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Tolcher AW, Mikulski SM, Messersmith WA, Kwak EL, Gibbon D, Boylan J, Xu ZX, DeMario M, Wheler JJ. A phase I study of RO4929097, a novel gamma secretase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Halicka HD, Murakami T, Papageorgio CN, Mittelman A, Mikulski SM, Shogen K, Darzynkiewicz Z. Induction of differentiation of leukaemic (HL-60) or prostate cancer (LNCaP, JCA-1) cells potentiates apoptosis triggered by onconase. Cell Prolif 2008; 33:407-17. [PMID: 11101012 PMCID: PMC6496606 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2184.2000.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Onconase (Onc) is a ribonuclease from amphibian oocytes that is cytostatic and cytotoxic to many tumour lines. It shows in vivo antitumour activity in mouse tumour models and is currently in Phase III clinical trials. The present study was designed to test whether cytotoxic effects of ONC can be modulated by differentiating agents. Human leukaemic HL-60 and prostate cancer LNCaP and JCA-1 cells were treated with Onc in the absence and presence of several inducers of differentiation and frequency of apoptosis was assessed using three different cytometric methods and confirmed by analysis of cell morphology. A moderate degree of apoptosis observed after 48-72 h incubation of HL-60 cells in the presence of 0.42 microM Onc alone was markedly potentiated by administration of retinoic acid (all trans), sodium butyrate or dimethylsulfoxide at concentrations known to induce differentiation but be minimally cytotoxic. Likewise, the frequency of apoptosis of LNCaP and JCA-1 cells treated with Onc was increased in the cultures to which phenylbutyrate was added. Although cell treatment with Onc alone, with each of the differentiating agents alone or with Onc in combination with the differentiating agents led to an increase in the proportion of G1 cells, no specific cell cycle phase preference in induction of apoptosis was observed. The data suggest that cells undergoing differentiation are particularly vulnerable to Onc; a combination of Onc and differentiating agents should be considered for further in vivo tests to assess its possible usefulness in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Halicka
- Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
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Halicka DH, Pozarowski P, Ita M, Ardelt WJ, Mikulski SM, Shogen K, Darzynkiewicz Z. Enhancement of activation-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes by the cytotoxic ribonuclease onconase (Ranpirnase). Int J Oncol 2002; 21:1245-50. [PMID: 12429974 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.21.6.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Onconase (Onc) is an amphibian ribonuclease of the pancreatic RNase family that is cytostatic and cytotoxic to several tumor lines. It also shows anti-tumor activity in mouse tumor models and is currently in phase III clinical trials. In animal tests and clinical trials Onc shows lesser toxicity and fewer side effects compared to most chemotherapeutic drugs. Intriguingly, repeated infusions of this protein do not cause apparent immunological reactions in patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate sensitivity to Onc of human lymphocytes during their mitogenic stimulation in response to the polyvalent mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and in mixed allogeneic lymphocyte cultures. Unexpectedly, we observed that frequency of cells undergoing activation-induced apoptosis was markedly increased in all cultures containing Onc. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using markers that detect activation of caspases, the in situ presence of DNA strand breaks, and loss of fragmented DNA ('sub-G1' cell subpopulation). The enhancement of frequency of activation-induced apoptosis (up to 244%) was observed at 4.2-83 nM Onc concentration, which is at least an order magnitude lower than its minimal concentration reported to affect proliferation or induce apoptosis of leukemic and solid tumor cell lines. The cell cycle progression of lymphocytes that responded to PHA mitogenically was not affected at 8.3 or 83 nM Onc concentration. Because activation-induced apoptosis is the key mechanism regulating several in vivo immunological functions including induction of tolerance, the observed effects of Onc may explain the apparent lack of immune reactions to this protein in treated patients. The propensity of Onc to potentiate the activation-induced apoptosis suggests that this drug may have clinical utility as immunomodulating agent, e.g., to suppress transplant rejection or treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Halicka
- Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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4
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Vogelzang NJ, Aklilu M, Stadler WM, Dumas MC, Mikulski SM. A phase II trial of weekly intravenous ranpirnase (Onconase), a novel ribonuclease in patients with metastatic kidney cancer. Invest New Drugs 2002; 19:255-60. [PMID: 11561684 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010633004157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ranpirnase (Onconase) is the first ribonuclease to enter cancer clinical trials. In prior phase II trials, responses were seen in mesothelioma and other solid tumors. This phase II trial tested ranpirnase (480 microg/m2/w) in 14 patients with refractory advanced renal cell cancer. The median performance status was zero and the median age was 55. All patients had prior immunotherapy and three had prior chemotherapy. No responses were seen in 14 patients. The median survival from on study was 16 months (range two to 28 months). At this dose and schedule ranpirnase has minimal activity in metastatic renal cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Vogelzang
- Cancer Research Center, University of Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA.
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Newton DL, Hansen HJ, Mikulski SM, Goldenberg DM, Rybak SM. Potent and specific antitumor effects of an anti-CD22-targeted cytotoxic ribonuclease: potential for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2001; 97:528-35. [PMID: 11154233 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.2.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LL2, an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody against B-cell lymphoma, was covalently linked to the amphibian ribonuclease, onconase, a member of the pancreatic RNase A superfamily. LL2 increased in vitro potency (10 000-fold) and specificity against human Daudi Burkitt lymphoma cells while decreasing systemic toxicity of onconase. Monensin further increased potency of LL2-onconase on Daudi cells (IC(50), 20 and 1.5 pM, absence and presence of monensin, respectively). A 1-hour exposure to LL2-onconase was sufficient to kill Daudi cells in culture. These favorable in vitro properties translated to significant antitumor activity against disseminated Daudi lymphoma in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. In mice inoculated with tumor cells intraperitoneally (ip), LL2-onconase (100 microg 5 times ip every day) increased the life span of animals with minimal disease 200%. The life span of mice with advanced disseminated Daudi lymphoma (tumor cells inoculated intravenously) was increased 135%. Mice injected with LL2-onconase tolerated a dose as high as 300 mg/kg. Because both onconase and LL2 are in clinical trials as cancer therapeutics, the covalently linked agents should be considered for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/toxicity
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drug Stability
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotoxins/pharmacology
- Immunotoxins/therapeutic use
- Immunotoxins/toxicity
- Kinetics
- Lectins
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Models, Animal
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Pancreas/enzymology
- Ribonucleases/pharmacology
- Ribonucleases/therapeutic use
- Ribonucleases/toxicity
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Newton
- SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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6
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Lee I, Lee YH, Mikulski SM, Lee J, Shogen K. Enhanced cellular radiation sensitivity of androgen-independent human prostate tumor cells by onconase. Anticancer Res 2000; 20:1037-40. [PMID: 10810394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The RNase-like onconase, isolated from amphibian oocytes, showed increases in median tumor pO2 in solid tumors (1). This led us to consider if onconase could decrease cellular O2 consumption (QO2) on 9L rat glioma as well as DU145 human prostate adenocarcinoma cells. Using a Clark-type electrode chamber, we observed that onconase significantly inhibited QO2 in both tumors we tested. Since onconase-induced reduction in QO2 could lead to increases in radiation sensitivity, due to the diffusion of O2 to previously hypoxic tumor cells, we used androgen-insensitive DU145 cells to study onconase-induced changes in radiation sensitivity in vitro. Radiation sensitization was achieved with > 5 micrograms/ml of onconase, regardless of the p53 status of tumor cells. Data presented here suggested that onconase-induced enhancement in radiation sensitization in vitro of androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells warranted further studies of radiation responses in vivo, prior to clinical settings for the advanced-stages of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The effects of Onconase (Onc) on the tumor growth in vitro and in vivo were examined. Because elevated tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) is one of the major causes of inadequate drug delivery into solid tumors, we tested if Onc could lower TIFP in solid tumors. METHODS We used several assays including a clonogenic assay and a growth delay assay for the determination of anti-tumoricidal effects of Onc. We also measured Onc-induced changes in several tumor physiological parameters. RESULTS Onc demonstrated cytotoxic effects in all eight exponentially growing cell lines in vitro. It effectively inhibited the growth of all four transplanted tumors in vivo, and significantly reduced TIFP in all four tumors. Onc also induced increases in tumor blood flow (TBF) as well as increases in median tumor oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)) in solid tumors. CONCLUSIONS Onc showed anti-tumoral effects on various tumor cells in vitro as well as in vivo. We also gained some insight regarding the potential physiological benefit of Onc as a new therapeutic agent in cancer treatment. Due to increases in both TBF and tumor pO(2), Onc could be a potential candidate as a novel radiation enhancer; therefore, the study of the radiation response in vivo is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6072, USA.
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Vasandani VM, Castelli JC, Hott JS, Saxena S, Mikulski SM, Youle RJ. Interferon enhances the activity of the anticancer ribonuclease, onconase. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:447-54. [PMID: 10386856 DOI: 10.1089/107999099313884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are biologic agents involved in the antiviral response and the inhibition of tumor growth. Biochemical pathways of IFN action include the double-stranded RNA-activated oligoadenylate synthetase, RNase L, and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). Extracellular ribonucleases, especially onconase, also display antiviral and antitumor properties and involve degradation of RNA. We find that IFN increases the anticancer activity of onconase. These two agents work synergistically, and the effect is seen at the level of translation probably because of the degradation of tRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Vasandani
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1414, USA
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Abstract
Microinjection of Onconase or RNase A into NIH/3T3 cells was used to study the intracellular actions of these two proteins. Onconase preferentially killed actively growing cells in both microinjection and cell culture experiments. Moreover, agents that increased the number of cells in S phase such as serum or microinjected signal transduction mediators (Ras, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinase) enhanced Onconase cytotoxicity. Conversely, agents that decreased these proliferative pathways (dibutyryl cAMP and protein kinase A) correspondingly diminished Onconase cytotoxicity in microinjection experiments. These results were also mimicked in cell culture experiments since log-phase v-ras-transformed NIH/3T3 cells were more sensitive to Onconase (IC50 of 7 microg/ml) than parental NIH/3T3 fibroblasts (IC50 of 40 microg/ml). Based on those data we postulated that Onconase-mediated cell death in NIH/3T3 cells was related to events occurring at two or more points in the cell cycle preferentially associated with late G1/S and S phases. In contrast, quiescent NIH/3T3 cells were more sensitive to microinjected RNase A than log phase cells and positive mediators of proliferative signal transduction did not enhance RNase A-mediated cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that these two RNases use different pathways and/or mechanisms to elicit cytotoxic responses in NIH/3T3 cells. Predictions formulated from these studies can be tested for relevance to RNase actions in different target tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Smith
- Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
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10
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Mikulski SM, Viera A, Deptala A, Darzynkiewicz Z. Enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity and cytostasis of the combination of onconase with a proteasome inhibitor. Int J Oncol 1998; 13:633-44. [PMID: 9735389 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.13.4.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In proliferating cells the turnover rate of proteins responsible for regulation of the cell cycle progression, namely cyclins and inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and phosphatases, is rapid and their cellular level is modulated at the transcriptional, translational and/or degradation (via proteasome pathway) stages. Inhibition of proteasome function results in accumulation of rapidly turning over proteins and, thus, causes an imbalance of the cell cycle regulatory components, and loss of their regulatory function. Indeed, it has been shown that proteasome inhibitors perturb the cell cycle progression. Onconase, a novel RNase which has anti-tumor activity and is in clinical trials, has previously been shown to suppress protein synthesis, presumably by degradation of intracellular RNA, preferentially tRNA. By interfering with regulation of expression of cyclins and/or CDK-inhibitors, onconase also may induce the imbalance of these proteins and potentiate the effect of proteasome inhibitors. In the present study, we observed that the combinations of onconase with peptide-aldehyde inhibitors of calpain and proteasome such as the N-acetyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-norleucinal (LLnL) and the N-acetyl-leucinyl-valinyl-phenylalaninal (LVP), but not N-acetyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-methioninal (LLM), were synergistic in suppressing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in three human tumor cell lines: A-549 lung adenocarcinoma, DU-145 prostatic carcinoma, and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma. The observed cytotoxicity may also be a result of prevention of the induction of the 'survival' genes by the nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) by onconase and proteasome inhibitors. The data indicate that such combinations should be further tested as potential anti-cancer regimens.
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11
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Juan G, Ardelt B, Li X, Mikulski SM, Shogen K, Ardelt W, Mittelman A, Darzynkiewicz Z. G1 arrest of U937 cells by onconase is associated with suppression of cyclin D3 expression, induction of p16INK4A, p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP and decreased pRb phosphorylation. Leukemia 1998; 12:1241-8. [PMID: 9697879 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Onconase is a 12 kDa protein homologous to pancreatic RNase A isolated from amphibian oocytes which shows cytostatic and cytotoxic activity in vitro, inhibits growth of tumors in mice and is in phase III clinical trials. The present study was aimed to reveal mechanisms by which onconase perturbs the cell cycle progression. Human histiocytic lymphoma U937 cells were treated with onconase and expression of cyclins D3 and E, as well as of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) p16INK4A, p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1 (all detected immunocytochemically) was measured by multiparameter flow cytometry, in relation to the cell cycle position. Also monitored was the status of phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by a novel method utilizing mAb which specifically detects underphosphorylated pRb in individual cells. Cell incubation with 170 nM onconase for 24 h and longer led to their arrest in G1 which was accompanied by a decrease in expression of cyclin D3, no change in cyclin E, and enhanced expression of all three CKIs. pRb was underphosphorylated in the onconase arrested G1 cells but was phosphorylated in the cells that were still progressing through S and G2/M in the presence of onconase. The cytostatic effect of onconase thus appears to be mediated by downregulation of cyclin D3 combined with upregulation of p27KIP1, p16INK4A and p21WAF1/CIP1, the events which may prevent phosphorylation of pRb during G0/1 and result in cell arrest at the restriction point controlled by Cdk4/6 and D type cyclins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Juan
- Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
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12
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Deptala A, Halicka HD, Ardelt B, Ardelt W, Mikulski SM, Shogen K, Darzynkiewicz Z. Potentiation of tumor necrosis factor induced apoptosis by onconase. Int J Oncol 1998; 13:11-6. [PMID: 9625797 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.13.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Onconase (ONC) a ribonuclease from amphibian oocytes is cytostatic and cytotoxic to many human tumor lines, shows in vivo antitumor activity in mouse tumor models and is in Phase III clinical trials. The mechanism of antitumor activity of ONC is presumed to be due to its internalization, degradation of intracellular RNA and suppression of protein synthesis. Since apoptosis triggered by TNF-alpha is known to be potentiated by inhibitors of protein synthesis, we have hypothesized that it also may be potentiated by ONC. Indeed, preincubation of U-937 or HL-60 leukemic cells with 0.17 microM ONC rendered them more sensitive to induction of apoptosis by TNF-alpha or antibody to CD95 (Fas). The mechanism by which ONC amplifies the effect of TNF-alpha may involve suppression of induction of the survival genes whose expression is triggered by activation of NFkB by this factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deptala
- Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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13
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Vasandani VM, Wu YN, Mikulski SM, Youle RJ, Sung C. Molecular determinants in the plasma clearance and tissue distribution of ribonucleases of the ribonuclease A superfamily. Cancer Res 1996; 56:4180-6. [PMID: 8797589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The similarities and differences among members of the RNase A superfamily provide an ideal opportunity to examine the molecular basis for differences in their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Plasma clearances in BALB/c mice are similar among the five RNases studied: human pancreatic RNase, angiogenin, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, onconase, and bovine seminal RNase. The average clearance is 0.13 ml/min or 60% of the glomerular filtration rate (measured by [14C]inulin clearance during continuous infusion from an i.p. implanted osmotic pump). Angiogenin has a higher volume of distribution and plasma-to-muscle transport rate than the other RNases, suggestive of binding to endothelial cells. Organ distribution differs dramatically among these RNases. The RNase most toxic to tumor cells, onconase, exhibits the longest retention in the kidneys: at 180 min, 50% of the injected dose is found in the kidneys, whereas only 1% or less of the other RNases is retained in the kidneys. Slower elimination of onconase from the kidneys may be due to a higher degree of binding in the kidney or a resistance to proteolytic degradation. To elucidate the molecular determinants involved in tissue uptake, we examined the biodistribution of recombinant onconase and two onconasepancreatic RNase chimeric proteins. The tissue retention property of onconase appears to be located in at least two regions, one of which is in the NH2-terminal 9-amino acid alpha-helix. The NH2-terminal pyroglutamate of onconase, a residue essential for ribonucleolytic activity and cytotoxicity, does not play a role in kidney retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Vasandani
- Biochemistry Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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14
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Saxena SK, Gravell M, Wu YN, Mikulski SM, Shogen K, Ardelt W, Youle RJ. Inhibition of HIV-1 production and selective degradation of viral RNA by an amphibian ribonuclease. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:20783-8. [PMID: 8702832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.34.20783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleases appear to have physiologic roles in host defense against cancer, viruses, and other parasites. Previously it was shown that select ribonucleases added to cells concurrently with virions blocked human immunodeficiency virus, type I (HIV-1) infection of H9 cells. We now report that a ribonuclease homologous to RNase A, named onconase, inhibits virus replication in chronically HIV-1-infected human cells without killing the virally infected cell. Examining the mechanism of this inhibition shows that onconase enters the infected cells and degrades HIV-1 RNA without degrading ribosomal RNA or the three different cellular messenger RNAs analyzed. The homologous human pancreatic RNase lacks anti-viral activity. Comparing recombinant forms of onconase and a onconase-human RNase chimera shows that the N-terminal 9 amino acids and the pyroglutamyl residue of onconase are required for full anti-viral activity. Thus extracellular ribonucleases can enter cells, metabolize select RNAs, and inhibit HIV virion production within viable replicating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Saxena
- Biochemistry Section of the Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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15
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Rybak SM, Pearson JW, Fogler WE, Volker K, Spence SE, Newton DL, Mikulski SM, Ardelt W, Riggs CW, Kung HF, Longo DL. Enhancement of vincristine cytotoxicity in drug-resistant cells by simultaneous treatment with onconase, an antitumor ribonuclease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88:747-53. [PMID: 8637029 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/88.11.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onconase, a protein isolated from oocytes and early embryos of the frog Rana pipiens, shares extensive homology with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) and possesses similar enzyme activity. Onconase is cytotoxic toward cancer cells in vitro and exhibits antitumor activity in animal models. In addition, Onconase has been shown to enhance the cytotoxic activity of some chemotherapeutic agents in vitro. PURPOSE We studied interactions between the cytotoxic effects of Onconase and the chemotherapeutic agent vincristine (VCR) in the treatment of drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant human colon carcinoma cells in vitro and in mice. METHODS Transplantable human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29par cells) were infected with a retrovirus containing human mdr1 (also known as MDR1 and PGY1) complementary DNA (encoding P-glycoprotein [P-gp]), and clones that were cross-resistant to colchicine, doxorubicin, and vinblastine were selected (HT-29mdr1 cells). Drug-resistant HT-29mdr1 cells and drug-sensitive HT-29par parental cells were treated with Onconase and/or VCR in vitro at varying concentrations to measure the effects on protein synthesis and cell viability. The impact of Onconase on VCR accumulation in both types of cells was determined in the presence or absence of MRK-16, an anti-P-gp monoclonal antibody capable of reversing the multidrug-resistant phenotype. The antitumor effects of Onconase and/or VCR treatment were assessed in nude mice bearing established HT-29par or HT-29mdr1 intraperitoneal tumors. IC50 values (drug concentrations resulting in 50% inhibition of protein synthesis or cell viability) for Onconase and VCR were determined from semilogarithmic dose-response curves; interactions between the cytotoxic effects of these two agents were evaluated using data from protein synthesis inhibition experiments and a two-way analysis of variance. Survival distributions from in vivo experiments were compared using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS The combination of Onconase and VCR yielded enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro that was independent of P-gp expression. Evaluation of the effects of these two compounds on protein synthesis over a wide range of drug concentrations indicated possible synergistic interactions (i.e., greater than additive effects) in both drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cells. The enhancement of VCR cytotoxicity was dependent on Onconase enzyme activity and was not associated with increased intracellular levels of VCR. Simultaneous treatment of mice bearing HT-29par tumors with Onconase and VCR did not extend their median survival time (MST) significantly (MST with VCR = 66 days; MST with VCR plus Onconase = 69 days; two-tailed P = .57); however, the MST of mice with HT-29mdr1 tumors was extended significantly by this treatment (MST with VCR = 44 days; MST with VCR plus Onconase = 66 days; two-tailed P<.001). CONCLUSION Combined administration of Onconase and VCR yields enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo against human colon carcinoma cells that overexpress the mdr1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rybak
- Laboratory of Biochemical Physiology, Biological Response Modifiers Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Center Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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16
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Wu Y, Saxena SK, Ardelt W, Gadina M, Mikulski SM, De Lorenzo C, D'Alessio G, Youle RJ. A study of the intracellular routing of cytotoxic ribonucleases. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:17476-81. [PMID: 7542240 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.29.17476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Several ribonucleases serve as cytotoxic agents in host defense and in physiological cell death pathways. Although certain members of the pancreatic ribonuclease A superfamily can be toxic when applied to the outside of cells, they become thousands of times more toxic when artificially introduced into the cytosol, indicating that internalization is the rate-limiting step for cytotoxicity. We have used three agents that disrupt the Golgi apparatus by distinct mechanisms, retinoic acid, brefeldin A, and monensin, to probe the intracellular pathways ribonucleases take to reach the cytosol. Retinoic acid and monensin potentiate the cytotoxicity of bovine seminal RNase, Onconase, angiogenin, and human ribonuclease A 100 times or more. Retinoic acid-mediated potentiation of ribonucleases is completely blocked by brefeldin A. Ribonucleases appear to route more efficiently into the cytosol through the Golgi apparatus disrupted by monensin or retinoic acid. Intracellular RNA degradation by BS-RNase increased more than 100 times in the presence of retinoic acid confirming that the RNase reaches the cytosol and indicating that degradation of RNA is the intracellular lesion causing toxicity. As retinoic acid alone and Onconase are in clinical trials for cancer therapy, combinations of RNases and retinoic acid in vivo may offer new clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Biochemistry Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Lin JJ, Newton DL, Mikulski SM, Kung HF, Youle RJ, Rybak SM. Characterization of the mechanism of cellular and cell free protein synthesis inhibition by an anti-tumor ribonuclease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 204:156-62. [PMID: 7945354 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Onconase, a protein with anti-tumor activity, causes potent inhibition of protein synthesis in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate (IC50 10(-11) M) and when microinjected into Xenopus oocytes (IC50 10(-10) M). Onconase is a member of the RNase A superfamily; however, unlike RNase A, the mechanism of protein synthesis inhibition does not involve apparent degradation of lysate or cellular ribosomal RNAs. Rather, reticulocyte and oocyte tRNA is hydrolyzed after Onconase treatment. Furthermore, re-addition of tRNA to Onconase pretreated lysates or oocytes restores the translational capacity of the system. Taken together these results suggest that Onconase causes potent protein synthesis inhibition by a mechanism involving inactivation of cellular tRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lin
- Laboratory of Biochemical Physiology, NCI-FCRDC, NIH, MD 21702-1201
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Youle RJ, Wu YN, Mikulski SM, Shogen K, Hamilton RS, Newton D, D'Alessio G, Gravell M. RNase inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus infection of H9 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:6012-6. [PMID: 8016107 PMCID: PMC44127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.13.6012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Onconase and bovine seminal RNase, two members of the RNase A superfamily, inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in H9 leukemia cells 90-99.9% over a 4-day incubation at concentrations not toxic to uninfected H9 cells. Two other members of the same protein family, bovine pancreatic RNase A and human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, have no detectable antiviral activity, demonstrating a strikingly selective antiviral activity among homologous ribonucleases. The antiviral RNases do not appear to affect viral particles directly but inhibit replication in host cell cultures. Onconase, already in clinical trials for cancer therapy, and bovine seminal RNase have potential as antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Newton DL, Walbridge S, Mikulski SM, Ardelt W, Shogen K, Ackerman SJ, Rybak SM, Youle RJ. Toxicity of an antitumor ribonuclease to Purkinje neurons. J Neurosci 1994; 14:538-44. [PMID: 8301353 PMCID: PMC6576803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cell toxicity is one of the characteristic features of the Gordon phenomenon, a syndrome manifested by ataxia, muscular rigidity, paralysis, and tremor that may lead to death (Gordon, 1933). Two members of the RNase superfamily found in humans, EDN (eosinophil-derived neurotoxin) and ECP (eosinophil cationic protein), cause the Gordon phenomenon when injected intraventricularly into guinea pigs or rabbits. We have found that another member of the RNase superfamily, an antitumor protein called onconase, isolated from Rana pipiens oocytes and early embryos, will also cause the Gordon phenomenon when injected into the cerebrospinal fluid of guinea pigs at a dose similar to that of EDN (LD50, 3-4 micrograms). Neurologic abnormalities of onconase-treated animals were indistinguishable from those of EDN-treated animals, and histology showed dramatic Purkinje cell loss in the brains of onconase-treated animals. The neurotoxic activity of onconase correlates with ribonuclease activity. Onconase modified by iodoacetic acid to eliminate 70% and 98% of the ribonuclease activity of the native enzyme displays a similar decrease in ability to cause the Gordon phenomenon. In contrast, the homologous bovine pancreatic RNase A injected intraventricularly at a dose 5000 times greater than the LD50 dose of EDN or onconase is not toxic and does not cause the Gordon phenomenon. A comparison of the RNase activities of EDN, onconase, and bovine pancreatic RNase A using three pancreatic RNA substrates demonstrates that onconase is orders of magnitude less active enzymatically than EDN and RNase A. Thus, another member of the RNase superfamily in addition to EDN and ECP can cause the Gordon phenomenon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Newton
- Biochemistry Section, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Wu Y, Mikulski SM, Ardelt W, Rybak SM, Youle RJ. A cytotoxic ribonuclease. Study of the mechanism of onconase cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:10686-93. [PMID: 8486718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Onconase, or P-30, is a protein initially purified from extracts of Rana pipiens oocytes and early embryos based upon its anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo. It is a basic single-chain protein with an apparent molecular mass of 12,000 daltons and is homologous to RNase A. In cultured 9L glioma cells, onconase inhibits protein synthesis with an IC50 of about 10(-7) M. The inhibition of protein synthesis correlates with cell death determined by clonogenic assays. 125I-Labeled onconase binds to specific sites on cultured 9L glioma cells. Scatchard analysis of the binding data shows that onconase appears to bind to cells with two different affinities, one with a Kd of 6.2 x 10(-8) and another of 2.5 x 10(-7) M. Each cell could bind about 3 x 10(5) molecules of onconase at each of the two affinity sites. The low affinity Kd is similar to the IC50 for onconase toxicity. Onconase also demonstrates a saturability of cytotoxicity at a concentration that would saturate the low affinity binding site. Incubation at 4 degrees C increased the binding of onconase to cells relative to 37 degrees C binding and also increased the sensitivity of cells to onconase toxicity, indicating that receptor binding may be an initial step in cell toxicity. Onconase cytotoxicity can be blocked by metabolic inhibitors, NaN3 and 2-deoxyglucose, and cytotoxicity is potentiated 10-fold by monensin. Ribonuclease activity appears necessary for onconase toxicity because alkylated onconase, which only retains 2% of the ribonuclease activity, was at least 100-fold less potent in inhibiting protein synthesis in cells. Onconase inhibition of protein synthesis in 9L cells coincides with the degradation of cellular 28 S and 18 S rRNA. In contrast to RNase A, onconase is resistant to two RNase inhibitors, placental ribonuclease inhibitor and Inhibit-Ace. Northern hybridization with placental ribonuclease inhibitor cDNA probe indicates that 9L glioma cells contain endogenous placental ribonuclease inhibitor mRNA. Based on these results, we propose that onconase toxicity results from onconase binding to cell surface receptors, internalization to the cell cytosol where it degrades ribosomal RNA, inhibiting protein synthesis and causing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Biochemistry Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Mosimann SC, Johns KL, Ardelt W, Mikulski SM, Shogen K, James MN. Comparative molecular modeling and crystallization of P-30 protein: a novel antitumor protein of Rana pipiens oocytes and early embryos. Proteins 1992; 14:392-400. [PMID: 1438177 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340140308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The P-30 protein (Onconase) of Rana pipiens oocytes and early embryos is homologous to members of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily and exhibits an antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. It appears that the ribonucleolytic activity of P-30 protein may be required for its antitumor effects. A comparative molecular model of P-30 protein has been constructed based upon the known three-dimensional structure of bovine pancreatic RNase A in order to provide structural information. Functionally, these enzymes hydrolyze oligoribonucleotides to pyrimidine-3'-phosphate monoesters and 5'-OH ribonucleotides. In the modeling procedure, automated sequence alignments were revised based upon the inspection of the RNase A structure before the amino acids of the P-30 protein were assigned the coordinates of the RNase A template. The inevitable intermolecular steric clashes that result were relieved on an interactive graphics device through the adjustment of side chain torsion angles. This process was followed by energy minimization of the model, which served to optimize stereochemical geometry and to relieve any remaining unacceptably close contacts. The resulting model retains the essential features of RNase A as sequence insertions and deletions are almost exclusively found in exposed surface loops. The all atom superposition of active site residues of the P-30 protein model and an identically minimized RNase A structure has a root mean square deviation of 0.52 A. Though tentative, the model is consistent with a pyrimidine specificity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Mosimann
- Medical Research Council of Canada, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton
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Mikulski SM, Viera A, Darzynkiewicz Z, Shogen K. Synergism between a novel amphibian oocyte ribonuclease and lovastatin in inducing cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in human lung and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Br J Cancer 1992; 66:304-10. [PMID: 1503903 PMCID: PMC1977805 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1992.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel anti-tumour amphibian oocyte RNase, ONCONASER (ONC), previously known as P-30 Protein, is in the clinical trials. The effect of ONC alone and in combination with lovastatin (LVT), an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme of mevalonate (MVA) and cholesterol synthesis pathway, in three human tumour cell lines ASPC-1 pancreatic, A-549 lung, and HT-520 lung carcinomas, has been presently studied. A synergism between ONC and LVT in inducing the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects was observed. The cytostatic effect, seen during the early phase of the treatment with this combination of drugs was manifested as prolongation of the cell cycle duration, especially of the G1 phase; cell death was apparent after 72 h of treatment. The synergistic effect of ONC and LVT was also evident in the clonogenicity assays. Both LVT lactone and its in vitro activated beta-hydroxy acid form, alone and in respective combinations with ONC, exerted similar degree of growth suppression. The effects of both forms of LVT (used alone or in combination with ONC) were reversed by MVA, which suggests that HMG-CoA reductase inhibition is a primary mechanism of LVT action. The data indicate that the LVT lactone can be activated intracellularly by tumour cells studied, and that the combination of ONC with LVT can produce significantly enhanced anti-tumour activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mikulski
- Alfacell Corporation, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
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Ardelt W, Mikulski SM, Shogen K. Amino acid sequence of an anti-tumor protein from Rana pipiens oocytes and early embryos. Homology to pancreatic ribonucleases. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:245-51. [PMID: 1985896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rana pipiens oocytes and early embryos contain large amounts of a basic protein with antiproliferative/cytotoxic activity against several tumor cell lines in vitro (Darzynkiewicz, Z., Carter, S. P., Mikulski, S. M., Ardelt, W., and Shogen, K. (1988) Cell Tissue Kinet. 21, 169-182; Mikulski, S.M., Viera, A., Ardelt, W., Menduke, H., and Shogen, K. (1990) Cell Tissue Kinet. 23, 237-246), as well as antitumor activity in vivo (Mikulski, S. M., Ardelt, W., Shogen, K., Bernstein, E. H., and Menduke, H. (1990) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82, 151-153). The protein, provisionally named P-30 Protein, was purified to homogeneity from early embryos and characterized. It is a single-chain protein consisting of 104 amino acid residues in the following sequence: less than Glu1-Asp-Trp-Leu-Thr-Phe-Gln-Lys-Lys-His-Ile-Thr-Asn-Thr- Arg15-Asp-Val-Asp-Cys-Asp-Ans-Ile-Met-Ser-Thr-Asn-Leu-Phe-His-C ys30-Lys-Asp-Lys - Asn-Thr-Phe-Ile-Tyr-Ser-Arg-Pro-Glu-Pro-Val-Lys45-Ala-Ile-Cys-Lys- Gly-Ile-Ile- Ala-Ser-Lys-Asn-Val-Leu-Thr-Thr60-Ser-Glu-Phe-Tyr-Leu-Ser-Asp -Cys-Asn-Val-Thr-Ser-Arg-Por-Cys75-Lys-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Lys-Lys-Ser-Thr -Asn-Lys-Phe- Cys-Val-Thr-Cys90-Glu-Asn-Gln-Ala-Pro-Val-His-Phe-Val-Gly-Val-Gly- Ser-Cys104-OH . Its molecular weight calculated from the sequence is 11,819. The sequence homology clearly indicates that the protein belongs to the superfamily of pancreatic ribonuclease. It is also demonstrated that it indeed exhibits a ribonucleolytic activity against highly polymerized RNA and that this activity seems to be essential for its antiproliferative/cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ardelt
- Alfacell Corporation, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
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Mikulski SM, Viera A, Ardelt W, Menduke H, Shogen K. Tamoxifen and trifluoroperazine (Stelazine) potentiate cytostatic/cytotoxic effects of P-30 protein, a novel protein possessing anti-tumor activity. Cell Tissue Kinet 1990; 23:237-46. [PMID: 2357721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1990.tb01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
P-30 protein, a novel protein isolated in our laboratory from fertilized Rana pipiens eggs, has been shown to possess significant anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activity against a variety of human tumour cell lines. This protein also shows a potent anti-tumour activity in vivo in animal tumour models and is currently undergoing Phase I human clinical trials in cancer patient volunteers. The present study describes the in vitro effects of the concerted action of this protein and two other agents which affect the cell proliferative cycle. A significant potentiation of the P-30 protein-induced cell growth inhibition by tamoxifen as well as trifluoroperazine (Stelazine) in both the human A-549 lung carcinoma and the ASPC-1 pancreatic adenocarcinoma systems at wide ranges of drug concentrations was observed. The effect was apparently due to the synergistic action of P-30 protein and the agents tested. This data may provide clues that can be useful in explaining the mechanism of its anti-tumour activity. The results are also helpful for the designing in vivo animal and, perhaps eventually, human studies, whereby the combination therapies utilizing P-30 protein with agents of relatively low toxicity such as tamoxifen and/or Stelazine could offer a promising treatment(s) for these notoriously refractory types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mikulski
- Alfacell Corporation, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
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Mikulski SM, Ardelt W, Shogen K, Bernstein EH, Menduke H. Striking increase of survival of mice bearing M109 Madison carcinoma treated with a novel protein from amphibian embryos. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82:151-3. [PMID: 2294226 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/82.2.151-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S M Mikulski
- Department of Pharmacology Jefferson Medical College Philadelphia, PA
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Carter SP, Mikulski SM, Ardelt WJ, Shogen K. Cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of Pannon (P-30 Protein), a novel anticancer agent. Cell Tissue Kinet 1988; 21:169-82. [PMID: 3224365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1988.tb00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
P-30 Protein is a novel protein, of molecular weight approximately 15 KD, obtained from the extract of a vertebrate tissue showing in vivo antitumour activity. Cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of this product in its purified form (P-30 Protein) or in partially purified extracts (Pannon) were studied in vitro on human leukaemic HL-60, human submaxillary carcinoma A-253, human colon adenocarcinoma Colo 320 CM and murine erythroleukaemia (Friend leukaemia) cell lines. Of these cells, HL-60, A-253 and Colo 320 CM were sensitive and Friend leukaemia resistant to this agent. The effects were time- and concentration-dependent. During the initial 24-48 h of treatment, a slowdown in cell proliferation was apparent but cell death was not extensive. After 24-48 h, there was a reduction in the proportion of cells in S phase of the cell cycle and the cells became preferentially arrested in G1 phase. The G1 cells showed high heterogeneity with respect to RNA content and some cells were characterized by very low RNA content. Progressive cell death occurred in cultures maintained with Pannon for up to 7 d in proportion to its concentration. Reductions of 50 and 90% in clonogenicity of A-253 cells were observed during their growth in the presence of 0.13 and 1.5 micrograms/ml of this protein, respectively. Exponentially growing cells were more sensitive to Pannon compared with cells from confluent cultures. Colonies of A-253 cells growing in the presence of Pannon were much smaller in size compared with control colonies, indicating that the rate of proliferation of clonogens is reduced by this agent. It appears that P-30 Protein induces cytostatic effects via modulation of cell transition to quiescence or differentiation. The mechanism of its cytotoxic activity is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Darzynkiewicz
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Walker Laboratory, Rye, NY 10580
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Mikulski SM, Love LJ, Bergquist EJ, Hargadon MT, Applefeld MM, Mergner W. Aspergillus vegetative endocarditis and complete heart block in a patient with acute leukemia. Chest 1979; 76:473-6. [PMID: 289479 DOI: 10.1378/chest.76.4.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus vegetative endocarditis together with myocardial abscesses and pneumonitis developed in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The initial diagnosis was not suspected until 67gallium imaging revealed a radiographically undetectable thoracic abnormality. Despite apparently "early" diagnosis, antifungal therapy was inadequate to prevent disruption of the bundle of His, complete heart block and death.
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Mikulski SM, McGuire WP, Louie AC, Chirigos MA, Muggia FM. Immunotherapy of lung cancer. I. Review of clinical trials in non-small cell histologic types. Cancer Treat Rev 1979; 6:177-90. [PMID: 394836 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-7372(79)80069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mikulski SM, McGuire WP, Louie AC, Chirigos MA, Muggia FM. Immunotherapy of lung cancer. II. Review of clinical trials in small cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 1979; 6:125-30. [PMID: 226262 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-7372(79)80046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Mikulski SM, Chirigos MA. Macrophages as tumour growth promoters? Lancet 1978; 2:211. [PMID: 78413 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mikulski SM, Billing R, Terasaki PI. Inhibition of effector cell function in human antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by sera from cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1977; 58:1485-7. [PMID: 857035 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/58.5.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sera from 256 human cancer patients on the human antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay was studied. The cancer sera were compared to normal sera for their ability to alter the effector function of lymphocytes following 30 minutes' treatment at 37 degrees C. Even with this brief treatment, 74% of the 256 cancer sera inhibited effector activity. In most instances this inhibition was greater in patients with metastatic disease than in those without. Patients with colon and prostate cancer showed a statistically significant increase in inhibition among patients with disseminated disease (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.01, respectively). An opposite effect was noted only in melanomas. It is suggested that the inhibition of the effector function in ADCC is a potential in vitro measure of the immunologic status of cancer patients.
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Dupont E, Opelz G, Gustafsson LA, Mikulski SM, Terasaki PI. Depressed effector cell function in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in kidney allograft recipients. Transplantation 1977; 23:165-8. [PMID: 319580 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-197702000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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