1
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Piszker W, Simunovic M. The fusion of physics and biology in early mammalian embryogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 160:31-64. [PMID: 38937030 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Biomechanics in embryogenesis is a dynamic field intertwining the physical forces and biological processes that shape the first days of a mammalian embryo. From the first cell fate bifurcation during blastulation to the complex symmetry breaking and tissue remodeling in gastrulation, mechanical cues appear critical in cell fate decisions and tissue patterning. Recent strides in mouse and human embryo culture, stem cell modeling of mammalian embryos, and biomaterial design have shed light on the role of cellular forces, cell polarization, and the extracellular matrix in influencing cell differentiation and morphogenesis. This chapter highlights the essential functions of biophysical mechanisms in blastocyst formation, embryo implantation, and early gastrulation where the interplay between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix stiffness orchestrates the intricacies of embryogenesis and placenta specification. The advancement of in vitro models like blastoids, gastruloids, and other types of embryoids, has begun to faithfully recapitulate human development stages, offering new avenues for exploring the biophysical underpinnings of early development. The integration of synthetic biology and advanced biomaterials is enhancing the precision with which we can mimic and study these processes. Looking ahead, we emphasize the potential of CRISPR-mediated genomic perturbations coupled with live imaging to uncover new mechanosensitive pathways and the application of engineered biomaterials to fine-tune the mechanical conditions conducive to embryonic development. This synthesis not only bridges the gap between experimental models and in vivo conditions to advancing fundamental developmental biology of mammalian embryogenesis, but also sets the stage for leveraging biomechanical insights to inform regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Piszker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mijo Simunovic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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2
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Indana D, Zakharov A, Lim Y, Dunn AR, Bhutani N, Shenoy VB, Chaudhuri O. Lumen expansion is initially driven by apical actin polymerization followed by osmotic pressure in a human epiblast model. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:640-656.e8. [PMID: 38701758 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Post-implantation, the pluripotent epiblast in a human embryo forms a central lumen, paving the way for gastrulation. Osmotic pressure gradients are considered the drivers of lumen expansion across development, but their role in human epiblasts is unknown. Here, we study lumenogenesis in a pluripotent-stem-cell-based epiblast model using engineered hydrogels. We find that leaky junctions prevent osmotic pressure gradients in early epiblasts and, instead, forces from apical actin polymerization drive lumen expansion. Once the lumen reaches a radius of ∼12 μm, tight junctions mature, and osmotic pressure gradients develop to drive further growth. Computational modeling indicates that apical actin polymerization into a stiff network mediates initial lumen expansion and predicts a transition to pressure-driven growth in larger epiblasts to avoid buckling. Human epiblasts show transcriptional signatures consistent with these mechanisms. Thus, actin polymerization drives lumen expansion in the human epiblast and may serve as a general mechanism of early lumenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Indana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrei Zakharov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Youngbin Lim
- Cell Sciences Imaging Facility (CSIF), Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nidhi Bhutani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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3
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Sekulovski N, Wettstein JC, Carleton AE, Juga LN, Taniguchi LE, Ma X, Rao S, Schmidt JK, Golos TG, Lin CW, Taniguchi K. Temporally resolved early BMP-driven transcriptional cascade during human amnion specification. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.19.545574. [PMID: 38496419 PMCID: PMC10942271 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.19.545574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Amniogenesis, a process critical for continuation of healthy pregnancy, is triggered in a collection of pluripotent epiblast cells as the human embryo implants. Previous studies have established that BMP signaling is a major driver of this lineage specifying process, but the downstream BMP-dependent transcriptional networks that lead to successful amniogenesis remain to be identified. This is, in part, due to the current lack of a robust and reproducible model system that enables mechanistic investigations exclusively into amniogenesis. Here, we developed an improved model of early amnion specification, using a human pluripotent stem cell-based platform in which the activation of BMP signaling is controlled and synchronous. Uniform amniogenesis is seen within 48 hours after BMP activation, and the resulting cells share transcriptomic characteristics with amnion cells of a gastrulating human embryo. Using detailed time-course transcriptomic analyses, we established a previously uncharacterized BMP-dependent amniotic transcriptional cascade, and identified markers that represent five distinct stages of amnion fate specification; the expression of selected markers was validated in early post-implantation macaque embryos. Moreover, a cohort of factors that could potentially control specific stages of amniogenesis was identified, including the transcription factor TFAP2A. Functionally, we determined that, once amniogenesis is triggered by the BMP pathway, TFAP2A controls the progression of amniogenesis. This work presents a temporally resolved transcriptomic resource for several previously uncharacterized amniogenesis states and demonstrates a critical intermediate role for TFAP2A during amnion fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sekulovski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jenna C. Wettstein
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Amber E. Carleton
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lauren N. Juga
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Linnea E. Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Jenna K. Schmidt
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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4
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Chen YP, Shao Y, Chen PC, Li K, Li JY, Meng J, Lv CL, Liu HY, Lv C, Feng XQ, Li B. Substrate nesting guides cyst morphogenesis of human pluripotent stem cells without 3D extracellular matrix overlay. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:519-531. [PMID: 37659729 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the principles underlying the self-organization of stem cells into tissues is fundamental for deciphering human embryo development. Here, we report that, without three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM) overlay, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) cultured on two-dimensional soft elastic substrates can self-organize into 3D cysts resembling the human epiblast sac in a stiffness-dependent manner. Our theoretical modeling predicts that this cyst organization is facilitated and guided by the spontaneous nesting of the soft substrate, which results from the adhesion-dependent mechanical interaction between cells and substrate. Such substrate nesting is sufficient for the 3D assembly and polarization of hPSCs required for cyst organization, even without 3D ECM overlay. Furthermore, we identify that the reversible substrate nesting and cyst morphogenesis also require appropriate activation of ROCK-Myosin II pathway. This indicates a unique set of tissue morphomechanical signaling mechanisms that clearly differ from the canonical cystogenic mechanism previously reported in 3D ECM. Our findings highlight an unanticipated synergy between mechanical microenvironment and mechanotransduction in controlling tissue morphogenesis and suggest a mechanics-based strategy for generation of hPSCs-derived models for early human embryogenesis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Soft substrates can induce the self-organization of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into cysts without three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM) overlay. However, the underlying mechanisms by which soft substrate guides cystogenesis are largely unknown. This study shows that substrate nesting, resulting from cell-substrate interaction, plays an important role in cyst organization, including 3D assembly and apical-basal polarization. Additionally, actomyosin contractility mediated by the ROCK-Myosin II pathway also contributes to the substrate deformation and cyst morphology. These findings demonstrate the interplay between the mechanical microenvironment and cells in tissue morphogenesis, suggesting a mechanics-based strategy in building hPSC-derived models for early human embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Chen
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Shao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing-Yi Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Lv
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao-Yu Liu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cunjing Lv
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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5
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Ritzau-Reid KI, Callens SJP, Xie R, Cihova M, Reumann D, Grigsby CL, Prados-Martin L, Wang R, Moore AC, Armstrong JPK, Knoblich JA, Stevens MM. Microfibrous Scaffolds Guide Stem Cell Lumenogenesis and Brain Organoid Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300305. [PMID: 37572376 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
3D organoids are widely used as tractable in vitro models capable of elucidating aspects of human development and disease. However, the manual and low-throughput culture methods, coupled with a low reproducibility and geometric heterogeneity, restrict the scope and application of organoid research. Combining expertise from stem cell biology and bioengineering offers a promising approach to address some of these limitations. Here, melt electrospinning writing is used to generate tuneable grid scaffolds that can guide the self-organization of pluripotent stem cells into patterned arrays of embryoid bodies. Grid geometry is shown to be a key determinant of stem cell self-organization, guiding the position and size of emerging lumens via curvature-controlled tissue growth. Two distinct methods for culturing scaffold-grown embryoid bodies into either interconnected or spatially discrete cerebral organoids are reported. These scaffolds provide a high-throughput method to generate, culture, and analyze large numbers of organoids, substantially reducing the time investment and manual labor involved in conventional methods of organoid culture. It is anticipated that this methodological development will open up new opportunities for guiding pluripotent stem cell culture, studying lumenogenesis, and generating large numbers of uniform organoids for high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja I Ritzau-Reid
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sebastien J P Callens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ruoxiao Xie
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martina Cihova
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel Reumann
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Christopher L Grigsby
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Lino Prados-Martin
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard Wang
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Axel C Moore
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James P K Armstrong
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Juergen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
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6
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Jafari G, Khan LA, Zhang H, Membreno E, Yan S, Dempsey G, Gobel V. Branched-chain actin dynamics polarizes vesicle trajectories and partitions apicobasal epithelial membrane domains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade4022. [PMID: 37379384 PMCID: PMC10306301 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
In prevailing epithelial polarity models, membrane- and junction-based polarity cues such as the partitioning-defective PARs specify the positions of apicobasal membrane domains. Recent findings indicate, however, that intracellular vesicular trafficking can determine the position of the apical domain, upstream of membrane-based polarity cues. These findings raise the question of how vesicular trafficking becomes polarized independent of apicobasal target membrane domains. Here, we show that the apical directionality of vesicle trajectories depends on actin dynamics during de novo polarized membrane biogenesis in the C. elegans intestine. We find that actin, powered by branched-chain actin modulators, determines the polarized distribution of apical membrane components, PARs, and itself. Using photomodulation, we demonstrate that F-actin travels through the cytoplasm and along the cortex toward the future apical domain. Our findings support an alternative polarity model where actin-directed trafficking asymmetrically inserts the nascent apical domain into the growing epithelial membrane to partition apicobasal membrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamali Jafari
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liakot A. Khan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Edward Membreno
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siyang Yan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graham Dempsey
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Verena Gobel
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Galenza A, Moreno-Roman P, Su YH, Acosta-Alvarez L, Debec A, Guichet A, Knapp JM, Kizilyaprak C, Humbel BM, Kolotuev I, O'Brien LE. Basal stem cell progeny establish their apical surface in a junctional niche during turnover of an adult barrier epithelium. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:658-671. [PMID: 36997641 PMCID: PMC10317055 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Barrier epithelial organs face the constant challenge of sealing the interior body from the external environment while simultaneously replacing the cells that contact this environment. New replacement cells-the progeny of basal stem cells-are born without barrier-forming structures such as a specialized apical membrane and occluding junctions. Here, we investigate how new progeny acquire barrier structures as they integrate into the intestinal epithelium of adult Drosophila. We find they gestate their future apical membrane in a sublumenal niche created by a transitional occluding junction that envelops the differentiating cell and enables it to form a deep, microvilli-lined apical pit. The transitional junction seals the pit from the intestinal lumen until differentiation-driven, basal-to-apical remodelling of the niche opens the pit and integrates the now-mature cell into the barrier. By coordinating junctional remodelling with terminal differentiation, stem cell progeny integrate into a functional, adult epithelium without jeopardizing barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Galenza
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paola Moreno-Roman
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Foldscope Instruments, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Han Su
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lehi Acosta-Alvarez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alain Debec
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES, Sorbonne University, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Guichet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | | | - Caroline Kizilyaprak
- Université de Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno M Humbel
- Université de Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Provost's Office, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Tancha, Japan
| | - Irina Kolotuev
- Université de Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucy Erin O'Brien
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Hamed MM, Taniguchi K, Duncan MC. Monitoring Effects of Membrane Traffic Via Changes in Cell Polarity and Morphogenesis in Three-Dimensional Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Cysts. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2557:83-98. [PMID: 36512211 PMCID: PMC10276343 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane traffic at the Golgi and endosomes plays many critical roles in the polarization and the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues. Studies into the roles of traffic in morphogenesis in mammals are often complicated by early embryonic lethality of mutations in membrane traffic as well as the inherent difficulty in imaging developing embryos posed by their size and location. Increasingly, human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived embryo- and organ-like systems (e.g., embryoids, organoids) provide a useful platform to illuminate the requirements of traffic in human embryonic tissue morphogenesis because these in vitro models are highly amenable to fluorescence microscopy and provide the ability to examine the role of essential genes not possible with animal studies. Here, we present a method to generate hPSC-cysts, a 3-D hPSC-based model of human epiblast lumen formation. This system provides unique opportunities to examine the role of membrane traffic during epithelial morphogenesis. We also present methods to process hPSC-cysts for immunofluorescence and staining with commonly used fluorescence labels useful for detecting defects in polarization and morphogenesis caused by defects in membrane traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Hamed
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mara C Duncan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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9
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Carleton AE, Duncan MC, Taniguchi K. Human epiblast lumenogenesis: From a cell aggregate to a lumenal cyst. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 131:117-123. [PMID: 35637065 PMCID: PMC9529837 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a central lumen in the human epiblast is a critical step for development. However, because the lumen forms in the epiblast coincident with implantation, the molecular and cellular events of this early lumenogenesis process cannot be studied in vivo. Recent developments using new model systems have revealed insight into the underpinnings of epiblast formation. To provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of human epiblast lumenogenesis, we highlight recent findings from human and mouse models with an emphasis on new molecular understanding of a newly described apicosome compartment, a novel 'formative' state of pluripotency that coordinates with epiblast polarization, and new evidence about the physical and polarized trafficking mechanisms contributing to lumenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E. Carleton
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin USA
| | - Mara C. Duncan
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA,Co-corresponding authors
| | - Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin USA,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin USA,Co-corresponding authors
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10
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Chen J, St Johnston D. De novo apical domain formation inside the Drosophila adult midgut epithelium. eLife 2022; 11:e76366. [PMID: 36169289 PMCID: PMC9545526 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult Drosophila midgut, basal intestinal stem cells give rise to enteroblasts that integrate into the epithelium as they differentiate into enterocytes. Integrating enteroblasts must generate a new apical domain and break through the septate junctions between neighbouring enterocytes, while maintaining barrier function. We observe that enteroblasts form an apical membrane initiation site (AMIS) when they reach the septate junction between the enterocytes. Cadherin clears from the apical surface and an apical space appears between above the enteroblast. New septate junctions then form laterally with the enterocytes and the AMIS develops into an apical domain below the enterocyte septate junction. The enteroblast therefore forms a pre-assembled apical compartment before it has a free apical surface in contact with the gut lumen. Finally, the enterocyte septate junction disassembles and the enteroblast/pre-enterocyte reaches the gut lumen with a fully formed brush border. The process of enteroblast integration resembles lumen formation in mammalian epithelial cysts, highlighting the similarities between the fly midgut and mammalian epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- The Gurdon Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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11
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Wang X, Pai CY, Stone DE. Gradient tracking in mating yeast depends on Bud1 inactivation and actin-independent vesicle delivery. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213500. [PMID: 36156058 PMCID: PMC9516845 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mating of budding yeast depends on chemotropism, a fundamental cellular process. Haploid yeast cells of opposite mating type signal their positions to one another through mating pheromones. We have proposed a deterministic gradient sensing model that explains how these cells orient toward their mating partners. Using the cell-cycle determined default polarity site (DS), cells assemble a gradient tracking machine (GTM) composed of signaling, polarity, and trafficking proteins. After assembly, the GTM redistributes up the gradient, aligns with the pheromone source, and triggers polarized growth toward the partner. Since positive feedback mechanisms drive polarized growth at the DS, it is unclear how the GTM is released for tracking. What prevents the GTM from triggering polarized growth at the DS? Here, we describe two mechanisms that are essential for tracking: inactivation of the Ras GTPase Bud1 and positioning of actin-independent vesicle delivery upgradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Chih-Yu Pai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - David E. Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,Correspondence to David E. Stone:
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12
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Shao Y, Fu J. Engineering multiscale structural orders for high-fidelity embryoids and organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:722-743. [PMID: 35523138 PMCID: PMC9097334 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Embryoids and organoids hold great promise for human biology and medicine. Herein, we discuss conceptual and technological frameworks useful for developing high-fidelity embryoids and organoids that display tissue- and organ-level phenotypes and functions, which are critically needed for decoding developmental programs and improving translational applications. Through dissecting the layers of inputs controlling mammalian embryogenesis, we review recent progress in reconstructing multiscale structural orders in embryoids and organoids. Bioengineering tools useful for multiscale, multimodal structural engineering of tissue- and organ-level cellular organization and microenvironment are also discussed to present integrative, bioengineering-directed approaches to achieve next-generation, high-fidelity embryoids and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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13
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Cell position within human pluripotent stem cell colonies determines apical specialization via an actin cytoskeleton-based mechanism. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 17:68-81. [PMID: 34919810 PMCID: PMC8758941 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) grow as colonies with epithelial-like features including cell polarity and position-dependent features that contribute to symmetry breaking during development. Our study provides evidence that hPSC colonies exhibit position-dependent differences in apical structures and functions. With this apical difference, edge cells were preferentially labeled with amphipathic dyes, which enabled separation of edge and center cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Transcriptome comparison between center and edge cells showed differential expression of genes related to apicobasal polarization, cell migration, and endocytosis. Accordingly, different kinematics and mechanical dynamics were found between center and edge cells, and perturbed actin dynamics disrupted the position-dependent apical polarity. In addition, our dye-labeling approach could be utilized to sort out a certain cell population in differentiated micropatterned colonies. In summary, hPSC colonies have position-dependent differences in apical structures and properties, and actin dynamics appear to play an important role in the establishment of this position-dependent cell polarity. Apical structure and properties are position dependent in hPSC colonies Center and edge cells in hPSC colonies were separated by FACS for RNA-seq analysis DEGs are involved in cell polarization, migration, actin dynamics Perturbed actin dynamics disrupt position-dependent cell polarity
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14
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Indana D, Agarwal P, Bhutani N, Chaudhuri O. Viscoelasticity and Adhesion Signaling in Biomaterials Control Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Morphogenesis in 3D Culture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101966. [PMID: 34499389 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are lumen-containing multicellular structures that recapitulate key features of the organs, and are increasingly used in models of disease, drug testing, and regenerative medicine. Recent work has used 3D culture models to form organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) matrices. However, rBM matrices offer little control over the microenvironment. More generally, the role of matrix viscoelasticity in directing lumen formation remains unknown. Here, viscoelastic alginate hydrogels with independently tunable stress relaxation (viscoelasticity), stiffness, and arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) ligand density are used to study hiPSC morphogenesis in 3D culture. A phase diagram that shows how these properties control hiPSC morphogenesis is reported. Higher RGD density and fast stress relaxation promote hiPSC viability, proliferation, apicobasal polarization, and lumen formation, while slow stress relaxation at low RGD densities triggers hiPSC apoptosis. Notably, hiPSCs maintain pluripotency in alginate hydrogels for much longer times than is reported in rBM matrices. Lumen formation is regulated by actomyosin contractility and is accompanied by translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The results reveal matrix viscoelasticity as a potent factor regulating stem cell morphogenesis and provide new insights into how engineered biomaterials may be leveraged to build organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Indana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pranay Agarwal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nidhi Bhutani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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15
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Rosado-Olivieri EA, Brivanlou AH. Synthetic by design: Exploiting tissue self-organization to explore early human embryology. Dev Biol 2021; 474:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Schindler M, Siriwardena D, Kohler TN, Ellermann AL, Slatery E, Munger C, Hollfelder F, Boroviak TE. Agarose microgel culture delineates lumenogenesis in naive and primed human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1347-1362. [PMID: 33979603 PMCID: PMC8185981 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human periimplantation development requires the transformation of the naive pluripotent epiblast into a polarized epithelium. Lumenogenesis plays a critical role in this process, as the epiblast undergoes rosette formation and lumen expansion to form the amniotic cavity. Here, we present a high-throughput in vitro model for epiblast morphogenesis. We established a microfluidic workflow to encapsulate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into monodisperse agarose microgels. Strikingly, hPSCs self-organized into polarized epiblast spheroids that could be maintained in self-renewing and differentiating conditions. Encapsulated primed hPSCs required Rho-associated kinase inhibition, in contrast to naive hPSCs. We applied microgel suspension culture to examine the lumen-forming capacity of hPSCs and reveal an increase in lumenogenesis during the naive-to-primed transition. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of co-encapsulating cell types across different lineages and species. Our work provides a foundation for stem cell-based embryo models to interrogate the critical components of human epiblast self-organization and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Schindler
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Dylan Siriwardena
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Timo N Kohler
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Anna L Ellermann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Erin Slatery
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Clara Munger
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
| | - Thorsten E Boroviak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
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17
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Wang S, Lin CW, Carleton AE, Cortez CL, Johnson C, Taniguchi LE, Sekulovski N, Townshend RF, Basrur V, Nesvizhskii AI, Zou P, Fu J, Gumucio DL, Duncan MC, Taniguchi K. Spatially resolved cell polarity proteomics of a human epiblast model. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/17/eabd8407. [PMID: 33893097 PMCID: PMC8064645 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd8407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Critical early steps in human embryonic development include polarization of the inner cell mass, followed by formation of an expanded lumen that will become the epiblast cavity. Recently described three-dimensional (3D) human pluripotent stem cell-derived cyst (hPSC-cyst) structures can replicate these processes. To gain mechanistic insights into the poorly understood machinery involved in epiblast cavity formation, we interrogated the proteomes of apical and basolateral membrane territories in 3D human hPSC-cysts. APEX2-based proximity bioinylation, followed by quantitative mass spectrometry, revealed a variety of proteins without previous annotation to specific membrane subdomains. Functional experiments validated the requirement for several apically enriched proteins in cyst morphogenesis. In particular, we found a key role for the AP-1 clathrin adaptor complex in expanding the apical membrane domains during lumen establishment. These findings highlight the robust power of this proximity labeling approach for discovering novel regulators of epithelial morphogenesis in 3D stem cell-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Amber E Carleton
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chari L Cortez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Craig Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Linnea E Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nikola Sekulovski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ryan F Townshend
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Venkatesha Basrur
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peng Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mara C Duncan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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18
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Townshend RF, Shao Y, Wang S, Cortez CL, Esfahani SN, Spence JR, O'Shea KS, Fu J, Gumucio DL, Taniguchi K. Effect of Cell Spreading on Rosette Formation by Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588941. [PMID: 33178701 PMCID: PMC7593581 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural rosettes (NPC rosettes) are radially arranged groups of cells surrounding a central lumen that arise stochastically in monolayer cultures of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells (NPC). Since NPC rosette formation is thought to mimic cell behavior in the early neural tube, these rosettes represent important in vitro models for the study of neural tube morphogenesis. However, using current protocols, NPC rosette formation is not synchronized and results are inconsistent among different hPSC lines, hindering quantitative mechanistic analyses and challenging live cell imaging. Here, we report a rapid and robust protocol to induce rosette formation within 6 h after evenly-sized “colonies” of NPC are generated through physical cutting of uniformly polarized NESTIN+/PAX6+/PAX3+/DACH1+ NPC monolayers. These NPC rosettes show apically polarized lumens studded with primary cilia. Using this assay, we demonstrate reduced lumenal size in the absence of PODXL, an important apical determinant recently identified as a candidate gene for juvenile Parkinsonism. Interestingly, time lapse imaging reveals that, in addition to radial organization and apical lumen formation, cells within cut NPC colonies initiate rapid basally-driven spreading. Further, using chemical, genetic and biomechanical tools, we show that NPC rosette morphogenesis requires this basal spreading activity and that spreading is tightly regulated by Rho/ROCK signaling. This robust and quantitative NPC rosette platform provides a sensitive system for the further investigation of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying NPC rosette morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Townshend
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sicong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Chari L Cortez
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sajedeh Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - K Sue O'Shea
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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19
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Díaz-Díaz C, Baonza G, Martín-Belmonte F. The vertebrate epithelial apical junctional complex: Dynamic interplay between Rho GTPase activity and cell polarization processes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Synthetic human embryology: towards a quantitative future. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 63:30-35. [PMID: 32172182 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Study of early human embryo development is essential for advancing reproductive and regenerative medicine. Traditional human embryological studies rely on embryonic tissue specimens, which are difficult to acquire due to technical challenges and ethical restrictions. The availability of human stem cells with developmental potentials comparable to pre-implantation and peri-implantation human embryonic and extraembryonic cells, together with properly engineered in vitro culture environments, allow for the first time researchers to generate self-organized multicellular structures in vitro that mimic the structural and molecular features of their in vivo counterparts. The development of these stem cell-based, synthetic human embryo models offers a paradigm-shifting experimental system for quantitative measurements and perturbations of multicellular development, critical for advancing human embryology and reproductive and regenerative medicine without using intact human embryos.
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21
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Ryan AQ, Chan CJ, Graner F, Hiiragi T. Lumen Expansion Facilitates Epiblast-Primitive Endoderm Fate Specification during Mouse Blastocyst Formation. Dev Cell 2019; 51:684-697.e4. [PMID: 31735667 PMCID: PMC6912163 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues typically form lumina. In mammalian blastocysts, in which the first embryonic lumen forms, many studies have investigated how the cell lineages are specified through genetics and signaling, whereas potential roles of the fluid lumen have yet to be investigated. We discover that in mouse pre-implantation embryos at the onset of lumen formation, cytoplasmic vesicles are secreted into intercellular space. The segregation of epiblast and primitive endoderm directly follows lumen coalescence. Notably, pharmacological and biophysical perturbation of lumen expansion impairs the specification and spatial segregation of primitive endoderm cells within the blastocyst. Luminal deposition of FGF4 expedites fate specification and partially rescues the reduced specification in blastocysts with smaller cavities. Combined, our results suggest that blastocyst lumen expansion plays a critical role in guiding cell fate specification and positioning, possibly mediated by luminally deposited FGF4. Lumen expansion may provide a general mechanism for tissue pattern formation. Lumenogenesis coincides with cytoplasmic vesicle release into intercellular space Mouse blastocyst epiblast-primitive endoderm segregation follows lumen expansion Reduced lumen expansion impairs cell fate specification and segregation Luminally deposited FGF4 expedites epiblast-primitive endoderm specification
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Quinn Ryan
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7057, Condorcet Building 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Chii Jou Chan
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Graner
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7057, Condorcet Building 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Takashi Hiiragi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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22
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Motegi F, Plachta N, Viasnoff V. Novel approaches to link apicobasal polarity to cell fate specification. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:78-85. [PMID: 31731147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the development of apicobasal polarity (ABP) is a long-standing problem in biology. The molecular components involved in the development and maintenance of APB have been largely identified and are known to have ubiquitous roles across organisms. Our knowledge of the functional consequences of ABP establishment and maintenance is far less comprehensive. Recent studies using novel experimental approaches and cellular models have revealed a growing link between ABP and the genetic program of cell lineage. This mini-review describes some of the most recent advances in this new field, highlighting examples from Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse embryos, human pluripotent stem cells, and epithelial cells. We also speculate on the most interesting and challenging avenues that can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Motegi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117 411, Singapore; Temasek Life-sciences Laboratory, 117604, Singapore; Contributed equally
| | - Nicolas Plachta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR, Singapore; Contributed equally
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117 411, Singapore; CNRS, 117411, Singapore; Contributed equally.
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23
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Kim M, Zhong Y, Jung KH, Chai YG, Binas B. Basal-type lumenogenesis in extraembryonic endoderm stem cells models the early visceral endoderm. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.230607. [PMID: 31492758 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured rat primitive extraembryonic endoderm (pXEN) cells easily form free-floating multicellular vesicles de novo, exemplifying a poorly studied type of morphogenesis. Here, we reveal the underlying mechanism and the identity of the vesicles. We resolve the morphogenesis into vacuolization, vesiculation and maturation, and define the molecular characteristics and requirements of each step. Vacuolization is fueled by macropinocytosis and occurs by default if not blocked by high cell density or matrix proteins. Fine-tuned cell-cell contact then forms nascent three-cell vesicles with vacuole-derived lumina. In maturation, the vesicles complete epithelialization, expand via mitosis and continued fluid uptake, and differentiate further. The mature vesicles consist of a simple squamous epithelium with an apical-outside/basal-inside polarity that we trace back to the single cell stage. The polarity and gene expression pattern of the vesicles are similar to those of the early visceral endoderm. pXEN cells provide a useful in vitro model for study of matrix-independent, basal-type lumenogenesis and the physiology of the visceral endoderm.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Kim
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yixiang Zhong
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jung
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Bert Binas
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
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24
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Bornens M. [Cell polarity and the innovation of the primary cilium/centrosome organ in Metazoa]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:452-461. [PMID: 31115328 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans is inherited from ancestral unicellular organisms. We assume that permanent polarity in unicellular eukaryotes is required for cell motion and sensory reception and that the integration of these two activities corresponds to an evolutionary constrained cell function. While conserving the ancestral flagellum, Metazoans have co-opted a primary cilium/centrosome organ from it, ensuring similar functions, but in different cells, or in the same cell at different moments. We propose that the remodeling necessary to reach a new higher-level unit of selection in multi-cellular organisms, has been triggered by conflicts among individual cell polarities to reach an organismic polarity. We shall provisionally conclude that beyond critical consequences for embryo development, the conservation of cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans has far reaching implications for the evolution of individuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, Université de recherche Paris-Sciences-et-Lettres, CNRS - UMR 144, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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25
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Jouette J, Guichet A, Claret SB. Dynein-mediated transport and membrane trafficking control PAR3 polarised distribution. eLife 2019; 8:40212. [PMID: 30672465 PMCID: PMC6358217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein PAR3 and the kinase PAR1 are essential proteins that control cell polarity. Their precise opposite localisations define plasma membrane domains with specific functions. PAR3 and PAR1 are mutually inhibited by direct or indirect phosphorylations, but their fates once phosphorylated are poorly known. Through precise spatiotemporal quantification of PAR3 localisation in the Drosophila oocyte, we identify several mechanisms responsible for its anterior cortex accumulation and its posterior exclusion. We show that PAR3 posterior plasma membrane exclusion depends on PAR1 and an endocytic mechanism relying on RAB5 and PI(4,5)P2. In a second phase, microtubules and the dynein motor, in connection with vesicular trafficking involving RAB11 and IKK-related kinase, IKKε, are required for PAR3 transport towards the anterior cortex. Altogether, our results point to a connection between membrane trafficking and dynein-mediated transport to sustain PAR3 asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jouette
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Guichet
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandra B Claret
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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26
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Taniguchi K, Heemskerk I, Gumucio DL. Opening the black box: Stem cell-based modeling of human post-implantation development. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:410-421. [PMID: 30552099 PMCID: PMC6363460 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper development of the human embryo following its implantation into the uterine wall is critical for the successful continuation of pregnancy. However, the complex cellular and molecular changes that occur during this post-implantation period of human development are not amenable to study in vivo. Recently, several new embryo-like human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based platforms have emerged, which are beginning to illuminate the current black box state of early human post-implantation biology. In this review, we will discuss how these experimental models are carving a way for understanding novel molecular and cellular mechanisms during early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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27
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Bornens M. Cell polarity: having and making sense of direction-on the evolutionary significance of the primary cilium/centrosome organ in Metazoa. Open Biol 2018; 8:180052. [PMID: 30068565 PMCID: PMC6119866 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans is evolutionarily conserved. I assume that permanent polarity in unicellular eukaryotes is required for cell motion and sensory reception, integration of these two activities being an evolutionarily constrained function. Metazoans are unique in making cohesive multicellular organisms through complete cell divisions. They evolved a primary cilium/centrosome (PC/C) organ, ensuring similar functions to the basal body/flagellum of unicellular eukaryotes, but in different cells, or in the same cell at different moments. The possibility that this innovation contributed to the evolution of individuality, in being instrumental in the early specification of the germ line during development, is further discussed. Then, using the example of highly regenerative organisms like planarians, which have lost PC/C organ in dividing cells, I discuss the possibility that part of the remodelling necessary to reach a new higher-level unit of selection in multi-cellular organisms has been triggered by conflicts among individual cell polarities to reach an organismic polarity. Finally, I briefly consider organisms with a sensorimotor organ like the brain that requires exceedingly elongated polarized cells for its activity. I conclude that beyond critical consequences for embryo development, the conservation of cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans had far-reaching implications for the evolution of individuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS - UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
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28
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Metzger JJ, Simunovic M, Brivanlou AH. Synthetic embryology: controlling geometry to model early mammalian development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 52:86-91. [PMID: 29957587 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of embryonic stem cells in vitro is an important tool in dissecting and understanding the mechanisms that govern early embryologic development. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in creating organoids that model gastrulation, neurulation or organogenesis. However, one of the key challenges is reproducibility. Geometrically confining stem cell colonies considerably improves reproducibility and provides quantitative control over differentiation and tissue shape. Here, we review recent advances in controlling the two-dimensional or three-dimensional organization of cells and the effect on differentiation phenotypes. Improved methods of geometrical control will allow for an even more detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying embryologic development and will eventually pave the way for the highly reproducible generation of specific tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob J Metzger
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, USA; Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, USA
| | - Mijo Simunovic
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, USA; Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, USA
| | - Ali H Brivanlou
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, USA.
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29
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Romero-Morales AI, Ortolano NA, Gama V. Apical polarization and lumenogenesis: The apicosome sheds new light. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3891-3893. [PMID: 29138252 PMCID: PMC5716292 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201710028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Romero-Morales et al. preview work from the Taniguchi et al. describing the role of a new structure, the apicosome, in lumenogenesis. Establishment of apico–basal polarity is critical for the lumenal epiblast-like morphogenesis of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). In this issue, Taniguchi et al. (2017. J Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083.jcb201704085) describe a structure called the apicosome, generated in single hPSCs, that allows them to self-organize and form the lumenal epiblast-like stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalya A Ortolano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN .,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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