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Indirect Immunodetection of Fungal Fragments by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5794-803. [PMID: 26092450 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00929-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Submicronic fungal fragments have been observed in in vitro aerosolization experiments. The occurrence of these particles has therefore been suggested to contribute to respiratory health problems observed in mold-contaminated indoor environments. However, the role of submicronic fragments in exacerbating adverse health effects has remained unclear due to limitations associated with detection methods. In the present study, we report the development of an indirect immunodetection assay that utilizes chicken polyclonal antibodies developed against spores from Aspergillus versicolor and high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Immunolabeling was performed with A. versicolor fragments immobilized and fixed onto poly-l-lysine-coated polycarbonate filters. Ninety percent of submicronic fragments and 1- to 2-μm fragments, compared to 100% of >2-μm fragments generated from pure freeze-dried mycelial fragments of A. versicolor, were positively labeled. In proof-of-concept experiments, air samples collected from moldy indoor environments were evaluated using the immunolabeling technique. Our results indicated that 13% of the total collected particles were derived from fungi. This fraction comprises 79% of the fragments that were detected by immunolabeling and 21% of the spore particles that were morphologically identified. The methods reported in this study enable the enumeration of fungal particles, including submicronic fragments, in a complex heterogeneous environmental sample.
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2
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Abstract
As ensheathing and secretory cells, Schwann cells are a ubiquitous and vital component of the endoneurial microenvironment of peripheral nerves. The interdependence of axons and their ensheathing Schwann cells predisposes each to the impact of injury in the other. Further, the dependence of the blood-nerve interface on trophic support from Schwann cells during development, adulthood, and after injury suggests these glial cells promote the structural and functional integrity of nerve trunks. Here, the developmental origin, injury-induced changes, and mature myelinating and nonmyelinating phenotypes of Schwann cells are reviewed prior to a description of nerve fiber pathology and consideration of pathogenic mechanisms in human and experimental diabetic neuropathy. A fundamental role for aldose-reductase-containing Schwann cells in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, as well as the interrelationship of pathogenic mechanisms, is indicated by the sensitivity of hyperglycemia-induced biochemical alterations, such as polyol pathway flux, formation of reactive oxygen species, generation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) and deficient neurotrophic support, to blocking polyol pathway flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Mizisin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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García-Suárez O, Montaño JA, Esteban I, González-Martínez T, Alvarez-Abad C, López-Arranz E, Cobo J, Vega JA. Myelin basic protein-positive nerve fibres in human Meissner corpuscles. J Anat 2010; 214:888-93. [PMID: 19538632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelinated nerve fibres forming sensory corpuscles become amyelinic before entering the corpuscle. Interestingly, in Meissner corpuscles from monkey myelin basic protein (MBP), a specific component of myelin sheath co-localized with neuronal markers. To investigate whether or not this also occurs in human digital Meissner corpuscles, we used single and double immunohistochemistry to detect MBP associated with axonic (protein gene product (PGP) 9.5) or Schwann and Schwann-related cell (S100 protein) markers. We also studied these markers in Pacinian corpuscles. Nerve fibres immunoreactive for MBP were detected in about 25% of the Meissner corpuscles examined; however, MBP never co-localized with PGP 9.5 and MBP occasionally co-localized with S100 protein. MBP-immunoreactive fibres associated with Meissner corpuscles were observed at the periphery of the lamellar cells or within the corpuscle between the lamellar cells. These results describe the distribution of myelinated nerve fibres expressing MBP in human Meissner corpuscles, which is important when studying Meissner corpuscles in cutaneous biopsies used for the diagnosis of peripheral and degenerative neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O García-Suárez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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4
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Murin R, Cesar M, Kowtharapu BS, Verleysdonk S, Hamprecht B. Expression of Pyruvate Carboxylase in Cultured Oligodendroglial, Microglial and Ependymal Cells. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:480-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Marasco PD, Tsuruda PR, Bautista DM, Catania KC. Fine structure of Eimer's organ in the coast mole (Scapanus orarius). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:437-48. [PMID: 17387732 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eimer's organ is a small, densely innervated sensory structure found on the glabrous rhinarium of most talpid moles. This structure consists of an epidermal papilla containing a central circular column of cells associated with intraepidermal free nerve endings, Merkel cell neurite complexes, and lamellated corpuscles. The free nerve endings within the central cell column form a ring invested in the margins of the column, surrounding 1-2 fibers that pass through the center of the column. A group of small-diameter nociceptive free nerve endings that are immunoreactive for substance P surrounds this central ring of larger-diameter free nerve endings. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a high concentration of tonofibrils in the epidermal cells of the central column, suggesting they are more rigid than the surrounding keratinocytes and may play a mechanical role in transducing stimuli to the different receptor terminals. The intraepidermal free nerve endings within the central column begin to degrade 15 microm from the base of the stratum corneum and do not appear to be active within the keratinized outer layer. The peripheral free nerve endings are structurally distinct from their counterparts in the central column and immunocytochemical double labeling with myelin basic protein and substance P indicates these afferents are unmyelinated. Merkel cell-neurite complexes and lamellated corpuscles are similar in morphology to those found in a range of other mammalian skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Marasco
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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6
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Wang Y, Jerdeva G, Yarber FA, da Costa SR, Xie J, Qian L, Rose CM, Mazurek C, Kasahara N, Mircheff AK, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Cytoplasmic dynein participates in apically targeted stimulated secretory traffic in primary rabbit lacrimal acinar epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:2051-65. [PMID: 12679381 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major function of the acinar cells of the lacrimal gland is the production and stimulated release of tear proteins into ocular surface fluid. We investigate the participation of cytoplasmic dynein in carbachol-stimulated traffic to the apical plasma membrane in primary rabbit lacrimal acinar epithelial cells. Confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed a major carbachol-induced, microtubule-dependent recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein and the dynactin complex into the subapical region. Colocalization studies, sorbitol density gradient/phase partitioning analysis and microtubule-affinity purification of membranes showed that some dynein and dynactin complex were associated with VAMP2-enriched membranes. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of p50/dynamitin inhibited the recruitment and colocalization of dynein, the dynactin complex and VAMP2 in the subapical region. Nocodazole treatment and p50/dynamitin overexpression also depleted subapical stores of rab3D in resting acini, suggesting that dynein activity was also involved in maintenance of rab3D-enriched secretory vesicles. These data implicate cytoplasmic dynein in stimulated traffic to the apical plasma membrane in these secretory epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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7
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Ghandour MS, Langley OK, Clos J. Immunohistochemical and biochemical approaches to the development of neuroglia in the CNS, with special reference to cerebellum. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003; 1:411-25. [DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(83)90023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/1983] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Ghandour
- Centre de Neurochimie du CNRS; 5 rue Blaise Pascal 67084 Strasbourg Cédex France
| | - O. K. Langley
- Centre de Neurochimie du CNRS; 5 rue Blaise Pascal 67084 Strasbourg Cédex France
| | - J. Clos
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Comparée; Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc; Place E. Bataillon 34060 Montpellier Cédex France
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8
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Moscarello MA. Myelin Basic Protein, the “Executive” Molecule of the Myelin Membrane. CELL BIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF MYELIN 1997:13-25. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5949-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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9
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Abstract
The myelin basic protein (MBPs) represent a family of proteins (charge isomers) which account for 35% of the total myelin protein. Localization studies have been inconclusive because MBP is not a single protein. Antibodies obtained by injection of MBP into animals recognized all members of the MBP family. In the studies reported here, we have fractionated the MBPs into specific components or charge isomers. One of these which contains citrulline accounts for about 20% of the total MBP. We report the localization of this single MBP to the intraperiod line of myelin by immunoelectron microscopy. For these studies several specific antibodies were used including antibodies raised against total MBP, specific MBP peptides, and against a tetracitrulline peptide. This latter antibody was specific for component 8 (C-8) of MBP. Since C-8 is the only MBP which contains citrulline it was used to localize this particular form of MBP principally to the intraperiod line by immunogold electron microscopy, while antibody against total MBP (consisting of all charge isomers C-1-->C-8) labelled both the major dense line and the intraperiod line. When the anti-citrulline antibody was used with a 3 nm gold conjugated Fab fragments prepared from the secondary antibody, 66.5% of the gold particles were localized to the intraperiod line, while 11.2% of gold particles were localized to the major dense line. On the other hand, with the monoclonal anti-MBP antibodies reactive with residues 69-74, 59.4% of the gold particles were localized to the major dense line and 23.6% of gold particles at the intraperiod line. Other supporting evidence includes increased labelling of myelin by 125I labelled anti-citrulline IgG when isolated myelin was swollen, a process known to take place at the intraperiod line. Gold particles were demonstrated at the intraperiod line in swollen and recompacted myelin. C-8 was shown to associate preferentially with lipids asymmetrically localized to the intraperiod line.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McLaurin
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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10
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Yanes C, Monzon-Mayor M, de Barry J, Gombos G. Myelin and myelinization in the telencephalon and mesencephalon of the lizard Gallotia galloti as revealed by the immunohistochemical localization of myelin basic protein. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1992; 185:475-87. [PMID: 1373587 DOI: 10.1007/bf00174085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have studied in the telencephalon and mesencephalon of the lizard Gallotia galloti the localization and the chronology of appearance of the immunoreactivity due to the presence of a myelin-specific protein: the Myelin Basic Protein (MBP). MBP-like immunoreactivity was present with different degrees of intensity in many nerve fibers (isolated, in tracts and in commissurae) and it was apparently more abundant in mesencephalon. During ontogeny the earliest MBP-like immunoreactivity was detected at E.36 in few tracts in mesencephalon and appeared at E.40 in telencephalon, proceeding caudo-rostrally and from the ventral (basal) to the dorsal (alar) regions. Accumulation of MBP continued after hatching. Oligodendrocyte cell bodies were not immunopositive, not even at the youngest ages studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yanes
- Departamento de M. y Biologia Celular, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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11
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McLaurin J, Moscarello MA. Reactivity of two anti-galactosyl ceramide antibodies towards myelin basic protein. J Neurol Sci 1992; 108:73-9. [PMID: 1378088 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(92)90190-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two anti-galactosyl ceramide antibodies (polyclonal Ab142 and a monoclonal antibody) were characterized in terms of their reactivity towards purified lipids and myelin basic protein. Polyclonal Ab142 is a rabbit anti-mouse galactosyl ceramide (Gal C) IgG. Antigenic recognition is dependent on both galactose and ceramide since neither could inhibit galactosyl ceramide binding by more than 10%. MAb-Gal C is a monoclonal antibody raised in mice against galactosyl ceramide. Binding of MAb-Gal C to Gal-C was equally inhibited by ceramide and galactose to approximately 50%, indicating that both groups are important for antibody recognition. MAb-Gal C was also shown to be reactive with the structurally related lipids, sphingomyelin and sulfatide. Polyclonal Ab142, although raised against Gal C, was shown to be 3-fold more reactive with component 8 (C-8) of myelin basic protein than Gal C. On the other hand, the MAb-Gal C which also reacted with C-8 was 2-fold less reactive with C-8 than with Gal C. Neither of these antibodies were reactive with component 1 (C-1) of myelin basic protein. An anti-MBP IgG was shown to be reactive with C-1 and C-8 but unreactive with Gal C. In competitive inhibition ELISA, C-8 was able to compete out 44% and 41% of Gal C binding to polyclonal Ab142 and MAb, respectively. The reverse competition demonstrated that Gal C could inhibit 75% of C-8 binding to both antibodies. D-galactose was unable to inhibit C-8 binding to either antibody, whereas ceramide was as efficient as Gal C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J McLaurin
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada
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12
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Koeppen AH, Ronca NA, Greenfield EA, Hans MB. Defective biosynthesis of proteolipid protein in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Ann Neurol 1987; 21:159-70. [PMID: 3827224 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The brain of an 18-year-old patient with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease was examined by standard neuropathological and biochemical methods and by immunocytochemical and immunochemical techniques. Analysis revealed a lack of myelin-specific lipids, but showed a residual immunoreactivity for myelin basic protein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphodiesterase. Examination by immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed an absence of proteolipid apoprotein (lipophilin). The peripheral nervous system was normal. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease in humans shares many neuropathological and biochemical features with X-linked mutations in animals, e.g., the jimpy mouse and myelin-deficient rat. The specificity of this protein deficiency in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease gains additional support from the recent mapping of the lipophilin gene to the human X chromosome.
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13
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Covalent linkage of phosphoinositides to myelin basic protein: in vivo occurrence and in vitro studies with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 136:426-32. [PMID: 2423081 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the covalent attachment of phosphoinositides to myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro. In this study, in vivo phosphoinositidation of MBP was observed to occur after intracerebral injection with [32p]HPO4(2-). In the in vitro study of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, a four-fold increase in phosphoinositidation of MBP was observed in the myelin from the guinea pigs sacrificed during the development of motor dysfunction, as compared to the control group. A decrease (40%) was observed among most of the animals sacrificed before the onset of motor dysfunction.
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14
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Jeserich G, Waehneldt TV. Characterization of antibodies against major fish CNS myelin proteins: immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemical localization of 36K and IP2 proteins in trout nerve tissue. J Neurosci Res 1986; 15:147-58. [PMID: 2421005 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490150204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antisera against the trout CNS myelin proteins 36K and IP2 were prepared in rabbits and characterized by immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The anti-36K antiserum exclusively stained its corresponding antigen from trout CNS myelin but failed to recognize any myelin polypeptide from either trout PNS or mammalian CNS and PNS. Antibodies against the IP2 glycoprotein specifically cross-reacted with related intermediate proteins (IP) of both CNS and PNS myelin from trout but only faintly labeled the PO protein of mouse peripheral nerve. Immunohistochemical localization of both antigens in the CNS of young trout was confined to the myelin sheath, except that anti-36K antiserum also stained oligodendrocytes. Nodes of Ranvier, neuronal cell bodies, and dendrites, as well as other glial elements, were negative. Specificity of the immunofluorescent reaction was established by crossed immunoadsorption experiments. Whereas on adjacent sections through trout brain both antigens exhibited a nearly identical distribution pattern, immunostaining in peripheral nerves was seen only with anti-IP2 antibodies.
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15
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Jeserich G, Jacque C. Immunohistochemical localization of myelin basic protein in the developing optic system of trout. J Neurosci Res 1985; 13:529-38. [PMID: 2409293 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490130408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunofluorescent localization of basic protein (BP) in the CNS of trout was performed using a heterologous antiserum raised against human BP. Bright specific fluorescence was confined to the myelin sheath of axons in most regions of the brain, whereas neuronal pericarya and dendrites as well as glial cells were entirely negative. In the tectum immunofluorescence was characteristically distributed in two rows of horizontally aligned patches, most evidently reflecting the orderly array of myelinated fiber bundles in the stratum opticum and stratum album. During development of the retino-tectal pathway, the appearance of BP followed a distinct rostro-caudal gradient firstly reaching the anterior ventral border of the tectum by larval stage 34. Furthermore, on cross sections through the optic nerve a specifically organized pattern of myelin formation was revealed by immunohistochemistry, which strikingly coincided with the pattern of fiber outgrowth.
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16
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Trotter JL, Wegescheide CL, Garvey WF. Regional studies of myelin proteins in human brain and spinal cord. Neurochem Res 1984; 9:133-46. [PMID: 6201756 DOI: 10.1007/bf00967665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The myelin specific proteins, myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) were quantitated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the activity of the enzyme 2',3'-cyclic 3' phosphohydrolase (CNP) measured, in 27 regions of normal brain and spinal cord. Varying regional concentrations for each protein and regional variations for protein ratios were noted, supporting the concept of a varying chemical composition for myelin throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Variation was also noted among myelin subfractions from a single region. Regions with special sensitivity to the multiple sclerosis process had relatively lower proportions of CNP in several, but not all cases.
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Saida K, Saida T, Pleasure DE, Nishitani H. P2 protein-induced experimental allergic neuritis. An ultrastructural study. J Neurol Sci 1983; 62:77-93. [PMID: 6199467 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(83)90191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) was induced in 2 groups of inbred Lewis rats by sensitization with P2 protein and peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin, both purified from bovine intradural roots. Light- and electronmicroscopic study of P2-induced EAN revealed demyelinative lesions in spinal ganglia and root nerves and less frequently in peripheral nerves and root entry zones. Both small and large myelinated fibers were demyelinated, contradictory to the reported selective binding of anti-P2 antibodies to myelin of large fibers. The early lesions were characterised by perivenular lymphocytic infiltration, and subsequent "dissolution" of myelin sheath was associated with invasive of phagocytic cells. The distribution of demyelinative lesions and patterns of demyelination resembled those of PNS myelin-induced EAN except that the disease was milder and dissolution of myelin and intramyelinic edema were more frequently found in P2-induced EAN. The abundance of demyelination in P2-induced EAN strikes contrast to the scarcity of myelin change in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin basic protein immunization.
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18
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Mithen FA, Wood PM, Agrawal HC, Bunge RP. Immunohistochemical study of myelin sheaths formed by oligodendrocytes interacting with dissociated dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture. Brain Res 1983; 262:63-9. [PMID: 6187412 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The addition of central nervous system (CNS) glial cells to dissociated networks of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in tissue culture provided a useful system for the study of CNS myelin sheath formation. The CNS myelin basic proteins (BP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) were demonstrable in these cultures by immunoperoxidase techniques. Both BP and PLP were detectable in myelinating oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin sheaths. Anti-BP serum and anti-PLP serum were useful immunohistochemical staining reagents for the identification of myelinating oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin sheaths in tissue culture.
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Whitaker JN, Bertorini TE, Mendell JR. Immunocytochemical studies of cathepsin D in human skeletal muscle. Ann Neurol 1983; 13:133-42. [PMID: 6338808 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410130205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of cathepsin D, an acidic endopeptidase, was localized by immunocytochemistry in human skeletal muscle obtained from 34 persons with a variety of neuromuscular disorders. Normal human skeletal muscle contained small amounts of cathepsin D, all of which was found close to the sarcolemmal membrane. Immunoreactive cathepsin D was present in the cytoplasm of many infiltrating phagocytic cells and was increased in skeletal muscle fibers from patients with muscular dystrophies, inflammatory myopathies, rhabdomyolysis, acid maltase deficiency, and neurogenic atrophy. In cases of Duchenne type muscular dystrophy, the increase in cathepsin D was especially prominent in small regenerating fibers, in which it was visualized at the ultrastructural level in lysosome-like organelles and extralysosomal locations. The function of cathepsin D in skeletal muscle is unclear, but the present findings suggest a possible role in muscle regeneration and repair. Such a role would necessitate careful selection of drugs which interfere with proteolytic activity if they are to be used as therapeutic agents in treating neuromuscular diseases.
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20
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Mithen FA, Agrawal HC, Fishman MA, Eylar EH, Bunge RP. Studies with antisera against peripheral nervous system myelin and myelin basic proteins. II. Immunohistochemical studies in cultures of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells. Brain Res 1982; 250:333-43. [PMID: 6184123 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Antiserum against rat peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin contained immunoglobulins which bound preferentially to the extracellular surfaces of myelin-related Schwann cells in intact cultures of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and Schwann cells, while antiserum against basic protein (BP) from central nervous system myelin or the PNS basic protein P2 did not. We demonstrate the presence of PNS myelin proteins P1 (identical to BP) and P2 by immunoperoxidase techniques in DRG cultures that had been treated to disrupt cellular membranes. These observations suggest that P1 and P2 are not exposed on the extracellular surfaces of myelin-related Schwann cells in culture. The results also support the hypothesis concerning the possible mechanisms by which anti-PNS myelin serum demyelinates DRG cultures, while anti-BP serum and anti-P2 serum do not.
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21
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Mithen FA, Agrawal HC, Eylar EH, Fishman MA, Blank W, Bunge RP. Studies with antisera against peripheral nervous system myelin and myelin basic proteins. I. Effects of antiserum upon living cultures of nervous tissue. Brain Res 1982; 250:321-31. [PMID: 6184122 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of antiserum against rat peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin, rat or chicken central nervous system myelin basic protein (BP), or rabbit P2 protein from PNS myelin on myelinated cultures containing only rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells. While anti-PNS myelin serum consistently produced segmental PNS demyelination, anti-BP serum and anti-P2 serum did not. The culture results suggest that the myelin PNS proteins P1 (identical to basic protein from central nervous system myelin) and P2 are not exposed on the extracellular surfaces of myelin-related Schwann cells in tissue culture.
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23
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Kirschner DA, Ganser AL. Myelin labeled with mercuric chloride. Asymmetric localization of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen. J Mol Biol 1982; 157:635-58. [PMID: 6214639 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Abstract
The distribution of S-100 outside the central nervous system in humans and rats was explored using antiserum to S-100 and the peroxidase anti-peroxidase method of Sternberger. In peripheral nerves the Schwann cells and the outermost part of the myelin sheaths were stained; axons were not. In dorsal root ganglia and ganglia of the autonomic nervous system only satellite cells were stained. In the adrenal medulla a considerable number of cells were stained. In all other organs studied Schwann cells and satellite cells of ganglia were the only elements that were stained. We conclude that S-100 could serve as a marker for Schwann cells in situ.
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Abstract
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) tissue contains a variety of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates that may serve as immunogens in proving immune responses, as antigens participating in immunological reactions, or as both types of agents. Three proteins P0, P1, and P2, account for approximately 70% of PNS myelin proteins. P0 is the major PNS myelin protein and is restricted to the PNS. P1 is similar to, if not identical with, myelin basic protein, the component of central nervous system myelin which induces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. P2 has neuritogenic properties for inducing experimental allergic neuritis and may be involved in immune-mediated PNS myelin injury in humans. The complete amino acid sequence for P2 has recently been delineated, and its neuritogenic, immunogenic, and antigenic features can now be further characterized.
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Saida T, Saida K, Silberberg DH, Brown MJ. Experimental allergic neuritis induced by galactocerebroside. Ann Neurol 1981; 9 Suppl:87-101. [PMID: 7224618 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410090714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), an animal model of human demyelinative neuritis, was induced by sensitization with galactocerebroside, a glycolipid hapten common in central and peripheral nervous system myelin. Between two months and one year after the initial sensitization, 11 of 24 rabbits immunized repeatedly with bovine brain galactocerebroside (GC) in complete Freund's adjuvant developed a neurological disorder manifested by flaccid quadriparesis, limb hypesthesia, and respiratory paralysis. Seventeen of 20 autopsied rabbits, including all those with clinical illness, had small multiple perivascular foci of demyelinative lesions in roots, dorsal root ganglia, proximal peripheral nerves adjacent to ganglia, and, less frequently, in distal nerves. No change was found in the central nervous system. Demyelination started around venules, with splitting and vesiculation of the outer myelin sheaths of adjacent fibers, and later progressed to form confluent lesions. The lesions were associated with infiltration of phagocytic mononuclear cells, mostly macrophages, which insinuated themselves between myelin lamellae, phagocytized myelin, and subsequently denuded axons. Perivenular infiltration of small lymphocytes, comparable to that seen in whole nerve- induced EAN, was not encountered. The distribution of demyelinative lesions seems to correspond to areas known to have a defective blood-nerve barrier.
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Cheng TP, Byrd FI, Whitaker JN, Wood JG. Immunocytochemical localization of coated vesicle protein in rodent nervous system. J Cell Biol 1980; 86:624-33. [PMID: 6995469 PMCID: PMC2111507 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.86.2.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry has been used to study the distribution of the major 180,000-mol wt protein of coated vesicles in rodent cerebellum. An antibody to the coat protein was prepared in rabbits and characterized by immunodiffusion and immunofixation of polyacrylamide gels. At the light microscope level the protein was primarily localized in punctate profiles surrounding Purkinje cells and within the cerebellar glomeruli. At the electron microscope level the punctate distribution was confined to presynaptic terminals of basket and Golgi II neurons as well as mossy fiber terminals of the glomeruli. This label was heaviest on the lattice coat of coated vesicles but, in addition, label was found within the presynaptic axoplasm and along the cytoplasmic surface of the plasmalemma. Coated vesicles in cell somata were labeled as well as the cytosol around groupings of these vesicles. These data suggest that there may be two forms (or more) of coated vesicle protein in neurons, a lattice form associated with coated vesicles and a soluble form associated with the cytoplasmic matrix.
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Mirsky R, Winter J, Abney ER, Pruss RM, Gavrilovic J, Raff MC. Myelin-specific proteins and glycolipids in rat Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes in culture. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1980; 84:483-94. [PMID: 7358790 PMCID: PMC2110578 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.84.3.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used antibodies to identify Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes and to study the expression of myelin-specific glycolipids and proteins in these cells isolated from perinatal rats. Our findings suggest that only Schwann cells which have been induced to myelinate make detectable amounts of galactocerebroside (GC), sulfatide, myelin basic protein (BP), or the major peripheral myelin glycoprotein (P0). When rat Schwann cells were cultured, they stopped making detectable amounts of these myelin molecules, even when the cells were associated with neurites in short-term explant cultures of dorsal root ganglion. In contrast, oligodendrocytes in dissociated cell cultures of neonatal optic nerve, corpus callosum, or cerebellum continued to make GC, sulfatide and BP for many weeks, even in the absence of neurons. These findings suggest that while rat Schwann cells require a continuing signal from appropriate axons to make detectable amounts of myelin-specific glycolipids and proteins, oligodendrocytes do not. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes also displayed very different morphologies in vitro which appeared to reflect their known differences in myelinating properties in vivo. Since these characteristic morphologies are maintained when Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes were grown together in mixed cultures and in the absence of neurons, we concluded that they are intrinsic properties of these two different myelin-forming cells.
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Brockes JP, Raff MC, Nishiguchi DJ, Winter J. Studies on cultured rat Schwann cells. III. Assays for peripheral myelin proteins. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1980; 9:67-77. [PMID: 7009795 DOI: 10.1007/bf01205227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit antisera to the rat myelin proteins P0 and P1 were used to assay for the presence of these components by both immunochemical and immunofluorescence methods. The antiserum to P0 did not react detectably with polyacrylamide gels containing central myelin, or with P1 and P2 in peripheral myelin; it did react with P0 in peripheral myelin, and in extracts of adult and neonatal sciatic nerve. When reacted with frozen tissue sections using indirect immunofluorescence, it did not stain central myelin but did stain myelin in adult sciatic nerve, the myelinated fibres in cervical sympathetic trunk and occasional areas in neonatal sciatic nerve where Schwann cells had presumably begun to form myelin. Antiserum to basic protein reacted with both of the basic protein bands in central and peripheral myelin, but not P0; P1 and P2 were detectable in adult and neonatal sciatic nerve. In indirect immunofluorescence assays, the antiserum stained both central and peripheral myelin, the few myelinated fibres of sympathetic trunk and myelinating regions of neonatal sciatic nerve. Cultured secondary rat Schwann cells showed no detectable reaction with either reagent, using either technique. We conclude that these three proteins are probably expressed as a consequence of the neuron-Schwann cell interaction that initiates myelination.
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Itoyama Y, Sternberger NH, Kies MW, Cohen SR, Richardson EP, Webster H. Immunocytochemical method to identify myelin basic protein in oligodendroglia and myelin sheaths of the human nervous system. Ann Neurol 1980; 7:157-66. [PMID: 6154439 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410070211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To study the distribution of basic protein (BP) and other myelin constituents immunocytochemically in human nervous tissue, we modified the unlabeled antibody enzyme (peroxidase-antiperoxidase) method. The technique is described here. Because the availability of unfixed tissue from human central nervous system is limited, we tested the method on blocks that had been fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin, fixed and stored in 4% formalin, or frozen at autopsy and stored. We obtained the best results with paraffin blocks. BP antiserum stained oligodendroglia and myelin sheaths in the developing human nervous system. In the adult, myelin sheaths were well stained. Also, abnormalities associated with myelin breakdown could be identified in multiple sclerosis lesions. The results suggest that this method will be useful in studying the cellular distribution of myelin components in human demyelinating diseases.
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Wood JG, Wallace RW, Whitaker JN, Cheung WY. Immunocytochemical localization of calmodulin and a heat-labile calmodulin-binding protein (CaM-BP80) in basal ganglia of mouse brain. J Cell Biol 1980; 84:66-76. [PMID: 6985613 PMCID: PMC2110531 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.84.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisera to calmodulin, a Ca2%-dependent modulator protein, and a heat-labile calmodulin-binding protein have been used to localize these proteins in mouse caudate-putamen. The two proteins appear to be located at identical sites in this brain area. At the light microscopic level, calmodulin and calmodulin-binding protein are found within the cytoplasm and processes of large cells. At the electron microscopic level the proteins are associated with neuronal elements only, primarily at postsynaptic sites within neuronal somata and dendrites. Within the dendrites the immunocytochemical label is associated predominantly with the postsynaptic density and dendritic microtubules. These results are in accord with recent biochemical and immunihistochemical studies of calmodulin in brain and in dividing cells. Thus, calmodulin and the heat-labile calmodulin-binding protein may play a role in the nervous system at the site of neurotransmitter action and at the level of microtubular function.
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Hartman BK, Agrawal HC, Kalmbach S, Shearer WT. A comparative study of the immunohistochemical localization of basic protein to myelin and oligodendrocytes in rat and chicken brain. J Comp Neurol 1979; 188:273-90. [PMID: 91628 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901880206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antisera to highly purified basic protein (BP) from rat and chicken brain were prepared and their purity and specificity demonstrated by double immunodiffusion and cross-immunoadsorption. These antisera were used for immunohistochemical localization of BP in the brains of adult and developing rat and chick. Myelin basic protein was exclusively localized to myelin or the myelin forming elements of the CNS. It was present in high concentrations in white matter and absent in areas free of myelin. Neuronal parikarya and dendrites were negative as were axons cut in cross section and at Nodes of Ranvier. The latter was best observed in cross sections of human spinal cord demonstrating also the immunoreactivity of the antibodies with human BP. The internodal distance in a fine (1.5 micrometer) rat cortical fiber was determined to be approximately 45 micrometers. Myelin basic protein was shown to extend into cranial roots, in contrast to myelin proteolipid protein which abruptly lose fluorescence as the nerves emerged from the brain. During development, BP was first observed on the fourteenth day of incubation in chick and at birth in the rat. The protein appeared in oligodendrocytes and in association with fibers near these cells. Fluorescent processes were frequently observed connecting the oligodendrocytes with the fibers. As myelination progressed, the intensity of the immunohistochemical reaction decreased in the oligodendrocytes while the brightness in fibers increase. Eventually, the oligodendrocytes became undetectable. Fibers with immature myelin exhibited a beaded or varicosed appearance with the highest concentration of immunofluorescence in the outer portion of the varicosities. The varicosities were postulated to represent dilations in the newly forming sheath between intervals of compaction along the axon undergoin myelination. These dilations might represent areas of increased cytoplasmic volume which could serve as channels for transport and/or storage sites for myelin proteins prior to incorporation into the membrane. The varicosities became less prominent with the thickening of the myelin sheath and mature myelinated fibers became smooth. The process of synthesis of BP, transport of the protein to the varicosed fibers, and maturation of the myelin sheath was seen to progress in a more or less caudal to rostral direction as myelination of the CNS takes place. In the rat, this was accomplished over approximately a 30-day period starting near the time of birth. In the chick, most of the myelination was accomplished in the three or four days immediately before hatching. At this time, innumerable oligodendrocytes were observed producing BP simultaneously in the major white fiber tracts. It is postulated that in chick some degree of oligodendrocytic cell death occurs normally during myelination.
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Tabira T, Webster HF. E-PTA stains oligodendroglial surface membranes and microtubules in optic nerves during myelination. J Neurol Sci 1979; 42:215-27. [PMID: 90127 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(79)90053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde fixed Xenopus tadpole and frog optic nerves were stained en bloc with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA). During rapid myelination, intense staining was observed on cytoplasmic faces of paranodal terminal loops and loosely wrapped oligodendroglial membranes found along inner and outer surfaces of compact myelin sheaths. Oligodendroglial microtubules also were heavily stained. Where stained cytoplasmic faces fused to form a lamella of compact myelin, the intense staining was reduced to a thinner, fainter line. In optic nerves of adult frogs, the staining was less dense but the pattern was similar. The staining distribution and available histochemical evidence indicate that E-PTA stains positively charged proteins non specifically. Since myelin basic protein is found in oligodendroglia during myelination, we suggest that it is being stained by E-PTA while being transported along microtubules to sites where it is inserted into developing myelin lamellae.
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Privat A, Jacque C, Bourre JM, Dupouey P, Baumann N. Absence of the major dense line in myelin of the mutant mouse "shiverer". Neurosci Lett 1979; 12:107-12. [PMID: 460693 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(79)91489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The myelin of the central nervous system (CNS) of the mutant mouse Shiverer is characterized by the absence of the major dense line (MDL). The intraperiod line, as seen in conventional electron micrographs and in freeze-fractured replicas, appears normal. Peripheral myelin, as seen in ventral and dorsal roots of spinal cord, is unaffected by the mutation. During the period of active myelination, the cytoplasm of most oligodendrocytes (ODs) is packed with electron-lucent vacuoles in continuity with the Golgi apparatus and with bundles of microtubules. It is concluded that a metabolic pathway possibly involving the Golgi apparatus, and contributing to the formation of the MDL is selectively affected in this mutant.
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Fishman MA, Hagen S, Trotter JL, O'Connell K, Agrawal HC. Use of a stable fluorescent reagent, 2-methoxy-2,4-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone, for the visualization and purification of myelin proteins. J Neurochem 1979; 32:1077-83. [PMID: 107274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb04596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Protein associations and basic protein conformation in the myelin membrane. The use of difluorodinitrobenzene as a cross-linking reagent. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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