MLKS2 was demonstrated through genetic rescue of the misshapen nuclear phenotype of an Arabidopsis (triple-WIP) KASH mutant. This study establishes a role for the SINE-type KASH proteins in affecting the dynamic nuclear phenomena required for normal plant growth and fertility. Abbreviations: FRAP: Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching; DPI: Days post infiltration; OD: Optical density; MLKS2: Maize LINC KASH AtSINE-like2; LINC: Linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton; NE: Nuclear envelope; INM: Inner nuclear membrane; ONM: Outer nuclear membrane.

Nuclear Mechanics in the Fission Yeast

In eukaryotic cells, the organization of the genome within the nucleus requires the nuclear envelope (NE) and its associated proteins. The nucleus is subjected to mechanical forces produced by the cytoskeleton. The physical properties of the NE and the linkage of chromatin in compacted conformation at sites of cytoskeleton contacts seem to be key for withstanding nuclear mechanical stress. Mechanical perturbations of the nucleus normally occur during nuclear positioning and migration. In addition, cell contraction or expansion occurring for instance during cell migration or upon changes in osmotic conditions also result innuclear mechanical stress. Recent studies in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast) have revealed unexpected functions of cytoplasmic microtubules in nuclear architecture and chromosome behavior, and have pointed to NE-chromatin tethers as protective elements during nuclear mechanics. Here, we review and discuss how fission yeast cells can be used to understand principles underlying the dynamic interplay between genome organization and function and the effect of forces applied to the nucleus by the microtubule cytoskeleton.

Evolutionary innovation, fungal cell biology, and the lateral gene transfer of a viral KilA-N domain

Fungi are found in diverse ecological niches as primary decomposers, mutualists, or parasites of plants and animals. Although animals and fungi share a common ancestor, fungi dramatically diversified their life cycle, cell biology, and metabolism as they evolved and colonized new niches. This review focuses on a family of fungal transcription factors (Swi4/Mbp1, APSES, Xbp1, Bqt4) derived from the lateral gene transfer of a KilA-N domain commonly found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA viruses. These virus-derived fungal regulators play central roles in cell cycle, morphogenesis, sexual differentiation, and quiescence. We consider the possible origins of KilA-N and how this viral DNA binding domain came to be intimately associated with fungal processes.

Telomere-binding proteins Taz1 and Rap1 regulate DSB repair and suppress gross chromosomal rearrangements in fission yeast

Genomic rearrangements (gross chromosomal rearrangements, GCRs) threatens genome integrity and cause cell death or tumor formation. At the terminus of linear chromosomes, a telomere-binding protein complex, called shelterin, ensures chromosome stability by preventing chromosome end-to-end fusions and regulating telomere length homeostasis. As such, shelterin-mediated telomere functions play a pivotal role in suppressing GCR formation. However, it remains unclear whether the shelterin proteins play any direct role in inhibiting GCR at non-telomeric regions. Here, we have established a GCR assay for the first time in fission yeast and measured GCR rates in various mutants. We found that fission yeast cells lacking shelterin components Taz1 or Rap1 (mammalian TRF1/2 or RAP1 homologues, respectively) showed higher GCR rates compared to wild-type, accumulating large chromosome deletions. Genetic dissection of Rap1 revealed that Rap1 contributes to inhibiting GCRs via two independent pathways. The N-terminal BRCT-domain promotes faithful DSB repair, as determined by I-SceI-mediated DSB-induction experiments; moreover, association with Poz1 mediated by the central Poz1-binding domain regulates telomerase accessibility to DSBs, leading to suppression of de novo telomere additions. Our data highlight unappreciated functions of the shelterin components Taz1 and Rap1 in maintaining genome stability, specifically by preventing non-telomeric GCRs.

Structural insights into chromosome attachment to the nuclear envelope by an inner nuclear membrane protein Bqt4 in fission yeast

The dynamic association of chromosomes with the nuclear envelope (NE) is essential for chromosome maintenance. Schizosaccharomyces pombe inner nuclear membrane protein Bqt4 plays a critical role in connecting telomeres to the NE, mainly through a direct interaction with the telomeric protein Rap1. Bqt4 also interacts with Lem2 for pericentric heterochromatin maintenance. How Bqt4 coordinates the interactions with different proteins to exert their functions is unclear. Here, we report the crystal structures of the N-terminal domain of Bqt4 in complexes with Bqt4-binding motifs from Rap1, Lem2, and Sad1. The structural, biochemical and cellular analyses reveal that the N-terminal domain of Bqt4 is a protein-interaction module that recognizes a consensus motif and plays essential roles in telomere-NE association and meiosis progression. Phosphorylation of Bqt4-interacting proteins may act as a switch to regulate these interactions during cell cycles. Our studies provide structural insights into the identification and regulation of Bqt4-mediated interactions.

Telomere DNA length-dependent regulation of DNA replication timing at internal late replication origins

DNA replication is initiated at replication origins on chromosomes at their scheduled time during S phase of the cell cycle. Replication timing control is highly conserved among eukaryotes but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent studies have revealed that some telomere-binding proteins regulate replication timing at late-replicating origins throughout the genome. To investigate the molecular basis of this process, we analyzed the effects of excessive elongation of telomere DNA on replication timing by deleting telomere-associated shelterin proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We found that rap1∆ and poz1∆ cells showed abnormally accelerated replication at internal late origins but not at subtelomere regions. These defects were suppressed by removal of telomere DNA and by deletion of the telomere-binding protein Taz1. Furthermore, Sds21—a counter protein phosphatase against Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK)—accumulated at elongated telomeres in a Taz1-dependent manner but was depleted at internal late origins, indicating that highly elongated telomeres sequester Sds21 at telomeres and perturb replication timing at internal regions. These results demonstrate that telomere DNA length is an important determinant of replication timing at internal regions of chromosomes in eukaryotes.

Chromosome detachment from the nuclear envelope is required for genomic stability in closed mitosis

Mitosis in metazoans involves detachment of chromosomes from the nuclear envelope (NE) and NE breakdown, whereas yeasts maintain the nuclear structure throughout mitosis. It remains unknown how chromosome attachment to the NE might affect chromosome movement in yeast. By using a rapamycin-induced dimerization system to tether a specific locus of the chromosome to the NE, I found that the tethering delays the separation and causes missegregation of the region distal to the tethered site. The phenotypes are exacerbated by mutations in kinetochore components and Aurora B kinase Ipl1. The chromosome region proximal to the centromere is less affected by the tether, but it exhibits excessive oscillation before segregation. Furthermore, the tether impacts full extension of the mitotic spindle, causing abrupt shrinkage or bending of the spindle in shortened anaphase. The study supports detachment of chromosomes from the NE being required for faithful chromosome segregation in yeast and segregation of tethered chromosomes being dependent on a fully functional mitotic apparatus.

The very-long-chain fatty acid elongase Elo2 rescues lethal defects associated with loss of the nuclear barrier function in fission yeast cells

In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are confined to the nucleus, which is compartmentalized by the nuclear membranes; these are continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Maintaining the homeostasis of these membranes is an important cellular activity performed by lipid metabolic enzymes. However, how lipid metabolic enzymes affect nuclear membrane functions remains to be elucidated. We found that the very-long-chain fatty acid elongase Elo2 is located in the nuclear membrane and prevents lethal defects associated with nuclear membrane ruptures in mutants of the nuclear membrane proteins Lem2 and Bqt4 in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Lipid composition analysis shows that t20:0/24:0 phytoceramide (a conjugate of C20:0 phytosphingosine and C24:0 fatty acid) is a major ceramide species in S. pombe The quantity of this ceramide is reduced in the absence of Lem2, and restored by increased expression of Elo2. Furthermore, loss of S. pombe Elo2 can be rescued by its human orthologs. These results suggest that the conserved very-long-chain fatty acid elongase producing the ceramide component is essential for nuclear membrane integrity and cell viability in eukaryotes.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.

Origin Firing Regulations to Control Genome Replication Timing

Complete genome duplication is essential for genetic homeostasis over successive cell generations. Higher eukaryotes possess a complex genome replication program that involves replicating the genome in units of individual chromatin domains with a reproducible order or timing. Two types of replication origin firing regulations ensure complete and well-timed domain-wise genome replication: (1) the timing of origin firing within a domain must be determined and (2) enough origins must fire with appropriate positioning in a short time window to avoid inter-origin gaps too large to be fully copied. Fundamental principles of eukaryotic origin firing are known. We here discuss advances in understanding the regulation of origin firing to control firing time. Work with yeasts suggests that eukaryotes utilise distinct molecular pathways to determine firing time of distinct sets of origins, depending on the specific requirements of the genomic regions to be replicated. Although the exact nature of the timing control processes varies between eukaryotes, conserved aspects exist: (1) the first step of origin firing, pre-initiation complex (pre-IC formation), is the regulated step, (2) many regulation pathways control the firing kinase Dbf4-dependent kinase, (3) Rif1 is a conserved mediator of late origin firing and (4) competition between origins for limiting firing factors contributes to firing timing. Characterization of the molecular timing control pathways will enable us to manipulate them to address the biological role of replication timing, for example, in cell differentiation and genome instability.

The Inner Nuclear Membrane Protein Bqt4 in Fission Yeast Contains a DNA-Binding Domain Essential for Telomere Association with the Nuclear Envelope

Telomeres, the protective caps at the end of the chromosomes, are often associated with the nuclear envelope (NE). Telomere positioning to the NE is dynamically regulated during mitosis and meiosis. One inner nuclear membrane protein, Bqt4, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe plays essential roles in connecting telomeres to the NE. However, the structural basis of Bqt4 in mediating telomere-NE association is not clear. Here, we report the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of Bqt4. The N-terminal domain of Bqt4 structurally resembles the APSES-family DNA-binding domain and has a moderate double-stranded DNA-binding activity. Disruption of Bqt4-DNA interaction results in telomere detachment from the NE. These data suggest that the DNA-binding activity of Bqt4 may function to prime the chromosome onto the NE and promote telomere-NE association.

Nup2 performs diverse interphase functions in Aspergillus nidulans

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) protein Nup2 plays interphase nuclear transport roles and in Aspergillus nidulans also functions to bridge NPCs at mitotic chromatin for their faithful coinheritance to daughter G1 nuclei. In this study, we further investigate the interphase functions of Nup2 in A. nidulans. Although Nup2 is not required for nuclear import of all nuclear proteins after mitosis, it is required for normal G1 nuclear accumulation of the NPC nuclear basket–associated components Mad2 and Mlp1 as well as the THO complex protein Tho2. Targeting of Mlp1 to nuclei partially rescues the interphase delay seen in nup2 mutants indicating that some of the interphase defects in Nup2-deleted cells are due to Mlp1 mislocalization. Among the inner nuclear membrane proteins, Nup2 affects the localization of Ima1, orthologues of which are involved in nuclear movement. Interestingly, nup2 mutant G1 nuclei also exhibit an abnormally long period of extensive to-and-fro movement immediately after mitosis in a manner dependent on the microtubule cytoskeleton. This indicates that Nup2 is required to limit the transient postmitotic nuclear migration typical of many filamentous fungi. The findings reveal that Nup2 is a multifunctional protein that performs diverse functions during both interphase and mitosis in A. nidulans.