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Vadon C, Magiera MM, Cimarelli A. TRIM Proteins and Antiviral Microtubule Reorganization: A Novel Component in Innate Immune Responses? Viruses 2024; 16:1328. [PMID: 39205302 DOI: 10.3390/v16081328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
TRIM proteins are a family of innate immune factors that play diverse roles in innate immunity and protect the cell against viral and bacterial aggression. As part of this special issue on TRIM proteins, we will take advantage of our findings on TRIM69, which acts by reorganizing the microtubules (MTs) in a manner that is fundamentally antiviral, to more generally discuss how host-pathogen interactions that take place for the control of the MT network represent a crucial facet of the struggle that opposes viruses to their cell environment. In this context, we will present several other TRIM proteins that are known to interact with microtubules in situations other than viral infection, and we will discuss evidence that may suggest a possible contribution to viral control. Overall, the present review will highlight the importance that the control of the microtubule network bears in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vadon
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Maria Magda Magiera
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR3348, Centre Universitaire, Bat 110, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, France
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2
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Xiong Y, Yu J. LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease: upstream regulation and therapeutic targeting. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00189-8. [PMID: 39153957 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) to date. Dysfunction in LRRK2 enzymatic activities and elevated protein levels are associated with the disease. How is LRRK2 activated, and what downstream molecular and cellular processes does LRRK2 regulate? Addressing these questions is crucial to decipher the disease mechanisms. In this review we focus on the upstream regulations and briefly discuss downstream substrates of LRRK2 as well as the cellular consequences caused by these regulations. Building on these basic findings, we discuss therapeutic strategies targeting LRRK2 and highlight the challenges in clinical trials. We further highlight the important questions that remains to be answered in the LRRK2 field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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3
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Cao J, Yang M, Guo D, Tao Z, Hu X. Emerging roles of tripartite motif family proteins (TRIMs) in breast cancer. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7472. [PMID: 39016065 PMCID: PMC11252664 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor worldwide. Despite enormous progress made in the past decades, the underlying mechanisms of BC remain further illustrated. Recently, TRIM family proteins proved to be engaged in BC progression through regulating various aspects. Here we reviewed the structures and basic functions of TRIM family members and first classified them into three groups according to canonical polyubiquitination forms that they could mediate: K48- only, K63- only, and both K48- and K63-linked ubiquitination. Afterwards, we focused on the specific biological functions and mechanisms of TRIMs in BCs, including tumorigenesis and invasiveness, drug sensitivity, tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), cell cycle, and metabolic reprogramming. We also explored the potential of TRIMs as novel biomarkers for predicting prognosis and future therapeutic targets in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Cao
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mengdi Yang
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Duancheng Guo
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Zhonghua Tao
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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4
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Dudley-Fraser J, Rittinger K. It's a TRIM-endous view from the top: the varied roles of TRIpartite Motif proteins in brain development and disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1287257. [PMID: 38115822 PMCID: PMC10728303 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1287257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family members have been implicated in a multitude of physiologies and pathologies in different tissues. With diverse functions in cellular processes including regulation of signaling pathways, protein degradation, and transcriptional control, the impact of TRIM dysregulation can be multifaceted and complex. Here, we focus on the cellular and molecular roles of TRIMs identified in the brain in the context of a selection of pathologies including cancer and neurodegeneration. By examining each disease in parallel with described roles in brain development, we aim to highlight fundamental common mechanisms employed by TRIM proteins and identify opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Dudley-Fraser
- Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Rittinger
- Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Unapanta A, Shavarebi F, Porath J, Shen Y, Balen C, Nguyen A, Tseng J, Leong WS, Liu M, Lis P, Di Pietro SM, Hiniker A. Endogenous Rab38 regulates LRRK2's membrane recruitment and substrate Rab phosphorylation in melanocytes. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105192. [PMID: 37625589 PMCID: PMC10551901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Point mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinson's disease and augment LRRK2's kinase activity. However, cellular pathways that endogenously enhance LRRK2 kinase function have not been identified. While overexpressed Rab29 draws LRRK2 to Golgi membranes to increase LRRK2 kinase activity, there is little evidence that endogenous Rab29 performs this function under physiological conditions. Here, we identify Rab38 as a novel physiologic regulator of LRRK2 in melanocytes. In mouse melanocytes, which express high levels of Rab38, Rab32, and Rab29, knockdown (or CRISPR knockout) of Rab38, but not Rab32 or Rab29, decreases phosphorylation of multiple LRRK2 substrates, including Rab10 and Rab12, by both endogenous LRRK2 and exogenous Parkinson's disease-mutant LRRK2. In B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells, Rab38 drives LRRK2 membrane association and overexpressed kinase-active LRRK2 shows striking pericentriolar recruitment, which is dependent on the presence of endogenous Rab38 but not Rab32 or Rab29. Consistently, knockdown or mutation of BLOC-3, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab38 and Rab32, inhibits Rab38's regulation of LRRK2. Deletion or mutation of LRRK2's Rab38-binding site in the N-terminal armadillo domain decreases LRRK2 membrane association, pericentriolar recruitment, and ability to phosphorylate Rab10. In sum, our data identify Rab38 as a physiologic regulator of LRRK2 function and lend support to a model in which LRRK2 plays a central role in Rab GTPase coordination of vesicular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Unapanta
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Farbod Shavarebi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jacob Porath
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yiyi Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carson Balen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Albert Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Josh Tseng
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Weng Si Leong
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michelle Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Pawel Lis
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Santiago M Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Annie Hiniker
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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Liu Q, Zhu D, Li N, Chen S, Hu L, Yu J, Xiong Y. Regulation of LRRK2 mRNA stability by ATIC and its substrate AICAR through ARE-mediated mRNA decay in Parkinson's disease. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113410. [PMID: 37366237 PMCID: PMC10390876 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 are the most common genetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). While the enzymatic activity of LRRK2 has been linked to PD, previous work has also provided support for an important role of elevated LRRK2 protein levels, independent of enzymatic activity, in PD pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of LRRK2 protein levels remain unclear. Here, we identify a role for the purine biosynthesis pathway enzyme ATIC in the regulation of LRRK2 levels and toxicity. AICAr, the precursor of ATIC substrate, regulates LRRK2 levels in a cell-type-specific manner in vitro and in mouse tissue. AICAr regulates LRRK2 levels through AUF1-mediated mRNA decay. Upon AICAr treatment, the RNA binding protein AUF1 is recruited to the AU-rich elements (ARE) of LRRK2 mRNA leading to the recruitment of the decapping enzyme complex DCP1/2 and decay of LRRK2 mRNA. AICAr suppresses LRRK2 expression and rescues LRRK2-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in PD Drosophila and mouse models. Together, this study provides insight into a novel regulatory mechanism of LRRK2 protein levels and function via LRRK2 mRNA decay that is distinct from LRRK2 enzymatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Liu
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Naren Li
- Department of Physiology & NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Shifan Chen
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Physiology & NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Physiology & NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Yulan Xiong
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
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Kania E, Long JS, McEwan DG, Welkenhuyzen K, La Rovere R, Luyten T, Halpin J, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Bultynck G, Ryan KM, Parys JB. LRRK2 phosphorylation status and kinase activity regulate (macro)autophagy in a Rab8a/Rab10-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:436. [PMID: 37454104 PMCID: PMC10349885 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), with growing importance also for Crohn's disease and cancer. LRRK2 is a large and complex protein possessing both GTPase and kinase activity. Moreover, LRRK2 activity and function can be influenced by its phosphorylation status. In this regard, many LRRK2 PD-associated mutants display decreased phosphorylation of the constitutive phosphorylation cluster S910/S935/S955/S973, but the role of these changes in phosphorylation status with respect to LRRK2 physiological functions remains unknown. Here, we propose that the S910/S935/S955/S973 phosphorylation sites act as key regulators of LRRK2-mediated autophagy under both basal and starvation conditions. We show that quadruple LRRK2 phosphomutant cells (4xSA; S910A/S935A/S955A/S973A) have impaired lysosomal functionality and fail to induce and proceed with autophagy during starvation. In contrast, treatment with the specific LRRK2 kinase inhibitors MLi-2 (100 nM) or PF-06447475 (150 nM), which also led to decreased LRRK2 phosphorylation of S910/S935/S955/S973, did not affect autophagy. In explanation, we demonstrate that the autophagy impairment due to the 4xSA LRRK2 phospho-dead mutant is driven by its enhanced LRRK2 kinase activity. We show mechanistically that this involves increased phosphorylation of LRRK2 downstream targets Rab8a and Rab10, as the autophagy impairment in 4xSA LRRK2 cells is counteracted by expression of phosphorylation-deficient mutants T72A Rab8a and T73A Rab10. Similarly, reduced autophagy and decreased LRRK2 phosphorylation at the constitutive sites were observed in cells expressing the pathological R1441C LRRK2 PD mutant, which also displays increased kinase activity. These data underscore the relation between LRRK2 phosphorylation at its constitutive sites and the importance of increased LRRK2 kinase activity in autophagy regulation and PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kania
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaclyn S Long
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - David G McEwan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kirsten Welkenhuyzen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita La Rovere
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomas Luyten
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Halpin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg B1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg B1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Jan B Parys
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Hu J, Zhang D, Tian K, Ren C, Li H, Lin C, Huang X, Liu J, Mao W, Zhang J. Small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors for PD therapy: Current achievements and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115475. [PMID: 37201428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multifunctional protein that orchestrates a diverse array of cellular processes, including vesicle transport, autophagy, lysosome degradation, neurotransmission, and mitochondrial activity. Hyperactivation of LRRK2 triggers vesicle transport dysfunction, neuroinflammation, accumulation of α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the loss of cilia, ultimately leading to Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, targeting LRRK2 protein is a promising therapeutic strategy for PD. The clinical translation of LRRK2 inhibitors was historically impeded by issues surrounding tissue specificity. Recent studies have identified LRRK2 inhibitors that have no effect on peripheral tissues. Currently, there are four small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors undergoing clinical trials. This review provides a summary of the structure and biological functions of LRRK2, along with an overview of the binding modes and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of small-molecule inhibitors targeting LRRK2. It offers valuable references for developing novel drugs targeting LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Keyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng Li
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Boecker CA. The Role of LRRK2 in Intracellular Organelle Dynamics. J Mol Biol 2023:167998. [PMID: 36764357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene hyperactivate LRRK2 kinase activity and lead to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Membrane recruitment of LRRK2 and the identification of RAB GTPases as bona fide LRRK2 substrates strongly indicate that LRRK2 regulates intracellular trafficking. This review highlights the current literature on the role of LRRK2 in intracellular organelle dynamics. With a focus on the effects of LRRK2 on microtubule function, mitochondrial dynamics, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and synaptic vesicle trafficking, it summarizes our current understanding of how intracellular dynamics are altered upon pathogenic LRRK2 hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexander Boecker
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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Fernández B, Chittoor-Vinod VG, Kluss JH, Kelly K, Bryant N, Nguyen APT, Bukhari SA, Smith N, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Fdez E, Chartier-Harlin MC, Montine TJ, Wilson MA, Moore DJ, West AB, Cookson MR, Nichols RJ, Hilfiker S. Evaluation of Current Methods to Detect Cellular Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Kinase Activity. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1423-1447. [PMID: 35599495 PMCID: PMC9398093 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-213128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Coding variation in the Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 gene linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD) promotes enhanced activity of the encoded LRRK2 kinase, particularly with respect to autophosphorylation at S1292 and/or phosphorylation of the heterologous substrate RAB10. Objective: To determine the inter-laboratory reliability of measurements of cellular LRRK2 kinase activity in the context of wildtype or mutant LRRK2 expression using published protocols. Methods: Benchmark western blot assessments of phospho-LRRK2 and phospho-RAB10 were performed in parallel with in situ immunological approaches in HEK293T, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Rat brain tissue, with or without adenovirus-mediated LRRK2 expression, and human brain tissues from subjects with or without PD, were also evaluated for LRRK2 kinase activity markers. Results: Western blots were able to detect extracted LRRK2 activity in cells and tissue with pS1292-LRRK2 or pT73-RAB10 antibodies. However, while LRRK2 kinase signal could be detected at the cellular level with over-expressed mutant LRRK2 in cell lines, we were unable to demonstrate specific detection of endogenous cellular LRRK2 activity in cell culture models or tissues that we evaluated. Conclusion: Further development of reliable methods that can be deployed in multiple laboratories to measure endogenous LRRK2 activities are likely required, especially at cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jillian H. Kluss
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaela Kelly
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Bryant
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - An Phu Tran Nguyen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Syed A. Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Redox Biology Center, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Redox Biology Center, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Darren J. Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Andrew B. West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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