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Majchrzak M, Malendowicz LK. Sex differences in adrenocortical structure and function. XII. Stereologic studies of rat adrenal cortex in the course of maturation. Cell Tissue Res 1983; 232:457-69. [PMID: 6883453 DOI: 10.1007/bf00213800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a stereological study of the cellular aspects of development of the adrenal cortex of male and female rats in the course of maturation. Rats of the Wistar strain were studied at weekly intervals from day 21 to day 77 of postnatal life. From day 42 homogenates of adrenals from female rats produced more corticosterone than homogenates from males of corresponding age. In the strain of rats studied sex differences in adrenal weight appeared at about day 49. From this day onward relative, and subsequently absolute adrenal weights were higher in females than in males. In the course of maturation the total volume of all adrenocortical zones gradually increased. From day 70 the zona glomerulosa and from day 49 the zona fasciculata were larger in female than in male rats, while no distinct sex difference was observed in the volume of the zona reticularis. The appearance of sex-related differences in the adrenal cortex depends mainly on changes in the zona fasciculata, the cells of which markedly increased in volume in female rats by comparison with males. The total number of all adrenocortical cells increased from ca 13 million on day 21 to ca 25 million on day 77 and at all intervals studied adrenal glands of male and female rats contained a similar number of parenchymal cells.
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Belloni AS, Vassanelli P, Robba C, Rebuffat P, Mazzocchi G, Nussdorfer GG. Ultrastructural observations on the regeneration of adrenocortical autotransplants in the rat spleen. J Anat 1982; 135:245-53. [PMID: 7174500 PMCID: PMC1168230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of adrenocortical autotransplants in the rat spleen has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Up to the seventh day after implantation, adrenal grafts showed large areas of necrosis and contained many degenerating (apoptotic) adrenocortical cells, some mesenchyme-like poorly differentiated elements, and occasional viable parenchymal cells. These last cells possessed mitochondria with scanty tubular cristae and few profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. After 15 days of regeneration, adrenal grafts were reduced in volume, but contained only viable adrenocortical cells; after 30-36 days, autotransplants were noticeably enlarged and surrounded by an evident connective tissue capsule. Regeneration was closely associated with the morphological differentiation of adrenocortical cells, which one month after transplantation were found to assume all the typical features of adult rat zona fasciculata elements (i.e. mitochondria with vesicular cristae, abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, some lipid droplets and a well developed Golgi apparatus).
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Black VH, Russo JJ. Stereological analysis of the guinea pig adrenal: effects of dexamethasone and ACTH treatment with emphasis on the inner cortex. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1980; 159:85-120. [PMID: 6255789 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001590108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the morphological responses of adult male guinea pig adrenals to dexamethasone (DEX) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), in both qualitative and quantitative terms. Most organelles and inclusions are affected, but their responses often vary in the different cell types examined: zona fasciculata externa and interna, and zona reticularis. Following DEX the volume of lipid droplets increases in cells of zona fasciculata externa but decreases in zona reticularis; smooth endoplasmic reticulum decreases in fasciculata externa but increases in reticularis. Following ACTH, exactly the opposite occurs. This strongly suggests differing functions for these subcellular entities in each cell type, particularly for the smooth reticulum, as well as for the cells themselves. The volume of the Golgi complex markedly decreases following DEX in all cells but increases only in zona fasciculata interna and zona reticularis following ACTH. These deeper cortical cells are known to secrete at least one sulfated steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and these changes in the Golgi complex strengthen the suggestion that the Golgi plays a role in sulfation of steroids. Mitochondrial volume and number decrease in all cells following DEX, supporting their role in steroidogenesis. Further decreases in their volume, accompanied by increases in their number following ACTH, may be related to a proliferation of mitochondria in response to ACTH. Changes in peroxisome volume and number, following DEX and ACTH, suggest a possible role for these organelles in steroid cell metabolism. Lysosomes decrease in volume in all cells following ACTH. This does not support the recently suggested concept that they play a role in steroid secretion.
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Conran RM, Nickerson PA. Adrenal regeneration hypertension prevented by thyroidectomy: a quantitative ultrastructural study of the regenerating adrenal cortex. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1980; 100:411-26. [PMID: 7406018 PMCID: PMC1903549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thyroparathyroidectomy (TPX) prevents adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH) in female rats and concomitantly inhibits regeneration of the adrenal cortex. Removal of the thyroid gland plays the major role in preventing ARH inasmuch as parathyroidectomized adrenal-enucleated (PX-AE) rats became hypertensive, whereas thyroparathyroidectomized adrenal-enucleated rats (TPX-AE + PT) did not. Inhibition of adrenocortical regneration by TPX is reflected by a significant decrease in adrenal weight, volume of cortical parenchymal tissue per gland, and average cell volume at three weeks, compared with the regenerating adrenal gland in adrenal-enucleated thyroid-parathyroid-intact (AE) rats. Mitochondria in TPX-AE rats resembled closely those from zona fasciculata cells of a normal adrenal gland; stereologic techniques for electron microscopic examination confirmed that mitochondrial volume/cell and surface area of total mitochondrial membranes/cell (outer/inner membranes plus cristae) of adrenocortical cells from TPX-AE rats did not differ significantly from those of AE animals. The surface area of mitochondrial cristae of TPX-AE rats, however, was significantly greater than that of AE rats, whereas the surface area of the inner/outer mitochondrial membrane of the TPX-AE group was decreased significantly as compared with that of the AE group. The diameter of mitochondria in TPX-AE rats was larger than in the AE group, although the number of mitochondria/cell was significantly less in TPX-AE rats than in AE rats. Although TPX had no significant effect on the levels of DOC or corticosterone in the serum of quiescent AE rats as compared with TPX-AE rats, the rise in DOC in the serum after ether stress was blunted in the TPX-AE group as compared with that in the AE group. The rise in corticosterone in the TPX-AE group was comparable to that of the AE animals. Thus, partial inhibition of adrenal regeneration in TPX-AE rats in combination with a blunted rise in DOC levels in response to stress may well contribute to the prevention of ARH.
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Rohr HP, Bartsch G, Peltenburg M, Gysin C, Trippel J. Stereological study of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in stress situations (hypothermia, catabolism). Pathol Res Pract 1978; 162:380-97. [PMID: 733637 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(78)80069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the rat fasciculata cells in stress situations, such as catabolism and hypothermia was compared descriptively and quantitatively by stereological methods with that of the nonstimulated rat fasciculata cell. The volume and surface densities are expressed per cm3 of cytoplasm, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, absolute values are given. In both stress situations the volume density of the mitochondria compared to the controls is enlarged significantly (H: 37% CA: 50%). The significant increase of the average single mitochondrium of the fasciculata cell (H: 58% CA: 58%) shows a real growth of the mitochondria in these stress situations. Also the surface density of the mitochondrial inner membranes--the mitochondrial enzymes for steroid genesis are partly located in these membranes--shows a significant increase (H: 31%, CA: 84%). Whereas the volume density of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum remains unchanged, the surface density is significantly raised (H: 44%, CA: 60%). An attempt was made to draw up a relationship between stereological and known biochemical data of steroid genesis within the fasciculata cell. An activation in both stress situations could be observed. The stereological data reflect a subcellular reaction pattern, which is similar to exogenous ACTH administration, thus indicating an endogenous ACTH liberation due to these stress conditions.
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Bartsch G, Baumgartner U, Rohr HP. A stereological study of adrenocortical cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr). Pathol Res Pract 1978; 162:291-300. [PMID: 683902 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(78)80044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of SHR (Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats) fasciculata cells was compared descriptively and quantitatively with that of nonstimulated fasciculata cells of Wistar rats using sterological methods. The volume and surface densities are expressed per cm3 of cytoplasm. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the SHR was significantly increased compared to the control animals (surface density : 28%, volume density: 35%). Mitochondria volume remained unchanged although the inner mitochondrial membranes were significantly reduced (37%). An attempt was made to draw up a relation between sterological and biochemical data of steroid synthesis within the fasciculata cell. A genetically determined enzymatic defect in the early steps of the transformation of cholesterol to pregnenolone may exist at the level of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Whether this altered steroid metabolism is important to the etiology of hypertension in the SHR requires further investigation.
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Jakovcic S, Swift HH, Gross NJ, Rabinowitz M. Biochemical and stereological analysis of rat liver mitochondria in different thyroid states. J Cell Biol 1978; 77:887-901. [PMID: 681456 PMCID: PMC2110148 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.77.3.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentrations of the inner mitochondrial membrane markers cardiolipin and cytochrome alpha have been measured in liver homogenates and in purified mitochondria after thyroxine administration to thyroidectomized and normal rats. The biochemical results have been correlated with stereological electron micrographic analyses of hepatocytes in liver sections, and of isolated mitochondrial pellets. There were progressive and parallel increases in homogenate and mitochondrial cardiolipin concentration, and in mitochondrial cytochrome alpha concentration, after administration of 20 microgram of thyroxine on alternate days to thyroidectomized rats, and of 300 microgram on alternate days to normal rats. Electron microscope measurements showed marked differences in the shape of the mitochondria and in the number of cristae in different thyroid states. Hypothyroid mitochondria were shorter and wider than controls, and hyperthyroid mitochondria longer but of similar width. Mitochondrial volume per unit cell volume was virtually unchanged in hypo- and hyperthyroid animals. The most striking changes were a decrease in the area of the inner membrane plus cristae in thyroidectomized rats, and a substantial increase in membrane area after thyroxine administration. The biochemical and electron micrographic results indicate that, in rat liver, thyroid hormone administration leads to a selective increase in the relative amount of mitochondrial inner membranes, with little or no change in the mitochondrial volume per unit cell volume, or in total mitochondrial protein per unit total cell protein.
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Nussdorfer GG, Mazzocchi G, Meneghelli V. Cytophysiology of the adrenal zona fasciculata. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1978; 55:291-365. [PMID: 229081 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Itoh G. ELEKTRONENMIKROSKOPISCHE UND ELEKTRONENMIKROSKOPISCH-HISTOCHEMISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN UBER NEBENNIERENRINDE DER RATTE MIT AMINOGLUTÄTHIMID (ELIPTEN, CIBA) ÜND UBER IHREN REPARATURPROZESS. Pathol Int 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1977.tb01861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Salmenperä M. Comparison of the ultrastructural and steroidogenic properties of mitochondria of fetal rat adrenals in tissue culture. A morphometric and a gas chromatographic analysis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1976; 56:277-86. [PMID: 183003 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(76)90003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Smith HE, Page E. Morphometry of rat heart mitochondrial subcompartments and membranes: application to myocardial cell atrophy after hypophysectomy. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1976; 55:31-41. [PMID: 1263300 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(76)80079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Reith A, Barnard T, Rohr HP. Stereology of cellular reaction patterns. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY 1976; 4:219-69. [PMID: 57027 DOI: 10.1080/10408447609164015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rohr HP, Bartsch G, Eichenberger P, Rasser Y, Kaiser C, Keller M. Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of the unstimulated adrenal cortex of rats. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1976; 54:11-21. [PMID: 765489 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(76)80003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kistler A, Weber R. A morphometric analysis of inner membranes related to biochemical characteristics of mitochondria from heart muscle and liver in mice. Exp Cell Res 1975; 91:326-32. [PMID: 1126389 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nussdorfer GG, Rebuffat P, Mazzocchi G, Belloni AS, Meneghelli V. Ivestigations on adrenocortical mitochondria turnover. I. Effect of chronic treatment with ACTH on the size and number of rat zona fasciculata mitochondria. Cell Tissue Res 1974; 150:79-94. [PMID: 4367864 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Fukuda N, Yago N. Population dynamics of mitochondria. I. A model for the role to ACTH in the degradation of adrenocortical mitochondria. J Theor Biol 1974; 46:21-30. [PMID: 4369027 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(74)90138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Satav JG, Rajwade MS, Katyare SS, Netrawali MS, Fatterpaker P, Sreenivasan A. The significance of promitochondrial structures in rat liver for mitochondrial biogenesis. Biochem J 1973; 134:687-95. [PMID: 4749269 PMCID: PMC1177865 DOI: 10.1042/bj1340687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
1. The heavy, light and fluffy mitochondrial fractions obtained by differential centrifugation were further characterized with respect to their protein synthesizing ability in vitro, their nucleic acid content, buoyant density of their DNA and ultrastructure. 2. The light mitochondrial fraction synthesized proteins in vitro at a rate 4-5 times as high as heavy and fluffy mitochondria. The incorporation ability of this fraction was also maximally affected by the thyroid status of the animal. The radioactivity in leucyl-tRNA of the light mitochondrial fraction was about 3-4 times as high as that of the other two fractions. 3. The heavy, light and fluffy mitochondrial fractions contained small but consistent amounts of RNA and DNA. Although the DNA content was the same in all mitochondria fractions, the light mitochondria contained relatively more RNA. The buoyant density of DNA from all the fractions was 1.701g/cm(3). 4. Electron microscopy revealed that the heavy mitochondria have a typical mitochondrial architecture, with densely packed cristae and a well developed double membrane. Light mitochondria were also surrounded by double membranes, but were smaller in size and contained less cristae. The fluffy fraction consisted of a mixture of well formed mitochondria and those in the process of degradation. 5. The significance of these findings in relation to mammalian mitochondrial genesis is discussed.
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Reith A, Brdiczka D, Nolte J, Staudte HW. The inner membrane of mitochondria under influence of triiodothyronine and riboflavin deficiency in rat heart muscle and liver: a quantitative electronmicroscopical and biochemical study. Exp Cell Res 1973; 77:1-14. [PMID: 4690166 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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McCallister LP, Page E. Effects of thyroxin on ultrastructure of rat myocardial cells: a stereological study. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1973; 42:136-55. [PMID: 4567405 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(73)80012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Armato U, Nussdorfer GG. Tissue culture of rat adult decapsulated adrenal glands. A methodological, ultrastructural and morphometric investigation. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 135:245-73. [PMID: 4345190 DOI: 10.1007/bf00315129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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