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Abstract
Cancer is caused by the effects of somatic mutations known as drivers. Although a number of major cancer drivers have been identified, it is suspected that many more comparatively rare and conditional drivers exist, and the interactions between different cancer-associated mutations that might be relevant for tumor progression are not well understood. We applied an advanced neural network approach to learn the sequence of mutations and the mutational burden in colon and lung cancers and to identify mutations that are associated with individual drivers. A significant ordering of driver mutations is demonstrated, and numerous, previously undetected conditional drivers are identified. These findings broaden the existing understanding of the mechanisms of tumor progression and have implications for therapeutic strategies. Cancer arises through the accumulation of somatic mutations over time. Understanding the sequence of mutation occurrence during cancer progression can assist early and accurate diagnosis and improve clinical decision-making. Here we employ long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, a class of recurrent neural network, to learn the evolution of a tumor through an ordered sequence of mutations. We demonstrate the capacity of LSTMs to learn complex dynamics of the mutational time series governing tumor progression, allowing accurate prediction of the mutational burden and the occurrence of mutations in the sequence. Using the probabilities learned by the LSTM, we simulate mutational data and show that the simulation results are statistically indistinguishable from the empirical data. We identify passenger mutations that are significantly associated with established cancer drivers in the sequence and demonstrate that the genes carrying these mutations are substantially enriched in interactions with the corresponding driver genes. Breaking the network into modules consisting of driver genes and their interactors, we show that these interactions are associated with poor patient prognosis, thus likely conferring growth advantage for tumor progression. Thus, application of LSTM provides for prediction of numerous additional conditional drivers and reveals hitherto unknown aspects of cancer evolution.
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Dosaka H, Harada M, Kuzumaki N, Kobayashi H, Isobe H, Miyamoto H, Kawakami Y. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Human Lung Cancers with Anti-ras p21 Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 2:75-82. [PMID: 3330557 DOI: 10.1177/172460088700200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of ras oncogene product p21 in human malignant pleurisy and primary lung cancer was studied immunocyto-histochemically with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) rp-28 and rp-35 against ras p21. In pleural effusion cells, cancer cells revealed more intensively positive reaction with MoAb rp-35 than with MoAb rp-28, especially in the plasma membrane, and no positive reaction was obtained in any kind of inflammation cells with the exception of faintly positive reaction in the cytoplasm of macrophages. In primary lung cancers, well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma tissues showed higher reactivity with MoAb rp-28 than those of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or any other histological subtype of lung cancer. With MoAb rp-35, intensively positive reaction was obtained in most of cases with all different histological subtypes of lung cancer. The staining in cancer cells was usually localized intensively to the plasma membrane and weakly to the cytoplasm with both MoAbs. Normal bronchial epithelial and glandular tissues showed only cytoplasmic staining. These two MoAbs, especially MoAb rp-35, may be useful in clinicopathological applications for the diagnosis of malignant pleurisy and primary lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dosaka
- 1st Dept. of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Japan
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Kontogeorgos G, Aninos D. Recent Aspects in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 84:301-7. [PMID: 9678611 DOI: 10.1177/030089169808400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have stated the progressive increase of bladder tumors during the last decades. The aim of our review is to refer to factors implicated in bladder carcinogenesis (such as activated oncogenes, growth factors and chromosomal aberrations) and to resistance to drug uptake (i.e., multidrug resistance gene and P-glycoprotein). The review also provides information of diagnostic and prognostic significance, based on DNA analysis of transitional cancer cells. In addition to cytometric data, alternative counterings for estimation of the S-phase fraction, useful in indicating the biologic behavior of bladder cancer, are presented. Knowledge of such mechanisms results in a better approach to the diagnosis, prognosis and prevention of bladder carcinomas, especially those that do not respond to systemic intravesical chemotherapy. We have tried to mention all significant factors related to the development of bladder cancer. We conclude that the progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of bladder cancer has been significant. However, more studies are needed in order to introduce and adopt reliable criteria to accurately predict the clinical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kontogeorgos
- Department of Pathology, G. Gennimatas General Hospital of Athens, Greece.
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Nair SA, Nair MB, Jayaprakash PG, Rajalekshmy TN, Nair MK, Pillai MR. Ras and C-Myc Oncoproteins during Tumor Progression in the Uterine Cervix. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 84:583-8. [PMID: 9862521 DOI: 10.1177/030089169808400514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Altered oncogenic activity is a feature associated with many malignant and premalignant conditions. Among the many oncogenes, ras and myc are commonly altered in many tumors. This study aims to evaluate the expression of ras and c-myc oncoproteins in a total of 204 cervical tissue samples, including premalignant and malignant lesions as well as apparently normal cervical tissue. Methods and study design Mouse monoclonal antibodies against the three mammalian ras gene products (c-H-ras, c-K-ras, c-N-ras) and the c-myc protein were used to evaluate oncoprotein expression by immunocytochemistry. Results None of the samples analyzed displayed immunoreactivity for H-ras and K-ras. Normal cervical epithelium showed minimal immunoreactivity for N-ras with about 33% of the samples expressing the protein. More conspicuous expression in normal tissue was displayed by c-myc, with about 90% of the samples expressing the protein (mean value of cells positive = 34%). The immunoreactivity for N-ras increased with increasing histological abnormality from low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) to invasive carcinoma. Increased immunoreactivity for N-ras was evident in the basaloid cells of malignant lesions, with the maximum value of 66% found in poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC). The percentage of nuclei positive for c-myc also showed a gradual increase from low-grade SIL onwards, the highest positivity being found in PDSCC, where the mean value was 85%. Statistical analysis revealed a good correlation between the expression of N-ras (r = 0.8922, P = 0.001) and c-myc (r = 0.8856, P =0.001) and various histological stages of tumor progression in the cervical epithelium. Conclusions These results therefore suggest that c-myc and N-ras oncoproteins are important during tumor progression in the uterine cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Nair
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, India
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5
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Giaretti W. Ploidy and Proliferation Evaluated by Flow Cytometry. An Overview of Techniques and Impact in Oncology. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 77:403-19. [PMID: 1838217 DOI: 10.1177/030089169107700508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric methods for the assessment of nuclear and chromosomal DNA content and of cell proliferation (including methods based on pulse-chase of bromodeoxyuridine and on monoclonal antibodies against nuclear oncoproteins and proliferation-associated antigens) are illustrated by examples and analyzed critically. The impact of most of these techniques for the study of human solid tumors, with exception of nuclear DNA content evaluation, appears still limited. In particular, new studies of cell lines and clinical material from human tumors using new proliferation markers and multiparameter flow cytometry are necessary to solve a considerable number of methodologic and scientific problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Giaretti
- Laboratorio di Biofisica e Citometria, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Bai S, Feng Q, Pan XY, Zou H, Chen HB, Wang P, Zhou XL, Hong YL, Song SL, Yang JL. Overexpression of wild-type p21Ras plays a prominent role in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:861-868. [PMID: 28259994 PMCID: PMC5360420 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal type of cancer. The overexpression of Ras proteins, particularly p21Ras, are involved in the development of CRC. However, the subtypes of the p21Ras proteins that are overexpressed and the mutation status remain unknown restricting the development of therapeutic antibodies targeting p21Ras proteins. The present study aimed to investigate the mutation status of ras genes associated with Ras proteins that are overexpressed in CRC and explore whether or not wild-type p21Ras could be a target for CRC therapy. p21Ras expression was examined immunohistochemically in normal colorectal epithelium, benign lesions and malignant colorectal tumor tissues by monoclonal antibody (Mab) KGH-R1 which is able to react with three types of p21Ras proteins: H-p21Ras, N-p21Ras and K-p21Ras. Then, the expression levels of p21Ras subtypes were determined in CRC by a specific Mab for each p21Ras subtype. Mutation status of ras genes in p21Ras-overexpressing CRC was detected by DNA sequencing. There was rare p21Ras expression in normal colorectal epithelium but a high level of p21Ras expression in CRC, with a significant increase from normal colorectal epithelium to inflammatory polyps, low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma, respectively. Overexpression of K-p21Ras was found in all CRC tissues tested, overexpression of N-p21Ras was found in 85.7% of the CRC tissues, while H-p21Ras expression was not found in any CRC tissue. DNA sequencing showed that there were no K-ras mutations in 60% of the K-p21Ras-overexpressing CRC, while 40% of the CRC tissues harbored K-ras mutations. N-ras mutations were not found in any N-p21Ras-overexpressing CRC. Our findings indicate that overexpression of wild-type p21Ras may play a prominent role in the development of CRC in addition to ras mutations and could be a promising target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Bai
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yan Pan
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Bin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Liang Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Hong
- Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Ling Song
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Ju-Lun Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Sang Y, Yan F, Ren X. The role and mechanism of CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase in cancer and its potential therapy implications. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42590-602. [PMID: 26460955 PMCID: PMC4767455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CRLs (Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases) are the largest E3 ligase family in eukaryotes, which ubiquitinate a wide range of substrates involved in cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, DNA damage response, genomic integrity, tumor suppression and embryonic development. CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase, as one member of CRLs family, consists of a RING finger domain protein, cullin4 (CUL4) scaffold protein and DDB1–CUL4 associated substrate receptors. The CUL4 subfamily includes two members, CUL4A and CUL4B, which share extensively sequence identity and functional redundancy. Aberrant expression of CUL4 has been found in a majority of tumors. Given the significance of CUL4 in cancer, understanding its detailed aspects of pathogenesis of human malignancy would have significant value for the treatment of cancer. Here, the work provides an overview to address the role of CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase in cancer development and progression, and discuss the possible mechanisms of CRL4 ligase involving in many cellular processes associated with tumor. Finally, we discuss its potential value in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhou Sang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Yan
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
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Narayanan S, Srinivas S. Incorporating VEGF-targeted therapy in advanced urothelial cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2016; 9:33-45. [PMID: 28203296 DOI: 10.1177/1758834016667179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with relapsed or refractory urothelial carcinoma (UC) have poor prognosis coupled with few options for systemic treatment. The role of angiogenesis in the evolution of cancers has been established, and studies have shown that it plays a key role in the pathogenesis of UC. Many targeted agents have been used in phase I-II trials for the treatment of UC, with encouraging but modest results. Recently, studies combining angiogenesis inhibitors with other chemotherapeutic agents were able to achieve objective responses higher than most commonly used second-line therapies in UC. Future efforts in investigating these therapies in UC rely on identification of biomarkers and other predictors of response to anti-VEGF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Srinivas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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A phase II trial of sorafenib in first-line metastatic urothelial cancer: a study of the PMH Phase II Consortium. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:1045-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Bladder cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in men in Western society. We determined RAS codon 12 and 13 point mutations and evaluated mRNA expression levels in transitional cell carcinoma cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from 30 human bladder cancers and 30 normal tissues were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing to determine the occurrence of mutations in codons 12 and 13 of RAS family genes. Moreover, we used real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the expression profile of RAS genes in bladder cancer specimens compared to that in adjacent normal tissues. RESULTS Overall H-RAS mutations in codon 12 were observed in 9 tumor samples (30%). Two of the 9 patients (22%) had invasive bladder cancer and 7 (77%) had noninvasive bladder cancer. One H-RAS mutation (11%) was homozygous and the remaining 89% were heterozygous. All samples were WT for K and N-RAS oncogenes. Moreover, 23 of 30 samples (77%) showed over expression in at least 1 RAS family gene compared to adjacent normal tissue. K and N-RAS had the highest levels of over expression in bladder cancer specimens (50%), whereas 27% of transitional cell carcinomas demonstrated H-RAS over expression relative to paired normal tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our results underline the importance of H-RAS activation in human bladder cancer by codon 12 mutations. Moreover, they provide evidence that increased expression of all 3 RAS genes is a common event in bladder cancer that is associated with disease development.
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Shaham J, Ribak J. The Role of Biomarkers in Detecting Early Changes Relating to Exposure to Occupational Carcinogens. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.38.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Shaham
- Occupational Cancer Unit, Occupational Health and Rehabilitation Institute at Loewenstein Hospital and Preventive MedicineSackler School of Medicine, Tel‐Aviv University
| | - Joseph Ribak
- Occupational Cancer Unit, Occupational Health and Rehabilitation Institute at Loewenstein Hospital and Preventive MedicineSackler School of Medicine, Tel‐Aviv University
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12
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Siironen P, Nordling S, Louhimo J, Haapiainen R, Haglund C. Immunohistochemical Expression of Bcl-2, Ki-67, and p21 in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Tumour Biol 2005; 26:50-6. [PMID: 15756057 DOI: 10.1159/000084340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is a slow-growing tumor with a favorable outcome. Still, some low-risk patients develop local or distant metastases and eventually die from their disease. Many molecular markers are involved in proliferation and apoptosis, including Bcl-2, Ki-67, and p21. Because age over 45 is the most important determinant of a poor survival, we analyzed whether the expression of these tumor proliferation markers differs between young and older PTC patients. Our study comprised 108 PTC patients retrospectively selected by age, i.e. those younger than 35 or older than 55 at diagnosis. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue blocks were analyzed for Bcl-2, Ki-67, and p21 protein expression by immunohistochemistry. We showed that expression of Ki-67 increases significantly with age, indicating that tumors in older patients may grow faster. This higher proliferative activity may explain the worse prognosis in these patients. Expression of p21 was higher in large tumors and in tumors extending beyond the thyroid capsule. Expression of Bcl-2 did not correlate with clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paivi Siironen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE The prognosis of patients with bladder cancer is strongly dependent on whether the lesion is superficial or invasive at initial presentation. In addition, a significant fraction of patients presenting with superficial disease have invasive tumor during followup. Understanding how superficial bladder cancer progresses to invasive forms of the disease is of paramount importance for early diagnosis and successful treatment. Molecular mechanisms underlying bladder cancer progression are being elucidated. We reviewed the roles that members of the Ras superfamily of monomeric G proteins, an important class of cellular regulator, have in bladder cancer and its progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed MEDLINE searches focusing on members of the Ras superfamily of monomeric G proteins and their involvement in transitional cell carcinoma, which is the most common form of bladder cancer. General involvement in cancer of key superfamily members, focusing on mechanisms and downstream pathways, was also reviewed through MEDLINE and manual bibliographic searches. RESULTS With more than 100 members in humans the Ras superfamily is a diverse group of monomeric G proteins. These proteins regulate many cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, actin cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane traffic. Members of the Ras and Rho family are also known to be involved in human cancer through mutation, over expression and dysregulation. In this review we focus on bladder cancer. In particular we focus on how H-Ras, RalA/B and RhoGDI2, a regulator of Rho family members, participate in bladder cancer progression and how their participation may be related to other molecules associated with bladder cancer progression, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, p53 and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10). CONCLUSIONS The findings discussed offer the hopeful possibility that signaling pathways mediated by Ras superfamily members may offer new opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Oxford
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Ota T, Asamoto M, Toriyama-Baba H, Yamamoto F, Matsuoka Y, Ochiya T, Sekiya T, Terada M, Akaza H, Tsuda H. Transgenic rats carrying copies of the human c-Ha- ras proto-oncogene exhibit enhanced susceptibility to N -butyl- N -(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine bladder carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.7.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Ota T, Asamoto M, Toriyama-Baba H, Yamamoto F, Matsuoka Y, Ochiya T, Sekiya T, Terada M, Akaza H, Tsuda H. Transgenic rats carrying copies of the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene exhibit enhanced susceptibility to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine bladder carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.5.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rabbani F, Cordon-Cardo C. Mutation of cell cycle regulators and their impact on superficial bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2000; 27:83-102, ix. [PMID: 10696248 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-0143(05)70237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Early cytogenetic studies in bladder cancer identify regions of chromosomal gain or loss that can be candidate loci for oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes with potential prognostic significance identified in bladder cancer the RAS family, epidermal growth factor receptor, ERBB-2, MDM2, and cyclin D1. The TP53 gene has been the most thoroughly characterized tumor suppressor gene in bladder cancer, with correlation of TP53 alterations with type of carcinogenic exposure, tumor stage and grade, as well as prognosis. Studies evaluating alterations of the retinoblastoma pathway have identified the retinoblastoma gene, RB, p161NK4A/CDKN2, and E2F-1 as tumor suppressor genes with potential prognostic significance in patients with bladder cancer. Better understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying bladder tumor development and progression will allow better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rabbani
- Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Zhang ZG, Wu JY, Fu XD, Gu DK, Fang F. P21 and CEA expression and AgNOR counts in dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinoma in rats. World J Gastroenterol 1997; 3:163-5. [PMID: 27239135 PMCID: PMC4842876 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v3.i3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/1996] [Revised: 10/13/1996] [Accepted: 11/19/1996] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study P21 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expression and to measure argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) counts in various lesions of colonic mucosa and the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
METHODS: Thirty-eight male Wistar rats were injected with dimethylhydrazine (DMH) once a week for 25 wk. P21 and CEA expression was detected by immunohistochemical methods, and AgNOR was counted by silver staining paraffin sections from various colonic lesions.
RESULTS: The incidence of colonic carcinoma in DMH-treated rats was 71.05% (27/38), and lymph node metastasis occurred in six rats. Immunohistochemical studies showed that P21 was primarily expressed in dysplasia and carcinomas, while CEA was expressed in carcinomas and metastatic tumors. AgNOR counts were higher in dysplasia and carcinomas. There were significant differences in P21 and CEA expression between benign and malignant lesions (P < 0.05). The difference in AgNOR counts was also significant between normal and dysplastic tissues, and between dysplasia and malignant lesions (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Dysplasia is a premalignant change of colonic carcinoma. The detection of P21 via immunohistochemistry and AgNOR counting may be an important clinical screening technique for colon carcinoma and premalignant lesions.
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Vageli D, Kiaris H, Delakas D, Anezinis P, Cranidis A, Spandidos DA. Transcriptional activation of H-ras, K-ras and N-ras proto-oncogenes in human bladder tumors. Cancer Lett 1996; 107:241-7. [PMID: 8947520 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate the involvement of ras oncogenes in bladder cancer at the level of RNA overexpression. We examined 26 bladder specimens, consisting of paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue and found that H-ras transcripts were overexpressed in 39% of the specimens while K-ras and N-ras in 58% of total specimens. Each tumor specimen had a unique pattern of overexpression for the three ras genes. A competitive-RT-PCR was employed for H-ras and a beta-actin control gene was co-amplified with K-ras or N-ras genes. These results indicate that the involvement of ras oncogenes in bladder cancer could be relative to overexpression of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vageli
- Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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20
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Nelson E. Laboratory probing of oncogenes from human liquid and solid specimens as markers of exposure to toxicants. Crit Rev Toxicol 1996; 26:483-549. [PMID: 8891429 DOI: 10.3109/10408449609037476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries regarding the mechanistic role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer development have opened a new era of molecular diagnosis. It has been observed repeatedly that genetic lesions serve as tumor markers in a broad variety of human cancers. The ras gene family, consisting of three related genes, H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras, acquires transforming activity through amplification or mutation in many tissues. If not all, then most types of human malignancies have been found to contain an altered ras gene. Because the ras oncogenes actively participate in both early and intermediate stages of cancer, several highly specific and sensitive approaches have been introduced to detect these genetic alterations as biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens. There is also mounting evidence that implicate chemical-specific alterations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene detected in most human tumors. Therefore, it seems a reliable laboratory approach to identify both altered p53 and ras genes as biomarkers of human chronic or intermittent exposure to toxicants in a variety of occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nelson
- Toxicology Laboratory, University Medical Center, Essen, Germany
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Schmitz-Dräger BJ, Jankevicius F, Ackermann R. Molecular biology of dissemination in bladder cancer--laboratory findings and clinical significance. World J Urol 1996; 14:190-6. [PMID: 8806198 DOI: 10.1007/bf00186899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular biology investigations have demonstrated that tumor progression and dissemination in bladder cancer is a highly complicated phenomenon, consisting of multiple distinct steps and regulated by a great number of different genes. Some of these genes involved in the specific steps of tumor progression and dissemination have been identified. Several oncogenes, e.g., the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGF-R), and tumor-suppressor genes, e.g., the p53 gene, have been found to correlate significantly with tumor progression. The decreased expression of cell-adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin appears to facilitate tumor-cell detachment in the primary tumor, whereas expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 might be of relevance for cell attachment at the metastatic site. Tumor invasion through the basement membrane has been correlated with a decreased expression of laminin and elevated urinary levels of acidic fibroblast growth factor. Although the complex processes related to dissemination are far from being completely understood, the finding of differential expression of distinct genes appears to provide the first targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Bittard H, Descotes F, Billerey C, Lamy B, Adessi GL. A Genotype Study of the C-Ha-Ras-1 Locus in Human Bladder Tumors. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)66396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Bittard
- Service d'Urologie, the Service de Biochimie Biologie Moleculaire, and the Laboratoire d'Anatomopathologie, CHU Besancon, the Centre de Transfusion Sanguine, the Unite de Biochimie Hormonale et des Regulations, INSERM U198, Besancon, and the Laboratoire de Biologie des Tissus Tumoraux, Institut Pasteur de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Francoise Descotes
- Service d'Urologie, the Service de Biochimie Biologie Moleculaire, and the Laboratoire d'Anatomopathologie, CHU Besancon, the Centre de Transfusion Sanguine, the Unite de Biochimie Hormonale et des Regulations, INSERM U198, Besancon, and the Laboratoire de Biologie des Tissus Tumoraux, Institut Pasteur de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Billerey
- Service d'Urologie, the Service de Biochimie Biologie Moleculaire, and the Laboratoire d'Anatomopathologie, CHU Besancon, the Centre de Transfusion Sanguine, the Unite de Biochimie Hormonale et des Regulations, INSERM U198, Besancon, and the Laboratoire de Biologie des Tissus Tumoraux, Institut Pasteur de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Lamy
- Service d'Urologie, the Service de Biochimie Biologie Moleculaire, and the Laboratoire d'Anatomopathologie, CHU Besancon, the Centre de Transfusion Sanguine, the Unite de Biochimie Hormonale et des Regulations, INSERM U198, Besancon, and the Laboratoire de Biologie des Tissus Tumoraux, Institut Pasteur de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gerard-Louis Adessi
- Service d'Urologie, the Service de Biochimie Biologie Moleculaire, and the Laboratoire d'Anatomopathologie, CHU Besancon, the Centre de Transfusion Sanguine, the Unite de Biochimie Hormonale et des Regulations, INSERM U198, Besancon, and the Laboratoire de Biologie des Tissus Tumoraux, Institut Pasteur de Lyon, Lyon, France
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23
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A Genotype Study of the C-Ha-Ras-1 Locus in Human Bladder Tumors. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199603000-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Sullivan FJ, Carmichael J, Glatstein E, Mitchell JB. Radiation biology of lung cancer. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY. SUPPLEMENT 1996; 24:152-9. [PMID: 8806097 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240630510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The enormous problem that is lung cancer still defies satisfactory therapeutic strategy. This article summarizes some of the more important laboratory efforts directed at understanding the biology of this complex disease. The radiation sensitivities of established lung cancer cell lines are outlined. The effect of radiation dose rate and chemotherapy is explored. The emerging biology of oncogenetic alterations is explored as it relates to radiation sensitivity in general, and lung cancer in particular. Finally, novel therapeutic approaches including photodynamic therapy are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Sullivan
- Radiation Oncology Branch, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland 20992, USA
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25
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Kuo MY, Chang HH, Hahn LJ, Wang JT, Chiang CP. Elevated ras p21 expression in oral premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwan. J Oral Pathol Med 1995; 24:255-60. [PMID: 7562661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Expression of ras p21 oncoproteins was examined in histological sections of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), epithelial dysplasia, epithelial hyperkeratosis and normal oral mucosa using antibodies to ras p21 with an immunoperoxidase technique. Ras p21-positive staining was found in 47 of 51 (92.2%) cases of oral SCC, 4 of 4 (100%) cases of epithelial dysplasia, 7 of 7 (100%) cases of epithelial hyperkeratosis, and 1 of 6 (16.7%) cases of normal oral mucosa. The positive staining rate of ras p21 in oral SCC, epithelial dysplasia or epithelial hyperkeratosis was significantly higher than that in normal oral mucosa (P < 0.05). No correlation was found between ras p21 expression and patient age, tumour location, tumour size, clinical staging or histological differentiation of SCC. However, a significant positive correlation was found between ras p21 expression and patients' sex (P < 0.05) or regional lymph node status (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was also discovered between ras p21 expression and patients' smoking habits (P < 0.01), as well as daily or total betel quid (BQ) consumption (P < 0.05). Of the 47 immunostain-positive SCC patients, specimens from 6 patients were also obtained after chemotherapy, when ras p21 expression was found to be reduced. These results indicate that ras p21 overexpression may play an important role in the initiation and progression of oral SCCs in patients who are smokers and BQ chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Kuo
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, ROC
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26
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Sternberg CN, Raghaven D, Ohi Y, Bajorin D, Herr H, Kato T, Kuroda M, Logothetis CH, Scher H, Splinter TA. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced disease--what are the effects on survival and prognosis? Int J Urol 1995; 2 Suppl 2:76-88. [PMID: 7553308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.1995.tb00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Shin
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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28
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Platz A, Jungnelius U, Grafström E, Lagerlöf B, Mannervik B, Ringborg U. Glutathione transferase P1-1 expression in human melanoma metastases: correlation to N-RAS mutations and expression. Acta Oncol 1995; 34:759-65. [PMID: 7576742 DOI: 10.3109/02841869509127183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the detoxication enzyme glutathione transferase P1-1 (GST P1-1) at elevated levels has been noted in many types of human tumors, including melanomas. The products of the human H-RAS, K-RAS and N-RAS genes play a key role in intracellular signal transduction leading to transcriptional activation of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) responsive genes. The oncogenic mutated forms of the ras proteins are constitutively active and interfere with normal signal transduction. Mutated RAS genes as well as increased expression of wild-type ras proteins are common features in human tumors including melanoma. We have characterized 30 melanoma metastases from 23 melanoma patients with reference to N-RAS expression and mutation as well as to GST P1 expression (immunohistochemistry and genetic analysis). Twenty-three of 30 samples (70%) had high N-Ras p21 and/or N-RAS codon 61 mutations and 18 of these 23 samples also had high GST P1-1 immunoreactivity. Seven of 30 (23%) samples had low N-Ras p21 immunoreactivity and no detectable N-RAS codon 61 mutations. Six of these 7 samples (86%) also had low GST P1-1 immunoreactivity. The results indicate a statistically significant correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = 0.56, p = 0.001, 2-tailed test) and provide, for the first time, indirect evidence for a possible coregulation of N-RAS and GST P1 in human malignant melanoma which should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Platz
- Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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30
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Bushman EC, Nayak RN, Bushman W. Immunohistochemical staining of ras p21: staining in benign and malignant prostate tissue. J Urol 1995; 153:233-7. [PMID: 7526005 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199501000-00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A total of 124 specimens of prostate tissue (25 normal prostate, 41 benign prostatic hyperplasia, 58 adenocarcinoma) was immunostained for ras p21 using a commercially available monoclonal antibody directed against a peptide sequence conserved among all members of the ras gene family. Of normal prostate specimens, 76% showed no staining while the remainder showed only weak epithelial (glandular) staining. No significant stromal staining was noted in any normal prostate specimen. In contrast most benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens showed abundant staining. Epithelial staining was observed in 88% and stromal staining in 73% of specimens. A majority of prostate carcinoma specimens also stained, with 62% and 36% showing epithelial and stromal staining, respectively. No association was noted between staining and either tumor grade or clinical stage. These data argue against any clinical usefulness of immunostaining for ras p21 in the diagnosis or grading of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Bushman
- Department of Urology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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31
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Sternberg CN. Bladder preservation--a prospect for patients with urinary bladder cancer. Acta Oncol 1995; 34:589-97; discusion 588. [PMID: 7546823 DOI: 10.3109/02841869509094033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C N Sternberg
- San Raffaele Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
A review of stage IV-S neuroblastoma is provided. The possible uses of prognostic features to guide treatment options in this group of infants with neuroblastoma are suggested. The biologic basis for the spontaneous regression of widespread tumor involvement in some infants with stage IV-S neuroblastoma is discussed. The reasons that some infants with IV-S disease progress to a fatal outcome, while most undergo maturation or involution and eventual long term cure are suggested. The influence of such factors as age at diagnosis, clinical staging, and tumor biology on eventual outcome are covered. Biological variables and markers discussed include: genetic (cytogenetics (1p deletions), nuclear genomic content), molecular biologic (N-myc oncogene amplification, mdr-1, ras, and trk, gene expression), immunological (major histocompatibility antigen density, cellular and humoral immunity), and biochemical (creatine kinase isoenzyme profile, neuron specific enolase, ferritin, chromatograffin, lactic acid dehydrogenase and catecholamine levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Miale
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville 37950-0642, USA
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34
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Scambia G, Catozzi L, Benedetti Panici P, Ferrandina G, Almadori G, Paludetti G, Cadoni G, Distefano M, Piffanelli A, Mancuso S. Expression of ras oncogene p21 protein in normal and neoplastic laryngeal tissues: correlation with histopathological features and epidermal growth factor receptors. Br J Cancer 1994; 69:995-9. [PMID: 8198992 PMCID: PMC1969458 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Western blotting analysis of the p21 ras oncoprotein was performed in seven normal laryngeal mucosa specimens and 43 primary laryngeal cancers. Varying p21 levels, expressed as optical density (OD), were found in normal mucosa (median 1.94 OD, range 0.90-2.17 OD) and in primary laryngeal tumours (median 1.74 OD, range 0.30-6.37 OD). When p21 expression in laryngeal cancer was compared with the normal counterpart, higher levels were found in neoplastic than in normal laryngeal tissue (median 2.54 OD, range 1.76-6.37 OD, vs median 1.94 OD, range 0.90-2.17 OD) (P = 0.023). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that most of the tumour cells (more than 70%) were immunostained while the stromal component was unreactive. No correlation between p21 expression and tumour location, stage and histopathological grade was observed. The correlation between ras p21 protein expression and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) levels was also investigated. EGFR-positive cases did not show any difference in p21 expression with respect to EGFR-negative cases (median 1.52 OD, range 0.30-6.37 OD, vs median 1.84 OD, range 0.93-3.71 OD). Our findings suggest that overexpression of p21 protein is associated with a malignant phenotype in laryngeal cancer. Further studies should be undertaken to evaluate whether the assessment of p21 protein expression may have clinical significance in laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Scambia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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35
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Strohmeyer TG, Slamon DJ. Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in human urological malignancies. J Urol 1994; 151:1479-97. [PMID: 8189554 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T G Strohmeyer
- Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
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36
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Khan SG, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H, Agarwal R. Ras p21 farnesylation in ultraviolet B radiation-induced tumors in the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102:754-8. [PMID: 8176259 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12377020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous exposure to solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is well recognized as the major cause of skin cancer in humans; however, the precise molecular mechanisms whereby UVB mediates carcinogenesis remains unclear. The involvement of activated ras oncogenes has been demonstrated extensively in both animal and human skin cancers. Activated ras oncogenes encode mutated ras p21 that exist in the guanosine triphosphate-bound active state and, following localization to the inner side of the plasma membrane, cause cellular transformation. This membrane association requires three post-translational modifications occurring at the C-terminus of the ras p21. The farnesylation of p21 by a cytosolic enzyme known as farnesyltransferase (FTase) is the critical step that triggers biologic functions of the ras p21. In this study, FTase activity was found to be substantially higher (approximately threefold) in UVB radiation-induced tumors in SKH-1 hairless mice compared to epidermis from controls. Western blot analysis showed significantly higher levels of Ha-ras p21 in both cytosolic and membrane fractions prepared from tumors compared to epidermis. Pan ras antibody against mutated p21 at codon 12 showed very strong reactivity for ras val-12p21 in tumors but not in normal epidermis, suggesting a gly to val substitution at 12th position in ras p21 in UVB-induced tumors. Our data indicate that enhanced FTase activity and the processing of overexpressed p21 in UVB-induced tumors are correlated, and predict the role of point mutation at the 12th codon of the ras oncogene during photocarcinogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio 44106
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37
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Abstract
Recent investigations have given a clearer insight into the genetic progression of bladder cancer. In this review we identify the clinical courses of bladder cancer, review the basic concepts of carcinogenesis, and focus on the specific cytogenetic and molecular alterations observed in bladder cancer. Progression models to superficial and invasive disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Simoneau
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90033-0800
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38
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Xiang Z, Wang X, Gao J, Morrow KJ, Nakashima RA. Identification of a higher molecular weight protein that shows apparent cross-reactivity with anti-p21ras monoclonal antibodies on western blots. J Immunol Methods 1994; 168:275-82. [PMID: 8308302 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the immune cross-reactivity of several commercially available monoclonal antibodies prepared against the p21ras proteins and used in Western blotting experiments against human tissue homogenates. Under optimal conditions, only two bands were observed on Western blots. One of these comigrated with control p21ras protein. A second protein of apparent mobility corresponding to approximately 54 kDa was also observed with all four monoclonal antibodies tested. Protein sequencing by automated Edman degradation indicates that the 54 kDa species corresponds to human immunoglobulin heavy chain. Under suboptimal conditions, another high molecular weight species of apparent mobility 65 kDa was also observed to cross-react with some of the monoclonal antibodies tested. This 65 kDa species was identified by protein sequencing as human serum albumin. Coomassie blue staining of SDS-polyacrylamide gels indicates that serum albumin is a major contaminant of many surgically obtained human tissue samples, while p21ras and immunoglobulin heavy chain are present at much lower concentrations. These results may be of significance when using monoclonal antibodies to determine p21ras levels of whole tissue homogenates by dot-blot, slot-blot or microplate assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
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39
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Inohara S, Kitano Y, Sagami S. Immunohistologic localization of ras p21 in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic epidermis. Int J Dermatol 1993; 32:866-9. [PMID: 8125686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ras p21, a ras oncogene product, plays an important role in tumorigenesis, proliferation, and differentiation in various tissues and cells. METHODS Using a monoclonal antibody raised against ras p21 (RASK 4), localization of ras p21 in normal epidermis and involved epidermis of various skin diseases was examined immunohistologically. RESULTS Ras p21 was not present in basal cells of normal epidermis or basaloid cells of basal cell epithelioma but was found almost evenly in the cytoplasm of squamous cells and granular cells. This suggests that ras p21 is concerned with differentiation of epidermal cells. The mode of distribution of ras p21 differed from one cell to another in epidermal cells that turned to malignancy. The distribution was uneven and irregular in the tumorous region on the whole. CONCLUSIONS This result might possibly represent abnormal differentiation of epidermal cells that turned to malignancy, deviating from the regular mode of the distribution of ras p21, which is necessary for normal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inohara
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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40
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Yaginuma Y, Fujita M, Saitoh S, Hayakawa K, Kuzumaki N, Ishikawa M. Immunohistochemical analysis of ras oncogene product p21 in human endometrial carcinoma. Acta Histochem 1993; 95:23-9. [PMID: 8279232 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody rp-28 directed against the ras gene product p21 has been used to evaluate ras p21 expression in endometrial lesions. Endometrial cancer showed a variable reactivity according to histological type: in well differentiated adenocarcinoma 63% were positive (12/19); in moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma 53% were positive (8/15); in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma 40% were positive (2/5). The staining intensity of ras p21 seemed to be stronger in the more differentiated types of endometrial carcinoma. In endometrial carcinoma with premenopausal women, 27% were positive (3/11), and with postmenopausal women 71% were positive (20/28). The difference between premenopausal and postmenopausal groups was statistically significant (Mantel-Haenszel procedure, M-H chi 2 = 6.765, P < 0.01). The results suggest the existence of different carcinogenetic mechanisms in these two groups of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yaginuma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
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41
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Klän R, Knispel HH, Meier T. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibition of n-butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder carcinogenesis in rats. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1993; 119:482-5. [PMID: 8509438 DOI: 10.1007/bf01215929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on n-butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN)-induced bladder carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. Of 29 rats that received 0.05% BHBN in their drinking water for 9 weeks, 8 developed bladder cancer. Only 1 out of 29 rats that received 0.1% ASA in their diet for 20 weeks, including the period of BHBN consumption, developed a tumor. That difference is statistically significant. Bladder weight was significantly higher in rats given BHBN than in controls and in rats given both BHBN and ASA. We conclude that ASA inhibits BHBN-induced bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klän
- Department of Urology, FU Berlin, Klinikum Steglitz, Germany
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42
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Deguchi H, Hamano H, Hayashi Y. c-myc, ras p21 and p53 expression in pleomorphic adenoma and its malignant form of the human salivary glands. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1993; 43:413-22. [PMID: 8396843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1993.tb01152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Using an immunohistochemical study and an immunoblot analysis, the expression of cellular oncogenes of the human salivary glands such as c-myc, ras p21, and p53 tumor-suppressor gene in pleomorphic adenomas and its malignant form, carcinoma in pleomorphic adenomas was examined to evaluate a differential biological significance, in comparison with that in normal salivary gland tissues. Immunohistochemically, the c-myc product was detected in 42% of the pleomorphic adenomas and in 56% of the carcinomas in pleomorphic adenoma. The ras p21 expression was observed in 24% of pleomorphic adenomas, and in 50% of carcinomas in pleomorphic adenoma. The p53 protein was detected in 18% of the pleomorphic adenomas and in 67% of the carcinomas in pleomorphic adenoma. Although there was no significant difference between the benign and malignant forms for the expression of c-myc, a statistical significance in ras p21 and p53 expression was found between the pleomorphic adenoma and its malignant form (P < 0.05) and P < 0.001, respectively). An immunoblotting assay clearly demonstrated the expression of c-myc and p53 gene products in both the benign and malignant forms of the pleomorphic adenoma, and that of ras p21 in the malignant form. These results indicate that activation of c-myc and ras p21 proto-oncogenes and the involvement of p53 mutation may play important roles in the malignant transformation of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Deguchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Tokushima University School of Dentistry, Japan
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43
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Imamura N, Inada T, Tagaya Y, Yodoi J, Kuramoto A. Association between ATL and non-hematopoietic neoplasms. Hematol Oncol 1993; 11:127-37. [PMID: 8112727 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2900110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A high incidence of multiple primary neoplasms has been observed in our patients with ATL in comparison to persons with other forms of hematologic malignancy who we have observed during the past 23 years (1963-1985). Five of 15 patients with ATL (33.3 per cent) have had at least one other associated neoplasm in comparison to only 44 of 1156 patients with other forms of hematological malignancy (3.8 per cent). The incidence figures for secondary neoplasms associated with the other hematologic malignancies were 4.3 per cent (16/370) for acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), 2.2 per cent (2/90) for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 4.8 per cent (1/21) for acute unclassifiable leukemia, 2.2 per cent (5/225) for chronic myelogenous leukemia, 4.7 per cent (2/43) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 5.9 per cent (8/136) for malignant monoclonal gammopathy and 3.7 per cent (10/271) for malignant lymphoma. The incidence of multiple neoplasms in patients with ATL in comparison to those with other hematological malignancies was statistically significant (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). The neoplasms associated with ATL have been adenocarcinoma of the thyroid or stomach, and squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, lip or lung. We identified ATL-derived factor (ADF) in the cytoplasm of the secondary neoplasms of the ATL patients by means of indirect immunofluoroscopy and immunohistochemical techniques utilizing anti-ADF antibody. We also identified ras p21 products in these neoplasms by means of p21 ras monoclonal antibody studies. The possibility that HTLV-I was the cause of the secondary neoplasms thus was investigated. HTLV-I provirus genome was not found in all the six cases of non-ATL leukemic cells of the patients with anti-HTLV-I antibodies as determined by means of Southern blot analysis utilizing pX DNA probe. These findings suggest that there is some association between ATL cells and pre-malignant cells through ADF or other unknown factors in the activation of ras oncogenes. Subsequent suppression of host immune defence mechanisms in ATL patients permits evolution of the secondary neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Imamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan
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44
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Ye DW, Zheng JF, Qian SX, Ma YJ. Correlation between the expression of oncogenes ras and c-erbB-2 and the biological behavior of bladder tumors. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 1993; 21:39-43. [PMID: 8096102 DOI: 10.1007/bf00295190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the ras and the c-erbB-2 oncogene products was investigated in 56 cases of human bladder transitional cell carcinoma and 6 samples of human normal bladder tissue using an immunohistochemical method. Thirty of the 56 cases of bladder tumor were found to be immunohistologically positive with the monoclonal anti-ras p21 antibody, while 19 of 56 cases were positive with the polyclonal anti-c-erbB-2 oncoprotein antibody. All 6 controls were negative with both antibodies. The ras p21 positive staining was found more frequently in the well or moderately differentiated, superficial and non-recurrent tumors than in the poorly differentiated (p < 0.01), muscle invasive (p < 0.05) and recurrent tumors (p < 0.01), while the c-erbB-2 gene product was more commonly detected in high-grade (p < 0.01), invasive (p < 0.01) and recurrent tumors (p < 0.05). Thus, the expression of either ras or c-erbB-2 was closely associated with the histological grade, clinical stage and recurrence of bladder transitional cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Ye
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, People's Republic of China
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45
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46
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Satoh M, Hatakeyama S, Sashima M, Suzuki A. Immunohistochemical detection of ras 21 in oral squamous cell carcinomas. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1992; 74:469-72. [PMID: 1408023 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(92)90298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the ras p21 in oral squamous cell carcinoma was examined immunohistochemically with the use of a monoclonal antibody NCC-RAS-001 with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. The expression of ras p21 product was detected in 65.7% (44 of 67 cases) of cancer patients. On the basis of the degree of histologic differentiation of the cancer cells, the incidence of ras p21 was found to be as follows: 63.4% (26 of 41 cases) were well differentiated; 86.7% (13 of 15 cases) were moderately differentiated; and 45.5% (5 of 11 cases) were poorly differentiated. The highest incidence was found in patients in their sixties--80.0% (16 of 20 cases). The incidence decreased to 40% in patients over 80 years of age. The incidence of ras p21 on the basis of location was as follows: 81.8% (9 of 11 cases) involved the buccal region, 70.6% (12 of 17 cases) were in the gingiva, and 55.0% (11 of 20 cases) were in the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Satoh
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Japan
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47
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Sheinfeld J, Reuter VE, Fair WR, Cordon-Cardo C. Expression of blood group antigens in bladder cancer: current concepts. SEMINARS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 1992; 8:308-15. [PMID: 1462102 DOI: 10.1002/ssu.2980080510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood group antigens are a group of carbohydrate structures bound to membrane lipids or proteins of erythrocytes and certain epithelial tissues including urothelium. The Lewis antigens are structures that are genetically and biochemically related to the ABO blood group. The ABO and Lewis blood group systems are differentially expressed in the normal urothelium of "secretors" versus "nonsector" individuals. The normal urothelium of "secretors" is rich ABH, Leb, and Ley antigens while the urothelium of "nonsecretors" does not express these antigens. Therefore, deletion of ABH antigens, commonly noted in TCC, can only be reliably ascertained in "secretor" individuals. Neoexpression of the Lewis X antigen (which is absent in normal urothelium) is noted in over 85% of TCC regardless of tumor stage and grade. Immunocytological detection of the Lewis X antigen on exfoliated bladder epithelial cells enhances the detection of urothelial tumor cells, particularly from low grade and low stage neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sheinfeld
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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48
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Kikuchi A, Amagai M, Nishikawa T. Association of ras p21 with differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes in proliferating skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci 1992; 4:83-6. [PMID: 1419983 DOI: 10.1016/0923-1811(92)90063-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the localization of DNA replicating cells and ras oncogene product p21 positive cells in proliferating skin diseases, such as psoriasis vulgaris, lichen planus, verruca vulgaris, verruca plana juvenilis and seborrheic keratosis. ras p21-positive cells were found rather in the differentiated layers than in the proliferating layers of the epidermis. We indicate that the expression of ras p21 can be associated with the differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes not only in tumor tissues but also in inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kikuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Abstract
Clinical and pathologic data of 36 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were investigated to determine the significance on patient survival of these factors: pathologic grade and stage; the immunohistochemistry of eight cell and tumor markers; nuclear DNA flow cytometric parameters; and patient smoking status. The bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis significantly correlated patient survival rates with the immunohistochemical expression of blood group, isoantigens A (P less than 0.05), O(H) (P = 0.001), the oncogene-related protein ORP-p21 (P less than 0.05), the pathologic grade and stage (P = 0.002), and the tumor DNA ploidy (P less than 0.05). Smoking status correlated aneuploidy (P less than 0.05) and tumor expression of ORP-p21 (P less than 0.05) with the patient survival rate. Despite the relatively small number of patients in this study, the results suggest that the clinicopathologic variables are significant factors in survival of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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50
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Mikulski SM, Viera A, Darzynkiewicz Z, Shogen K. Synergism between a novel amphibian oocyte ribonuclease and lovastatin in inducing cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in human lung and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Br J Cancer 1992; 66:304-10. [PMID: 1503903 PMCID: PMC1977805 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1992.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel anti-tumour amphibian oocyte RNase, ONCONASER (ONC), previously known as P-30 Protein, is in the clinical trials. The effect of ONC alone and in combination with lovastatin (LVT), an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme of mevalonate (MVA) and cholesterol synthesis pathway, in three human tumour cell lines ASPC-1 pancreatic, A-549 lung, and HT-520 lung carcinomas, has been presently studied. A synergism between ONC and LVT in inducing the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects was observed. The cytostatic effect, seen during the early phase of the treatment with this combination of drugs was manifested as prolongation of the cell cycle duration, especially of the G1 phase; cell death was apparent after 72 h of treatment. The synergistic effect of ONC and LVT was also evident in the clonogenicity assays. Both LVT lactone and its in vitro activated beta-hydroxy acid form, alone and in respective combinations with ONC, exerted similar degree of growth suppression. The effects of both forms of LVT (used alone or in combination with ONC) were reversed by MVA, which suggests that HMG-CoA reductase inhibition is a primary mechanism of LVT action. The data indicate that the LVT lactone can be activated intracellularly by tumour cells studied, and that the combination of ONC with LVT can produce significantly enhanced anti-tumour activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mikulski
- Alfacell Corporation, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
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