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Peng Y, Chen B. Role of cell membrane homeostasis in the pathogenicity of pathogenic filamentous fungi. Virulence 2024; 15:2299183. [PMID: 38156783 PMCID: PMC10761126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2299183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane forms a fundamental part of all living cells and participates in a variety of physiological processes, such as material exchange, stress response, cell recognition, signal transduction, cellular immunity, apoptosis, and pathogenicity. Here, we review the mechanisms and functions of the membrane structure (lipid components of the membrane and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids), membrane proteins (transmembrane proteins and proteins contributing to membrane curvature), transcriptional regulation, and cell wall components that influence the virulence and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Peng
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Xu M, Rutkowski DM, Rebowski G, Boczkowska M, Pollard LW, Dominguez R, Vavylonis D, Ostap EM. Myosin-I synergizes with Arp2/3 complex to enhance the pushing forces of branched actin networks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado5788. [PMID: 39270022 PMCID: PMC11397503 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Class I myosins (myosin-Is) colocalize with Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin networks at sites of membrane protrusion and invagination, but the mechanisms by which myosin-I motor activity coordinates with branched actin assembly to generate force are unknown. We mimicked the interplay of these proteins using the "comet tail" bead motility assay, where branched actin networks are nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex on the surface of beads coated with myosin-I and nucleation-promoting factor. We observed that myosin-I increased bead movement efficiency by thinning actin networks without affecting growth rates. Myosin-I triggered symmetry breaking and comet tail formation in dense networks resistant to spontaneous fracturing. Even with arrested actin assembly, myosin-I alone could break the network. Computational modeling recapitulated these observations, suggesting myosin-I acts as a repulsive force shaping the network's architecture and boosting its force-generating capacity. We propose that myosin-I leverages its power stroke to amplify the forces generated by Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xu
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Grzegorz Rebowski
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Malgorzata Boczkowska
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luther W. Pollard
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - E. Michael Ostap
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Zhao T, Zeng J, Zhang R, Wang H, Pu L, Yang H, Liang J, Dai X, Fan W, Han L. Identification of Blood Biomarkers in Ischemic Stroke by Integrated Analysis of Metabolomics and Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:4082-4094. [PMID: 39167481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to uncover the pathological mechanism of ischemic stroke (IS) using a combined analysis of untargeted metabolomics and proteomics. The serum samples from a discovery set of 44 IS patients and 44 matched controls were analyzed using a specific detection method. The same method was then used to validate metabolites and proteins in the two validation sets: one with 30 IS patients and 30 matched controls, and the other with 50 IS patients and 50 matched controls. A total of 105 and 221 differentially expressed metabolites or proteins were identified, and the association between the two omics was determined in the discovery set. Enrichment analysis of the top 25 metabolites and 25 proteins in the two-way orthogonal partial least-squares with discriminant analysis, which was employed to identify highly correlated biomarkers, highlighted 15 pathways relevant to the pathological process. One metabolite and seven proteins exhibited differences between groups in the validation set. The binary logistic regression model, which included metabolite 2-hydroxyhippuric acid and proteins APOM_O95445, MASP2_O00187, and PRTN3_D6CHE9, achieved an area under the curve of 0.985 (95% CI: 0.966-1) in the discovery set. This study elucidated alterations and potential coregulatory influences of metabolites and proteins in the blood of IS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
- Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Epidemiology and Translational Medicine, Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Jingjing Zeng
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
- Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Epidemiology and Translational Medicine, Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
- Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Epidemiology and Translational Medicine, Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
- Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Epidemiology and Translational Medicine, Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Liyuan Pu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
- Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Epidemiology and Translational Medicine, Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Huiqun Yang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
- Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Epidemiology and Translational Medicine, Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
- Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Epidemiology and Translational Medicine, Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dai
- Department of Anus & Intestine Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Weinv Fan
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Liyuan Han
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
- Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Epidemiology and Translational Medicine, Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
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4
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Jurczak P, Fayad N, Benard M, Czaplewska P, Hildebrandt N. Monomer-Dimer Equilibrium of Human Cystatin C During Internalization Into Cancer Cells. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400226. [PMID: 38761032 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Human cystatin C (hCC) is a physiologically important protein that serves as intra- and extracellular cysteine proteinase inhibitor in homeostasis. However, in pathological states it dimerizes and further oligomerizes accumulating into a toxic amyloid. HCC forms an active monomer in the extracellular space and becomes an inactive dimer when internalized in cellular organelles. However, hCC cell penetration and its oligomeric state during this process are not well understood. To determine if and how the oligomeric state influences hCC transmembrane migration, we investigated the internalization of the hCC wild type protein as well as three different mutants, which exclusively exist in the monomeric or multimeric state into HeLa cells via confocal fluorescence microscopy. Our results showed that the preferred pathway was endocytosis and that the oligomeric state did not significantly influence the internalization because both monomeric and dimeric hCC migrated into HeLa cells. Considering the differences of the active monomeric and the passive dimeric states of hCC, our findings contribute to a better understanding of the intra and extra cellular functions of hCC and their interaction with cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Jurczak
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, Gdańsk, 80-307, Poland
- Laboratoire COBRA (UMR6014 & FR3038), Université de Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA, Normandie Université, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Nour Fayad
- Laboratoire COBRA (UMR6014 & FR3038), Université de Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA, Normandie Université, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Magalie Benard
- PRIMACEN, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US51 UAR2026, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Paulina Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, Gdańsk, 80-307, Poland
| | - Niko Hildebrandt
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S4 L7, Canada
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5
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Hill JM, Pedersen RTA, Drubin DG. Myosin-I's motor and actin assembly activation activities are modular and separable in budding yeast clathrin-mediated endocytosis. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001223. [PMID: 38899037 PMCID: PMC11185954 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The myosin-Is, Myo3 and Myo5 in budding yeast, are implicated in force generation and actin assembly during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The myosin-Is have motor activity, bind the plasma membrane, and activate the Arp2/3 complex to promote branched actin assembly. We reveal that Myo5 's force-generating motor activity and nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) activity each must be coupled to membrane binding for successful CME. However, the motor and NPF activities are modular and separable, showing that these activities function independently rather than in an obligatorily integrated manner to provide myosin-I's essential functions in actin network assembly and force generation during budding yeast CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hill
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ross TA Pedersen
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - David G Drubin
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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6
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Hill JM, Cai S, Carver MD, Drubin DG. A Role for Cross-linking Proteins in Actin Filament Network Organization and Force Generation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.19.590161. [PMID: 38659919 PMCID: PMC11042252 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.19.590161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The high turgor pressure across the plasma membrane of yeasts creates a requirement for substantial force production by actin polymerization and myosin motor activity for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Endocytic internalization is severely impeded in the absence of fimbrin, an actin filament crosslinking protein called Sac6 in budding yeast. Here, we combine live-cell imaging and mathematical modeling to gain new insights into the role of actin filament crosslinking proteins in force generation. Genetic manipulation showed that CME sites with more crosslinking proteins are more effective at internalization under high load. Simulations of an experimentally constrained, agent-based mathematical model recapitulate the result that endocytic networks with more double-bound fimbrin molecules internalize the plasma membrane against elevated turgor pressure more effectively. Networks with large numbers of crosslinks also have more growing actin filament barbed ends at the plasma membrane, where the addition of new actin monomers contributes to force generation and vesicle internalization. Our results provide a richer understanding of the crucial role played by actin filament crosslinking proteins during actin network force generation, highlighting the contribution of these proteins to the self-organization of the actin filament network and force generation under increased load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Songlin Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Michael D Carver
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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7
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Xu M, Rutkowski DM, Rebowski G, Boczkowska M, Pollard LW, Dominguez R, Vavylonis D, Ostap EM. Myosin-I Synergizes with Arp2/3 Complex to Enhance Pushing Forces of Branched Actin Networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.09.579714. [PMID: 38405741 PMCID: PMC10888859 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.579714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Myosin-Is colocalize with Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin networks at sites of membrane protrusion and invagination, but the mechanisms by which myosin-I motor activity coordinates with branched actin assembly to generate force are unknown. We mimicked the interplay of these proteins using the "comet tail" bead motility assay, where branched actin networks are nucleated by Arp2/3 complex on the surface of beads coated with myosin-I and the WCA domain of N-WASP. We observed that myosin-I increased bead movement efficiency by thinning actin networks without affecting growth rates. Remarkably, myosin-I triggered symmetry breaking and comet-tail formation in dense networks resistant to spontaneous fracturing. Even with arrested actin assembly, myosin-I alone could break the network. Computational modeling recapitulated these observations suggesting myosin-I acts as a repulsive force shaping the network's architecture and boosting its force-generating capacity. We propose that myosin-I leverages its power stroke to amplify the forces generated by Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xu
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Grzegorz Rebowski
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Malgorzata Boczkowska
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Luther W Pollard
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - E Michael Ostap
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Francis CR, Bell ML, Skripnichuk MM, Kushner EJ. Arf6 is required for endocytosis and filamentous actin assembly during angiogenesis in vitro. Microcirculation 2023; 30:e12831. [PMID: 37750425 PMCID: PMC10688150 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endocytosis is a process vital to angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. In pathologies where supraphysiological growth factor signaling underlies disease etiology, such as in diabetic retinopathy and solid tumors, strategies to limit chronic growth factor signaling by way of blunting endocytic processes have been shown to have tremendous clinical value. ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that promotes the assembly of actin necessary for clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent endocytosis. In its absence, growth factor signaling is greatly diminished, which has been shown to ameliorate pathological signaling input in diseased vasculature. However, it is less clear if there are bystander effects related to loss of Arf6 on angiogenic behaviors. Our goal was to provide an analysis of Arf6's function in angiogenic endothelium, focusing on its role in actin and endocytosis as well as sprouting morphogenesis. METHODS Primary endothelial cells were cultured in both 2D and 3D environments. Here, endothelial cells were fixed and stained for various proteins or transfected with fluorescently-tagged constructs for live-cell imaging. RESULTS We found that Arf6 localized to both filamentous actin and sites of endocytosis in two-dimensional culture. Loss of Arf6 distorted both apicobasal polarity and reduced the total cellular filamentous actin content, which may be the primary driver underlying gross sprouting dysmorphogenesis in its absence. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that endothelial Arf6 is a potent mediator of both actin regulation and endocytosis and is required for proper sprout formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makenzie L. Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
| | | | - Erich J. Kushner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
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9
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Pedersen RT, Snoberger A, Pyrpassopoulos S, Safer D, Drubin DG, Ostap EM. Endocytic myosin-1 is a force-insensitive, power-generating motor. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202303095. [PMID: 37549220 PMCID: PMC10406613 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202303095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosins are required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but their precise molecular roles in this process are not known. This is, in part, because the biophysical properties of the relevant motors have not been investigated. Myosins have diverse mechanochemical activities, ranging from powerful contractility against mechanical loads to force-sensitive anchoring. To better understand the essential molecular contribution of myosin to endocytosis, we studied the in vitro force-dependent kinetics of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endocytic type I myosin called Myo5, a motor whose role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been meticulously studied in vivo. We report that Myo5 is a low-duty-ratio motor that is activated ∼10-fold by phosphorylation and that its working stroke and actin-detachment kinetics are relatively force-insensitive. Strikingly, the in vitro mechanochemistry of Myo5 is more like that of cardiac myosin than that of slow anchoring myosin-1s found on endosomal membranes. We, therefore, propose that Myo5 generates power to augment actin assembly-based forces during endocytosis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross T.A. Pedersen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Snoberger
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Serapion Pyrpassopoulos
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Safer
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David G. Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E. Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Willet AH, Chen JS, Ren L, Gould KL. Membrane binding of endocytic myosin-1s is inhibited by a class of ankyrin repeat proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br17. [PMID: 37531259 PMCID: PMC10559312 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin-1s are monomeric actin-based motors that function at membranes. Myo1 is the single myosin-1 isoform in Schizosaccharomyces pombe that works redundantly with Wsp1-Vrp1 to activate the Arp2/3 complex for endocytosis. Here, we identified Ank1 as an uncharacterized cytoplasmic Myo1 binding partner. We found that in ank1Δ cells, Myo1 dramatically redistributed from endocytic patches to decorate the entire plasma membrane and endocytosis was defective. Biochemical analysis and structural predictions suggested that the Ank1 ankyrin repeats bind the Myo1 lever arm and the Ank1 acidic tail binds the Myo1 TH1 domain to prevent TH1-dependent Myo1 membrane binding. Indeed, Ank1 overexpression precluded Myo1 membrane localization and recombinant Ank1 reduced purified Myo1 liposome binding in vitro. Based on biochemical and cell biological analyses, we propose budding yeast Ank1 and human OSTF1 are functional Ank1 orthologs and that cytoplasmic sequestration by small ankyrin repeat proteins is a conserved mechanism regulating myosin-1s in endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina H. Willet
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Liping Ren
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kathleen L. Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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11
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Pedersen RTA, Snoberger A, Pyrpassopoulos S, Safer D, Drubin DG, Ostap EM. Endocytic myosin-1 is a force-insensitive, power-generating motor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.21.533689. [PMID: 36993306 PMCID: PMC10055380 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.21.533689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Myosins are required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but their precise molecular roles in this process are not known. This is, in part, because the biophysical properties of the relevant motors have not been investigated. Myosins have diverse mechanochemical activities, ranging from powerful contractility against mechanical loads to force-sensitive anchoring. To better understand the essential molecular contribution of myosin to endocytosis, we studied the in vitro force-dependent kinetics of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endocytic type I myosin called Myo5, a motor whose role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been meticulously studied in vivo. We report that Myo5 is a low-duty-ratio motor that is activated ∼10-fold by phosphorylation, and that its working stroke and actin-detachment kinetics are relatively force-insensitive. Strikingly, the in vitro mechanochemistry of Myo5 is more like that of cardiac myosin than like that of slow anchoring myosin-1s found on endosomal membranes. We therefore propose that Myo5 generates power to augment actin assembly-based forces during endocytosis in cells. Summary Pedersen, Snoberger et al. measure the force-sensitivity of the yeast endocytic the myosin-1 called Myo5 and find that it is more likely to generate power than to serve as a force-sensitive anchor in cells. Implications for Myo5's role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross TA Pedersen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Present address: Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Equal Contribution
| | - Aaron Snoberger
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Equal Contribution
| | - Serapion Pyrpassopoulos
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Daniel Safer
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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12
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Stoops EH, Ferrin MA, Jorgens DM, Drubin DG. Self-organizing actin networks drive sequential endocytic protein recruitment and vesicle release on synthetic lipid bilayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302622120. [PMID: 37216532 PMCID: PMC10235984 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302622120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Forces generated by actin assembly assist membrane invagination during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The sequential recruitment of core endocytic proteins and regulatory proteins, and assembly of the actin network, are well documented in live cells and are highly conserved from yeasts to humans. However, understanding of CME protein self-organization, as well as the biochemical and mechanical principles that underlie actin's role in CME, is lacking. Here, we show that supported lipid bilayers coated with purified yeast Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP), an endocytic actin assembly regulator, and incubated in cytoplasmic yeast extracts, recruit downstream endocytic proteins and assemble actin networks. Time-lapse imaging of WASP-coated bilayers revealed sequential recruitment of proteins from different endocytic modules, faithfully replicating in vivo behavior. Reconstituted actin networks assemble in a WASP-dependent manner and deform lipid bilayers, as seen by electron microscopy. Time-lapse imaging revealed that vesicles are released from the lipid bilayers with a burst of actin assembly. Actin networks pushing on membranes have previously been reconstituted; here, we have reconstituted a biologically important variation of these actin networks that self-organize on bilayers and produce pulling forces sufficient to bud off membrane vesicles. We propose that actin-driven vesicle generation may represent an ancient evolutionary precursor to diverse vesicle forming processes adapted for a wide array of cellular environments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Stoops
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Michael A. Ferrin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | | | - David G. Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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13
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Willet AH, Chen JS, Ren L, Gould KL. Membrane binding of endocytic myosin-1s is inhibited by a class of ankyrin repeat proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.26.538419. [PMID: 37163016 PMCID: PMC10168314 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Myosin-1s are monomeric actin-based motors that function at membranes. Myo1 is the single myosin-1 isoform in Schizosaccharomyces pombe that works redundantly with Wsp1-Vrp1 to activate the Arp2/3 complex for endocytosis. Here, we identified Ank1 as an uncharacterized cytoplasmic Myo1 binding partner. We found that in ank1Δ cells, Myo1 dramatically redistributed from endocytic patches to decorate the entire plasma membrane and endocytosis was defective. Biochemical analysis and structural predictions suggested that the Ank1 ankyrin repeats bind the Myo1 lever arm and the Ank1 acidic tail binds the Myo1 TH1 domain to prevent TH1-dependent Myo1 membrane binding. Indeed, Ank1 over-expression precluded Myo1 membrane localization and recombinant Ank1 blocked purified Myo1 liposome binding in vitro. Based on biochemical and cell biology analyses, we propose budding yeast Ank1 and human OSTF1 are functional Ank1 orthologs and that cytoplasmic sequestration by small ankyrin repeat proteins is a conserved mechanism regulating myosin-1s in endocytosis. Summary Fission yeast long-tailed myosin-1 binds Ank1. Ank1 ankyrin repeats associate with the Myo1 lever arm and Ank1 acidic tail binds the Myo1 TH1 domain to inhibit Myo1 membrane binding. Ank1 orthologs exists in budding yeast (Ank1) and humans (OSTF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina H Willet
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Liping Ren
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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14
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Francis CR, Bell ML, Skripnichuk MM, Kushner EJ. Arf6 Regulates Endocytosis and Angiogenesis by Promoting Filamentous Actin Assembly. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.22.529543. [PMID: 36865161 PMCID: PMC9980066 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.529543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a process vital to angiogenesis as well as general vascular homeostasis. In pathologies where supraphysiological growth factor signaling underlies disease etiology, such as in diabetic retinopathy and solid tumors, strategies to limit chronic growth factor signaling by way of CME have been shown to have tremendous clinical value. ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that promotes the assembly of actin necessary for CME. In its absence, growth factor signaling is greatly diminished, which has been shown to ameliorate pathological signaling input in diseased vasculature. However, it is less clear if there are bystander effects related to loss of Arf6 on angiogenic behaviors. Our goal was to provide a analysis of Arf6’s function in angiogenic endothelium, focusing on its role in lumenogenesis as well as its relation to actin and CME. We found that Arf6 localized to both filamentous actin and sites of CME in 2-dimensional culture. Loss of Arf6 distorted both apicobasal polarity and reduced the total cellular filamentous actin content, and this may be the primary driver underlying gross dysmorphogenesis during angiogenic sprouting in its absence. Our findings highlight that endothelial Arf6 is a potent mediator of both actin regulation and CME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makenzie L. Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
| | | | - Erich J. Kushner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
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15
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Stoops EH, Ferrin MA, Jorgens DM, Drubin DG. Self-organizing actin networks drive sequential endocytic protein recruitment and vesicle release on synthetic lipid bilayers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528546. [PMID: 36824809 PMCID: PMC9949000 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Forces generated by actin assembly assist membrane invagination during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The sequential recruitment of core endocytic proteins and regulatory proteins, and assembly of the actin network, are well documented in live cells and are highly conserved from yeasts to humans. However, understanding of CME protein self-organization, as well as the biochemical and mechanical principles that underlie actin’s role in CME, is lacking. Here, we show that supported lipid bilayers coated with purified yeast WASP, an endocytic actin assembly regulator, and incubated in cytoplasmic yeast extracts, recruit downstream endocytic proteins and assemble actin tails. Time-lapse imaging of WASP-coated bilayers revealed sequential recruitment of proteins from different endocytic modules, faithfully replicating in vivo behavior. Reconstituted actin networks assemble in a WASP-dependent manner and deform lipid bilayers, as seen by electron microscopy. Time-lapse imaging revealed that vesicles are released from the lipid bilayers with a burst of actin assembly. Actin networks pushing on membranes have previously been reconstituted; here, we have reconstituted a biologically important variation of these actin networks that self-organize on bilayers and produce pulling forces sufficient to bud off membrane vesicles. We propose that actin-driven vesicle generation may represent an ancient evolutionary precursor to diverse vesicle forming processes adapted for a wide array of cellular environments and applications. Significance Statement Actin filament assembly participates in many vesicle-forming processes. However, the underlying principles for how assembly is initiated and organized to effectively harness assembly forces remain elusive. To address this gap, we report a novel reconstitution of actin-driven vesicle release from supported lipid bilayers. Using real-time imaging, we observe sequential recruitment of endocytic proteins and, following a burst of actin assembly, vesicle release from bilayers. Given the absence of cargo or upstream endocytic regulatory proteins on the bilayers, and the participation of actin in many vesicle-forming processes, we posit that this mode of vesicle formation represents an early evolutionary precursor for multiple trafficking pathways. We expect that this assay will be of great use for future investigations of actin-mediated vesicle-forming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Stoops
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Michael A. Ferrin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Danielle M. Jorgens
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - David G. Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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16
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Lappalainen P, Kotila T, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G. Biochemical and mechanical regulation of actin dynamics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:836-852. [PMID: 35918536 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization of actin filaments against membranes produces force for numerous cellular processes, such as migration, morphogenesis, endocytosis, phagocytosis and organelle dynamics. Consequently, aberrant actin cytoskeleton dynamics are linked to various diseases, including cancer, as well as immunological and neurological disorders. Understanding how actin filaments generate forces in cells, how force production is regulated by the interplay between actin-binding proteins and how the actin-regulatory machinery responds to mechanical load are at the heart of many cellular, developmental and pathological processes. During the past few years, our understanding of the mechanisms controlling actin filament assembly and disassembly has evolved substantially. It has also become evident that the activities of key actin-binding proteins are not regulated solely by biochemical signalling pathways, as mechanical regulation is critical for these proteins. Indeed, the architecture and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are directly tuned by mechanical load. Here we discuss the general mechanisms by which key actin regulators, often in synergy with each other, control actin filament assembly, disassembly, and monomer recycling. By using an updated view of actin dynamics as a framework, we discuss how the mechanics and geometry of actin networks control actin-binding proteins, and how this translates into force production in endocytosis and mesenchymal cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tommi Kotila
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antoine Jégou
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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17
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Skruzny M. The endocytic protein machinery as an actin-driven membrane-remodeling machine. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151267. [PMID: 35970066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a principal membrane trafficking route of all eukaryotic cells, forces are applied to invaginate the plasma membrane and form endocytic vesicles. These forces are provided by specific endocytic proteins and the polymerizing actin cytoskeleton. One of the best-studied endocytic systems is endocytosis in yeast, known for its simplicity, experimental amenability, and overall similarity to human endocytosis. Importantly, the yeast endocytic protein machinery generates and transmits tremendous force to bend the plasma membrane, making this system beneficial for mechanistic studies of cellular force-driven membrane reshaping. This review summarizes important protein players, molecular functions, applied forces, and open questions and perspectives of this robust, actin-powered membrane-remodeling protein machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Skruzny
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Abouelezz A, Almeida-Souza L. The mammalian endocytic cytoskeleton. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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19
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ER-phagy requires the assembly of actin at sites of contact between the cortical ER and endocytic pits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2117554119. [PMID: 35101986 PMCID: PMC8833162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117554119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are degraded by autophagy (ER-phagy) in response to starvation or the accumulation of misfolded proteins. We show that ER-phagy requires assembly of actin at sites of contact between the edges of ER sheets and endocytic pits on the plasma membrane. Actin assembly may help to bring an element of the ER carrying the selective autophagy receptor Atg40 into the cell interior, where it associates with Atg11, a scaffold needed to recruit components for autophagosome assembly. Understanding the mechanism by which regions of the ER are selected for degradation and sequestered within autophagosomes may help in the development of novel approaches to treat diseases that result from the accumulation of misfolded proteins within the ER. Fragments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are selectively delivered to the lysosome (mammals) or vacuole (yeast) in response to starvation or the accumulation of misfolded proteins through an autophagic process known as ER-phagy. A screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion library identified end3Δ as a candidate knockout strain that is defective in ER-phagy during starvation conditions, but not bulk autophagy. We find that loss of End3 and its stable binding partner Pan1, or inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex that is coupled by the End3-Pan1 complex to endocytic pits, blocks the association of the cortical ER autophagy receptor, Atg40, with the autophagosomal assembly scaffold protein Atg11. The membrane contact site module linking the rim of cortical ER sheets and endocytic pits, consisting of Scs2 or Scs22, Osh2 or Osh3, and Myo3 or Myo5, is also needed for ER-phagy. Both Atg40 and Scs2 are concentrated at the edges of ER sheets and can be cross-linked to each other. Our results are consistent with a model in which actin assembly at sites of contact between the cortical ER and endocytic pits contributes to ER sequestration into autophagosomes.
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20
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Chakrabarti R, Lee M, Higgs HN. Multiple roles for actin in secretory and endocytic pathways. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R603-R618. [PMID: 34033793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Actin filaments play multiple roles in the secretory pathway and in endosome dynamics in mammals, including maintenance of Golgi structure, release of membrane cargo from the trans-Golgi network (TGN), endocytosis, and endosomal sorting dynamics. In addition, TGN carrier transport and endocytosis both occur by multiple mechanisms in mammals. Actin likely plays a role in at least four mammalian endocytic pathways, five pathways for membrane release from the TGN, and three processes involving endosomes. Also, the mammalian Golgi structure is highly dynamic, and actin is likely important for these dynamics. One challenge for many of these processes is the need to deal with other membrane-associated structures, such as the cortical actin network at the plasma membrane or the matrix that surrounds the Golgi. Arp2/3 complex is a major actin assembly factor in most of the processes mentioned, but roles for formins and tandem WH2-motif-containing assembly factors are being elucidated and are anticipated to grow with further study. The specific role for actin has not been defined for most of these processes, but is likely to involve the generation of force for membrane dynamics, either by actin polymerization itself or by myosin motor activity. Defining these processes mechanistically is necessary for understanding membrane dynamics in general, as well as pathways that utilize these processes, such as autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Miriam Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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21
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Pedersen RTA, Hassinger JE, Marchando P, Drubin DG. Spatial regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis through position-dependent site maturation. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:211446. [PMID: 33053166 PMCID: PMC7545360 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), over 50 different proteins assemble on the plasma membrane to reshape it into a cargo-laden vesicle. It has long been assumed that cargo triggers local CME site assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on the discovery that cortical actin patches, which cluster near exocytic sites, are CME sites. Quantitative imaging data reported here lead to a radically different view of which CME steps are regulated and which steps are deterministic. We quantitatively and spatially describe progression through the CME pathway and pinpoint a cargo-sensitive regulatory transition point that governs progression from the initiation phase of CME to the internalization phase. Thus, site maturation, rather than site initiation, accounts for the previously observed polarized distribution of actin patches in this organism. While previous studies suggested that cargo ensures its own internalization by regulating either CME initiation rates or frequency of abortive events, our data instead identify maturation through a checkpoint in the pathway as the cargo-sensitive step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross T A Pedersen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Julian E Hassinger
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.,Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Paul Marchando
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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22
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Kessels MM, Qualmann B. Interplay between membrane curvature and the actin cytoskeleton. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 68:10-19. [PMID: 32927373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An intimate interplay of the plasma membrane with curvature-sensing and curvature-inducing proteins would allow for defining specific sites or nanodomains of action at the plasma membrane, for example, for protrusion, invagination, and polarization. In addition, such connections are predestined to ensure spatial and temporal order and sequences. The combined forces of membrane shapers and the cortical actin cytoskeleton might hereby in particular be required to overcome the strong resistance against membrane rearrangements in case of high plasma membrane tension or cellular turgor. Interestingly, also the opposite might be necessary, the inhibition of both membrane shapers and cytoskeletal reinforcement structures to relieve membrane tension to protect cells from membrane damage and rupturing during mechanical stress. In this review article, we discuss recent conceptual advances enlightening the interplay of plasma membrane curvature and the cortical actin cytoskeleton during endocytosis, modulations of membrane tensions, and the shaping of entire cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kessels
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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23
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Briant K, Redlingshöfer L, Brodsky FM. Clathrin's life beyond 40: Connecting biochemistry with physiology and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:141-149. [PMID: 32836101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the range and mechanisms of clathrin functions has developed exponentially since clathrin's discovery in 1975. Here, newly established molecular mechanisms that regulate clathrin activity and connect clathrin pathways to differentiation, disease and physiological processes such as glucose metabolism are reviewed. Diversity and commonalities of clathrin pathways across the tree of life reveal species-specific differences enabling functional plasticity in both membrane traffic and cytokinesis. New structural information on clathrin coat formation and cargo interactions emphasises the interplay between clathrin, adaptor proteins, lipids and cargo, and how this interplay regulates quality control of clathrin's function and is compromised in infection and neurological disease. Roles for balancing clathrin-mediated cargo transport are defined in stem cell development and additional disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Briant
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, 14 Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Lisa Redlingshöfer
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, 14 Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, 14 Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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24
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A myosin-7B-dependent endocytosis pathway mediates cellular entry of α-synuclein fibrils and polycation-bearing cargos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10865-10875. [PMID: 32366666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918617117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transmission of misfolding-prone α-synuclein (α-Syn) has emerged as a key pathological event in Parkinson's disease. This process is initiated when α-Syn-bearing fibrils enter cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using a CRISPR-mediated knockout screen, we identify SLC35B2 and myosin-7B (MYO7B) as critical endocytosis regulators for α-Syn preformed fibrils (PFFs). We show that SLC35B2, as a key regulator of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) biosynthesis, is essential for recruiting α-Syn PFFs to the cell surface because this process is mediated by interactions between negatively charged sugar moieties of HSPGs and clustered K-T-K motifs in α-Syn PFFs. By contrast, MYO7B regulates α-Syn PFF cell entry by maintaining a plasma membrane-associated actin network that controls membrane dynamics. Without MYO7B or actin filaments, many clathrin-coated pits fail to be severed from the membrane, causing accumulation of large clathrin-containing "scars" on the cell surface. Intriguingly, the requirement for MYO7B in endocytosis is restricted to α-Syn PFFs and other polycation-bearing cargos that enter cells via HSPGs. Thus, our study not only defines regulatory factors for α-Syn PFF endocytosis, but also reveals a previously unknown endocytosis mechanism for HSPG-binding cargos in general, which requires forces generated by MYO7B and actin filaments.
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25
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Sun Y, Schöneberg J, Chen X, Jiang T, Kaplan C, Xu K, Pollard TD, Drubin DG. Direct comparison of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in budding and fission yeast reveals conserved and evolvable features. eLife 2019; 8:50749. [PMID: 31829937 PMCID: PMC6908435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved proteins drive clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), which from yeast to humans involves a burst of actin assembly. To gain mechanistic insights into this process, we performed a side-by-side quantitative comparison of CME in two distantly related yeast species. Though endocytic protein abundance in S. pombe and S. cerevisiae is more similar than previously thought, membrane invagination speed and depth are two-fold greater in fission yeast. In both yeasts, accumulation of ~70 WASp molecules activates the Arp2/3 complex to drive membrane invagination. In contrast to budding yeast, WASp-mediated actin nucleation plays an essential role in fission yeast endocytosis. Genetics and live-cell imaging revealed core CME spatiodynamic similarities between the two yeasts, although the assembly of two zones of actin filaments is specific for fission yeast and not essential for CME. These studies identified conserved CME mechanisms and species-specific adaptations with broad implications that are expected to extend from yeast to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Johannes Schöneberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Xuyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Tommy Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Charlotte Kaplan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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26
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Barger SR, James ML, Pellenz CD, Krendel M, Sirotkin V. Human myosin 1e tail but not motor domain replaces fission yeast Myo1 domains to support myosin-I function during endocytosis. Exp Cell Res 2019; 384:111625. [PMID: 31542284 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In both unicellular and multicellular organisms, long-tailed class I myosins function in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Myosin 1e (Myo1e) in vertebrates and Myo1 in fission yeast have similar domain organization, yet whether these proteins or their individual protein domains are functionally interchangeable remains unknown. In an effort to assess functional conservation of class I myosins, we tested whether human Myo1e could replace Myo1 in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and found that it was unable to substitute for yeast Myo1. To determine if any individual protein domain is responsible for the inability of Myo1e to function in yeast, we created human-yeast myosin-I chimeras. By functionally testing these chimeric myosins in vivo, we concluded that the Myo1e motor domain is unable to function in yeast, even when combined with the yeast Myo1 tail and a full complement of yeast regulatory light chains. Conversely, the Myo1e tail, when attached to the yeast Myo1 motor domain, supports localization to endocytic actin patches and partially rescues the endocytosis defect in myo1Δ cells. Further dissection showed that both the TH1 and TH2-SH3 domains in the human Myo1e tail are required for localization and function of chimeric myosin-I at endocytic sites. Overall, this study provides insights into the role of individual myosin-I domains, expands the utility of fission yeast as a simple model system to study the effects of disease-associated MYO1E mutations, and supports a model of co-evolution between a myosin motor and its actin track.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Barger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Michael L James
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Christopher D Pellenz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Vladimir Sirotkin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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27
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Velle KB, Fritz-Laylin LK. Diversity and evolution of actin-dependent phenotypes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 58-59:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Kothari P, Johnson C, Sandone C, Iglesias PA, Robinson DN. How the mechanobiome drives cell behavior, viewed through the lens of control theory. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs234476. [PMID: 31477578 PMCID: PMC6771144 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved sophisticated systems that integrate internal and external inputs to coordinate cell shape changes during processes, such as development, cell identity determination, and cell and tissue homeostasis. Cellular shape-change events are driven by the mechanobiome, the network of macromolecules that allows cells to generate, sense and respond to externally imposed and internally generated forces. Together, these components build the cellular contractility network, which is governed by a control system. Proteins, such as non-muscle myosin II, function as both sensors and actuators, which then link to scaffolding proteins, transcription factors and metabolic proteins to create feedback loops that generate the foundational mechanical properties of the cell and modulate cellular behaviors. In this Review, we highlight proteins that establish and maintain the setpoint, or baseline, for the control system and explore the feedback loops that integrate different cellular processes with cell mechanics. Uncovering the genetic, biophysical and biochemical interactions between these molecular components allows us to apply concepts from control theory to provide a systems-level understanding of cellular processes. Importantly, the actomyosin network has emerged as more than simply a 'downstream' effector of linear signaling pathways. Instead, it is also a significant driver of cellular processes traditionally considered to be 'upstream'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kothari
- Departments of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cecilia Johnson
- Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, M 21205, USA
| | - Corinne Sandone
- Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, M 21205, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Departments of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Douglas N Robinson
- Departments of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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29
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Kumari A, Pineau J, Sáez PJ, Maurin M, Lankar D, San Roman M, Hennig K, Boura VF, Voituriez R, Karlsson MCI, Balland M, Lennon Dumenil AM, Pierobon P. Actomyosin-driven force patterning controls endocytosis at the immune synapse. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2870. [PMID: 31253773 PMCID: PMC6599028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important channel of cell-to-cell communication is direct contact. The immune synapse is a paradigmatic example of such type of interaction: it forms upon engagement of antigen receptors in lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells and allows the local exchange of molecules and information. Although mechanics has been shown to play an important role in this process, how forces organize and impact on synapse function is unknown. We find that mechanical forces are spatio-temporally patterned at the immune synapse: global pulsatile myosin II-driven tangential forces are observed at the synapse periphery while localised forces generated by invadosome-like F-actin protrusions are detected at its centre. Noticeably, we observe that these force-producing actin protrusions constitute the main site of antigen extraction and endocytosis and require myosin II contractility to form. The interplay between global and local forces dictated by the organization of the actomyosin cytoskeleton therefore controls endocytosis at the immune synapse. The immune synapse promotes cellular information exchange but the role of biophysical forces in synapse function is unclear. Here, the authors show that B cells exert two types of forces, a centripetal myosin II-driven force and a central actin protrusive force at the site of antigen extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Judith Pineau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Pablo J Sáez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Danielle Lankar
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Mabel San Roman
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Katharina Hennig
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble 1), 38402, Saint, Martin d'Hères Cedex 9, France
| | - Vanessa F Boura
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Raphael Voituriez
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, UMR 7600 CNRS /UPMC and Laboratoire Jean Perrin, UMR 8237 CNRS /UPMC, 4 Place Jussieu, 75255, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Martial Balland
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble 1), 38402, Saint, Martin d'Hères Cedex 9, France
| | - Ana-Maria Lennon Dumenil
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France.
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France.
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30
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Hilgemann DW, Lin MJ, Fine M, Deisl C. On the existence of endocytosis driven by membrane phase separations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183007. [PMID: 31202864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Large endocytic responses can occur rapidly in diverse cell types without dynamins, clathrin, or actin remodeling. Our experiments suggest that membrane phase separations are crucial with more ordered plasma membrane domains being internalized. Not only do these endocytic processes rely on coalescence of membrane domains, they are promoted by participation of membrane proteins in such domains, one important regulatory influence being palmitoylation. Membrane actin cytoskeleton in general resists membrane phase transitions, and its remodeling may play many roles. Besides membrane 'caging' and 'pinching' roles, typically ascribed to clathrin and dynamins, cytoskeleton remodeling may modify local membrane tension and buckling, as well as the presence and location of actin- and tension-free membrane patches. Endocytosis that depends on membrane phase separations becomes activated in metabolic stress and in response to Ca and PI3 kinase signaling. Internalized membrane traffics normally, and the secretory pathway eventually resupplies membrane to the plasmalemma or directs internalized membrane to other locations, including the extracellular space as exosomes. We describe here that endocytosis driven by membrane phase transitions is regulated by the same signaling mechanisms that regulate macropinocytosis, and it may play diverse roles in cells from nutrient assimilation to membrane recycling, cell migration, and the initiation of quiescent or hibernating cell states. Membrane ordering and phase separations have been shown to promote endocytosis in diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, myocytes, glial cells, and immune cells. We propose that clathrin/dynamin-independent endocytosis represents a continuum of related mechanisms with variable but universal dependence on membrane ordering and actin remodeling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular biophysics of membranes and membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Hilgemann
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA.
| | - Mei-Jung Lin
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA
| | - Michael Fine
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA
| | - Christine Deisl
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA
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