1
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Fare CM, Rothstein JD. Nuclear pore dysfunction and disease: a complex opportunity. Nucleus 2024; 15:2314297. [PMID: 38383349 PMCID: PMC10883112 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2314297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The separation of genetic material from bulk cytoplasm has enabled the evolution of increasingly complex organisms, allowing for the development of sophisticated forms of life. However, this complexity has created new categories of dysfunction, including those related to the movement of material between cellular compartments. In eukaryotic cells, nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is a fundamental biological process, and cumulative disruptions to nuclear integrity and nucleocytoplasmic transport are detrimental to cell survival. This is particularly true in post-mitotic neurons, where nuclear pore injury and errors to nucleocytoplasmic trafficking are strongly associated with neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of nuclear pore biology in physiological and pathological contexts and discuss potential therapeutic approaches for addressing nuclear pore injury and dysfunctional nucleocytoplasmic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Fare
- Department of Neurology and Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Department of Neurology and Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Mallik S, Poch D, Burick S, Schlieker C. Protein folding and quality control during nuclear transport. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 90:102407. [PMID: 39142062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The spatial separation of protein synthesis from the compartmental destiny of proteins led to the evolution of transport systems that are efficient and yet highly specific. Co-translational transport has emerged as a strategy to avoid cytosolic aggregation of folding intermediates and the need for energy-consuming unfolding strategies to enable transport through narrow conduits connecting compartments. While translation and compartmental translocation are at times tightly coordinated, we know very little about the temporal coordination of translation, protein folding, and nuclear import. Here, we consider the implications of co-translational engagement of nuclear import machinery. We propose that the dynamic interplay of karyopherins and intrinsically disordered nucleoporins create a favorable protein folding environment for cargo en route to the nuclear compartment while maintaining a barrier function of the nuclear pore complex. Our model is discussed in the context of neurological disorders that are tied to defects in nuclear transport and protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda Mallik
- Yale University, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dylan Poch
- Yale University, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sophia Burick
- Yale University, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Yale University, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Feng Q, Saladin M, Wu C, Cao E, Zheng W, Zhang A, Bhardwaj P, Li X, Shen Q, Kapinos LE, Mariappan M, Lusk CP, Xiong Y, Lim RYH, Lin C. Channel width modulates the permeability of DNA origami based nuclear pore mimics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593438. [PMID: 38766144 PMCID: PMC11100828 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoporins (nups) in the central channel of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) form a selective barrier that suppresses the diffusion of most macromolecules while enabling rapid transport of nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) with bound cargos. The complex molecular interactions between nups and NTRs have been thought to underlie the gatekeeping function of the NPC. Recent studies have shown considerable variation in NPC diameter but how altering NPC diameter might impact the selective barrier properties remains unclear. Here, we build DNA nanopores with programmable diameters and nup arrangement to mimic NPCs of different diameters. We use hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsids as a model for large-size cargos. We find that Nup62 proteins form a dynamic cross-channel meshwork impermeable to HBV capsids when grafted on the interior of 60-nm wide nanopores but not in 79-nm pores, where Nup62 cluster locally. Furthermore, importing substantially changes the dynamics of Nup62 assemblies and facilitates the passage of HBV capsids through NPC mimics containing Nup62 and Nup153. Our study shows the transport channel width is critical to the permeability of nup barriers and underscores the role of NTRs in dynamically remodeling nup assemblies and mediating the nuclear entry of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhou Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, USA
| | | | - Chunxiang Wu
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, USA
| | - Eason Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, USA
| | - Amy Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, USA
| | | | - Xia Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, USA
| | - Qi Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, USA
| | | | - Malaiyalam Mariappan
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, USA
| | | | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, USA
| | - Roderick Y. H. Lim
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, USA
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4
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Klughammer N, Barth A, Dekker M, Fragasso A, Onck PR, Dekker C. Diameter dependence of transport through nuclear pore complex mimics studied using optical nanopores. eLife 2024; 12:RP87174. [PMID: 38376900 PMCID: PMC10942607 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) regulates the selective transport of large biomolecules through the nuclear envelope. As a model system for nuclear transport, we construct NPC mimics by functionalizing the pore walls of freestanding palladium zero-mode waveguides with the FG-nucleoporin Nsp1. This approach enables the measurement of single-molecule translocations through individual pores using optical detection. We probe the selectivity of Nsp1-coated pores by quantitatively comparing the translocation rates of the nuclear transport receptor Kap95 to the inert probe BSA over a wide range of pore sizes from 35 nm to 160 nm. Pores below 55 ± 5 nm show significant selectivity that gradually decreases for larger pores. This finding is corroborated by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the Nsp1 mesh within the pore, which suggest that leakage of BSA occurs by diffusion through transient openings within the dynamic mesh. Furthermore, we experimentally observe a modulation of the BSA permeation when varying the concentration of Kap95. The results demonstrate the potential of single-molecule fluorescence measurements on biomimetic NPCs to elucidate the principles of nuclear transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Klughammer
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
| | - Anders Barth
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
| | - Maurice Dekker
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Alessio Fragasso
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
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5
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Kapinos LE, Kalita J, Kassianidou E, Rencurel C, Lim RYH. Mechanism of exportin retention in the cell nucleus. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306094. [PMID: 38241019 PMCID: PMC10798875 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Exportin receptors are concentrated in the nucleus to transport essential cargoes out of it. A mislocalization of exportins to the cytoplasm is linked to disease. Hence, it is important to understand how their containment within the nucleus is regulated. Here, we have studied the nuclear efflux of exportin2 (cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein or CAS) that delivers karyopherinα (Kapα or importinα), the cargo adaptor for karyopherinβ1 (Kapβ1 or importinβ1), to the cytoplasm in a Ran guanosine triphosphate (RanGTP)-mediated manner. We show that the N-terminus of CAS attenuates the interaction of RanGTPase activating protein 1 (RanGAP1) with RanGTP to slow GTP hydrolysis, which suppresses CAS nuclear exit at nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Strikingly, a single phosphomimetic mutation (T18D) at the CAS N-terminus is sufficient to abolish its nuclear retention and coincides with metastatic cellular behavior. Furthermore, downregulating Kapβ1 disrupts CAS nuclear retention, which highlights the balance between their respective functions that is essential for maintaining the Kapα transport cycle. Therefore, NPCs play a functional role in selectively partitioning exportins in the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa E. Kapinos
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Kalita
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Kassianidou
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Rencurel
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roderick Y. H. Lim
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Khalil B, Linsenmeier M, Smith CL, Shorter J, Rossoll W. Nuclear-import receptors as gatekeepers of pathological phase transitions in ALS/FTD. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:8. [PMID: 38254150 PMCID: PMC10804745 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders on a disease spectrum that are characterized by the cytoplasmic mislocalization and aberrant phase transitions of prion-like RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The common accumulation of TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43), fused in sarcoma (FUS), and other nuclear RBPs in detergent-insoluble aggregates in the cytoplasm of degenerating neurons in ALS/FTD is connected to nuclear pore dysfunction and other defects in the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery. Recent advances suggest that beyond their canonical role in the nuclear import of protein cargoes, nuclear-import receptors (NIRs) can prevent and reverse aberrant phase transitions of TDP-43, FUS, and related prion-like RBPs and restore their nuclear localization and function. Here, we showcase the NIR family and how they recognize cargo, drive nuclear import, and chaperone prion-like RBPs linked to ALS/FTD. We also discuss the promise of enhancing NIR levels and developing potentiated NIR variants as therapeutic strategies for ALS/FTD and related neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Khalil
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, U.S.A
| | - Miriam Linsenmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, U.S.A
| | - Courtney L Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, U.S.A
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Track, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, U.S.A
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, U.S.A..
| | - Wilfried Rossoll
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, U.S.A..
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Raveh B, Eliasian R, Rashkovits S, Russel D, Hayama R, Sparks SE, Singh D, Lim R, Villa E, Rout MP, Cowburn D, Sali A. Integrative spatiotemporal map of nucleocytoplasmic transport. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.31.573409. [PMID: 38260487 PMCID: PMC10802240 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.31.573409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) facilitates rapid and selective nucleocytoplasmic transport of molecules as large as ribosomal subunits and viral capsids. It is not clear how key emergent properties of this transport arise from the system components and their interactions. To address this question, we constructed an integrative coarse-grained Brownian dynamics model of transport through a single NPC, followed by coupling it with a kinetic model of Ran-dependent transport in an entire cell. The microscopic model parameters were fitted to reflect experimental data and theoretical information regarding the transport, without making any assumptions about its emergent properties. The resulting reductionist model is validated by reproducing several features of transport not used for its construction, such as the morphology of the central transporter, rates of passive and facilitated diffusion as a function of size and valency, in situ radial distributions of pre-ribosomal subunits, and active transport rates for viral capsids. The model suggests that the NPC functions essentially as a virtual gate whose flexible phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat proteins raise an entropy barrier to diffusion through the pore. Importantly, this core functionality is greatly enhanced by several key design features, including 'fuzzy' and transient interactions, multivalency, redundancy in the copy number of FG nucleoporins, exponential coupling of transport kinetics and thermodynamics in accordance with the transition state theory, and coupling to the energy-reliant RanGTP concentration gradient. These design features result in the robust and resilient rate and selectivity of transport for a wide array of cargo ranging from a few kilodaltons to megadaltons in size. By dissecting these features, our model provides a quantitative starting point for rationally modulating the transport system and its artificial mimics.
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8
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Barrientos ECR, Otto TA, Mouton SN, Steen A, Veenhoff LM. A survey of the specificity and mechanism of 1,6 hexanediol-induced disruption of nuclear transport. Nucleus 2023; 14:2240139. [PMID: 37498221 PMCID: PMC10376917 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2023.2240139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective transport through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) depends on the dynamic binding of FG-repeat containing nucleoporins, the FG-nups, with each other and with Karyopherins (Kaps). Here, we assessed the specificity and mechanism by which the aliphatic alcohol 1,6-hexanediol (1,6HD) disrupts the permeability barrier of NPCs in live baker's yeast cells. After a 10-minute exposure to 5% 1,6HD, no notable changes were observed in cell growth, cytosolic pH and ATP levels, or the appearance of organelles. However, effects on the cytoskeleton and Hsp104 were noted. 1,6HD clearly affected the NPC permeability barrier, allowing passive nuclear entry of a 177kDa reporter protein that is normally confined to the cytosol. Moreover, multiple Kaps were displaced from NPCs, and the displacement of Kap122-GFP correlated with the observed passive permeability changes. 1,6HD thus temporarily permeates NPCs, and in line with Kap-centric models, the mechanism includes the release of numerous Kaps from the NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Riquelme Barrientos
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tegan A Otto
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara N Mouton
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Steen
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth M Veenhoff
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Yang Y, Guo L, Chen L, Gong B, Jia D, Sun Q. Nuclear transport proteins: structure, function, and disease relevance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:425. [PMID: 37945593 PMCID: PMC10636164 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper subcellular localization is crucial for the functioning of biomacromolecules, including proteins and RNAs. Nuclear transport is a fundamental cellular process that regulates the localization of many macromolecules within the nuclear or cytoplasmic compartments. In humans, approximately 60 proteins are involved in nuclear transport, including nucleoporins that form membrane-embedded nuclear pore complexes, karyopherins that transport cargoes through these complexes, and Ran system proteins that ensure directed and rapid transport. Many of these nuclear transport proteins play additional and essential roles in mitosis, biomolecular condensation, and gene transcription. Dysregulation of nuclear transport is linked to major human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Selinexor (KPT-330), an inhibitor targeting the nuclear export factor XPO1 (also known as CRM1), was approved in 2019 to treat two types of blood cancers, and dozens of clinical trials of are ongoing. This review summarizes approximately three decades of research data in this field but focuses on the structure and function of individual nuclear transport proteins from recent studies, providing a cutting-edge and holistic view on the role of nuclear transport proteins in health and disease. In-depth knowledge of this rapidly evolving field has the potential to bring new insights into fundamental biology, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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Wang Y, Xu J, Zhu X, Kuang H. MicroRNA-130a-3p impedes the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma through downregulation of KPNB1 by targeting PSME3. Endocrine 2023; 82:96-107. [PMID: 37166548 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the main type of thyroid cancer (THCA). Despite the good prognosis, some PTC patients may deteriorate into more aggressive disease, leading to poor survival. Our study aimed to explore the role of microRNA (miR)-130a-3p in regulating PTC. METHODS After transfection with miR-130a-3p-mimic, OE-PSME3, or miR-130a-3p-mimic + OE-KPNB1 in PTC cells (TPC-1), CCK-8, Transwell, scratch, and flow cytometry experiments were performed to analyze TPC-1 cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. Western blotting was used to detect proliferation or invasion-related protein markers (PCNA, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin). The RNA22 database, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and RNA pull-down assay were applied for the prediction and verification of the binding site between miR-130a-3p and PSME3. Pan-cancer software identified a positive correlation between PSME3 and KPNB1 in THCA. Co-immunoprecipitation was utilized to verify the interaction of PSME3 with KPNB1. Nude mice were transplanted with TPC-1 cells overexpressing miR-130a-3p. The tumors were isolated for detection of the expression of miR-130a-3p, PSME3, KPNB1, Ki-67, and CD31. RESULTS miR-130a-3p was lowly expressed in PTC cell lines. Upregulation of miR-130a-3p repressed the expression of PSME3 and KPNB1 and reduced the malignancy of TPC-1 cells in vitro, shown by inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and the expression of PCNA and N-cadherin. Also, overexpressed miR-130a-3p inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice. miR-130a-3p bound to PSME3 which interacted with KPNB1. CONCLUSION miR-130a-3p impedes the progression of PTC by downregulating PSME3/KPNB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jinmei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P.R. China.
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Minasbekyan LA, Badalyan HG. Physical model of the nuclear membrane permeability mechanism. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1195-1207. [PMID: 37974978 PMCID: PMC10643749 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear cytoplasmic transport is mediated by many receptors that recognize specific nuclear localization signals on proteins and RNA and transport these substrates through nuclear pore complexes. Facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes requires the attachment of transport receptors. Despite the relatively large tunnel diameter, some even small proteins (less than 20-30 kDa), such as histones, pass through the nuclear pore complex only with transport receptors. Over several decades, considerable material has been accumulated on the structure, architecture, and amino acid composition of the proteins included in this complex and the sequence of many receptors. We consider the data available in the literature on the structure of the nuclear pore complex and possible mechanisms of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport, applying the theory of electrostatic interactions in the context of our data on changes in the electrokinetic potential of nuclei and our previously proposed physical model of the mechanism of facilitated diffusion through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). According to our data, the main contribution to the charge of the nuclear membrane is made by anionic phospholipids, which are part of both the nuclear membrane and the nuclear matrix, which creates a potential difference between them. The nuclear membrane is a four-layer phospholipid dielectric, so the potential vector can only pass through the NPC, creating an electrostatic funnel that "pulls in" the positively charged load-NLS-NTR trigger complexes. Considering the newly obtained data, an improved model of the previously proposed physical model of the mechanism of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport is proposed. This model considers the contribution of electrostatic fields to the transportation speed when changing the membrane's thickness in the NPC basket at a higher load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya A. Minasbekyan
- Scientific Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, A. Manoogian St., 1, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hamlet G. Badalyan
- Chair of General Physics, Yerevan State University, A. Manoogian St., 1, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
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12
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Kuiper EFE, Prophet SM, Schlieker C. Coordinating nucleoporin condensation and nuclear pore complex assembly. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2534-2545. [PMID: 37620293 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is among the most elaborate protein complexes in eukaryotes. While ribosomes and proteasomes are known to require dedicated assembly machinery, our understanding of NPC assembly is at a relatively early stage. Defects in NPC assembly or homeostasis are tied to movement disorders, including dystonia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as aging, requiring a better understanding of these processes to enable therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss recent progress in the understanding of NPC assembly and highlight how related defects in human disorders can shed light on NPC biogenesis. We propose that the condensation of phenylalanine-glycine repeat nucleoporins needs to be carefully controlled during NPC assembly to prevent aberrant condensation, aggregation, or amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Elsiena Kuiper
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah M Prophet
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Minasbekyan LA, Badalyan HG. Physical model of the nuclear membrane permeability mechanism. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1195-1207. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s12551-023-01136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
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14
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Liashkovich I, Stefanello ST, Vidyadharan R, Haufe G, Erofeev A, Gorelkin PV, Kolmogorov V, Mizdal CR, Dulebo A, Bulk E, Kouzel IU, Shahin V. Pitstop-2 and its novel derivative RVD-127 disrupt global cell dynamics and nuclear pores integrity by direct interaction with small GTPases. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10425. [PMID: 37476059 PMCID: PMC10354767 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is an essential cell physiological process of broad biomedical relevance. Since the recent introduction of Pitstop-2 as a potent CME inhibitor, we and others have reported on substantial clathrin-independent inhibitory effects. Herein, we developed and experimentally validated a novel fluorescent derivative of Pitstop-2, termed RVD-127, to clarify Pitstop-2 diverse effects. Using RVD-127, we were able to trace additional protein targets of Pitstop-2. Besides inhibiting CME, Pitstop-2 and RVD-127 proved to directly and reversibly bind to at least two members of the small GTPase superfamily Ran and Rac1 with particularly high efficacy. Binding locks the GTPases in a guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-like conformation disabling their interaction with their downstream effectors. Consequently, overall cell motility, mechanics and nucleocytoplasmic transport integrity are rapidly disrupted at inhibitor concentrations well below those required to significantly reduce CME. We conclude that Pitstop-2 is a highly potent, reversible inhibitor of small GTPases. The inhibition of these molecular switches of diverse crucial signaling pathways, including nucleocytoplasmic transport and overall cell dynamics and motility, clarifies the diversity of Pitstop-2 activities. Moreover, considering the fundamental importance and broad implications of small GTPases in physiology, pathophysiology and drug development, Pitstop-2 and RVD-127 open up novel avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Günter Haufe
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- National University of Science and Technology «MISiS»MoscowRussia
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | | | | | | | | | - Etmar Bulk
- Institute of Physiology II, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | | | - Victor Shahin
- Institute of Physiology II, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
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15
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Yu M, Heidari M, Mikhaleva S, Tan PS, Mingu S, Ruan H, Reinkemeier CD, Obarska-Kosinska A, Siggel M, Beck M, Hummer G, Lemke EA. Visualizing the disordered nuclear transport machinery in situ. Nature 2023; 617:162-169. [PMID: 37100914 PMCID: PMC10156602 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The approximately 120 MDa mammalian nuclear pore complex (NPC) acts as a gatekeeper for the transport between the nucleus and cytosol1. The central channel of the NPC is filled with hundreds of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) called FG-nucleoporins (FG-NUPs)2,3. Although the structure of the NPC scaffold has been resolved in remarkable detail, the actual transport machinery built up by FG-NUPs-about 50 MDa-is depicted as an approximately 60-nm hole in even highly resolved tomograms and/or structures computed with artificial intelligence4-11. Here we directly probed conformations of the vital FG-NUP98 inside NPCs in live cells and in permeabilized cells with an intact transport machinery by using a synthetic biology-enabled site-specific small-molecule labelling approach paired with highly time-resolved fluorescence microscopy. Single permeabilized cell measurements of the distance distribution of FG-NUP98 segments combined with coarse-grained molecular simulations of the NPC allowed us to map the uncharted molecular environment inside the nanosized transport channel. We determined that the channel provides-in the terminology of the Flory polymer theory12-a 'good solvent' environment. This enables the FG domain to adopt expanded conformations and thus control transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. With more than 30% of the proteome being formed from IDPs, our study opens a window into resolving disorder-function relationships of IDPs in situ, which are important in various processes, such as cellular signalling, phase separation, ageing and viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Biocenter, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maziar Heidari
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sofya Mikhaleva
- Biocenter, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Piau Siong Tan
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Mingu
- Biocenter, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hao Ruan
- Biocenter, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher D Reinkemeier
- Biocenter, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Marc Siggel
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beck
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Edward A Lemke
- Biocenter, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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16
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Cowburn D, Rout M. Improving the hole picture: towards a consensus on the mechanism of nuclear transport. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:871-886. [PMID: 37099395 PMCID: PMC10212546 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate the exchange of materials between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, playing a key role in the separation of nucleic acids and proteins into their required compartments. The static structure of the NPC is relatively well defined by recent cryo-EM and other studies. The functional roles of dynamic components in the pore of the NPC, phenylalanyl-glycyl (FG) repeat rich nucleoporins, is less clear because of our limited understanding of highly dynamic protein systems. These proteins form a 'restrained concentrate' which interacts with and concentrates nuclear transport factors (NTRs) to provide facilitated nucleocytoplasmic transport of cargoes. Very rapid on- and off-rates among FG repeats and NTRs supports extremely fast facilitated transport, close to the rate of macromolecular diffusion in cytoplasm, while complexes without specific interactions are entropically excluded, though details on several aspects of the transport mechanism and FG repeat behaviors remain to be resolved. However, as discussed here, new technical approaches combined with more advanced modeling methods will likely provide an improved dynamic description of NPC transport, potentially at the atomic level in the near future. Such advances are likely to be of major benefit in comprehending the roles the malfunctioning NPC plays in cancer, ageing, viral diseases, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cowburn
- Departments of Biochemistry and Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, U.S.A
| | - Michael Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, U.S.A
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17
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Kozai T, Fernandez-Martinez J, van Eeuwen T, Gallardo P, Kapinos LE, Mazur A, Zhang W, Tempkin J, Panatala R, Delgado-Izquierdo M, Raveh B, Sali A, Chait BT, Veenhoff LM, Rout MP, Lim RYH. Dynamic molecular mechanism of the nuclear pore complex permeability barrier. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.31.535055. [PMID: 37066338 PMCID: PMC10103940 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport of specific macromolecules while impeding the exchange of unsolicited material. However, key aspects of this gating mechanism remain controversial. To address this issue, we determined the nanoscopic behavior of the permeability barrier directly within yeast S. cerevisiae NPCs at transport-relevant timescales. We show that the large intrinsically disordered domains of phenylalanine-glycine repeat nucleoporins (FG Nups) exhibit highly dynamic fluctuations to create transient voids in the permeability barrier that continuously shape-shift and reseal, resembling a radial polymer brush. Together with cargo-carrying transport factors the FG domains form a feature called the central plug, which is also highly dynamic. Remarkably, NPC mutants with longer FG domains show interweaving meshwork-like behavior that attenuates nucleocytoplasmic transport in vivo. Importantly, the bona fide nanoscale NPC behaviors and morphologies are not recapitulated by in vitro FG domain hydrogels. NPCs also exclude self-assembling FG domain condensates in vivo, thereby indicating that the permeability barrier is not generated by a self-assembling phase condensate, but rather is largely a polymer brush, organized by the NPC scaffold, whose dynamic gating selectivity is strongly enhanced by the presence of transport factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kozai
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javier Fernandez-Martinez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, U.S.A
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Trevor van Eeuwen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, U.S.A
| | - Paola Gallardo
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Adam Mazur
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wenzhu Zhang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, U.S.A
| | - Jeremy Tempkin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, U.S.A. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | - Barak Raveh
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, U.S.A. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian T. Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, U.S.A
| | - Liesbeth M. Veenhoff
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michael P. Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, U.S.A
| | - Roderick Y. H. Lim
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Jibiki K, Kodama TS, Yasuhara N. Importin alpha family NAAT/IBB domain: Functions of a pleiotropic long chameleon sequence. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 134:175-209. [PMID: 36858734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear transport is essential for eukaryotic cell survival and regulates the movement of functional molecules in and out of the nucleus via the nuclear pore. Transport is facilitated by protein-protein interactions between cargo and transport receptors, which contribute to the expression and regulation of downstream genetic information. This chapter focuses on the molecular basis of the multifunctional nature of the importin α family, the representative transport receptors that bring proteins into the nucleus. Importin α performs multiple functions during the nuclear transport cycle through interactions with multiple molecules by a single domain called the IBB domain. This domain is a long chameleon sequence, which can change its conformation and binding mode depending on the interaction partners. By considering the evolutionarily conserved biochemical/physicochemical propensities of the amino acids constituting the functional complex interfaces, together with their structural properties, the mechanisms of switching between multiple complexes formed via IBB and the regulation of downstream functions are examined in detail. The mechanism of regulation by IBB indicates that the time has come for a paradigm shift in the way we view the molecular mechanisms by which proteins regulate downstream functions through their interactions with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Jibiki
- Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi S Kodama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Noriko Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Yang J, Griffin A, Qiang Z, Ren J. Organelle-targeted therapies: a comprehensive review on system design for enabling precision oncology. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:379. [PMID: 36402753 PMCID: PMC9675787 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to human health. Among various treatment methods, precision therapy has received significant attention since the inception, due to its ability to efficiently inhibit tumor growth, while curtailing common shortcomings from conventional cancer treatment, leading towards enhanced survival rates. Particularly, organelle-targeted strategies enable precise accumulation of therapeutic agents in organelles, locally triggering organelle-mediated cell death signals which can greatly reduce the therapeutic threshold dosage and minimize side-effects. In this review, we comprehensively discuss history and recent advances in targeted therapies on organelles, specifically including nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, while focusing on organelle structures, organelle-mediated cell death signal pathways, and design guidelines of organelle-targeted nanomedicines based on intervention mechanisms. Furthermore, a perspective on future research and clinical opportunities and potential challenges in precision oncology is presented. Through demonstrating recent developments in organelle-targeted therapies, we believe this article can further stimulate broader interests in multidisciplinary research and technology development for enabling advanced organelle-targeted nanomedicines and their corresponding clinic translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Institute of Nano and Biopolymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 201804 Shanghai, China
| | - Anthony Griffin
- grid.267193.80000 0001 2295 628XSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA
| | - Zhe Qiang
- grid.267193.80000 0001 2295 628XSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA
| | - Jie Ren
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Institute of Nano and Biopolymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 201804 Shanghai, China
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20
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Wu JW, Wang CW, Chen RY, Hung LY, Tsai YC, Chan YT, Chang YC, Jang ACC. Spatiotemporal gating of Stat nuclear influx by Drosophila Npas4 in collective cell migration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm2411. [PMID: 35867785 PMCID: PMC9307255 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Collective migration is important to embryonic development and cancer metastasis, but migratory and nonmigratory cell fate discrimination by differential activity of signal pathways remains elusive. In Drosophila oogenesis, Jak/Stat signaling patterns the epithelial cell fates in early egg chambers but later renders motility to clustered border cells. How Jak/Stat signal spatiotemporally switches static epithelia to motile cells is largely unknown. We report that a nuclear protein, Dysfusion, resides on the inner nuclear membrane and interacts with importin α/β and Nup153 to modulate Jak/Stat signal by attenuating Stat nuclear import. Dysfusion is ubiquitously expressed in oogenesis but specifically down-regulated in border cells when migrating. Increase of nuclear Stat by Dysfusion down-regulation triggers invasive cell behavior and maintains persistent motility. Mammalian homolog of Dysfusion (NPAS4) also negatively regulates the nuclear accumulation of STAT3 and cancer cell migration. Thus, our finding demonstrates that Dysfusion-dependent gating mechanism is conserved and may serve as a therapeutic target for Stat-mediated cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhen-Wei Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Wen Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yu Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yi Hung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Tsai
- Department of Life Science and Life Science Center, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiuan Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lien-Hai Rd, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Anna C.-C. Jang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
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21
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Duan L, Zaepfel BL, Aksenova V, Dasso M, Rothstein JD, Kalab P, Hayes LR. Nuclear RNA binding regulates TDP-43 nuclear localization and passive nuclear export. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111106. [PMID: 35858577 PMCID: PMC9345261 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear clearance of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 is a hallmark of neurodegeneration and an important therapeutic target. Our current understanding of TDP-43 nucleocytoplasmic transport does not fully explain its predominantly nuclear localization or mislocalization in disease. Here, we show that TDP-43 exits nuclei by passive diffusion, independent of facilitated mRNA export. RNA polymerase II blockade and RNase treatment induce TDP-43 nuclear efflux, suggesting that nuclear RNAs sequester TDP-43 in nuclei and limit its availability for passive export. Induction of TDP-43 nuclear efflux by short, GU-rich oligomers (presumably by outcompeting TDP-43 binding to endogenous nuclear RNAs), and nuclear retention conferred by splicing inhibition, demonstrate that nuclear TDP-43 localization depends on binding to GU-rich nuclear RNAs. Indeed, RNA-binding domain mutations markedly reduce TDP-43 nuclear localization and abolish transcription blockade-induced nuclear efflux. Thus, the nuclear abundance of GU-RNAs, dictated by the balance of transcription, pre-mRNA processing, and RNA export, regulates TDP-43 nuclear localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Duan
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin L Zaepfel
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vasilisa Aksenova
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary Dasso
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Petr Kalab
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Lindsey R Hayes
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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22
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Nelson RS, Dammer EB, Santiago JV, Seyfried NT, Rangaraju S. Brain Cell Type-Specific Nuclear Proteomics Is Imperative to Resolve Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:902146. [PMID: 35784845 PMCID: PMC9243337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.902146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) involve complex cellular mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Emerging findings have revealed that disruption of nuclear processes play key roles in ND pathogenesis. The nucleus is a nexus for gene regulation and cellular processes that together, may underlie pathomechanisms of NDs. Furthermore, many genetic risk factors for NDs encode proteins that are either present in the nucleus or are involved in nuclear processes (for example, RNA binding proteins, epigenetic regulators, or nuclear-cytoplasmic transport proteins). While recent advances in nuclear transcriptomics have been significant, studies of the nuclear proteome in brain have been relatively limited. We propose that a comprehensive analysis of nuclear proteomic alterations of various brain cell types in NDs may provide novel biological and therapeutic insights. This may be feasible because emerging technical advances allow isolation and investigation of intact nuclei from post-mortem frozen human brain tissue with cell type-specific and single-cell resolution. Accordingly, nuclei of various brain cell types harbor unique protein markers which can be used to isolate cell-type specific nuclei followed by down-stream proteomics by mass spectrometry. Here we review the literature providing a rationale for investigating proteomic changes occurring in nuclei in NDs and then highlight the potential for brain cell type-specific nuclear proteomics to enhance our understanding of distinct cellular mechanisms that drive ND pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S. Nelson
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Srikant Rangaraju
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23
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Gleixner AM, Verdone BM, Otte CG, Anderson EN, Ramesh N, Shapiro OR, Gale JR, Mauna JC, Mann JR, Copley KE, Daley EL, Ortega JA, Cicardi ME, Kiskinis E, Kofler J, Pandey UB, Trotti D, Donnelly CJ. NUP62 localizes to ALS/FTLD pathological assemblies and contributes to TDP-43 insolubility. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3380. [PMID: 35697676 PMCID: PMC9192689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause of ALS and FTLD (C9-ALS/FTLD) with cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions observed in regions of neurodegeneration. The accumulation of repetitive RNAs and dipeptide repeat protein (DPR) are two proposed mechanisms of toxicity in C9-ALS/FTLD and linked to impaired nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is regulated by the phenylalanine-glycine nucleoporins (FG nups) that comprise the nuclear pore complex (NPC) permeability barrier. However, the relationship between FG nups and TDP-43 pathology remains elusive. Our studies show that nuclear depletion and cytoplasmic mislocalization of one FG nup, NUP62, is linked to TDP-43 mislocalization in C9-ALS/FTLD iPSC neurons. Poly-glycine arginine (GR) DPR accumulation initiates the formation of cytoplasmic RNA granules that recruit NUP62 and TDP-43. Cytoplasmic NUP62 and TDP-43 interactions promotes their insolubility and NUP62:TDP-43 inclusions are frequently found in C9orf72 ALS/FTLD as well as sporadic ALS/FTLD postmortem CNS tissue. Our findings indicate NUP62 cytoplasmic mislocalization contributes to TDP-43 proteinopathy in ALS/FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Gleixner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brandie Morris Verdone
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charlton G Otte
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric N Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nandini Ramesh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivia R Shapiro
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jenna R Gale
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jocelyn C Mauna
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob R Mann
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katie E Copley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Daley
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University of Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juan A Ortega
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University of Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Elena Cicardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evangelos Kiskinis
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University of Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julia Kofler
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Udai B Pandey
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Donnelly
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Nag N, Sasidharan S, Uversky VN, Saudagar P, Tripathi T. Phase separation of FG-nucleoporins in nuclear pore complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119205. [PMID: 34995711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a bilayer membrane that separates and physically isolates the genetic material from the cytoplasm. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are cylindrical structures embedded in the NE and remain the sole channel of communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The interior of NPCs contains densely packed intrinsically disordered FG-nucleoporins (FG-Nups), consequently forming a permeability barrier. This barrier facilitates the selection and specificity of the cargoes that are imported, exported, or shuttled through the NPCs. Recent studies have revealed that FG-Nups undergo the process of liquid-liquid phase separation into liquid droplets. Moreover, these liquid droplets mimic the permeability barrier observed in the interior of NPCs. This review highlights the phase separation of FG-Nups occurring inside the NPCs rooted in the NE. We discuss the phase separation of FG-Nups and compare the different aspects contributing to their phase separation. Furthermore, several diseases caused by the aberrant phase separation of the proteins are examined with respect to NEs. By understanding the fundamental process of phase separation at the nuclear membrane, the review seeks to explore the parameters influencing this phenomenon as well as its importance, ultimately paving the way for better research on the structure-function relationship of biomolecular condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Nag
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Santanu Sasidharan
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States; Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - Prakash Saudagar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, India.
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
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25
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Kalita J, Kapinos LE, Zheng T, Rencurel C, Zilman A, Lim RYH. Karyopherin enrichment and compensation fortifies the nuclear pore complex against nucleocytoplasmic leakage. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212986. [PMID: 35089308 PMCID: PMC8932525 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) discriminate nonspecific macromolecules from importin and exportin receptors, collectively termed “karyopherins” (Kaps), that mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport. This selective barrier function is attributed to the behavior of intrinsically disordered phenylalanine-glycine nucleoporins (FG Nups) that guard the NPC channel. However, NPCs in vivo are typically enriched with different Kaps, and how they impact the NPC barrier remains unknown. Here, we show that two major Kaps, importinβ1/karyopherinβ1 (Kapβ1) and exportin 1/chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1), are required to fortify NPC barrier function in vivo. Their enrichment at the NPC is sustained by promiscuous binding interactions with the FG Nups, which enable CRM1 to compensate for the loss of Kapβ1 as a means to maintain NPC barrier function. However, such a compensatory mechanism is constrained by the cellular abundances and different binding kinetics for each respective Kap, as evidenced for importin-5. Consequently, we find that NPC malfunction and nucleocytoplasmic leakage result from poor Kap enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kalita
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Larisa E Kapinos
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiantian Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal Rencurel
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton Zilman
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roderick Y H Lim
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Function of the Nuclear Transport Machinery in Maintaining the Distinctive Compositions of the Nucleus and Cytoplasm. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052578. [PMID: 35269721 PMCID: PMC8910404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the separation of transcription and translation, mediated by the nuclear envelope, is the defining characteristic of Eukaryotes, the barrier between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments needs to be semipermeable to enable material to be moved between them. Moreover, each compartment needs to have a distinctive complement of macromolecules to mediate specific functions and so movement between them needs to be controlled. This is achieved through the selective active transport of macromolecules through the nuclear pores that stud the nuclear envelope, and which serve as a conduit between these compartments. Nuclear pores are huge cylindrical macromolecular assemblies and are constructed from the order of 30 different proteins called nucleoporins. Nuclear pores have a central transport channel that is filled with a dense network of natively unfolded portions of many different nuclear pore proteins (nucleoporins or nups). This network generates a barrier that impedes, but does not entirely prevent, the diffusion of many macromolecules through the pores. The rapid movement of a range of proteins and RNAs through the pores is mediated by a range of transport factors that bind their cargo in one compartment and release it in the other. However, although as their size increases the diffusion of macromolecules through nuclear pores is progressively impaired, additional mechanisms, including the binding of some macromolecules to immobile components of each compartment and also the active removal of macromolecules from the inappropriate compartment, are needed to fully maintain the distinctive compositions of each compartment.
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27
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Davis LK, Ford IJ, Hoogenboom BW. Crowding-induced phase separation of nuclear transport receptors in FG nucleoporin assemblies. eLife 2022; 11:72627. [PMID: 35098921 PMCID: PMC8880993 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid (< 1 ms) transport of biological material to and from the cell nucleus is regulated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC). At the core of the NPC is a permeability barrier consisting of intrinsically disordered Phe-Gly (FG) nucleoporins (FG Nups). Various types of nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) facilitate transport by partitioning in the FG Nup assembly, overcoming the barrier by their affinity to the FG Nups, and comprise a significant fraction of proteins in the NPC barrier. In previous work Zahn et al. (2016), we revealed a universal physical behaviour in the experimentally observed binding of two well-characterized NTRs, NTF2 and the larger Importin-β, to different planar assemblies of FG Nups, with the binding behaviour defined by negative cooperativity. This was further validated by a minimal physical model that treated the FG Nups as flexible homopolymers and the NTRs as uniformly cohesive spheres. Here, we build upon our original study by first parametrizing our model to experimental data, and next predicting the effects of crowding by different types of NTRs. We show how varying the amounts of one type of NTR modulates how the other NTR penetrates the FG Nup assembly. Notably, at similar and physiologically relevant NTR concentrations, our model predicts demixed phases of NTF2 and Imp-β within the FG Nup assembly. The functional implication of NTR phase separation is that NPCs may sustain separate transport pathways that are determined by inter-NTR competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke K Davis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Ford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bart W Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Importin alpha 1 is required for the nucleus entry of Fowl Adenovirus serotype 4 Fiber-1 protein. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109351. [PMID: 35121306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fiber-1 protein (F1) is the structural protein of Fowl Adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), which could recondite the receptors of host cytomembrane. In this study, we firstly determined that F1 protein located in nucleus of LMH cells after infection with FAdV-4. We additionally revealed that F1 protein had a classic NLS, and the NLS was required for F1 nucleus entry, which was intently associated to the 26th Pro in NLS. The time rule result indicated that some F1 proteins firstly positioned in the nucleus 6 h posttranfection, and it entirely located in the nucleus 12 h posttranfection, then it ordinarily placed in cytoplasm 18 h posttranfection by means of microscopic fluorescence observation and Western Blotting. Then after transfection with pCI-neo-flag-F1 or infection with FAdV-4, the importin alpha 1 was once investigated whether or not it was required for F1 protein nucleus entry through immunofluorescence and/or Co-IP, results demonstrated that the F1 protein and importin alpha 1 co-located in the nucleus 6 h and 12 h posttranfection. The tiers of F1 protein vicinity in nucleus have been additionally investigated after knockdown expression or overexpression of importin alpha 1, and the results further revealed that importin alpha 1 used to be required for F1 protein nucleus entry. Finally, the function of F1 protein nucleus entry was investigated by qPCR, RT-PCR and Western Blotting, and the results revealed that F1 protein nucleus location was conducive to the proliferation of FAdV-4. In summary, we firstly reveal that the F1 protein of FAdV-4 locates in nucleus infected with FAdV-4, and confirm that importin alpha 1 binds to the NLS of F1 protein to nucleus localization, which promotes the proliferation of FAdV-4.
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29
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Tarvirdipour S, Skowicki M, Schoenenberger CA, Kapinos LE, Lim R, Benenson Y, Palivan CG. A self-assembling peptidic platform to boost the cellular uptake and nuclear delivery of oligonucleotides. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4309-4323. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00826b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of non-viral vectors that efficiently deliver genetic materials into cells, in particular to the nucleus, remains a major challenge in gene therapy and vaccine development. To tackle the...
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30
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Guo Q, Liu Q, Wang N, Wang J, Sun A, Qiao J, Yan L. The function of Nucleoporin 37 on mouse oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:107-116. [PMID: 35022896 PMCID: PMC8866631 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nucleoporin 37 (NUP37) has been reported to activate the YAP-TEAD signaling, which is crucial for early embryo development. However, whether NUP37 is involved in oocyte meiosis and embryo development remains largely unknown. The study aimed to clarify the function of Nup37 in oocyte maturation and early embryo development, and to explore the mechanism. METHODS The expression level and subcellular localization of NUP37 were explored. After knocking down of Nup37 by microinjecting interfering RNA (siRNA), the oocyte maturation rate, aberrant PB1 extrusion rate, and blastocyst formation rate were evaluated. In addition, the effect of the downregulation of Nup37 on YAP-TEAD signaling was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS NUP37 was highly expressed in oocytes and early embryos; it mainly localized to the nuclear periphery at mice GV stage oocytes and early embryos. Nup37 depletion led to aberrant PB1 extrusion at the MII stage oocyte and a decreased blastocyst formation rate. The reduction of NUP37 caused YAP1 mislocalization and decreased the expression of Tead1, Tead2, and Tead4 during mice embryo development, thus affecting the YAP-TEAD activity and embryo developmental competence. CONCLUSIONS In summary, NUP37 played an important role in mice oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education Beijing Key, Beijing, 100191 China ,Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191 China ,Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education Beijing Key, Beijing, 100191 China ,Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191 China ,Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education Beijing Key, Beijing, 100191 China ,Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191 China ,Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education Beijing Key, Beijing, 100191 China ,Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191 China ,Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Andi Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education Beijing Key, Beijing, 100191 China ,Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191 China ,Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education Beijing Key, Beijing, 100191 China ,Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191 China ,Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education Beijing Key, Beijing, 100191 China ,Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191 China ,Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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31
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Aksenova V, Dasso M. Mapping paths through the nuclear pore complex. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:6-7. [PMID: 35013557 PMCID: PMC11166263 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) facilitate the fast, yet highly selective, nucleocytoplasmic transport of molecules. A recent study describes a multicolour imaging approach to chart the paths for cargo molecules through the human NPC with real-time 3D visualization of nucleocytoplasmic transport events with high spatial and temporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilisa Aksenova
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mary Dasso
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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32
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Kapinos LE, Lim RYH. Multivalent Interactions with Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Probed by Surface Plasmon Resonance. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2502:311-328. [PMID: 35412248 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2337-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent interactions underpin associations between intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and their binding partners. This is a subject of considerable interest and governs how nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) orchestrate the nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) of signal-specific cargoes through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in eukaryotic cells. Specifically, IDPs termed phenylalanine-glycine nucleoporins (FG Nups) exert multivalent interactions with NTRs to facilitate their transport selectivity and speed through the NPC. Here, we document the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to quantify the affinity and kinetics of NTR-FG Nup binding as a function of FG Nup surface density. Moreover, we describe an in situ method that measures conformational height changes that occur in a FG Nup layer following NTR-binding. Protocols by which the as-obtained SPR results are treated with respect to mass transport limitations are further described. Overall, the SPR methodology described here can be applied to studying multivalent interactions and the role of avidity in diverse biological and biointerfacial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa E Kapinos
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roderick Y H Lim
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland.
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33
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Hwang E, Jung HS. Organelle-targeted photothermal agents for cancer therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7731-7742. [PMID: 34286722 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02168k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, advances in the field of organelle-targeted photothermal therapy (PTT) have stimulated the rapid development of organelle-targeted PTT agents as anticancer therapeutic agents. However, to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive review of organelle-targeted PTT agents has been reported thus far. In this article, we have provided a structured approach for describing the different types and properties of each organelle-targeted PTT agent as well as the potential future therapeutic applications that were classified by their target organelles. Representative agents that have been used in the field of PTT since 2010 have been summarized and the most recent advances in improving the therapeutic efficacy across various types of cancers have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbin Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hyupsung University, Hwasung-si, 18330, Korea.
| | - Hyo Sung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hyupsung University, Hwasung-si, 18330, Korea.
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34
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Hoogenboom BW, Hough LE, Lemke EA, Lim RYH, Onck PR, Zilman A. Physics of the Nuclear Pore Complex: Theory, Modeling and Experiment. PHYSICS REPORTS 2021; 921:1-53. [PMID: 35892075 PMCID: PMC9306291 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of eukaryotic cells is the nucleus that contains the genome, enclosed by a physical barrier known as the nuclear envelope (NE). On the one hand, this compartmentalization endows the eukaryotic cells with high regulatory complexity and flexibility. On the other hand, it poses a tremendous logistic and energetic problem of transporting millions of molecules per second across the nuclear envelope, to facilitate their biological function in all compartments of the cell. Therefore, eukaryotes have evolved a molecular "nanomachine" known as the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC). Embedded in the nuclear envelope, NPCs control and regulate all the bi-directional transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. NPCs combine high molecular specificity of transport with high throughput and speed, and are highly robust with respect to molecular noise and structural perturbations. Remarkably, the functional mechanisms of NPC transport are highly conserved among eukaryotes, from yeast to humans, despite significant differences in the molecular components among various species. The NPC is the largest macromolecular complex in the cell. Yet, despite its significant complexity, it has become clear that its principles of operation can be largely understood based on fundamental physical concepts, as have emerged from a combination of experimental methods of molecular cell biology, biophysics, nanoscience and theoretical and computational modeling. Indeed, many aspects of NPC function can be recapitulated in artificial mimics with a drastically reduced complexity compared to biological pores. We review the current physical understanding of the NPC architecture and function, with the focus on the critical analysis of experimental studies in cells and artificial NPC mimics through the lens of theoretical and computational models. We also discuss the connections between the emerging concepts of NPC operation and other areas of biophysics and bionanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart W. Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Loren E. Hough
- Department of Physics and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Lemke
- Biocenter Mainz, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University and Institute of Molecular Biology, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roderick Y. H. Lim
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick R. Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Zilman
- Department of Physics and Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
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35
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Kutay U, Jühlen R, Antonin W. Mitotic disassembly and reassembly of nuclear pore complexes. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:1019-1033. [PMID: 34294532 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are huge protein assemblies within the nuclear envelope (NE) that serve as selective gates for macromolecular transport between nucleus and cytoplasm. When higher eukaryotic cells prepare for division, they rapidly disintegrate NPCs during NE breakdown such that nuclear and cytoplasmic components mix to enable the formation of a cytoplasmic mitotic spindle. At the end of mitosis, reassembly of NPCs is coordinated with the establishment of the NE around decondensing chromatin. We review recent progress on mitotic NPC disassembly and reassembly, focusing on vertebrate cells. We highlight novel mechanistic insights into how NPCs are rapidly disintegrated into conveniently reusable building blocks, and put divergent models of (post-)mitotic NPC assembly into a spatial and temporal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kutay
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ramona Jühlen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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36
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Nord MS, Bernis C, Carmona S, Garland DC, Travesa A, Forbes DJ. Exportins can inhibit major mitotic assembly events in vitro: membrane fusion, nuclear pore formation, and spindle assembly. Nucleus 2021; 11:178-193. [PMID: 32762441 PMCID: PMC7540616 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1798093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus egg extracts are a powerful in vitro tool for studying complex biological processes, including nuclear reconstitution, nuclear membrane and pore assembly, and spindle assembly. Extracts have been further used to demonstrate a moonlighting regulatory role for nuclear import receptors or importins on these cell cycle assembly events. Here we show that exportins can also play a role in these events. Addition of Crm1, Exportin-t, or Exportin-5 decreased nuclear pore assembly in vitro. RanQ69L-GTP, a constitutively active form of RanGTP, ameliorated inhibition. Both Crm1 and Exportin-t inhibited fusion of nuclear membranes, again counteracted by RanQ69L-GTP. In mitotic extracts, Crm1 and Exportin-t negatively impacted spindle assembly. Pulldowns from the extracts using Crm1- or Exportin-t-beads revealed nucleoporins known to be essential for both nuclear pore and spindle assembly, with RanQ69L-GTP decreasing a subset of these target interactions. This study suggests a model where exportins, like importins, can regulate major mitotic assembly events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Nord
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences 0347, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cyril Bernis
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences 0347, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Carmona
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences 0347, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis C Garland
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences 0347, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Travesa
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences 0347, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Douglass J Forbes
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences 0347, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, CA, USA
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37
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Lu J, Wu T, Zhang B, Liu S, Song W, Qiao J, Ruan H. Types of nuclear localization signals and mechanisms of protein import into the nucleus. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:60. [PMID: 34022911 PMCID: PMC8140498 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localization signals (NLS) are generally short peptides that act as a signal fragment that mediates the transport of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. This NLS-dependent protein recognition, a process necessary for cargo proteins to pass the nuclear envelope through the nuclear pore complex, is facilitated by members of the importin superfamily. Here, we summarized the types of NLS, focused on the recently reported related proteins containing nuclear localization signals, and briefly summarized some mechanisms that do not depend on nuclear localization signals into the nucleus. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juane Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Suke Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjun Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Haihua Ruan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
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38
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Davis LK, Šarić A, Hoogenboom BW, Zilman A. Physical modeling of multivalent interactions in the nuclear pore complex. Biophys J 2021; 120:1565-1577. [PMID: 33617830 PMCID: PMC8204217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nuclear pore complex, intrinsically disordered proteins (FG Nups), along with their interactions with more globular proteins called nuclear transport receptors (NTRs), are vital to the selectivity of transport into and out of the cell nucleus. Although such interactions can be modeled at different levels of coarse graining, in vitro experimental data have been quantitatively described by minimal models that describe FG Nups as cohesive homogeneous polymers and NTRs as uniformly cohesive spheres, in which the heterogeneous effects have been smeared out. By definition, these minimal models do not account for the explicit heterogeneities in FG Nup sequences, essentially a string of cohesive and noncohesive polymer units, and at the NTR surface. Here, we develop computational and analytical models that do take into account such heterogeneity in a minimal fashion and compare them with experimental data on single-molecule interactions between FG Nups and NTRs. Overall, we find that the heterogeneous nature of FG Nups and NTRs does play a role in determining equilibrium binding properties but is of much greater significance when it comes to unbinding and binding kinetics. Using our models, we predict how binding equilibria and kinetics depend on the distribution of cohesive blocks in the FG Nup sequences and of the binding pockets at the NTR surface, with multivalency playing a key role. Finally, we observe that single-molecule binding kinetics has a rather minor influence on the diffusion of NTRs in polymer melts consisting of FG-Nup-like sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke K Davis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems; London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems
| | - Bart W Hoogenboom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems; London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Anton Zilman
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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39
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Kalita J, Kapinos LE, Lim RYH. On the asymmetric partitioning of nucleocytoplasmic transport - recent insights and open questions. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:239102. [PMID: 33912945 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular cargoes are asymmetrically partitioned in the nucleus or cytoplasm by nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT). At the center of this activity lies the nuclear pore complex (NPC), through which soluble factors circulate to orchestrate NCT. These include cargo-carrying importin and exportin receptors from the β-karyopherin (Kapβ) family and the small GTPase Ran, which switches between guanosine triphosphate (GTP)- and guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound forms to regulate cargo delivery and compartmentalization. Ongoing efforts have shed considerable light on how these soluble factors traverse the NPC permeability barrier to sustain NCT. However, this does not explain how importins and exportins are partitioned in the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively, nor how a steep RanGTP-RanGDP gradient is maintained across the nuclear envelope. In this Review, we peel away the multiple layers of control that regulate NCT and juxtapose unresolved features against known aspects of NPC function. Finally, we discuss how NPCs might function synergistically with Kapβs, cargoes and Ran to establish the asymmetry of NCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kalita
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Larisa E Kapinos
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Roderick Y H Lim
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel CH4056, Switzerland
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40
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A designer FG-Nup that reconstitutes the selective transport barrier of the nuclear pore complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2010. [PMID: 33790297 PMCID: PMC8012357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs) regulate bidirectional transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Intrinsically disordered FG-Nups line the NPC lumen and form a selective barrier, where transport of most proteins is inhibited whereas specific transporter proteins freely pass. The mechanism underlying selective transport through the NPC is still debated. Here, we reconstitute the selective behaviour of the NPC bottom-up by introducing a rationally designed artificial FG-Nup that mimics natural Nups. Using QCM-D, we measure selective binding of the artificial FG-Nup brushes to the transport receptor Kap95 over cytosolic proteins such as BSA. Solid-state nanopores with the artificial FG-Nups lining their inner walls support fast translocation of Kap95 while blocking BSA, thus demonstrating selectivity. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations highlight the formation of a selective meshwork with densities comparable to native NPCs. Our findings show that simple design rules can recapitulate the selective behaviour of native FG-Nups and demonstrate that no specific spacer sequence nor a spatial segregation of different FG-motif types are needed to create selective NPCs.
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41
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Perez Sirkin YA, Tagliazucchi M, Szleifer I. Nanopore gates via reversible crosslinking of polymer brushes: a theoretical study. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2791-2802. [PMID: 33544104 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01760d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-brush-modified nanopores are synthetic structures inspired by the gated transport exhibited by their biological counterparts. This work theoretically analyzes how the reversible crosslinking of a polymer network by soluble species can be used to control transport through nanochannels and pores. The study was performed with a molecular theory that allows inhomogeneities in the three spatial dimensions and explicitly takes into account the size, shape and conformations of all molecular species, considers the intermolecular interactions between the polymers and the soluble crosslinkers and includes the presence of a translocating particle inside the pore. It is shown than increasing the concentration of the soluble crosslinkers in bulk solution leads to a gradual increase of its number within the pore until a critical bulk concentration is reached. At the critical concentration, the number of crosslinkers inside the pore increases abruptly. For long chains, this sudden transition triggers the collapse of the polymer brush to the center of the nanopore. The resulting structure increases the free-energy barrier that a translocating particle has to surmount to go across the pore and modifies the route of translocation from the axis of the pore to its walls. On the other hand, for short polymer chains the crosslinkers trigger the collapse of the brush to the pore walls, which reduces the translocation barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila A Perez Sirkin
- INQUIMAE-CONICET and DQIAQF, University of Buenos Aires, School of Sciences, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina.
| | - Mario Tagliazucchi
- INQUIMAE-CONICET and DQIAQF, University of Buenos Aires, School of Sciences, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina.
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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42
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Pulupa J, Prior H, Johnson DS, Simon SM. Conformation of the nuclear pore in living cells is modulated by transport state. eLife 2020; 9:e60654. [PMID: 33346731 PMCID: PMC7752133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While the static structure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) continues to be refined with cryo-EM and x-ray crystallography, in vivo conformational changes of the NPC remain under-explored. We developed sensors that report on the orientation of NPC components by rigidly conjugating mEGFP to different NPC proteins. Our studies show conformational changes to select domains of nucleoporins (Nups) within the inner ring (Nup54, Nup58, Nup62) when transport through the NPC is perturbed and no conformational changes to Nups elsewhere in the NPC. Our results suggest that select components of the NPC are flexible and undergo conformational changes upon engaging with cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Pulupa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Harriet Prior
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daniel S Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hofstra UniversityHempsteadUnited States
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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43
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Fu X, Shi Y, Qi T, Qiu S, Huang Y, Zhao X, Sun Q, Lin G. Precise design strategies of nanomedicine for improving cancer therapeutic efficacy using subcellular targeting. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:262. [PMID: 33154350 PMCID: PMC7644763 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic efficacy against cancer relies heavily on the ability of the therapeutic agents to reach their final targets. The optimal targets of most cancer therapeutic agents are usually biological macromolecules at the subcellular level, which play a key role in carcinogenesis. Therefore, to improve the therapeutic efficiency of drugs, researchers need to focus on delivering not only the therapeutic agents to the target tissues and cells but also the drugs to the relevant subcellular structures. In this review, we discuss the most recent construction strategies and release patterns of various cancer cell subcellular-targeting nanoformulations, aiming at providing guidance in the overall design of precise nanomedicine. Additionally, future challenges and potential perspectives are illustrated in the hope of enhancing anticancer efficacy and accelerating the translational progress of precise nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglei Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Tongtong Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shengnan Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhao
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Qifeng Sun
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Guimei Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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44
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Nagahama K, Sano Y, Inui M, Aoyama S, Katayama T, Ono K. Bioinspired Cell Nuclear Nanotransporters Generated by Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Polysaccharide-Amino Acid Derivatives Conjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900189. [PMID: 32293126 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Development of nanomaterials that surely transport functional biomacromolecules and bioactive synthetic compounds into the cell nucleus must be promising for the generation of nuclear-targeting new technologies. However, the development of nuclear transporting nanomaterials thus still remains a significant challenge, because molecular transport between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is strictly regulated by the sole gateway through the nuclear envelope, the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Here, the rational design of novel artificial nuclear nanotransporters (NucPorters), inspired by importin, naturally occurring nuclear transporters is shown. The NucPorter is generated by simple molecular design: self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers, where a few numbers of hydrophobic amino-acid derivatives with phenyl groups are conjugated to negatively charged hydrophilic heparin. The NucPorter can mimic essential structural and chemical features of importin machinery to pass through the NPCs. Importantly, the NucPorter demonstrates remarkable rapid and high efficient nuclear transport in cultured cells, tissue/organ, and living mice. Moreover, the NucPorter successfully imports both enzymes and synthetic anticancer drugs into the nucleus while maintaining their bioactivity. Thus, the NucPorter provides a promising new route to generate innovative nuclear-targeting medicines, diagnostics, cell imaging and engineering techniques, and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nagahama
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sano
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Inui
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Seika Aoyama
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tokitaka Katayama
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kimika Ono
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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45
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Divalproex sodium regulates ataxin-3 translocation likely by an importin α1-dependent pathway. Neuroreport 2020; 30:760-764. [PMID: 31107713 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear localization of ataxin-3 plays a fundamental role in seeding aggregation and the pathology of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3). However, very few compounds that are able to modulate the nuclear transport of ataxin-3 have been identified. In our previous study, we found that divalproex sodium (DVS) reduced heat shock-induced nuclear localization of ataxin-3. However, the mechanism of DVS in the translocation of ataxin-3 still remains unknown. There is accumulating evidence that importins are regulated by acetylation, and histone deacetylase inhibitors can interrupt this process. With this in mind, we used cells coexpressing ataxin-3 and importin α1 (encoded by KNPA2) to probe whether ataxin-3 is the shuttling cargo of importins and whether DVS plays a role in the nuclear transport of ataxin-3 through the transport protein pathway. Here, we reported that importin α1 enhanced nuclear amount of ataxin-3 and increased the aggregate formation and that DVS restored it to the normal level. Importantly, ataxin-3 is shown to directly bind to importin α1. Moreover, DVS modulated the function of importin α1 likely by altering its localization. We believe that this study provides a proof of principle for addressing the mechanism of DVS and furthers our understanding of the role of importins in the nuclear accumulation of ataxin-3 in SCA3.
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46
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Burdine RD, Preston CC, Leonard RJ, Bradley TA, Faustino RS. Nucleoporins in cardiovascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 141:43-52. [PMID: 32209327 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a pressing health problem with significant global health, societal, and financial burdens. Understanding the molecular basis of polygenic cardiac pathology is thus essential to devising novel approaches for management and treatment. Recent identification of uncharacterized regulatory functions for a class of nuclear envelope proteins called nucleoporins offers the opportunity to understand novel putative mechanisms of cardiac disease development and progression. Consistent reports of nucleoporin deregulation associated with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathies, arrhythmias and valvular disorders suggests that nucleoporin impairment may be a significant but understudied variable in cardiopathologic disorders. This review discusses and converges existing literature regarding nuclear pore complex proteins and their association with cardiac pathologies, and proposes a role for nucleoporins as facilitators of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Burdine
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60(th) Street N., Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States of America; School of Health Sciences, University of South Dakota, 414 E Clark St, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States of America
| | - Claudia C Preston
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60(th) Street N., Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States of America
| | - Riley J Leonard
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60(th) Street N., Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States of America
| | - Tyler A Bradley
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60(th) Street N., Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States of America
| | - Randolph S Faustino
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60(th) Street N., Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22(nd) Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States of America.
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47
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Hayes LR, Duan L, Bowen K, Kalab P, Rothstein JD. C9orf72 arginine-rich dipeptide repeat proteins disrupt karyopherin-mediated nuclear import. eLife 2020; 9:e51685. [PMID: 32119645 PMCID: PMC7051184 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of nucleocytoplasmic transport is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS caused by a C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion. However, the mechanism(s) remain unclear. Karyopherins, including importin β and its cargo adaptors, have been shown to co-precipitate with the C9orf72 arginine-containing dipeptide repeat proteins (R-DPRs), poly-glycine arginine (GR) and poly-proline arginine (PR), and are protective in genetic modifier screens. Here, we show that R-DPRs interact with importin β, disrupt its cargo loading, and inhibit nuclear import of importin β, importin α/β, and transportin cargoes in permeabilized mouse neurons and HeLa cells, in a manner that can be rescued by RNA. Although R-DPRs induce widespread protein aggregation in this in vitro system, transport disruption is not due to nucleocytoplasmic transport protein sequestration, nor blockade of the phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-rich nuclear pore complex. Our results support a model in which R-DPRs interfere with cargo loading on karyopherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Hayes
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Lauren Duan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Kelly Bowen
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Petr Kalab
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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48
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Hutten S, Dormann D. Nucleocytoplasmic transport defects in neurodegeneration — Cause or consequence? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 99:151-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Barbato S, Kapinos LE, Rencurel C, Lim RYH. Karyopherin enrichment at the nuclear pore complex attenuates Ran permeability. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238121. [PMID: 31932502 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ran is a small GTPase whose nucleotide-bound forms cycle through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) to direct nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT). Generally, Ran guanosine triphosphate (RanGTP) binds cargo-carrying karyopherin receptors (Kaps) in the nucleus and releases them into the cytoplasm following hydrolysis to Ran guanosine diphosphate (RanGDP). This generates a remarkably steep Ran gradient across the nuclear envelope that sustains compartment-specific cargo delivery and accumulation. However, because NPCs are permeable to small molecules of comparable size, it is unclear how an uncontrolled mixing of RanGTP and RanGDP is prevented. Here, we find that an NPC-enriched pool of karyopherin subunit beta 1 (KPNB1, hereafter referred to as Kapβ1) selectively mediates Ran diffusion across the pore but not passive molecules of similar size (e.g. GFP). This is due to RanGTP having a stronger binding interaction with Kapβ1 than RanGDP. For this reason, the RanGDP importer, nuclear transport factor 2, facilitates the return of RanGDP into the nucleus following GTP hydrolysis. Accordingly, the enrichment of Kapβ1 at NPCs may function as a retention mechanism that preserves the sharp transition of RanGTP and RanGDP in the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suncica Barbato
- Biozentrum & The Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Larisa E Kapinos
- Biozentrum & The Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Rencurel
- Biozentrum & The Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roderick Y H Lim
- Biozentrum & The Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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50
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Zelmer C, Zweifel LP, Kapinos LE, Craciun I, Güven ZP, Palivan CG, Lim RYH. Organelle-specific targeting of polymersomes into the cell nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2770-2778. [PMID: 31988132 PMCID: PMC7022206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916395117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelle-specific nanocarriers (NCs) are highly sought after for delivering therapeutic agents into the cell nucleus. This necessitates nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) to bypass nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). However, little is known as to how comparably large NCs infiltrate this vital intracellular barrier to enter the nuclear interior. Here, we developed nuclear localization signal (NLS)-conjugated polymersome nanocarriers (NLS-NCs) and studied the NCT mechanism underlying their selective nuclear uptake. Detailed chemical, biophysical, and cellular analyses show that karyopherin receptors are required to authenticate, bind, and escort NLS-NCs through NPCs while Ran guanosine triphosphate (RanGTP) promotes their release from NPCs into the nuclear interior. Ultrastructural analysis by regressive staining transmission electron microscopy further resolves the NLS-NCs on transit in NPCs and inside the nucleus. By elucidating their ability to utilize NCT, these findings demonstrate the efficacy of polymersomes to deliver encapsulated payloads directly into cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zelmer
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovit P Zweifel
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Larisa E Kapinos
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Craciun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zekiye P Güven
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Roderick Y H Lim
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;
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