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Li M, Xing X, Yuan J, Zeng Z. Research progress on the regulatory role of cell membrane surface tension in cell behavior. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29923. [PMID: 38720730 PMCID: PMC11076917 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane surface tension has emerged as a pivotal biophysical factor governing cell behavior and fate. This review systematically delineates recent advances in techniques for cell membrane surface tension quantification, mechanosensing mechanisms, and regulatory roles of cell membrane surface tension in modulating major cellular processes. Micropipette aspiration, tether pulling, and newly developed fluorescent probes enable the measurement of cell membrane surface tension with spatiotemporal precision. Cells perceive cell membrane surface tension via conduits including mechanosensitive ion channels, curvature-sensing proteins (e.g. BAR domain proteins), and cortex-membrane attachment proteins (e.g. ERM proteins). Through membrane receptors like integrins, cells convert mechanical cues into biochemical signals. This conversion triggers cytoskeletal remodeling and extracellular matrix interactions in response to environmental changes. Elevated cell membrane surface tension suppresses cell spreading, migration, and endocytosis while facilitating exocytosis. Moreover, reduced cell membrane surface tension promotes embryonic stem cell differentiation and cancer cell invasion, underscoring cell membrane surface tension as a regulator of cell plasticity. Outstanding questions remain regarding cell membrane surface tension regulatory mechanisms and roles in tissue development/disease in vivo. Emerging tools to manipulate cell membrane surface tension with high spatiotemporal control in combination with omics approaches will facilitate the elucidation of cell membrane surface tension-mediated effects on signaling networks across various cell types/states. This will accelerate the development of cell membrane surface tension-based biomarkers and therapeutics for regenerative medicine and cancer. Overall, this review provides critical insights into cell membrane surface tension as a potent orchestrator of cell function, with broader impacts across mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 5180080, China
| | - Xiumei Xing
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 5180080, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Zhuoying Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- Chemical Analysis & Physical Testing Institute, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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2
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Leclerc NR, Dunne TM, Shrestha S, Johnson CP, Kelley JB. TOR signaling regulates GPCR levels on the plasma membrane and suppresses the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593412. [PMID: 38798445 PMCID: PMC11118302 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae respond to mating pheromone through the GPCRs Ste2 and Ste3, which promote growth of a mating projection in response to ligand binding. This commitment to mating is nutritionally and energetically taxing, and so we hypothesized that the cell may suppress mating signaling during starvation. We set out to investigate negative regulators of the mating pathway in nutritionally depleted environments. Here, we report that nutrient deprivation led to loss of Ste2 from the plasma membrane. Recapitulating this effect with nitrogen starvation led us to hypothesize that it was due to TORC1 signaling. Rapamycin inhibition of TORC1 impacted membrane levels of all yeast GPCRs. Inhibition of TORC1 also dampened mating pathway output. Deletion analysis revealed that TORC1 repression leads to α-arrestin-directed CME through TORC2-Ypk1 signaling. We then set out to determine whether major downstream effectors of the TOR complexes also downregulate pathway output during mating. We found that autophagy contributes to pathway downregulation through analysis of strains lacking ATG8 . We also show that Ypk1 significantly reduced pathway output. Thus, both autophagy machinery and TORC2-Ypk1 signaling serve as attenuators of pheromone signaling during mating. Altogether, we demonstrate that the stress-responsive TOR complexes coordinate GPCR endocytosis and reduce the magnitude of pheromone signaling, in ligand-independent and ligand-dependent contexts. One Sentence Summary TOR signaling regulates the localization of all Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPCRs during starvation and suppress the mating pathway in the presence and absence of ligand.
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Hill JM, Cai S, Carver MD, Drubin DG. A Role for Cross-linking Proteins in Actin Filament Network Organization and Force Generation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.19.590161. [PMID: 38659919 PMCID: PMC11042252 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.19.590161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The high turgor pressure across the plasma membrane of yeasts creates a requirement for substantial force production by actin polymerization and myosin motor activity for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Endocytic internalization is severely impeded in the absence of fimbrin, an actin filament crosslinking protein called Sac6 in budding yeast. Here, we combine live-cell imaging and mathematical modeling to gain new insights into the role of actin filament crosslinking proteins in force generation. Genetic manipulation showed that CME sites with more crosslinking proteins are more effective at internalization under high load. Simulations of an experimentally constrained, agent-based mathematical model recapitulate the result that endocytic networks with more double-bound fimbrin molecules internalize the plasma membrane against elevated turgor pressure more effectively. Networks with large numbers of crosslinks also have more growing actin filament barbed ends at the plasma membrane, where the addition of new actin monomers contributes to force generation and vesicle internalization. Our results provide a richer understanding of the crucial role played by actin filament crosslinking proteins during actin network force generation, highlighting the contribution of these proteins to the self-organization of the actin filament network and force generation under increased load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Songlin Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Michael D Carver
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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4
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Wang J, Xu J, Liu T, Yu C, Xu F, Wang G, Li S, Dai X. Biomechanics-mediated endocytosis in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1337679. [PMID: 38638885 PMCID: PMC11024446 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1337679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical forces, including vascular shear stress, cyclic stretching, and extracellular matrix stiffness, which influence mechanosensitive channels in the plasma membrane, determine cell function in atherosclerosis. Being highly associated with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, endocytosis is the key point in molecule and macromolecule trafficking, which plays an important role in lipid transportation. The process of endocytosis relies on the mobility and tension of the plasma membrane, which is sensitive to biomechanical forces. Several studies have advanced the signal transduction between endocytosis and biomechanics to elaborate the developmental role of atherosclerosis. Meanwhile, increased plaque growth also results in changes in the structure, composition and morphology of the coronary artery that contribute to the alteration of arterial biomechanics. These cross-links of biomechanics and endocytosis in atherosclerotic plaques play an important role in cell function, such as cell phenotype switching, foam cell formation, and lipoprotein transportation. We propose that biomechanical force activates the endocytosis of vascular cells and plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxiong Xu
- School of Health Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianhu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Cardiology and Vascular Health Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoping Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Cardiology and Vascular Health Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengcheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Cardiology and Vascular Health Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shun Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaozhen Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Cardiology and Vascular Health Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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5
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Wang L, Zhang X, Li L, Bao J, Lin F, Zhu X. A key sphingolipid pathway gene, MoDES1, regulates conidiation, virulence and plasma membrane tension in Magnaporthe oryzae. Microbiol Res 2024; 279:127554. [PMID: 38056173 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is a destructive disaster all over the earth that causes enormous losses in crop production. Sphingolipid, an important biological cell membrane lipid, is an essential structural component in the plasma membrane (PM) and has several biological functions, including cell mitosis, apoptosis, stress resistance, and signal transduction. Previous studies have suggested that sphingolipid and its derivatives play essential roles in the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi. However, the functions of sphingolipid biosynthesis-related proteins are not fully understood. In this article, we identified a key sphingolipid synthesis enzyme, MoDes1, and found that it is engaged in cell development and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. Deletion of MoDES1 gave rise to pleiotropic defects in vegetative growth, conidiation, plant penetration, and pathogenicity. MoDes1 is also required for lipid homeostasis and participates in the cell wall integrity (CWI) and Osm1-MAPK pathways. Notably, our results showed that there is negative feedback in the TORC2 signaling pathway to compensate for the decreased sphingolipid level due to the knockout of MoDES1 by regulating the phosphorylated Ypk1 level and PM tension. Furthermore, protein structure building has shown that MoDes1 is a potential drug target. These findings further refine the function of Des1 and deepen our understanding of the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway in M. oryzae, laying a foundation for developing novel and specific drugs for rice blast control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- The College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- The College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- The College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311231, China.
| | - Xueming Zhu
- The College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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6
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Quiroga X, Walani N, Disanza A, Chavero A, Mittens A, Tebar F, Trepat X, Parton RG, Geli MI, Scita G, Arroyo M, Le Roux AL, Roca-Cusachs P. A mechanosensing mechanism controls plasma membrane shape homeostasis at the nanoscale. eLife 2023; 12:e72316. [PMID: 37747150 PMCID: PMC10569792 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As cells migrate and experience forces from their surroundings, they constantly undergo mechanical deformations which reshape their plasma membrane (PM). To maintain homeostasis, cells need to detect and restore such changes, not only in terms of overall PM area and tension as previously described, but also in terms of local, nanoscale topography. Here, we describe a novel phenomenon, by which cells sense and restore mechanically induced PM nanoscale deformations. We show that cell stretch and subsequent compression reshape the PM in a way that generates local membrane evaginations in the 100 nm scale. These evaginations are recognized by I-BAR proteins, which triggers a burst of actin polymerization mediated by Rac1 and Arp2/3. The actin polymerization burst subsequently re-flattens the evagination, completing the mechanochemical feedback loop. Our results demonstrate a new mechanosensing mechanism for PM shape homeostasis, with potential applicability in different physiological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xarxa Quiroga
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nikhil Walani
- Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT DelhiNew DelhiIndia
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Albert Chavero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Alexandra Mittens
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular OncologyMilanItaly
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Marino Arroyo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Nord, Carrer de Jordi GironaBarcelonaSpain
- Centre Internacional de Mètodes Numèrics en Enginyeria (CIMNE)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Anabel-Lise Le Roux
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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7
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De Belly H, Yan S, Borja da Rocha H, Ichbiah S, Town JP, Zager PJ, Estrada DC, Meyer K, Turlier H, Bustamante C, Weiner OD. Cell protrusions and contractions generate long-range membrane tension propagation. Cell 2023; 186:3049-3061.e15. [PMID: 37311454 PMCID: PMC10330871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane tension is thought to be a long-range integrator of cell physiology. Membrane tension has been proposed to enable cell polarity during migration through front-back coordination and long-range protrusion competition. These roles necessitate effective tension transmission across the cell. However, conflicting observations have left the field divided as to whether cell membranes support or resist tension propagation. This discrepancy likely originates from the use of exogenous forces that may not accurately mimic endogenous forces. We overcome this complication by leveraging optogenetics to directly control localized actin-based protrusions or actomyosin contractions while simultaneously monitoring the propagation of membrane tension using dual-trap optical tweezers. Surprisingly, actin-driven protrusions and actomyosin contractions both elicit rapid global membrane tension propagation, whereas forces applied to cell membranes alone do not. We present a simple unifying mechanical model in which mechanical forces that engage the actin cortex drive rapid, robust membrane tension propagation through long-range membrane flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry De Belly
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hudson Borja da Rocha
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Sacha Ichbiah
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Jason P Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick J Zager
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dorothy C Estrada
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kirstin Meyer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hervé Turlier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | - Carlos Bustamante
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Jason L. Choy Laboratory of Single-Molecule Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Scharnagl K, Tagirdzhanova G, Talbot NJ. The coming golden age for lichen biology. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R512-R518. [PMID: 37279685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are a diverse group of organisms. They are both commonly observed but also mysterious. It has long been known that lichens are composite symbiotic associations of at least one fungus and an algal or cyanobacterial partner, but recent evidence suggests that they may be much more complex. We now know that there can be many constituent microorganisms in a lichen, organized into reproducible patterns that suggest a sophisticated communication and interplay between symbionts. We feel the time is right for a more concerted effort to understand lichen biology. Rapid advances in comparative genomics and metatranscriptomic approaches, coupled with recent breakthroughs in gene functional studies, suggest that lichens may now be more tractable to detailed analysis. Here we set out some of the big questions in lichen biology, and we speculate about the types of gene functions that may be critical to their development, as well as the molecular events that may lead to initial lichen formation. We define both the challenges and opportunities in lichen biology and offer a call to arms to study this remarkable group of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Scharnagl
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; University & Jepson Herbaria, University of California Berkeley, Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gulnara Tagirdzhanova
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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9
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Nunes Vicente F, Chen T, Rossier O, Giannone G. Novel imaging methods and force probes for molecular mechanobiology of cytoskeleton and adhesion. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:204-220. [PMID: 36055943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Detection and conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals is known as mechanotransduction. From cells to tissues, mechanotransduction regulates migration, proliferation, and differentiation in processes such as immune responses, development, and cancer progression. Mechanosensitive structures such as integrin adhesions, the actin cortex, ion channels, caveolae, and the nucleus sense and transmit forces. In vitro approaches showed that mechanosensing is based on force-dependent protein deformations and reorganizations. However, the mechanisms in cells remained unclear since cell imaging techniques lacked molecular resolution. Thanks to recent developments in super-resolution microscopy (SRM) and molecular force sensors, it is possible to obtain molecular insight of mechanosensing in live cells. We discuss how understanding of molecular mechanotransduction was revolutionized by these innovative approaches, focusing on integrin adhesions, actin structures, and the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Nunes Vicente
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tianchi Chen
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Rossier
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Grégory Giannone
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.
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10
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Li JH, Trivedi V, Diz-Muñoz A. Understanding the interplay of membrane trafficking, cell surface mechanics, and stem cell differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:123-134. [PMID: 35641408 PMCID: PMC9703995 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells can generate a diversity of cell types during development, regeneration and adult tissue homeostasis. Differentiation changes not only the cell fate in terms of gene expression but also the physical properties and functions of cells, e.g. the secretory activity, cell shape, or mechanics. Conversely, these activities and properties can also regulate differentiation itself. Membrane trafficking is known to modulate signal transduction and thus has the potential to control stem cell differentiation. On the other hand, membrane trafficking, particularly from and to the plasma membrane, depends on the mechanical properties of the cell surface such as tension within the plasma membrane or the cortex. Indeed, recent findings demonstrate that cell surface mechanics can also control cell fate. Here, we review the bidirectional relationships between these three fundamental cellular functions, i.e. membrane trafficking, cell surface mechanics, and stem cell differentiation. Furthermore, we discuss commonly used methods in each field and how combining them with new tools will enhance our understanding of their interplay. Understanding how membrane trafficking and cell surface mechanics can guide stem cell fate holds great potential as these concepts could be exploited for directed differentiation of stem cells for the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hui Li
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- EMBL, PRBB, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain,Developmental Biology Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
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11
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Qin R, An C, Chen W. Physical-Chemical Regulation of Membrane Receptors Dynamics in Viral Invasion and Immune Defense. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167800. [PMID: 36007627 PMCID: PMC9394170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues dynamically regulate membrane receptors functions to trigger various physiological and pathological processes from viral invasion to immune defense. These cues mainly include various types of dynamic mechanical forces and the spatial confinement of plasma membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms of how they couple with biochemical cues in regulating membrane receptors functions still remain mysterious. Here, we review recent advances in methodologies of single-molecule biomechanical techniques and in novel biomechanical regulatory mechanisms of critical ligand recognition of viral and immune receptors including SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, T cell receptor (TCR) and other co-stimulatory immune receptors. Furthermore, we provide our perspectives of the general principle of how force-dependent kinetics determine the dynamic functions of membrane receptors and of biomechanical-mechanism-driven SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody design and TCR engineering for T-cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenyi An
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Verslues PE, Bailey-Serres J, Brodersen C, Buckley TN, Conti L, Christmann A, Dinneny JR, Grill E, Hayes S, Heckman RW, Hsu PK, Juenger TE, Mas P, Munnik T, Nelissen H, Sack L, Schroeder JI, Testerink C, Tyerman SD, Umezawa T, Wigge PA. Burning questions for a warming and changing world: 15 unknowns in plant abiotic stress. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:67-108. [PMID: 36018271 PMCID: PMC9806664 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We present unresolved questions in plant abiotic stress biology as posed by 15 research groups with expertise spanning eco-physiology to cell and molecular biology. Common themes of these questions include the need to better understand how plants detect water availability, temperature, salinity, and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels; how environmental signals interface with endogenous signaling and development (e.g. circadian clock and flowering time); and how this integrated signaling controls downstream responses (e.g. stomatal regulation, proline metabolism, and growth versus defense balance). The plasma membrane comes up frequently as a site of key signaling and transport events (e.g. mechanosensing and lipid-derived signaling, aquaporins). Adaptation to water extremes and rising CO2 affects hydraulic architecture and transpiration, as well as root and shoot growth and morphology, in ways not fully understood. Environmental adaptation involves tradeoffs that limit ecological distribution and crop resilience in the face of changing and increasingly unpredictable environments. Exploration of plant diversity within and among species can help us know which of these tradeoffs represent fundamental limits and which ones can be circumvented by bringing new trait combinations together. Better defining what constitutes beneficial stress resistance in different contexts and making connections between genes and phenotypes, and between laboratory and field observations, are overarching challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lucio Conti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Alexander Christmann
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Erwin Grill
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Scott Hayes
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W Heckman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Paloma Mas
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Teun Munnik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam NL-1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- ARC Center Excellence, Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Taishi Umezawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 6708 PB, Japan
| | - Philip A Wigge
- Leibniz-Institut für Gemüse- und Zierpflanzenbau, Großbeeren 14979, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
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13
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Schoonover MG, Chilson EC, Strome ED. Heterozygous Mutations in Aromatic Amino Acid Synthesis Genes Trigger TOR Pathway Activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000685. [PMID: 36468155 PMCID: PMC9713580 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved complexes of Target of Rapamycin (TORC1 and TORC2) are central regulators to many vital cellular processes including growth and autophagy in response to nutrient availability. Previous research has extensively elucidated exogenous nutrient control on TORC1/TORC2; however, little is known about the potential alteration of nutrient pools from mutations in biosynthesis pathways and their impact on Tor pathway activity. Here, we analyze the impacts of heterozygous mutations in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis genes on TOR signaling via differential expression of genes downstream of TORC1 and autophagy induction for TORC1 and TORC2 activity.
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14
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Li H, Zhou WY, Liu YX, Xia YY, Xia CL, Pan DR, Li Z, Shi Y, Chen SL, Zhang JX. Rictor maintains endothelial integrity under shear stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:963866. [PMID: 36438564 PMCID: PMC9685313 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.963866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endothelial injury induced by low shear stress (LSS) is an initiating factor in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and thrombotic diseases. Low shear stress activates the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) signaling pathway. Rictor, the main constituent protein of mTORC2, is involved in vascular development. However, the impact of conditional Rictor ablation on endothelial homeostasis, especially on endothelial-specific markers, such as vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) and von Willebrand factor (VWF), under blood flow stimulation is unclear. Objective: We aimed to investigate whether endothelial Rictor is involved in maintaining vascular endothelial integrity and the potential role of Rictor in atheroprone blood flow-mediated endothelial injury. Methods and results: Immunofluorescence staining showed that endothelial Rictor was successfully knocked out in a mouse model. Scanning electron microscopy (EM) detection revealed disruption of the endothelial monolayer in the thoracic aorta of Rictor-deficient mice. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that Rictor deletion disrupted endothelial integrity and expanded cell junctions in the left common carotid artery region. In vitro, low shear stress disrupted actin filament polarity and the promoted the translocation of vascular endothelial-cadherin, the key component of adherens junctions (AJs) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. After Rictor downregulation by small interfering RNA, the translocation of vascular endothelial-cadherin and stress fibers increased. Rictor knockdown inhibited low shear stress-induced von Willebrand factor upregulation, and downregulation of vascular endothelial-cadherin decreased low shear stress-induced von Willebrand factor expression. These results suggest that vascular endothelial-cadherin/von Willebrand factor is a possible mechanism mediated by Rictor in the pathological process of low shear stress-induced endothelial injury. Conclusion: Rictor is a key protein that regulates endothelial integrity under vascular physiological homeostasis, and Rictor mediates low shear stress-induced endothelial injury by regulating adherens junctions and von Willebrand factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Xian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Lei Xia
- Department of Intensive Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dao-Rong Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Liang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-Xia Zhang, ; Shao-Liang Chen,
| | - Jun-Xia Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-Xia Zhang, ; Shao-Liang Chen,
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15
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Liu S, Kanchanawong P. Emerging interplay of cytoskeletal architecture, cytomechanics and pluripotency. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275761. [PMID: 35726598 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are capable of differentiating into all three germ layers and trophoblasts, whereas tissue-specific adult stem cells have a more limited lineage potency. Although the importance of the cytoskeletal architecture and cytomechanical properties in adult stem cell differentiation have been widely appreciated, how they contribute to mechanotransduction in PSCs is less well understood. Here, we discuss recent insights into the interplay of cellular architecture, cell mechanics and the pluripotent states of PSCs. Notably, the distinctive cytomechanical and morphodynamic profiles of PSCs are accompanied by a number of unique molecular mechanisms. The extent to which such mechanobiological signatures are intertwined with pluripotency regulation remains an open question that may have important implications in developmental morphogenesis and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Liu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore
| | - Pakorn Kanchanawong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore
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16
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Assies L, Mercier V, López-Andarias J, Roux A, Sakai N, Matile S. The Dynamic Range of Acidity: Tracking Rules for the Unidirectional Penetration of Cellular Compartments. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200192. [PMID: 35535626 PMCID: PMC9400975 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Labeled ammonium cations with pKa∼7.4 accumulate in acidic organelles because they can be neutralized transiently to cross the membrane at cytosolic pH 7.2 but not at their internal pH<5.5. Retention in early endosomes with less acidic internal pH was achieved recently using weaker acids of up to pKa 9.8. We report here that primary ammonium cations with higher pKa 10.6, label early endosomes more efficiently. This maximized early endosome tracking coincides with increasing labeling of Golgi networks with similarly weak internal acidity. Guanidinium cations with pKa 13.5 cannot cross the plasma membrane in monomeric form and label the plasma membrane with selectivity for vesicles embarking into endocytosis. Self‐assembled into micelles, guanidinium cations enter cells like arginine‐rich cell‐penetrating peptides and, driven by their membrane potential, penetrate mitochondria unidirectionally despite their high inner pH. The resulting tracking rules with an approximated dynamic range of pKa change ∼3.5 are expected to be generally valid, thus enabling the design of chemistry tools for biology research in the broadest sense. From a practical point of view, most relevant are two complementary fluorescent flipper probes that can be used to image the mechanics at the very beginning of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Assies
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science: Universite de Geneve Faculte des Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Vincent Mercier
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science: Universite de Geneve Faculte des Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science: Universite de Geneve Faculte des Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Aurelien Roux
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science: Universite de Geneve Faculte des Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Naomi Sakai
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science: Universite de Geneve Faculte des Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Stefan Matile
- University of Geneva, Department of Organic Chemistry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211, Geneva, SWITZERLAND
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17
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Nawara TJ, Williams YD, Rao TC, Hu Y, Sztul E, Salaita K, Mattheyses AL. Imaging vesicle formation dynamics supports the flexible model of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1732. [PMID: 35365614 PMCID: PMC8976038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin polymerization and changes in plasma membrane architecture are necessary steps in forming vesicles to internalize cargo during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Simultaneous analysis of clathrin dynamics and membrane structure is challenging due to the limited axial resolution of fluorescence microscopes and the heterogeneity of CME. This has fueled conflicting models of vesicle assembly and obscured the roles of flat clathrin assemblies. Here, using Simultaneous Two-wavelength Axial Ratiometry (STAR) microscopy, we bridge this critical knowledge gap by quantifying the nanoscale dynamics of clathrin-coat shape change during vesicle assembly. We find that de novo clathrin accumulations generate both flat and curved structures. High-throughput analysis reveals that the initiation of vesicle curvature does not directly correlate with clathrin accumulation. We show clathrin accumulation is preferentially simultaneous with curvature formation at shorter-lived clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), but favors a flat-to-curved transition at longer-lived CCVs. The broad spectrum of curvature initiation dynamics revealed by STAR microscopy supports multiple productive mechanisms of vesicle formation and advocates for the flexible model of CME. Despite decades of research, the dynamics of clathrin-coated vesicle formation is ambiguous. Here, authors use STAR microscopy to quantify the nanoscale dynamics of vesicle formation, supporting the flexible model of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Nawara
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yancey D Williams
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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18
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Surya A, Sarinay-Cenik E. Cell autonomous and non-autonomous consequences of deviations in translation machinery on organism growth and the connecting signalling pathways. Open Biol 2022; 12:210308. [PMID: 35472285 PMCID: PMC9042575 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation machinery is responsible for the production of cellular proteins; thus, cells devote the majority of their resources to ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. Single-copy loss of function in the translation machinery components results in rare ribosomopathy disorders, such as Diamond-Blackfan anaemia in humans and similar developmental defects in various model organisms. Somatic copy number alterations of translation machinery components are also observed in specific tumours. The organism-wide response to haploinsufficient loss-of-function mutations in ribosomal proteins or translation machinery components is complex: variations in translation machinery lead to reduced ribosome biogenesis, protein translation and altered protein homeostasis and cellular signalling pathways. Cells are affected both autonomously and non-autonomously by changes in translation machinery or ribosome biogenesis through cell-cell interactions and secreted hormones. We first briefly introduce the model organisms where mutants or knockdowns of protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis are characterized. Next, we specifically describe observations in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, where insufficient protein synthesis in a subset of cells triggers cell non-autonomous growth or apoptosis responses that affect nearby cells and tissues. We then cover the characterized signalling pathways that interact with ribosome biogenesis/protein synthesis machinery with an emphasis on their respective functions during organism development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustian Surya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Elif Sarinay-Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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19
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Lachowski D, Matellan C, Gopal S, Cortes E, Robinson BK, Saiani A, Miller AF, Stevens MM, del Río Hernández AE. Substrate Stiffness-Driven Membrane Tension Modulates Vesicular Trafficking via Caveolin-1. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4322-4337. [PMID: 35255206 PMCID: PMC9007531 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, a condition characterized by extensive deposition and cross-linking of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, is idiosyncratic in cases of chronic liver injury. The dysregulation of ECM remodeling by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the main mediators of fibrosis, results in an elevated ECM stiffness that drives the development of chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) is a key element in the regulation of ECM remodeling, which modulates the degradation and turnover of ECM components. We have previously reported that a rigid, fibrotic-like substrate can impact TIMP-1 expression at the protein level in HSCs without altering its mRNA expression. While HSCs are known to be highly susceptible to mechanical stimuli, the mechanisms through which mechanical cues regulate TIMP-1 at the post-translational level remain unclear. Here, we show a mechanism of regulation of plasma membrane tension by matrix stiffness. We found that this effect is orchestrated by the β1 integrin/RhoA axis and results in elevated exocytosis and secretion of TIMP-1 in a caveolin-1- and dynamin-2-dependent manner. We then show that TIMP-1 and caveolin-1 expression increases in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These conditions are associated with fibrosis, and this effect can be recapitulated in 3D fibrosis models consisting of hepatic stellate cells encapsulated in a self-assembling polypeptide hydrogel. This work positions stiffness-dependent membrane tension as a key regulator of enzyme secretion and function and a potential target for therapeutic strategies that aim at modulating ECM remodeling in chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Lachowski
- Cellular
and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Manchester
BIOGEL, Mereside, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Matellan
- Cellular
and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sahana Gopal
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ernesto Cortes
- Cellular
and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin K. Robinson
- Cellular
and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Saiani
- Department
of Materials and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of
Science and Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
BIOGEL, Mereside, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Aline F. Miller
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, The
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
BIOGEL, Mereside, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Armando E. del Río Hernández
- Cellular
and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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20
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Yu S, Wu S, Zhang J, Zhao X, Liu X, Yi X, Li X. A single dual-targeting fluorescent probe enables exploration of the correlation between the plasma membrane and lysosomes. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:582-588. [PMID: 34985475 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02200h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between organelles can maintain normal cell activity. Lysosomes, as waste disposal systems of cells, have many important interactions with the plasma membrane, especially in the repair of cracked plasma membrane. Unfortunately, a way to study the relationship between them synchronously is still lacking. Therefore, in this work, we constructed a dual-targeting probe (Mem-Lyso) to simultaneously visualize the plasma membrane and lysosomes for the first time. Taking advantage of dual-targeting, the probe Mem-Lyso could successfully track and analyze the dynamic changes of the plasma membrane and lysosomes in different bioprocesses. The experimental results demonstrated that, compared to the normal status, there was obvious fusion between the plasma membrane and lysosomes in the apoptosis process. Furthermore, because of the sensitivity to polarity, Mem-Lyso could label the plasma membrane and lysosomes with red and yellow colors in cells, respectively. Moreover, the skeleton and gastrointestinal wall of zebrafish were visualized by dual-color imaging, respectively. More importantly, the dual-targeting property endowed Mem-Lyso with the ability to spatially distinguish the cholesterol (CL) content in the plasma membrane, which provided a potential detection tool for biological research and diagnosis of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimo Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Shining Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Daxue Road 3501, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xinfu Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochan Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xibin Yi
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xuechen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Daxue Road 3501, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
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21
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Assies L, García-Calvo J, Piazzolla F, Sanchez S, Kato T, Reymond L, Goujon A, Colom A, López-Andarias J, Straková K, Mahecic D, Mercier V, Riggi M, Jiménez-Rojo N, Roffay C, Licari G, Tsemperouli M, Neuhaus F, Fürstenberg A, Vauthey E, Hoogendoorn S, Gonzalez-Gaitan M, Zumbuehl A, Sugihara K, Gruenberg J, Riezman H, Loewith R, Manley S, Roux A, Winssinger N, Sakai N, Pitsch S, Matile S. Flipper Probes for the Community. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:1004-1011. [PMID: 34920768 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes four fluorescent membrane tension probes that have been designed, synthesized, evaluated, commercialized and applied to current biology challenges in the context of the NCCR Chemical Biology. Their names are Flipper-TR®, ER Flipper-TR®, Lyso Flipper-TR®, and Mito Flipper-TR®. They are available from Spirochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Assies
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - José García-Calvo
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Piazzolla
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samantha Sanchez
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takehiro Kato
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luc Reymond
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Spirochrome AG, Chalberwiesenstrasse 4, CH-8260 Stein am Rhein, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Goujon
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adai Colom
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karolína Straková
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dora Mahecic
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne - EPFL, SB Cubotron 427, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Mercier
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva
| | - Margot Riggi
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva
| | - Noemi Jiménez-Rojo
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva
| | - Chloé Roffay
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva
| | | | - Maria Tsemperouli
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 9 Chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Neuhaus
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 9 Chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Fürstenberg
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva; Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva
| | - Sascha Hoogendoorn
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcos Gonzalez-Gaitan
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva
| | - Andreas Zumbuehl
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 9 Chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Sugihara
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva
| | - Jean Gruenberg
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva
| | - Howard Riezman
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva
| | - Robbie Loewith
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva
| | - Suliana Manley
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne - EPFL, SB Cubotron 427, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Roux
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Pitsch
- Spirochrome AG, Chalberwiesenstrasse 4, CH-8260 Stein am Rhein, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 CH-Geneva, Switzerland;,
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Schlarmann P, Ikeda A, Funato K. Membrane Contact Sites in Yeast: Control Hubs of Sphingolipid Homeostasis. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:971. [PMID: 34940472 PMCID: PMC8707754 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are the most diverse class of membrane lipids, in terms of their structure and function. Structurally simple sphingolipid precursors, such as ceramides, act as intracellular signaling molecules in various processes, including apoptosis, whereas mature and complex forms of sphingolipids are important structural components of the plasma membrane. Supplying complex sphingolipids to the plasma membrane, according to need, while keeping pro-apoptotic ceramides in check is an intricate task for the cell and requires mechanisms that tightly control sphingolipid synthesis, breakdown, and storage. As each of these processes takes place in different organelles, recent studies, using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have investigated the role of membrane contact sites as hubs that integrate inter-organellar sphingolipid transport and regulation. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the findings of these studies and put them into the context of established regulatory mechanisms of sphingolipid homeostasis. We have focused on the role of membrane contact sites in sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide transport, as well as the mechanisms that prevent toxic ceramide accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kouichi Funato
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-4, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (P.S.); (A.I.)
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23
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Passive coupling of membrane tension and cell volume during active response of cells to osmosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103228118. [PMID: 34785592 PMCID: PMC8617515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103228118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tension is the force-opposing stretch of lipid membranes. It controls cell functions involving membranes. Membranes rupture above a tension threshold, causing cell death if tension is not properly buffered. However, how cell membrane tension is quantitatively regulated is unknown because it is difficult to measure. Using a fluorescent membrane tension probe, we explored the coupling between membrane tension and cell volume changes during osmosis. This coupling is described by an equilibrium theory linking tension to folding and unfolding of the membrane. This coupling is nevertheless actively regulated by cell components such as the cytoskeleton, ion transporters, and mTOR pathways. Our results highlight that cell volume regulation and membrane tension homeostasis are independent from the regulation of their coupling. During osmotic changes of their environment, cells actively regulate their volume and plasma membrane tension that can passively change through osmosis. How tension and volume are coupled during osmotic adaptation remains unknown, as their quantitative characterization is lacking. Here, we performed dynamic membrane tension and cell volume measurements during osmotic shocks. During the first few seconds following the shock, cell volume varied to equilibrate osmotic pressures inside and outside the cell, and membrane tension dynamically followed these changes. A theoretical model based on the passive, reversible unfolding of the membrane as it detaches from the actin cortex during volume increase quantitatively describes our data. After the initial response, tension and volume recovered from hypoosmotic shocks but not from hyperosmotic shocks. Using a fluorescent membrane tension probe (fluorescent lipid tension reporter [Flipper-TR]), we investigated the coupling between tension and volume during these asymmetric recoveries. Caveolae depletion and pharmacological inhibition of ion transporters and channels, mTORCs, and the cytoskeleton all affected tension and volume responses. Treatments targeting mTORC2 and specific downstream effectors caused identical changes to both tension and volume responses, their coupling remaining the same. This supports that the coupling of tension and volume responses to osmotic shocks is primarily regulated by mTORC2.
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24
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Abella M, Andruck L, Malengo G, Skruzny M. Actin-generated force applied during endocytosis measured by Sla2-based FRET tension sensors. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2419-2426.e4. [PMID: 34473942 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are integral to many cellular processes, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a principal membrane trafficking route into the cell. During endocytosis, forces provided by endocytic proteins and the polymerizing actin cytoskeleton reshape the plasma membrane into a vesicle. Assessing force requirements of endocytic membrane remodeling is essential for understanding endocytosis. Here, we determined actin-generated force applied during endocytosis using FRET-based tension sensors inserted into the major force-transmitting protein Sla2 in yeast. We measured at least 8 pN force transmitted over Sla2 molecule, hence possibly more than 300-880 pN applied during endocytic vesicle formation. Importantly, decreasing cell turgor pressure and plasma membrane tension reduced force transmitted over the Sla2. The measurements in hypotonic conditions and mutants lacking BAR-domain membrane scaffolds then showed the limits of the endocytic force-transmitting machinery. Our study provides force values and force profiles critical for understanding the mechanics of endocytosis and potentially other key cellular membrane-remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Abella
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lynell Andruck
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Malengo
- Flow Cytometry and Imaging Facility, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michal Skruzny
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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25
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Phosphorylation of mRNA-Binding Proteins Puf1 and Puf2 by TORC2-Activated Protein Kinase Ypk1 Alleviates Their Repressive Effects. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070500. [PMID: 34209236 PMCID: PMC8304900 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Puf family of RNA-binding proteins typically associate via their Pumilio homology domain with specific short motifs in the 3’-UTR of an mRNA and thereby influence the stability, localization and/or efficiency of translation of the bound transcript. In our prior unbiased proteome-wide screen for targets of the TORC2-stimulated protein kinase Ypk1, we identified the paralogs Puf1/Jsn1 and Puf2 as high-confidence substrates. Earlier work by others had demonstrated that Puf1 and Puf2 exhibit a marked preference for interaction with mRNAs encoding plasma membrane-associated proteins, consistent with our previous studies documenting that a primary physiological role of TORC2-Ypk1 signaling is maintenance of plasma membrane homeostasis. Here, we show, first, that both Puf1 and Puf2 are authentic Ypk1 substrates both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescently tagged Puf1 localizes constitutively in cortical puncta closely apposed to the plasma membrane, whereas Puf2 does so in the absence of its Ypk1 phosphorylation, but is dispersed in the cytosol when phosphorylated. We further demonstrate that Ypk1-mediated phosphorylation of Puf1 and Puf2 upregulates production of the protein products of the transcripts to which they bind, with a concomitant increase in the level of the cognate mRNAs. Thus, Ypk1 phosphorylation relieves Puf1- and Puf2-mediated post-transcriptional repression mainly by counteracting their negative effect on transcript stability. Using a heterologous protein-RNA tethering and fluorescent protein reporter assay, the consequence of Ypk1 phosphorylation in vivo was recapitulated for full-length Puf1 and even for N-terminal fragments (residues 1-340 and 143-295) corresponding to the region upstream of its dimerization domain (an RNA-recognition motif fold) encompassing its two Ypk1 phosphorylation sites (both also conserved in Puf2). This latter result suggests that alleviation of Puf1-imposed transcript destabilization does not obligatorily require dissociation of Ypk1-phosphorylated Puf1 from a transcript. Our findings add new insight about how the TORC2-Ypk1 signaling axis regulates the content of plasma membrane-associated proteins to promote maintenance of the integrity of the cell envelope.
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Lemière J, Ren Y, Berro J. Rapid adaptation of endocytosis, exocytosis and eisosomes after an acute increase in membrane tension in yeast cells. eLife 2021; 10:62084. [PMID: 33983119 PMCID: PMC9045820 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in eukaryotes, actin assembly is required to overcome large membrane tension and turgor pressure. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the actin machinery adapts to varying membrane tension remain unknown. In addition, how cells reduce their membrane tension when they are challenged by hypotonic shocks remains unclear. We used quantitative microscopy to demonstrate that cells rapidly reduce their membrane tension using three parallel mechanisms. In addition to using their cell wall for mechanical protection, yeast cells disassemble eisosomes to buffer moderate changes in membrane tension on a minute time scale. Meanwhile, a temporary reduction in the rate of endocytosis for 2–6 min and an increase in the rate of exocytosis for at least 5 min allow cells to add large pools of membrane to the plasma membrane. We built on these results to submit the cells to abrupt increases in membrane tension and determine that the endocytic actin machinery of fission yeast cells rapidly adapts to perform CME. Our study sheds light on the tight connection between membrane tension regulation, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Lemière
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
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27
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Lv Z, Yue Z, Shao Y, Li C, Zhao X, Guo M. mTORC2/Rictor is essential for coelomocyte endocytosis in Apostichopus japonicus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:104000. [PMID: 33444645 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis plays an important role in the immune defence systems of invertebrates through the interaction between the mechanical target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) and the AGC kinase family. Rictor is the most important unique subunit protein of mTORC2 and is thought to regulate almost all functions of mTORC2, including endocytosis. In the present study, a novel invertebrate Rictor homologue was identified from Apostichopus japonicus (designated as AjRictor) via the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Spatial expression analysis indicated that AjRictor is ubiquitously expressed in all the examined tissues and has the highest transcript level in coelomocytes. Vibrio splendidus challenge in vivo and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in vitro could remarkably up-regulate the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of AjRictor compared with the control group. AjRictor knockdown by 0.49- and 0.69-fold resulted in the significant decrease in endocytosis rate by 0.53- (P < 0.01) and 0.59-fold (P < 0.01) in vivo and in vitro compared with the control group, respectively. Similarly, the treatment of coelomocytes with rapamycin for 24 h and the destruction of the assembly of mTORC2 markedly decreased the endocytosis rate of the coelomocytes by 35.92% (P < 0.05). We detected the expression levels of endocytosis-related molecular markers after AjRictor knockdown and rapamycin treatment to further study the molecular mechanism between mTORC2 and endocytosis. Our results showed that AGC kinase family members (PKCα and Pan1) and the phosphorylation level of AktS473 were remarkably decreased after reducing mTORC2 activity; thus, mTORC2/Rictor plays a key role in the immune regulation of endocytosis in coelomocytes. Our current study indicates that mTORC2/Rictor is involved in the coelomocyte endocytosis of sea cucumber and plays an essential regulation role in defending pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimeng Lv
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Zongxu Yue
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Ming Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
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28
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Djakbarova U, Madraki Y, Chan ET, Kural C. Dynamic interplay between cell membrane tension and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Biol Cell 2021; 113:344-373. [PMID: 33788963 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deformability of the plasma membrane, the outermost surface of metazoan cells, allows cells to be dynamic, mobile and flexible. Factors that affect this deformability, such as tension on the membrane, can regulate a myriad of cellular functions, including membrane resealing, cell motility, polarisation, shape maintenance, membrane area control and endocytic vesicle trafficking. This review focuses on mechanoregulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). We first delineate the origins of cell membrane tension and the factors that yield to its spatial and temporal fluctuations within cells. We then review the recent literature demonstrating that tension on the membrane is a fast-acting and reversible regulator of CME. Finally, we discuss tension-based regulation of endocytic clathrin coat formation during physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasaman Madraki
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Emily T Chan
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Molecular Biophysics Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cömert Kural
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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29
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Piazzolla F, Mercier V, Assies L, Sakai N, Roux A, Matile S. Fluorescent Membrane Tension Probes for Early Endosomes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12258-12263. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piazzolla
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Vincent Mercier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Lea Assies
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Roux
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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30
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Piazzolla F, Mercier V, Assies L, Sakai N, Roux A, Matile S. Fluorescent Membrane Tension Probes for Early Endosomes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piazzolla
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Vincent Mercier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Lea Assies
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Roux
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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31
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Mahecic D, Carlini L, Kleele T, Colom A, Goujon A, Matile S, Roux A, Manley S. Mitochondrial membrane tension governs fission. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108947. [PMID: 33852852 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitochondrial fission, key molecular and cellular factors assemble on the outer mitochondrial membrane, where they coordinate to generate constriction. Constriction sites can eventually divide or reverse upon disassembly of the machinery. However, a role for membrane tension in mitochondrial fission, although speculated, has remained undefined. We capture the dynamics of constricting mitochondria in mammalian cells using live-cell structured illumination microscopy (SIM). By analyzing the diameters of tubules that emerge from mitochondria and implementing a fluorescence lifetime-based mitochondrial membrane tension sensor, we discover that mitochondria are indeed under tension. Under perturbations that reduce mitochondrial tension, constrictions initiate at the same rate, but are less likely to divide. We propose a model based on our estimates of mitochondrial membrane tension and bending energy in living cells which accounts for the observed probability distribution for mitochondrial constrictions to divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Mahecic
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lina Carlini
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Kleele
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adai Colom
- National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antoine Goujon
- National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Suliana Manley
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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32
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Cruz-Zárate D, López-Ortega O, Girón-Pérez DA, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, García-Cordero JL, Schnoor M, Santos-Argumedo L. Myo1g is required for efficient adhesion and migration of activated B lymphocytes to inguinal lymph nodes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7197. [PMID: 33785780 PMCID: PMC8009870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a dynamic process that involves adhesion molecules and the deformation of the moving cell that depends on cytoskeletal remodeling and actin-modulating proteins such as myosins. In this work, we analyzed the role of the class I Myosin-1 g (Myo1g) in migratory processes of LPS + IL-4 activated B lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, the absence of Myo1g reduced homing of activated B lymphocytes into the inguinal lymph node. Using microchannel chambers and morphology analysis, we found that the lack of Myo1g caused adhesion and chemotaxis defects. Additionally, deficiency in Myo1g causes flaws in adopting a migratory morphology. Our results highlight the importance of Myo1g during B cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cruz-Zárate
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departmento and Posgrado en Inmunologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - O López-Ortega
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D A Girón-Pérez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A M Gonzalez-Suarez
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - J L García-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - M Schnoor
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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33
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Sitarska E, Diz-Muñoz A. Pay attention to membrane tension: Mechanobiology of the cell surface. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:11-18. [PMID: 32416466 PMCID: PMC7594640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The cell surface is a mechanobiological unit that encompasses the plasma membrane, its interacting proteins, and the complex underlying cytoskeleton. Recently, attention has been directed to the mechanics of the plasma membrane, and in particular membrane tension, which has been linked to diverse cellular processes such as cell migration and membrane trafficking. However, how tension across the plasma membrane is regulated and propagated is still not completely understood. Here, we review recent efforts to study the interplay between membrane tension and the cytoskeletal machinery and how they control cell form and function. We focus on factors that have been proposed to affect the propagation of membrane tension and as such could determine whether it can act as a global or local regulator of cell behavior. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the available tool kit as new approaches that reveal its dynamics in cells are needed to decipher how membrane tension regulates diverse cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sitarska
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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34
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Straková K, López-Andarias J, Jiménez-Rojo N, Chambers JE, Marciniak SJ, Riezman H, Sakai N, Matile S. HaloFlippers: A General Tool for the Fluorescence Imaging of Precisely Localized Membrane Tension Changes in Living Cells. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1376-1385. [PMID: 32875078 PMCID: PMC7453570 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tools to image membrane tension in response to mechanical stimuli are badly needed in mechanobiology. We have recently introduced mechanosensitive flipper probes to report quantitatively global membrane tension changes in fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) images of living cells. However, to address specific questions on physical forces in biology, the probes need to be localized precisely in the membrane of interest (MOI). Herein we present a general strategy to image the tension of the MOI by tagging our newly introduced HaloFlippers to self-labeling HaloTags fused to proteins in this membrane. The critical challenge in the construction of operational HaloFlippers is the tether linking the flipper and the HaloTag: It must be neither too taut nor too loose, be hydrophilic but lipophilic enough to passively diffuse across membranes to reach the HaloTags, and allow partitioning of flippers into the MOI after the reaction. HaloFlippers with the best tether show localized and selective fluorescence after reacting with HaloTags that are close enough to the MOI but remain nonemissive if the MOI cannot be reached. Their fluorescence lifetime in FLIM images varies depending on the nature of the MOI and responds to myriocin-mediated sphingomyelin depletion as well as to osmotic stress. The response to changes in such precisely localized membrane tension follows the validated principles, thus confirming intact mechanosensitivity. Examples covered include HaloTags in the Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, endolysosomes, and the ER, all thus becoming accessible to the selective fluorescence imaging of membrane tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Straková
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and National Centre of Competence in
Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University
of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and National Centre of Competence in
Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University
of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- (J.L.-A.)
| | - Noemi Jiménez-Rojo
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and National Centre of Competence in
Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University
of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Joseph E. Chambers
- Cambridge
Institute for Medical Research, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan J. Marciniak
- Cambridge
Institute for Medical Research, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Riezman
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and National Centre of Competence in
Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University
of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and National Centre of Competence in
Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University
of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and National Centre of Competence in
Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University
of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- (S.M.)
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35
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Schmidt O, Weyer Y, Sprenger S, Widerin MA, Eising S, Baumann V, Angelova M, Loewith R, Stefan CJ, Hess MW, Fröhlich F, Teis D. TOR complex 2 (TORC2) signaling and the ESCRT machinery cooperate in the protection of plasma membrane integrity in yeast. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12028-12044. [PMID: 32611771 PMCID: PMC7443507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) mediate evolutionarily conserved membrane remodeling processes. Here, we used budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to explore how the ESCRT machinery contributes to plasma membrane (PM) homeostasis. We found that in response to reduced membrane tension and inhibition of TOR complex 2 (TORC2), ESCRT-III/Vps4 assemblies form at the PM and help maintain membrane integrity. In turn, the growth of ESCRT mutants strongly depended on TORC2-mediated homeostatic regulation of sphingolipid (SL) metabolism. This was caused by calcineurin-dependent dephosphorylation of Orm2, a repressor of SL biosynthesis. Calcineurin activity impaired Orm2 export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and thereby hampered its subsequent endosome and Golgi-associated degradation (EGAD). The ensuing accumulation of Orm2 at the ER in ESCRT mutants necessitated TORC2 signaling through its downstream kinase Ypk1, which repressed Orm2 and prevented a detrimental imbalance of SL metabolism. Our findings reveal compensatory cross-talk between the ESCRT machinery, calcineurin/TORC2 signaling, and the EGAD pathway important for the regulation of SL biosynthesis and the maintenance of PM homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schmidt
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Yannick Weyer
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Sprenger
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael A Widerin
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Eising
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Verena Baumann
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mihaela Angelova
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robbie Loewith
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christopher J Stefan
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W Hess
- Institute for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - David Teis
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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36
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Riggi M, Kusmider B, Loewith R. The flipside of the TOR coin - TORC2 and plasma membrane homeostasis at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/9/jcs242040. [PMID: 32393676 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase conserved in most eukaryote organisms. TOR assembles into two multiprotein complexes (TORC1 and TORC2), which function as regulators of cellular growth and homeostasis by serving as direct transducers of extracellular biotic and abiotic signals, and, through their participation in intrinsic feedback loops, respectively. TORC1, the better-studied complex, is mainly involved in cell volume homeostasis through regulating accumulation of proteins and other macromolecules, while the functions of the lesser-studied TORC2 are only now starting to emerge. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we aim to highlight recent advances in our understanding of TORC2 signalling, particularly those derived from studies in yeast wherein TORC2 has emerged as a major regulator of cell surface homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Riggi
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Program Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beata Kusmider
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Program Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robbie Loewith
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Program Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland .,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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37
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Sforzini S, Oliveri C, Barranger A, Jha AN, Banni M, Moore MN, Viarengo A. Effects of fullerene C 60 in blue mussels: Role of mTOR in autophagy related cellular/tissue alterations. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125707. [PMID: 31891845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of C60 on mTOR (mechanistic Target of Rapamycin) activity in mussel digestive gland were investigated. mTOR is a kinase that senses physiological and environmental signals to control eukaryotic cell growth. mTOR is present in two complexes: the phosphorylated mTORC1 regulates cell growth by activating anabolic processes, and by inhibiting catabolic processes (i.e. autophagy); mTORC2 also modulates actin cytoskeleton organization. Mussels were exposed to C60 (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/L) for 72 h. Immunocytochemical analysis using a specific antibody revealed the cellular distribution of C60 in mussel digestive gland, already at the lowest concentration. In exposed mussels, the dephosphorylation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 may explain the C60 effects, i.e. the reduction of lysosomal membrane stability, the enhancement of LC3B protein, and the increase of lysosomal/cytoplasmic volume ratio; as well the cytoskeletal alterations. No oxidative stress was observed. Multivariate analysis was used to facilitate the interpretation of the biomarker data. Finally, a low density oligo-microarray was used to understand the cellular responses to fullerene. Transcriptomics identified a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showing a maximum in animals exposed to 0.1 mg/L C60. The most affected processes are associated with energy metabolism, lysosomal activity and cytoskeleton organization. In this study, we report the first data on the subcellular distribution of C60 in mussel's cells; and on the involvement of mTOR inhibition in the alterations due to nanoparticle accumulation. Overall, mTOR deregulation, by affecting protein synthesis, energy metabolism and autophagy, may reduce the capacity of the organisms to effectively grow and reproduce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Sforzini
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Caterina Oliveri
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Audrey Barranger
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, ISA, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Michael N Moore
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK; European Centre for Environment & Human Health (ECEHH), University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, TR1 3HD, UK; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Aldo Viarengo
- Institute for the study of Anthropic impacts and Sustainability in marine environment, National research Council (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
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38
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Joseph JG, Liu AP. Mechanical Regulation of Endocytosis: New Insights and Recent Advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900278. [PMID: 32402120 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanosensitive process. It involves remodeling of the plasma membrane from a flat shape to a budded morphology, often at the sub-micrometer scale. This remodeling process is energy-intensive and is influenced by mechanical factors such as membrane tension, membrane rigidity, and physical properties of cargo and extracellular surroundings. The cellular responses to a variety of mechanical factors by distinct endocytic pathways are important for cells to counteract rapid and extreme disruptions in the mechanohomeostasis of cells. Recent advances in microscopy and mechanical manipulation at the cellular scale have led to new discoveries of mechanoregulation of endocytosis by the aforementioned factors. While factors such as membrane tension and membrane rigidity are generally shown to inhibit endocytosis, other mechanical stimuli have complex relationships with endocytic pathways. At this juncture, it is now possible to utilize experimental techniques to interrogate theoretical predictions on mechanoregulation of endocytosis in cells and even living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jophin G Joseph
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Heorhii V. Humeniuk
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Licari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Eric Vauthey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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40
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Strakova K, Poblador‐Bahamonde AI, Sakai N, Matile S. Fluorescent Flipper Probes: Comprehensive Twist Coverage. Chemistry 2019; 25:14935-14942. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Strakova
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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41
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Zahumensky J, Malinsky J. Role of MCC/Eisosome in Fungal Lipid Homeostasis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E305. [PMID: 31349700 PMCID: PMC6723945 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the best characterized fungal membrane microdomains is the MCC/eisosome. The MCC (membrane compartment of Can1) is an evolutionarily conserved ergosterol-rich plasma membrane domain. It is stabilized on its cytosolic face by the eisosome, a hemitubular protein complex composed of Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain-containing Pil1 and Lsp1. These two proteins bind directly to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and promote the typical furrow-like shape of the microdomain, with highly curved edges and bottom. While some proteins display stable localization in the MCC/eisosome, others enter or leave it under particular conditions, such as misbalance in membrane lipid composition, changes in membrane tension, or availability of specific nutrients. These findings reveal that the MCC/eisosome, a plasma membrane microdomain with distinct morphology and lipid composition, acts as a multifaceted regulator of various cellular processes including metabolic pathways, cellular morphogenesis, signalling cascades, and mRNA decay. In this minireview, we focus on the MCC/eisosome's proposed role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. While the molecular mechanisms of the MCC/eisosome function are not completely understood, the idea of intracellular processes being regulated at the plasma membrane, the foremost barrier exposed to environmental challenges, is truly exciting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Zahumensky
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malinsky
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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