1
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Rainero E. Macropinocytosis at the crossroad between nutrient scavenging and metabolism in cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 88:102359. [PMID: 38626703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis (MP), the actin-dependent bulk uptake of extracellular fluids, plays a central role in nutrient scavenging, allowing cancer cells to sustain their growth in the hypoxic and nutrient-deprived microenvironment often found in solid tumours. The lack of soluble nutrients and several oncogenic signalling pathways, with RAS being the most studied, push MP-dependent internalisation of extracellular proteins, which are then digested in the lysosomes, replenishing the intracellular nutrient pools. This review will highlight recent advances in understanding how MP is regulated in hypoxic cancers, how it impinges on chemoresistance, and how different MP cargos facilitate tumour growth. Finally, I will highlight the crosstalk between MP and extracellular matrix receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rainero
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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2
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Gi M, Suzuki S, Kanki M, Yokohira M, Tsukamoto T, Fujioka M, Vachiraarunwong A, Qiu G, Guo R, Wanibuchi H. A novel support vector machine-based 1-day, single-dose prediction model of genotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity in rats. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03755-w. [PMID: 38762666 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03755-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The development of a rapid and accurate model for determining the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals is crucial for effective cancer risk assessment. This study aims to develop a 1-day, single-dose model for identifying genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (GHCs) in rats. Microarray gene expression data from the livers of rats administered a single dose of 58 compounds, including 5 GHCs, was obtained from the Open TG-GATEs database and used for the identification of marker genes and the construction of a predictive classifier to identify GHCs in rats. We identified 10 gene markers commonly responsive to all 5 GHCs and used them to construct a support vector machine-based predictive classifier. In the silico validation using the expression data of the Open TG-GATEs database indicates that this classifier distinguishes GHCs from other compounds with high accuracy. To further assess the model's effectiveness and reliability, we conducted multi-institutional 1-day single oral administration studies on rats. These studies examined 64 compounds, including 23 GHCs, with gene expression data of the marker genes obtained via quantitative PCR 24 h after a single oral administration. Our results demonstrate that qPCR analysis is an effective alternative to microarray analysis. The GHC predictive model showed high accuracy and reliability, achieving a sensitivity of 91% (21/23) and a specificity of 93% (38/41) across multiple validation studies in three institutions. In conclusion, the present 1-day single oral administration model proves to be a reliable and highly sensitive tool for identifying GHCs and is anticipated to be a valuable tool in identifying and screening potential GHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gi
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kanki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masanao Yokohira
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Arpamas Vachiraarunwong
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Guiyu Qiu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Runjie Guo
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
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3
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Evergren E, Mills IG, Kennedy G. Adaptations of membrane trafficking in cancer and tumorigenesis. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs260943. [PMID: 38770683 PMCID: PMC11166456 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking, a fundamental cellular process encompassing the transport of molecules to specific organelles, endocytosis at the plasma membrane and protein secretion, is crucial for cellular homeostasis and signalling. Cancer cells adapt membrane trafficking to enhance their survival and metabolism, and understanding these adaptations is vital for improving patient responses to therapy and identifying therapeutic targets. In this Review, we provide a concise overview of major membrane trafficking pathways and detail adaptations in these pathways, including COPII-dependent endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi vesicle trafficking, COPI-dependent retrograde Golgi-to-ER trafficking and endocytosis, that have been found in cancer. We explore how these adaptations confer growth advantages or resistance to cell death and conclude by discussing the potential for utilising this knowledge in developing new treatment strategies and overcoming drug resistance for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Evergren
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ian G. Mills
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Grace Kennedy
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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4
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Hao Y, Yang Y, Tu H, Guo Z, Chen P, Chao X, Yuan Y, Wang Z, Miao X, Zou S, Li D, Yang Y, Wu C, Li B, Li L, Cai H. A transcription factor complex in Dictyostelium enables adaptive changes in macropinocytosis during the growth-to-development transition. Dev Cell 2024; 59:645-660.e8. [PMID: 38325371 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis, an evolutionarily conserved endocytic pathway, mediates nonselective bulk uptake of extracellular fluid. It is the primary route for axenic Dictyostelium cells to obtain nutrients and has also emerged as a nutrient-scavenging pathway for mammalian cells. How cells adjust macropinocytic activity in various physiological or developmental contexts remains to be elucidated. We discovered that, in Dictyostelium cells, the transcription factors Hbx5 and MybG form a functional complex in the nucleus to maintain macropinocytic activity during the growth stage. In contrast, during starvation-induced multicellular development, the transcription factor complex undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in response to oscillatory cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) signals, which leads to increased cytoplasmic retention of the complex and progressive downregulation of macropinocytosis. Therefore, by coupling macropinocytosis-related gene expression to the cAMP oscillation system, which facilitates long-range cell-cell communication, the dynamic translocation of the Hbx5-MybG complex orchestrates a population-level adjustment of macropinocytic activity to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui Tu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhonglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoting Chao
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhimeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xilin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Songlin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Congying Wu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huaqing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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5
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Sisario D, Spindler M, Ermer KJ, Grütz N, Nicolai L, Gaertner F, Machesky LM, Bender M. Differential Role of the RAC1-Binding Proteins FAM49b (CYRI-B) and CYFIP1 in Platelets. Cells 2024; 13:299. [PMID: 38391912 PMCID: PMC10886774 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelet function at vascular injury sites is tightly regulated through the actin cytoskeleton. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-family verprolin-homologous protein (WAVE)-regulatory complex (WRC) activates lamellipodia formation via ARP2/3, initiated by GTP-bound RAC1 interacting with the WRC subunit CYFIP1. The protein FAM49b (Family of Unknown Function 49b), also known as CYRI-B (CYFIP-Related RAC Interactor B), has been found to interact with activated RAC1, leading to the negative regulation of the WRC in mammalian cells. To investigate the role of FAM49b in platelet function, we studied platelet-specific Fam49b-/--, Cyfip1-/--, and Cyfip1/Fam49b-/--mice. Platelet counts and activation of Fam49b-/- mice were comparable to those of control mice. On fully fibrinogen-coated surfaces, Fam49b-/--platelets spread faster with an increased mean projected cell area than control platelets, whereas Cyfip1/Fam49b-/--platelets did not form lamellipodia, phenocopying the Cyfip1-/--platelets. However, Fam49b-/--platelets often assumed a polarized shape and were more prone to migrate on fibrinogen-coated surfaces. On 2D structured micropatterns, however, Fam49b-/--platelets displayed reduced spreading, whereas spreading of Cyfip1-/-- and Cyfip1/Fam49b-/--platelets was enhanced. In summary, FAM49b contributes to the regulation of morphology and migration of spread platelets, but to exert its inhibitory effect on actin polymerization, the functional WAVE complex must be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Sisario
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine–Chair I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Spindler
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine–Chair I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina J. Ermer
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine–Chair I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Noah Grütz
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine–Chair I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leo Nicolai
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Ludwig, Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany (F.G.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Gaertner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Ludwig, Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany (F.G.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine–Chair I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Mahlandt EK, Kreider-Letterman G, Chertkova AO, Garcia-Mata R, Goedhart J. Cell-based optimization and characterization of genetically encoded location-based biosensors for Cdc42 or Rac activity. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260802. [PMID: 37226883 PMCID: PMC10234108 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rac (herein referring to the Rac family) and Cdc42 are Rho GTPases that regulate the formation of lamellipoda and filopodia, and are therefore crucial in processes such as cell migration. Relocation-based biosensors for Rac and Cdc42 have not been characterized well in terms of their specificity or affinity. In this study, we identify relocation sensor candidates for both Rac and Cdc42. We compared their (1) ability to bind the constitutively active Rho GTPases, (2) specificity for Rac and Cdc42, and (3) relocation efficiency in cell-based assays. Subsequently, the relocation efficiency was improved by a multi-domain approach. For Rac1, we found a sensor candidate with low relocation efficiency. For Cdc42, we found several sensors with sufficient relocation efficiency and specificity. These optimized sensors enable the wider application of Rho GTPase relocation sensors, which was showcased by the detection of local endogenous Cdc42 activity at assembling invadopodia. Moreover, we tested several fluorescent proteins and HaloTag for their influence on the recruitment efficiency of the Rho location sensor, to find optimal conditions for a multiplexing experiment. This characterization and optimization of relocation sensors will broaden their application and acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike K. Mahlandt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna O. Chertkova
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Garcia-Mata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Machesky LM. CYRI proteins: controllers of actin dynamics in the cellular 'eat vs walk' decision. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:579-585. [PMID: 36892409 PMCID: PMC10212538 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Cells use actin-based protrusions not only to migrate, but also to sample their environment and take up liquids and particles, including nutrients, antigens and pathogens. Lamellipodia are sheet-like actin-based protrusions involved in sensing the substratum and directing cell migration. Related structures, macropinocytic cups, arise from lamellipodia ruffles and can take in large gulps of the surrounding medium. How cells regulate the balance between using lamellipodia for migration and macropinocytosis is not yet well understood. We recently identified CYRI proteins as RAC1-binding regulators of the dynamics of lamellipodia and macropinocytic events. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of how cells regulate the balance between eating and walking by repurposing their actin cytoskeletons in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Machesky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, U.K
- CRUK Beatson Institute and Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
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8
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Salloum G, Bresnick AR, Backer JM. Macropinocytosis: mechanisms and regulation. Biochem J 2023; 480:335-362. [PMID: 36920093 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is defined as an actin-dependent but coat- and dynamin-independent endocytic uptake process, which generates large intracellular vesicles (macropinosomes) containing a non-selective sampling of extracellular fluid. Macropinocytosis provides an important mechanism of immune surveillance by dendritic cells and macrophages, but also serves as an essential nutrient uptake pathway for unicellular organisms and tumor cells. This review examines the cell biological mechanisms that drive macropinocytosis, as well as the complex signaling pathways - GTPases, lipid and protein kinases and phosphatases, and actin regulatory proteins - that regulate macropinosome formation, internalization, and disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Salloum
- Department of Molecular Pharamacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharamacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
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9
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Integrin receptor trafficking in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:271-302. [PMID: 36813362 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a family of 24 different heterodimers that are indispensable for multicellular life. Cell polarity, adhesion and migration are controlled by integrins delivered to the cell surface which in turn is regulated by the exo- and endocytic trafficking of integrins. The deep integration between trafficking and cell signaling determines the spatial and temporal output from any biochemical cue. Integrin trafficking plays a key role in development and many pathological conditions, especially cancer. Several novel regulators of integrin traffic have been discovered in recent times, including a novel class of integrin carrying vesicles, the intracellular nanovesicles (INVs). The tight regulation of trafficking pathways by cell signaling, where kinases phosphorylate key small GTPases in the trafficking pathway enable coordination of cell response to the extracellular milieu. Integrin heterodimer expression and trafficking differ in different tissues and contexts. In this Chapter, we discuss recent studies on integrin trafficking and its contribution to normal physiological and pathophysiological states.
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10
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Le AH, Machesky LM. Image-based Quantification of Macropinocytosis Using Dextran Uptake into Cultured Cells. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4367. [PMID: 35530513 PMCID: PMC9018433 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved process, which is characterized by the formation of membrane ruffles and the uptake of extracellular fluid. We recently demonstrated a role for CYFIP-related Rac1 Interactor (CYRI) proteins in macropinocytosis. High-molecular weight dextran (70kDa or higher) has generally been used as a marker for macropinocytosis because it is too large to fit in smaller endocytic vesicles, such as those of clathrin or caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Through the use of an image-based dextran uptake assay, we showed that cells lacking CYRI proteins internalise less dextran compared to their wild-type counterparts. Here, we will describe a step-by-step experimentation procedure to detect internalised dextran in cultured cells, and an image pipeline to analyse the acquired images, using the open-access software ImageJ/Fiji. This protocol is detailed yet simple and easily adaptable to different treatment conditions, and the analysis can also be automated for improved processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh H. Le
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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11
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Tu H, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Miao X, Li D, Guo H, Yang Y, Cai H. The PripA-TbcrA complex-centered Rab GAP cascade facilitates macropinosome maturation in Dictyostelium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1787. [PMID: 35379834 PMCID: PMC8980073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMacropinocytosis, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism mediating nonspecific bulk uptake of extracellular fluid, has been ascribed diverse functions. How nascent macropinosomes mature after internalization remains largely unknown. By searching for proteins that localize on macropinosomes during the Rab5-to-Rab7 transition stage in Dictyostelium, we uncover a complex composed of two proteins, which we name PripA and TbcrA. We show that the Rab5-to-Rab7 conversion involves fusion of Rab5-marked early macropinosomes with Rab7-marked late macropinosomes. PripA links the two membrane compartments by interacting with PI(3,4)P2 and Rab7. In addition, PripA recruits TbcrA, which acts as a GAP, to turn off Rab5. Thus, the conversion to Rab7 is linked to inactivation of the upstream Rab5. Consistently, disruption of either pripA or tbcrA impairs Rab5 inactivation and macropinocytic cargo processing. Therefore, the PripA-TbcrA complex is the central component of a Rab GAP cascade that facilitates programmed Rab switch and efficient cargo trafficking during macropinosome maturation.
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12
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Chen Y, Jiang Y, Lao J, Zhou Y, Su L, Huang X. Characterization and Functional Study of FAM49B Reveals Its Effect on Cell Proliferation in HEK293T Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020388. [PMID: 35205432 PMCID: PMC8872254 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
FAM49B/Fam49b is a member of the Fam49 (Family with sequence similarity 49) gene family, which is characterized by the conserved domain, DUF1394 (Domain of Unknown Function 1394). It has also been named CYRI-B (CYFIP related RAC1 interactor B), implicating its important function of regulating RAC1-driven cytoskeleton remolding. In this study, to further investigate its functions and mechanisms affecting cell behaviors, HEK293T cells (where FAM49B is highly expressed) were used to establish a FAM49B knockout cell line by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. Our data have clearly revealed that there are triple alleles of FAM49B in the genome of HEK293T cells. Meanwhile, the proliferation deficiency of the FAM49B KO HEK293T cell line and the significantly changed cell proliferation related gene expression profiles, such as CCND1, have been uncovered. At the same time, the existence of isoform 3 has been confirmed in HEK293T cells. Our studies have suggested that FAM49B may also affect cell proliferation via Cyclins, besides its influence on the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Chen
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuyan Jiang
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jihui Lao
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yankuan Zhou
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lida Su
- Neuroscience Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-571-8820-6786 (X.H.)
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-571-8820-6786 (X.H.)
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13
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Immune Score-based Molecular Subtypes and Signature Associated with Clinical Outcome in Hepatoblastoma. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.118268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to identify genes related to the immune score of hepatoblastoma, examine the characteristics of the immune microenvironment of hepatoblastoma, and construct a risk scoring system for predicting the prognosis of hepatoblastoma. Methods: Through using the gene chip data of patients with hepatoblastoma with survival data in the ArrayExpress and GEO databases, the immune score of hepatoblastoma was calculated by the ESITIMATE algorithm, and the prognostic value of immune score in patients with hepatoblastoma was studied by the survival analysis. Genes related to the immune score were identified by the WGCNA algorithm. According to these genes, patients with hepatoblastoma were clustered unsupervised. Finally, the risk scoring system was constructed according to the immune score-related genes. Results: The immune score calculated by the ESTIMATE algorithm had a good prognostic value in patients with hepatoblastoma. Patients with high immune scores had better OS than those with low immune scores (P < 0.001). A total of 146 immune score-related genes were identified by WGCNA analysis, and univariate COX regression analysis indicated that 59 of the genes had prognostic value. According to the unsupervised clustering results of the 146 immune score-related genes, patients with hepatoblastoma could be divided into two subtypes with different prognoses, namely molecular subtype 1 and subtype 2, with molecular subtype 1 having a better prognosis. The immunocyte infiltration analysis results showed that the difference between the two subtypes was mainly in activated CD4 T cells, activated dendritic cells, CD56 bright natural killer cells, the macrophage, and regulatory T cells. According to the immune score-related genes, a risk scoring system was constructed based on a five-gene signature. After the cut-off value was determined, patients with hepatoblastoma were divided into a high-risk group and a low-risk group. The prognosis of the two groups was different. Conclusions: The immune score has a good prognostic value in patients with hepatoblastoma. Based on the different expression patterns of immune score-related genes, hepatoblastoma can be divided into two different prognostic molecular subtypes, showing different immunocyte infiltration patterns. The established risk scoring system based on a five-gene signature has a good predictive value in patients with hepatoblastoma.
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King JS. Dynamic Rac1 inhibition by CYRI helps cells drink, but stops them from driving. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212561. [PMID: 34402856 PMCID: PMC8374876 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue, Le et al. (2021. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202012114) describe a new role for the recently discovered protein CYRI in controlling the protrusions that allow cells to engulf extracellular fluid by macropinocytosis. This study helps explain how these structures are disassembled, but also uncovers a new mechanism linking the ability of cells to drink and their capacity for invasive migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S King
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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