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Kashiwakura JI, Matsuda T. [Understanding New Regulatory Mechanism of TCR Signal Transduction]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2024; 144:497-501. [PMID: 38692923 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Signal-transducing adaptor protein-2 (STAP-2) is a unique scaffold protein that regulates several immunological signaling pathways, including LIF/LIF receptor and LPS/TLR4 signals. STAP-2 is required for Fas/FasL-dependent T cell apoptosis and SDF-1α-induced T cell migration. Conversely, STAP-2 modulates integrin-mediated T cell adhesion, suggesting that STAP-2 is essential for several negative and positive T cell functions. However, whether STAP-2 is involved in T cell-antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated T cell activation is unknown. STAP-2 deficiency was recently reported to suppress TCR-mediated T cell activation by inhibiting LCK-mediated CD3ζ and ZAP-70 activation. Using STAP-2 deficient mice, it was demonstrated that STAP-2 is required for the pathogenesis of Propionibacterium acnes-induced granuloma formation and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Here, detailed functions of STAP-2 in TCR-mediated T cell activation, and how STAP-2 affects the pathogenesis of T cell-mediated inflammation and immune diseases, are reviewed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Signal Transduction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Humans
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Mice
- Lymphocyte Activation
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/physiology
- Propionibacterium acnes/physiology
- Propionibacterium acnes/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Apoptosis
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/physiology
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Adhesion
- CD3 Complex
- Chemokine CXCL12/physiology
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Kashiwakura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
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Abstract
Our understanding of the role of Cutibacterium acnes in the pathophysiology of acne has recently undergone a paradigm shift: rather than C. acnes hyperproliferation, it is the loss of balance between the different C. acnes phylotypes, together with a dysbiosis of the skin microbiome, which results in acne development. The loss of diversity of C. acnes phylotypes acts as a trigger for innate immune system activation, leading to cutaneous inflammation. A predominance of C. acnes phylotype IA1 has been observed, with a more virulent profile in acne than in normal skin. Other bacteria, mainly Staphylococcus epidermis, are also implicated in acne. S. epidermidis and C. acnes interact and are critical for the regulation of skin homeostasis. Recent studies also showed that the gut microbiome is involved in acne, through interactions with the skin microbiome. As commonly used topical and systemic antibiotics induce cutaneous dysbiosis, our new understanding of acne pathophysiology has prompted a change in direction for acne treatment. In the future, the development of individualized acne therapies will allow targeting of the pathogenic strains, leaving the commensal strains intact. Such alternative treatments, involving modifications of the microbiome, will form the next generation of ‘ecobiological’ anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Dréno
- Dermatology Department, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, University Nantes, Nantes, France
- CIC 1413, CRCINA, U1232, Nantes, France
| | | | - Amir Khammari
- Dermatology Department, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, University Nantes, Nantes, France
- CIC 1413, CRCINA, U1232, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphane Corvec
- Bacteriology and Hygiene Unit, Biology Institute, Nantes, France
- CRCINA, U1232, Nantes, France
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Szegedi A, Dajnoki Z, Bíró T, Kemény L, Törőcsik D. Acne: Transient Arrest in the Homeostatic Host-Microbiota Dialog? Trends Immunol 2019; 40:873-876. [PMID: 31564639 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We propose that acne vulgaris represents a naturally developing, transient inflammatory interaction of adolescent facial skin with its new microbial/chemical milieu (Cutibacterium acnes, sebum), replacing a state of previous childhood skin homeostasis. This concept might explain why acne is characterized by strong regional and age specificity, prevalent occurrence, and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Szegedi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Dajnoki
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Jiao Y, Yuan Y, Lin Y, Zhou Z, Zheng Y, Wu W, Tang G, Chen Y, Xiao J, Li C, Chen Z, Cao P. Propionibacterium acnes induces discogenic low back pain via stimulating nucleus pulposus cells to secrete pro-algesic factor of IL-8/CINC-1 through TLR2-NF-κB p65 pathway. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 97:25-35. [PMID: 30397790 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Latent infection of Propionibacterium acnes was considered as a new pathogeny for low back pain (LBP); however, there is no credible animal evidence or mechanism hypothesis. This study proved that P. acnes is a causative pathogen of bacteria-induced LBP and investigated its underlying mechanism. For this, P. acnes was firstly identified in patients' degenerated intervertebral disc (IVDs) samples. The results of patients' Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores indicated that P. acnes-positive patients showed more severe LBP and physical disability. Then, a P. acnes-inoculated lumbar IVDs model was established in rats. The results of paw/foot withdrawal threshold and qRT-PCR indicated that P. acnes-inoculated rats had obvious LBP in behavioral evaluation and over-expression of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in IVDs. Subsequently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results demonstrated that increased expression of IL-8 or CINC-1 (the homolog of IL-8 in rats) in the P. acnes-positive IVDs of human and rats. The CINC-1 injected animal model proved that the cytokines were able to induce LBP. Finally, the co-culture experiments showed that nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were able to respond to P. acnes and secreted IL-8/CINC-1 via TLR-2/NF-κB p65 pathway. In conclusion, P. acnes had strong association with LBP by stimulating NPCs to secrete pro-algesic factor of IL-8/CINC-1 via TLR2/NF-κBp65 pathway. The finding may provide a promising alternative therapy strategy for LBP in clinical. KEY MESSAGES: Patients with P. acnes-positive IVDs tended to have more severe LBP, physical disability, and increased IL-8 expressions. P. acnes can induce LBP via IL-8/CINC-1 in IVDs. P. acnes stimulate the NPCs to secrete pro-algesic factor of IL-8/CINC-1 via TLR2/NF-κBp65 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Yazhou Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zezhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuehuan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital North, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Wenjian Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese medicine, Kunshan, 215300, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese medicine, Kunshan, 215300, China
| | - Jiaqi Xiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Changwei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Veronesi U, Aubert C, Bajetta E, Beretta G, Bonadonna G, Cascinelli N, De Marsillac J, Ikonopisov RL, Kiss B, Krementz T, Lejeune F, Mechl Z, Milton GW, Morabito A, Mulder P, Pawlicki P, Priario J, Rumke P, Sertoli R, Tomin R, Trapeznikov N, Wagner R; W.H.O. Collaborating Centres for Evaluation of Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment of Melanoma. Controlled Study with Imidazole Carboxamide (DTIC), DTIC + Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and DTIC + Corynebacterium Parvum in Advanced Malignant Melanoma. Tumori 1984; 70:41-8. [PMID: 6369694 DOI: 10.1177/030089168407000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From 1976 to 1980, 377 randomized patients were entered in a multicentric study supported by the W.H.O. Melanoma Group. In this report, only 196 patients are considered for analysis: 31.6 % were excluded because of inadequate treatment or protocol violations. Three arms of treatment were compared: DTIC alone, DTIC plus bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and DTIC plus Corynebacterium parvum. No significant difference in terms of complete response plus partial response was detected among the three regimens. Twenty-five patients (12.7 %) responded with complete tumor regression, and 18 (9.3 %) with partial regression. Complete plus partial responses were thus achieved in 22 % of evaluable patients. Responders had a longer median survival than nonresponders. Overall median survival was 6 months. Brain metastases were detected in 17 % of the patients. Median time from the beginning of treatment to the diagnosis of CNS involvement was 4 months. There is no evidence that active aspecific immunotherapy added to DTIC increases the response rate in patients with disseminated disease. The toxic effects were acceptable, and no drug-related death was observed.
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Su Q, Pfalzgraff A, Weindl G. Cell type-specific regulatory effects of glucocorticoids on cutaneous TLR2 expression and signalling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:201-208. [PMID: 28377308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) induce Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 expression and synergistically upregulate TLR2 with pro-inflammatory cytokines or bacteria. These paradoxical effects have drawn attention to the inflammatory initiating or promoting effects of GCs, as GC treatment can provoke inflammatory skin diseases. Here, we aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of GCs in human skin cells of different epidermal and dermal layers. We found that Dex induced TLR2 expression mainly in undifferentiated and less in calcium-induced differentiated keratinocytes but not in HaCaT cells or fibroblasts, however, Dex reduced TLR1/6 expression. Stimulation with Dex under inflammatory conditions further increased TLR2 but not TLR1 or TLR6 levels in keratinocytes. Increased ligand-induced interaction of TLR2 with MyD88 and expression of the adaptor protein TRAF6 indicated enhanced TLR2 signalling, whereas TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 signalling was not increased in Dex-pretreated keratinocytes. GC-increased TLR2 expression was negatively regulated by JNK MAPK signalling when stimulated with Propionibacterium acnes. Our results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid-mediated expression and function of TLR2 in human skin cells and the understanding of the mechanisms of corticosteroid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Pfalzgraff
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Hisaw LD, Qin M, Park A, Agak GW, Pirouz A, Phan J, Fernandez C, Garbán HJ, Nelson A, Thiboutot D, Kim J. Antimicrobial Activity of Sebocytes against Propionibacterium acnes via Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Lysosomal Pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2098-2101. [PMID: 27375109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Hisaw
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Min Qin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Park
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - George W Agak
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aslan Pirouz
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jenny Phan
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chris Fernandez
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hermes J Garbán
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amanda Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diane Thiboutot
- Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenny Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare Service Veterans Affairs, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Nara M. [The Cutting-edge of Medicine ; Current opinion concerning pulmonary sarcoidosis.]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2016; 105:905-910. [PMID: 29182844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Melis GB, Marotto MF, Orrù MM, Pilloni M, Zedda P, D'Alterio M, Paoletti AM. [Bacterial vaginosis: efficacy of a local treatment with a gel containing a fraction derived from propinibacterium acnes]. Minerva Ginecol 2016; 68:1-8. [PMID: 26990097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is favored by a decreased activity of vaginal immune system. The fraction derived from Propionibacterium acnes is known to activate the immune system and is used parenterally to treat respiratory and urinary infections. The employ of a fraction derived from Propionibacterium acnes locally, in the context of the vaginal immune system, is made possible by a vaginal gel in which this fraction is associated with hyaluronic acid, well-known for its moisturizing activity, and polycarbophil, capable of miming the function of cervical mucus. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether this preparation is efficacy in the treatment of vulvovaginal symptoms associated to BV. METHODS After the diagnosis of BV and the evaluation of a Visual Analogic Score >6 for vulvovaginal itch and burning, 33 women participated in this study on a voluntary basis. They were treated with a vaginal gel (Immunovag®, Depofarma, Italy) for 5 days, with one vulvovaginal application a day. RESULTS The day following the last application, the subjects reported a significant reduction of vulvovaginal symptoms and a significant reduction of vulvovaginal erythema and leucorrhea. In the vaginal swab performed before the treatment, anaerobic microorganisms were positive in 82% and negative in 18% of cases; when tested the day following the end of treatment, it was positive in 25% and negative in 75% of subjects. Symptom reduction rates did not differ between the groups with positive or negative vaginal swab. The results obtained in the subjects treated with Immunovag® were similar to those obtained in a group of women with BV treated with clindamycin cream (one daily vulvovaginal application of 100 mg, for 5 days). CONCLUSIONS The activation of the vaginal immune system induced by Immunovag® can antagonize the symptoms of BV and counteract the growth of vaginal anaerobic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian B Melis
- Clinica Ginecologica Ostetrica e di Fisiopatologia della Riproduzione Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico Universitario Duilio Casula, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) di Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italia -
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Tsai PJ, Huang WC, Hsieh MC, Sung PJ, Kuo YH, Wu WH. Flavones Isolated from Scutellariae radix Suppress Propionibacterium Acnes-Induced Cytokine Production In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2015; 21:E15. [PMID: 26712724 PMCID: PMC6273464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellariae radix, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, has long been applied in traditional formulations and modern herbal medications. Propionibacterium acnes (P.acnes) in follicles can trigger inflammation and lead to the symptom of inflammatory acnes vulgaris. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of Scutellariae radix extract and purified components isolated from it on inflammation induced by P.acnes in vitro and in vivo. The results showed the ethyl acetate (EA) soluble fraction from the partition of crude ethanolic extract from Scutellariae radix inhibited P.acnes-induced interleukin IL-8 and IL-1β production in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Seven flavones were isolated from the EA fraction by repeated chromatographies, and identified as 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (FL1, oroxylin), 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (FL2, wogonin), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (FL3, 7-O-methylwogonin), 5,6′-dihydroxy-6,7,8,2′-tetramethoxy flavone (FL4, skullcapflavone II), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (FL5), 5,2′,6′-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (FL6, viscidulin II), and 5,7,2′,5′-tetrahydroxy-8,6′-dimethoxyflavone (FL7, ganhuangenin). They all significantly suppressed P. acnes-induced IL-8 and IL-1β production in THP-1 cells, and FL2 exerted the strongest effect with half maximal inhibition (IC50) values of 8.7 and 4.9 μM, respectively. Concomitant intradermal injection of each of the seven flavones (20 μg) with P. acnes effectively attenuated P. acnes-induced ear swelling, and decreased the production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in ear homogenates. Our results suggested that all the seven flavones can be potential therapeutic agents against P. acnes-induced skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jung Tsai
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chi Hsieh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Huey Wu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Ge L, Tian J, Tang X, Geng L, Yang J, Xu H, Wang S, Tong J. [Propionibacterium acnes induces the formation of granulomas via promoting Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2015; 31:1447-1457. [PMID: 26522349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the immunostimulatory role of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) in the differentiation of dendritic cell maturation and T helper (Th) subsets, and further explore the potential mechanism of its granuloma-inducing effect. METHODS After the mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were stimulated by P. acnes, the expressions of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) on BMDCs were detected by flow cytometry, the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-6 and IL-23 were measured by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), and the protein concentrations of corresponding cytokines were analyzed by ELISA. Thereafter, BMDCs were cultured in the presence of P. acnes and CD4(+) T cells, and the percentages of Th1 and Th17 cells were detected by flow cytometry. In addition, murine model of liver granuloma was constructed by injecting heat-killed P. acnes through tail vein, and the mRNA levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ were measured by qRT-PCR. RESULTS P. acnes up-regulated the expressions of CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHCII on BMDCs, and the mRNA and protein levels of the IL-12, IL-6 and IL-23 cytokines were also higher on P. acnes-treated BMDCs compared with non-stimulated BMDCs. Furthermore, the percentages of Th1 and Th17 cells in the co-culture system increased. In addition, the mRNA levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ were elevated obviously in the liver with abundant granulomas after P. acnes treatment. CONCLUSION P. acnes could activate BMDCs, promote the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells, and further induce the formation of granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Ge
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013; People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lina Geng
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013; People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China
| | - Jia Tong
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013; People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China
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Qin M, Landriscina A, Rosen JM, Wei G, Kao S, Olcott W, Agak GW, Paz KB, Bonventre J, Clendaniel A, Harper S, Adler BL, Krausz AE, Friedman JM, Nosanchuk JD, Kim J, Friedman AJ. Nitric Oxide-Releasing Nanoparticles Prevent Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammation by Both Clearing the Organism and Inhibiting Microbial Stimulation of the Innate Immune Response. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2723-2731. [PMID: 26172313 PMCID: PMC4640998 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes induction of IL-1 cytokines through the NLRP3 (NLR, nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor) inflammasome was recently highlighted as a dominant etiological factor for acne vulgaris. Therefore, therapeutics targeting both the stimulus and the cascade would be ideal. Nitric oxide (NO), a potent biological messenger, has documented broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. To harness these characteristics to target acne, we used an established nanotechnology capable of generating/releasing NO over time (NO-np). P. acnes was found to be highly sensitive to all concentrations of NO-np tested, although human keratinocyte, monocyte, and embryonic zebra fish assays revealed no cytotoxicity. NO-np significantly suppressed IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-8, and IL-6 from human monocytes, and IL-8 and IL-6 from human keratinocytes, respectively. Importantly, silencing of NLRP3 expression by small interfering RNA did not limit NO-np inhibition of IL-1 β secretion from monocytes, and neither TNF-α nor IL-6 secretion, nor inhibition by NO-np was found to be dependent on this pathway. The observed mechanism by which NO-np impacts IL-1β secretion was through inhibition of caspase-1 and IL-1β gene expression. Together, these data suggest that NO-np can effectively prevent P. acnes-induced inflammation by both clearing the organism and inhibiting microbial stimulation of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Angelo Landriscina
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jamie M Rosen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Gabrielle Wei
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Kao
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William Olcott
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - George W Agak
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karin B Paz
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Josephine Bonventre
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Alicea Clendaniel
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Stacey Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Brandon L Adler
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Aimee E Krausz
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joel M Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jenny Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare Service Veterans Affairs, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adam J Friedman
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Department of Dermatology, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
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Matsumoto T, Matsubara Y, Mizuhara Y, Sekiguchi K, Koseki J, Tsuchiya K, Nishimura H, Watanabe J, Kaneko A, Maemura K, Hattori T, Kase Y. Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Polyphenols in a Traditional Japanese Medicine, Jumihaidokuto, Which Suppresses Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Dermatitis in Rats. Molecules 2015; 20:18031-46. [PMID: 26437394 PMCID: PMC6332076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most orally administered polyphenols are metabolized, with very little absorbed as aglycones and/or unchanged forms. Metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies are therefore necessary to understand the pharmacological mechanisms of polyphenols. Jumihaidokuto (JHT), a traditional Japanese medicine, has been used for treatment of skin diseases including inflammatory acne. Because JHT contains various types of bioactive polyphenols, our aim was to clarify the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the polyphenols in JHT and identify active metabolites contributing to its antidermatitis effects. Orally administered JHT inhibited the increase in ear thickness in rats induced by intradermal injection of Propionibacterium acnes. Quantification by LC-MS/MS indicated that JHT contains various types of flavonoids and is also rich in hydrolysable tannins, such as 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl glucose. Pharmacokinetic and antioxidant analyses showed that some flavonoid conjugates, such as genistein 7-O-glucuronide and liquiritigenin 7-O-glucuronide, appeared in rat plasma and had an activity to inhibit hydrogen peroxide-dependent oxidation. Furthermore, 4-O-methylgallic acid, a metabolite of Gallic acid, appeared in rat plasma and inhibited the nitric oxide reaction. JHT has numerous polyphenols; it inhibited dermatitis probably via the antioxidant effect of its metabolites. Our study is beneficial for understanding in vivo actions of orally administered polyphenol drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Yousuke Matsubara
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Yasuharu Mizuhara
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Kyoji Sekiguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Junichi Koseki
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Tsuchiya
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Nishimura
- Kampo Formulations Development Center, Production Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kaneko
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Maemura
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Kase
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
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14
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Garattini S, Spreafico F. Some examples of interactions between drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Antibiot Chemother (1971) 2015; 23:283-94. [PMID: 348085 DOI: 10.1159/000401491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug combinations in cancer treatment are widely utilized because they frequently result in better therapeutic activity than the single treatments. The mechanism(s) by which this can be achieved may reside in an enhanced chemotherapeutic effect or in reduced toxicity, it being difficult to dissociate the two aspects. To underline this difficulty, experimental studies will be reported. A first example illustrates the interaction between phenobarbital and cyclophosphamide. Depending on the schedule of administration, different effects can be obtained. These effects cannot always be explained by pharmacokinetic data. A second example deals with the combination of anthracycline antibiotics (daunomycin and adriamycin) with immunostimulant treatment (C. parvum). Both in vitro and in vivo adriamycin was less toxic than daunomycin for macrophages. As predicted on the basis of this finding, adriamycin resulted in a synergistic antitumoral effect when combined with macrophage activators.
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15
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16
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Jung YS, Matsumoto SE, Yamashita M, Tomimatsu K, Teruya K, Katakura Y, Shirahata S. Propionibacterium AcnesActs as an Adjuvant inin VitroImmunization of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:1963-9. [PMID: 17690460 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have established an in vitro immunization protocol whereby human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are initially treated with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (LLME) and subsequently sensitized with antigen in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and adjuvant. This protocol resulted in the production of antigen-specific antibodies. PBMCs are potentiated to react with exogenous antigens upon treatment with LLME. We are using this system to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of additives. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), which is known to exhibit various immunomodulatory effects in murine models, using this in vitro immunization protocol. P. acnes was found to augment the production of antigen-specific antibodies by PBMC, possibly through increased production of inflammatory cytokines and/or increased T-B cell interaction. P. acnes hence appears to act as an adjuvant in the antibody response in in vitro immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Suk Jung
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tsutsui H, Nishiguchi S. Importance of Kupffer cells in the development of acute liver injuries in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7711-30. [PMID: 24802875 PMCID: PMC4057701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells reside within the liver sinusoid and serve as gatekeepers. They produce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and other biologically important molecules upon the engagement of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors. Kupffer cell-ablated mice established by in vivo treatment with clodronate liposomes have revealed many important features of Kupffer cells. In this paper, we review the importance of Kupffer cells in murine acute liver injuries and focus on the following two models: lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury, which is induced by priming with Propionibacterium acnes and subsequent challenge with LPS, and hypercoagulability-mediated acute liver failure such as that in concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. Kupffer cells are required for LPS sensitization induced by P. acnes and are a major cellular source of interleukin-18, which induces acute liver injury following LPS challenge. Kupffer cells contribute to Con A-induced acute liver failure by initiating pathogenic, intrasinusoidal thrombosis in collaboration with sinusoidal endothelial cells. The mechanisms underlying these models may shed light on human liver injuries induced by various etiologies such as viral infection and/or abnormal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tsutsui
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Nishiguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.
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González-Sánchez E, Corral MJ, Mohamed Fawzi E, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Alunda JM, Cuquerella M. LPS and inactivated Propionibacterium acnes elicit a partially protective response in primary infections of Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:231-6. [PMID: 24636785 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminth infections are common and of paramount economic importance in domestic animals. Available chemotherapy is limited and anthelmintic resistance is widespread in some hosts. This scenario favors the exploration of alternative methods of control, among them immune modulators. The effect of Escherichia coli LPS+Propionibacterium acnes on a primary infection of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Trichostongyloidea) in mice has been tested. Nematode infection induced a rise of specific IgG1, both serum and intestinal, and a significant reduction in the unspecific (ConA) lymphoproliferative response. Treatment with the immune modulator (days -2, 0, 7 and 14 post infection) elicited an apparent delay of larval intramucosal development. Moreover cumulative nematode egg shedding in treated mice was significantly lower (p=0.0041). Preliminary results point toward the interest of immune modulators to control intestinal helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena González-Sánchez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Corral
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Elshaima Mohamed Fawzi
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Alunda
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Cuquerella
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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Agak GW, Qin M, Nobe J, Kim MH, Krutzik SR, Tristan GR, Elashoff D, Garbán HJ, Kim J. Propionibacterium acnes Induces an IL-17 Response in Acne Vulgaris that Is Regulated by Vitamin A and Vitamin D. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:366-373. [PMID: 23924903 PMCID: PMC4084940 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disorder affecting millions of people worldwide and inflammation resulting from the immune response targeting Propionibacterium acnes has a significant role in its pathogenesis. In this study, we have demonstrated that P. acnes is a potent inducer of T helper 17 (Th17) and Th1, but not Th2 responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). P. acnes stimulated expression of key Th17-related genes, including IL-17A, RORα, RORc, IL-17RA, and IL-17RC, and triggered IL-17 secretion from CD4(+), but not from CD8(+) T cells. Supernatants from P. acnes-stimulated PBMCs were sufficient to promote the differentiation of naive CD4(+)CD45RA T cells into Th17 cells. Furthermore, we found that the combination of IL-1β, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-β-neutralizing antibodies completely inhibited P. acnes-induced IL-17 production. Importantly, we showed that IL-17-expressing cells were present in skin biopsies from acne patients but not from normal donors. Finally, vitamin A (all-trans retinoic acid) and vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) inhibited P. acnes-induced Th17 differentiation. Together, our data demonstrate that IL-17 is induced by P. acnes and expressed in acne lesions and that both vitamin A and D could be effective tools to modulate Th17-mediated diseases such as acne.
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MESH Headings
- Acne Vulgaris/immunology
- Acne Vulgaris/microbiology
- Acne Vulgaris/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/pathology
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Propionibacterium acnes/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/cytology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/microbiology
- Th17 Cells/cytology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/microbiology
- Vitamin A/metabolism
- Vitamin D/immunology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Agak
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Min Qin
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Nobe
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Myung-Hwa Kim
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Stephan R Krutzik
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grogan R Tristan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hermes J Garbán
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jenny Kim
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Veterans Affairs, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Oswald-Richter KA, Beachboard DC, Seeley EH, Abraham S, Shepherd BE, Jenkins CA, Culver DA, Caprioli RM, Drake WP. Dual analysis for mycobacteria and propionibacteria in sarcoidosis BAL. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1129-40. [PMID: 22552860 PMCID: PMC3526106 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sarcoidosis is a non-caseating granulomatous disease for which a role for infectious antigens continues to strengthen. Recent studies have reported molecular evidence of mycobacteria or propionibacteria. We assessed for immune responses against mycobacterial and propionibacterial antigens in sarcoidosis bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using flow cytometry, and localized signals consistent with microbial antigens with sarcoidosis specimens, using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). METHODS BAL cells from 27 sarcoidosis, 14 PPD- controls, and 9 subjects with nontuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) infections were analyzed for production of IFN-γ after stimulation with mycobacterial ESAT-6 and Propionibacterium acnes proteins. To complement the immunological data, MALDI-IMS was performed to localize ESAT-6 and Propionibacterium acnes signals within sarcoidosis and control specimens. RESULTS CD4+ immunologic analysis for mycobacteria was positive in 17/27 sarcoidosis subjects, compared to 2/14 PPD- subjects, and 5/9 NTM subjects (p = 0.008 and p = 0.71 respectively, Fisher's exact test). There was no significant difference for recognition of P. acnes, which occurred only in sarcoidosis subjects that also recognized ESAT-6. Similar results were also observed for the CD8+ immunologic analysis. MALDI-IMS localized signals consistent with ESAT-6 only within sites of granulomatous inflammation, whereas P. acnes signals were distributed throughout the specimen. CONCLUSIONS MALDI-IMS localizes signals consistent with ESAT-6 to sarcoidosis granulomas, whereas no specific localization of P. acnes signals is detected. Immune responses against both mycobacterial and P. acnes are present within sarcoidosis BAL, but only mycobacterial signals are distinct from disease controls. These immunologic and molecular investigations support further investigation of the microbial community within sarcoidosis granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra A Oswald-Richter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA.
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Tchaptchet S, Gumenscheimer M, Kalis C, Freudenberg N, Hölscher C, Kirschning CJ, Lamers M, Galanos C, Freudenberg MA. TLR9-dependent and independent pathways drive activation of the immune system by Propionibacterium acnes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39155. [PMID: 22745710 PMCID: PMC3382180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes is usually a relatively harmless commensal. However, under certain, poorly understood conditions it is implicated in the etiology of specific inflammatory diseases. In mice, P. acnes exhibits strong immunomodulatory activity leading to splenomegaly, intrahepatic granuloma formation, hypersensitivity to TLR ligands and endogenous cytokines, and enhanced resistance to infection. All these activities reach a maximum one week after P. acnes priming and require IFN-γ and TLR9. We report here the existence of a markedly delayed (1-2 weeks), but phenotypically similar TLR9-independent immunomodulatory response to P. acnes. This alternative immunomodulation is also IFN-γ dependent and requires functional MyD88. From our experiments, a role for MyD88 in the IFN-γ-mediated P. acnes effects seems unlikely and the participation of the known MyD88-dependent receptors, including TLR5, Unc93B-dependent TLRs, IL-1R and IL-18R in the development of the alternative response has been excluded. However, the crucial role of MyD88 can partly be attributed to TLR2 and TLR4 involvement. Either of these two TLRs, activated by bacteria and/or endogenously generated ligands, can fulfill the required function. Our findings hint at an innate immune sensitizing mechanism, which is potentially operative in both infectious and sterile inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Tchaptchet
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunbiology und Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Gumenscheimer
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunbiology und Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kalis
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunbiology und Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Hölscher
- Division of Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Marinus Lamers
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunbiology und Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chris Galanos
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunbiology und Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina A. Freudenberg
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunbiology und Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Mussalem JS, Squaiella-Baptistão CC, Teixeira D, Yendo TM, Thies FG, Popi AF, Mariano M, Longo-Maugéri I. Adjuvant effect of killed Propionibacterium acnes on mouse peritoneal B-1 lymphocytes and their early phagocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33955. [PMID: 22448280 PMCID: PMC3309018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 lymphocytes are the predominant cells in mouse peritoneal cavity. They express macrophage and lymphocyte markers and are divided into B-1a, B-1b and B-1c subtypes. The role of B-1 cells is not completely clear, but they are responsible for natural IgM production and seem to play a regulatory role. An enriched B-1b cell population can be obtained from non-adherent peritoneal cell cultures, and we have previously demonstrated that these cells undergo differentiation to acquire a mononuclear phagocyte phenotype upon attachment to the substrate in vitro. Nevertheless, the B-1 cell response to antigens or adjuvants has been poorly investigated. Because killed Propionibacterium acnes exhibits immunomodulatory effects on both macrophages and B-2 lymphocytes, we analyzed whether a killed bacterial suspension or its soluble polysaccharide (PS) could modulate the absolute number of peritoneal B-1 cells in BALB/c mice, the activation status of these cells and their ability to differentiate into phagocytes in vitro. In vivo, P. acnes treatment elevated the absolute number of all B-1 subsets, whereas PS only increased B-1c. Moreover, the bacterium increased the number of B-1b cells that were positive for MHC II, TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12, in addition to up-regulating TLR9, CD80 and CD86 expression. PS increased B-1b cell expression of TLR4, TLR9, CD40 and CD86, as well as IL-10 and IL-12 synthesis. Both of the treatments decreased the absolute number of B-1b cells in vitro, suggesting their early differentiation into B-1 cell-derived phagocytes (B-1CDP). We also observed a higher phagocytic activity from the phagocytes that were derived from B-1b cells after P. acnes and PS treatment. The adjuvant effect that P. acnes has on B-1 cells, mainly the B-1b subtype, reinforces the importance of B-1 cells in the innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Sekeres Mussalem
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Carla Cristina Squaiella-Baptistão
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brasil
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniela Teixeira
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Tatiana Mina Yendo
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Felipe Garutti Thies
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Flavia Popi
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mario Mariano
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ieda Longo-Maugéri
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brasil
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Akaza N, Akamatsu H, Kishi M, Mizutani H, Nakata S, Matsunaga K. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes react differently than HaCaT keratinocyte cell line on exposure to Propionibacterium acnes. J Dermatol 2011; 38:499-502. [PMID: 21352277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kitagawa H, Yamanaka K, Kakeda M, Inada H, Imai Y, Gabazza EC, Kurokawa I, Mizutani H. Propionibacterium acnes vaccination induces regulatory T cells and Th1 immune responses and improves mouse atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:157-8. [PMID: 21255097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic disease characterized by a polarized Th2 immune response. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) has been shown to elicit strong Th1 immune responses. We hypothesized that the host immune response to P. acnes will prevent the development of AD. To demonstrate this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of P. acnes vaccination on AD that occurs in keratin 14/driven caspase-1 transgenic mouse. Vaccination with low dose of P. acnes successfully prevented clinical manifestations in the skin of AD mice associated with systemic and cutaneous increased expression of Th1-type cytokines but without suppression of Th2 cytokines. Interestingly, the numbers of IFN-γ(+) T cells, FoxP3(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells (nTreg) and IL-10(+) T cells (Tr1) were significantly increased in the spleen. P. acnes vaccination has effects to alter the cytokine milieu and may be useful for the improvement of atopic symptom.
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Lee SE, Kim JM, Jeong SK, Jeon JE, Yoon HJ, Jeong MK, Lee SH. Protease-activated receptor-2 mediates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and matrix metalloproteinases in keratinocytes in response to Propionibacterium acnes. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302:745-56. [PMID: 20697725 PMCID: PMC2970807 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) has been known to produce various exogenous proteases, however, their role in acne pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Proteases elicit cellular responses, at least in part, via proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), which is known to mediate inflammation and immune response. In this study, we investigated whether proteases from P. acnes could activate PAR-2 on keratinocytes and induce pro-inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via PAR-2 signaling. We examined PAR-2 expression and protease activity in acne lesions using immunofluorescence staining and in situ zymography. The effect of the culture supernatant of P. acnes on Ca(2+) signaling in immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) was measured using a fluorescence method. HaCaT cells were treated with P. acnes strain ATCC 6919 culture supernatant, with or without pretreatment with serine protease inhibitor or selective PAR-2 antagonist and the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, AMPs, and MMPs was detected using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We found that the protease activity and PAR-2 expression were increased in acne lesions. The P. acnes culture supernatant induced calcium signaling in keratinocytes via PAR-2 and stimulated the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1α, -8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, human beta defensin (hBD)-2, LL-37, MMP-1, -2, -3, -9, and -13 in keratinocytes, which was significantly inhibited by serine protease inhibitor as well as selective PAR-2 specific antagonist. These results indicate that PAR-2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acne by inducing inflammatory mediators in response to proteases secreted from P. acnes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 712 Eonjuro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720 Korea
- Human Barrier Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Min Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 712 Eonjuro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720 Korea
- Human Barrier Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Hyun-Ju Yoon
- Technology Support Part, Central Research Laboratories, Aekyung, Taejon, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 712 Eonjuro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720 Korea
- Human Barrier Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 712 Eonjuro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720 Korea
- Human Barrier Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Severi G, Shannon BA, Hoang HN, Baglietto L, English DR, Hopper JL, Pedersen J, Southey MC, Sinclair R, Cohen RJ, Giles GG. Plasma concentration of Propionibacterium acnes antibodies and prostate cancer risk: results from an Australian population-based case-control study. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:411-5. [PMID: 20606679 PMCID: PMC2920014 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in prostatic tissue suggest that Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a bacterium associated with acne that normally lives on the skin, is the most prevalent bacterium in the prostate and in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Its prevalence is higher in samples from patients subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer. The aim of our study was to test whether circulating levels of P. acnes antibodies are associated with prostate cancer risk and tumour characteristics using plasma samples from a population-based case-control study. METHODS We measured plasma concentration of P. acnes antibodies for 809 cases and 584 controls using a recently developed ELISA assay. We compared antibody titres between cases and controls using unconditional logistic regression adjusted for batch and variables associated with the study design (i.e., age, year of selection and centre). The primary analysis included P. acnes titres in the model as a dichotomous variable using the median value for controls as the cut-off value. RESULTS P. acnes antibody titres for both cases and controls ranged from 1 : 16 (i.e., low concentration) to 1 : 65,536 (i.e., high concentration; median value=1 : 1024). The odds ratio for prostate cancer associated with titres at or above the median value was 0.73 (95% CI 0.58-0.91, P=0.005). The association appeared to be particularly strong for advanced prostate cancer (AJCC Stage grouping III-IV) for which the odds ratio was 0.59 (95% CI 0.43-0.81, P=0.001) but there was insufficient evidence that the association differed by tumour stage (p heterogeneity=0.07). CONCLUSION These results need to be confirmed in prospective studies but they are consistent with the hypothesis that P. acnes has a role in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia.
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Kao M, Huang CM. Acne vaccines targeting Propionibacterium acnes. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2009; 144:639-643. [PMID: 19907403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases and can affect a large number of individuals at some point in their lives. Though the disease is multi-factorial, the Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a member of resident skin microflora, is implicated in acne inflammation and associated with acne lesions. Common treatments such as antibiotic or benzoyl peroxide nonspecifically reduce bacteria population on the skin, which may disrupt homeostasis and cause further complications such as promoting growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains. A component vaccine and an inactivated whole bacteria vaccine are made to target specifically P. acnes. The component vaccine targeting P. acnes surface sialidase and heat-inactivated P. acnes vaccine have both been shown to reduce P. acnes- induced inflammation in vivo and neutralize P. acnes in vitro, suggesting their potentials as new treatment for acne vulgaris. To facilitate acne studies, a bioengineering approach was utilized to design a new human acne model using tissue chamber. The tissue chamber of human sebocytes is shown to produce in mice a microenvironment similar to human acne inflammation. This approach can also be utilized in future studies in developing therapeutic acne vaccines and designing possible combined treatment of acne vaccine with alternative acne treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Bhambri S, Del Rosso JQ, Bhambri A. Pathogenesis of acne vulgaris: recent advances. J Drugs Dermatol 2009; 8:615-618. [PMID: 19588637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is the most common disorder seen in ambulatory dermatology practice. Acne causes significant morbidity and the direct costs associated with it exceed $2.2 billion per year in the United States (U.S.). The pathogenesis is multifactorial, and our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of acne lesions has improved with time. Follicular hyperkeratinization, sebum production, presence of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), inflammatory mediators, and androgens have been identified as key components of acne pathophysiology. Recent advances have been made in this area with the discovery of P. acnes interaction with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), vaccines targeting P. acnes or its components, antimicrobial peptides and the role of hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Bhambri
- Valley Hospital Medical Center, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA.
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Fathy A, Mohamed RW, Ismael NA, El-Akhras MA. Expression of toll-like receptor 2 on peripheral blood monocytes of patients with inflammatory and noninflammatory acne vulgaris. Egypt J Immunol 2009; 16:127-134. [PMID: 20726329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris is multifactorial and entails the interplay of hormonal, microbial and immunological events. The bacterium Propionibacterium acnes is involved in the induction of comedogenesis and maintenance of the inflammatory phase of acne. Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) expressed on mononuclear inflammatory cells and possibly on keratinocytes and sebocytes is thought to be of vital importance in mediating P. acnes-induced inflammatory response in acne vulgaris. This work aimed to study the degree of expression of TLR2 on peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) from patients with non-inflammatory and inflammatory acne and to investigate the influence of systemic isotretinoin therapy on TLR2 expression. Sixteen patients with predominantly non-inflammatory acne, 16 patients with predominantly inflammatory acne and 16 age and sex matched healthy subjects were involved in this study. Cell surface expression of CD14 and TLR2 were determined by cell surface staining and flowcytometry. TLR2 expression was analyzed for 12 patients with severe and/or scaring inflammatory acne after oral isotretinoin therapy for two months. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of TLR2 on PBM reported a statistically significant difference between patients with non-inflammatory acne, patients with inflammatory acne and control subjects. MFI of TLR was significantly lower for patients with inflammatory acne after systemic isotretinoin therapy. Data obtained suggest that TLR2 expression on PBM is an important event in acne pathogenesis and targeting this molecule might be a useful therapeutic goal in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Fathy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Squaiella CC, Longhini ALF, Braga EG, Mussalem JS, Ananias RZ, Yendo TM, Straus AH, Toledo MS, Takahashi HK, Hirata IY, Longo-Maugéri IM. Modulation of the type I hypersensitivity late phase reaction to OVA by Propionibacterium acnes-soluble polysaccharide. Immunol Lett 2008; 121:157-66. [PMID: 19014971 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Late phase reaction (LPR) of immediate hypersensitivity is a Th2 response characterized by eosinophil recruitment and related to allergic asthma pathogenesis. Several strategies were developed trying to control the tissue damage observed in this reaction. Recently, we verified that killed Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a Gram-positive bacillus, immunomodulated LPR in a murine model, potentiating or suppressing it depending on the treatment protocol used. However, the bacterium compounds responsible for this effect are not known, leading us to investigate if P. acnes purified soluble polysaccharide (PS) could be a major component involved on the modulation induced by the bacterium. Recently, we demonstrated that PS, like P. acnes, induces adjuvant effect on DNA vaccine, increases bone marrow dendritic cell precursors in vivo and its maturation in vitro, and modulates in vitro macrophage tumoricidal activity. Herein, we determined the chemical PS composition, which is mainly constituted by galactopyranose, ribopyranose, arabinopyranose, glucopyranose, ribofuranose and mannopyranose, and analyzed its capacity to modulate the immediate hypersensitivity in mice. Animals were subcutaneously implanted with coagulated hen's egg white (HEW) and 14 days later challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) in the footpad, developing a typical LPR after 24h. Similarly to the whole bacterium, Th2 response to OVA was potentiated when PS was administered concomitantly to HEW implantation, by increase in footpad eosinophilia and IL-4-producing spleen cells, and decrease in anti-OVA IgG2a titers and IL-12- or IFN-gamma-producing cells. On the other hand, the reaction was abrogated when HEW implantation was performed 1 week after PS-treatment, by decrease in footpad swelling, eosinophilia and anti-OVA IgG1 levels, and increase in IgG2a titers and IL-12-producing cells. These data suggest that PS seems to be the major P. acnes compound responsible for its effects on the modulation of immediate hypersensitivity reaction in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cristina Squaiella
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu, 862, 4o andar, 04023-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The syndrome of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) encompasses a broad spectrum of cutaneous manifestations associated with osteitic and hyperostotic lesions, which typically may involve the anterior chest wall (ACW). The aetiopathogenetic mechanisms as well as the nosographic framing of the disease are still not fully defined although an important role has been suggested for Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). This germ might be able to stimulate both the innate and the T-cell-mediated immune system. The elicited immunological response could be an attempt to eliminate the germ thus inducing the perpetuation of the inflammation. Whether the osteo-articular changes seen in SAPHO could be attributable directly to the infection or to an inflammatory reaction induced by pathogenic material remains a debated issue. The current concept of SAPHO syndrome as a reactive infectious osteitis in genetic predisposed subjects seems appealing, but it has not been yet demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Govoni
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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Kounoue E, Izumi KI, Ogawa S, Kondo S, Katsuta H, Akashi T, Niho Y, Harada M, Tamiya S, Kurisaki H, Nagafuchi S. The significance of T cells, B cells, antibodies and macrophages against encephalomyocarditis (EMC)-D virus-induced diabetes in mice. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1223-31. [PMID: 18500429 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the significance of protective mechanisms against encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced diabetes in mice, we studied the relative importance of T cells, B cells, antibodies and macrophages in the prevention of virus-induced diabetes. Neither T cell-deficient athymic nude mice nor B cell-deficient microMT/microMT mice showed an enhanced clinical course of EMC-D virus-induced diabetes, indicating that neither T cells nor B cells played a major role in the protection against EMC-D-virus-induced diabetes. Transfer of a large amount of antiserum to EMC-D-virus-infected mice protected the development of diabetes only when transferred within 36 h of infection, the timing of which was earlier than that for the production of natural neutralizing antibodied. Since pretreatment of mice with the macrophage-activating immunopotentiator Corynebacterium parvum (CP) completely prevented the development of diabetes, we studied the clinical outcome of EMC-D-virus-infected mice pretreated with CP. Mice treated with CP showed reduced proliferation of EMC-D virus in the affected organs, including the pancreas, while the levels of development of neutralizing antibody and serum interferon were not enhanced compared with the controls. Finally, we studied the macrophages derived from mice pretreated with CP and found that they inhibited the growth of EMC-D virus in vitro more than those derived from non-treated and thioglycolate-treated mice. Taken together, it can be suggested that neither T cells nor B cells, which have to do with adaptive immunity, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of EMC-D-virus-induced diabetes, while innate immunity, which is dependent on activated macrophages, contributes to in vivo resistance against EMC-D-virus-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsushi Kounoue
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Nakatsuji T, Liu YT, Huang CP, Gallo RL, Huang CM. Vaccination targeting a surface sialidase of P. acnes: implication for new treatment of acne vulgaris. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1551. [PMID: 18253498 PMCID: PMC2212713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne vulgaris afflicts more than fifty million people in the United State and the severity of this disorder is associated with the immune response to Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). Systemic therapies for acne target P. acnes using antibiotics, or target the follicle with retinoids such as isotretinoin. The latter systemic treatment is highly effective but also carries a risk of side effects including immune imbalance, hyperlipidemia, and teratogenicity. Despite substantial research into potential new therapies for this common disease, vaccines against acne vulgaris are not yet available. METHODS AND FINDINGS Here we create an acne vaccine targeting a cell wall-anchored sialidase of P. acnes. The importance of sialidase to disease pathogenesis is shown by treatment of a human sebocyte cell line with recombinant sialidase that increased susceptibility to P. acnes cytotoxicity and adhesion. Mice immunized with sialidase elicit a detectable antibody; the anti-sialidase serum effectively neutralized the cytotoxicity of P. acnes in vitro and P. acnes-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in human sebocytes. Furthermore, the sialidase-immunized mice provided protective immunity against P. acnes in vivo as this treatment blocked an increase in ear thickness and release of pro-inflammatory macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-2) cytokine. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that acne vaccines open novel therapeutic avenues for acne vulgaris and other P. acnes-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yu-Tsueng Liu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Po Huang
- Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- *E-mail:
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Michalak-Stoma A, Tabarkiewicz J, Olender A, Juszkiewicz-Borowiec M, Stoma F, Pietrzak A, Pozarowski P, Bartkowiak-Emeryk M. The effect of Propionibacterium acnes on maturation of dendritic cells derived from acne patients' peripherial blood mononuclear cells. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2008; 46:535-9. [PMID: 19141410 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-008-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris which is the most common cutaneous disorder. It has a proinflammatory activity and takes part in immune reactions modulating the Th1/Th2 cellular response. The exposure of dendritic cells (DCs) to whole bacteria, their components, cytokines or other inflammatory stimuli and infectious agents induces differentiation from immature DCs into antigen-presenting mature DCs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the capability of P. acnes to induce the maturation of DCs. We stimulated monocyte derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) from acne patients with various concetrations of heat-killed P. acnes (10(6)-10(8) bacteria/ml) cultured from acne lesions. The results showed an increase in CD80+/CD86+/DR+ and CD83+/CD1a+/DR+ cells percentage depending on the concetration of P. acnes. The expression of CD83 and CD80 (shown as the mean fluorescence intensity - MFI) increased with higher concetrations of P. acnes. There were also significant correlations between MFI of CD83, CD80, CD86 and concetration of P. acnes. The study showed that P. acnes in the concetration of 10(8) bacteria/ml is most effective in the induction of Mo-DCs maturation. Futher studies concerning the influence on the function of T cells are needed.
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Gao S, Liu C, Qu S, Song J, Li J, Zhang P, Wang Q, Guo C, Gao F, Zhang L. Non-cell Corynebacterium parvum generated by nanotechnology: A promising immunomodulator with less side effects. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1334-42. [PMID: 17673148 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium parvum (CP), a kind of immunomodulator, has been well documented in immunotherapy to tumor. However, severe side effects, such as intrahepatic granulomas and scleromas in injected areas, restrict its clinical application. To minimize side effects of CP, a non-cell Corynebacterium parvum product (NCPP) was prepared by disposing CP with Nanotechnology. In present study, we compared effect of NCPP with that of CP and found: (1) NCPP with non-formaldehyde residue was easy to be absorbed without swelling and scleroma in local injected areas; (2) NCPP caused no obvious liver injury in murine and macaques; (3) NCPP maintained powerful anti-tumor activity, increased splenic index, elevated macrophage number, phagocytosis and production of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and nitric oxide (NO); (4) Importantly, unparallel CP, NCPP could stimulate macrophages to produce low level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha) but high level of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), an inhibitor to fibrosis. Our study has led to the view that NCPP will evolve into a new valuable immunomodulator for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxian Gao
- Department of Medium, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing, PR China
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Shannon BA, Cohen RJ, Garrett KL. The antibody response to Propionibacterium acnes is an independent predictor of serum prostate-specific antigen levels in biopsy-negative men. BJU Int 2007; 101:429-35. [PMID: 17850358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the serum titres of Propionibacterium acnes antibodies in patients undergoing prostate biopsy are associated with prostate cancer or markers of prostate disease, including serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cell wall-associated proteins from P. acnes types IA, IB and II were extracted and characterized by Western blotting and immunoblotting. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on extracted proteins to determine the anti-P. acnes antibody titres in the sera of 68 patients undergoing prostate biopsy. Correlations between these titres and multiple markers of prostate disease were investigated. RESULTS In patients with biopsies negative for cancer, a high anti-P. acnes antibody titre was associated with high serum PSA levels (>or=10.0 ng/mL, P = 0.04), and multiple linear regression analysis identified antibody titre as the predominant independent predictor of serum PSA level (P = 0.03). The titre was positively correlated with patient age, prostate volume and aggressive inflammation, suggesting an involvement with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However in patients with histologically detected cancer, the volume of cancer in the biopsy cores was the predominant independent predictor of serum PSA (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results support our hypothesis that P. acnes might be involved in the development of inflammation-related prostate diseases, in particular with BPH. Our ELISA might be valuable for identifying P. acnes infection of the prostate gland in patients with elevated serum PSA levels but a negative biopsy, and might identify men at risk of developing clinical BPH. However, an investigation with more patients is needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley A Shannon
- Tissugen Pty Ltd and Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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37
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Ananias RZ, Rodrigues EG, Braga EG, Squaiella CC, Mussalem JS, Longhini ALF, Travassos LR, Longo-Maugéri IM. Modulatory effect of killed Propionibacterium acnes and its purified soluble polysaccharide on peritoneal exudate cells from C57Bl/6 mice: major NKT cell recruitment and increased cytotoxicity. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65:538-48. [PMID: 17523946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes has been described as a potent adjuvant to immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Presently, we analysed the modulation of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) by heat-killed P. acnes or its purified soluble polysaccharide (PS), both injected intraperitoneally in C57Bl/6 mice, aiming at their recruitment and cytotoxicity. Both treatments induced an increase in macrophages, immature dendritic cells, B1a lymphocytes and NK1.1(+) CD3(+) cells. The bacterium caused a remarkable increase in a NK1.1(+) CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) cells subpopulation, whereas the PS component seemed responsible for the recruitment of mainly macrophage cells. To assess P. acnes and PS adjuvant effect on PEC cytotoxicity we evaluated their in vitro effect on murine B16F10 melanoma cells. The effector cells from the heat-killed bacteria and PS-treated groups lysed melanoma cells in co-cultures with PEC. Mice genetically deficient in IFN-gamma, when stimulated with P. acnes or PS, had reduced PEC cytotoxicity, and the cytotoxic effect was completely abrogated in PEC from iNOS(-/-) mice. The tumoricidal activity of PEC from P. acnes-treated mice was mediated by macrophages and NKT cells stimulated with IL-12. In PS-treated mice the cytotoxicity was mediated mainly by macrophages. Moreover, both treatments increased IL-4 and IFN-gamma production by NKT cells. In conclusion, we show that P. acnes act mainly by recruiting and activating NKT double-negative cells in PEC, which were shown to be tumoricidal in vitro when induced by IL-12. Macrophages induced by both P. acnes and PS have their antitumour effect dependent on NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Z Ananias
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nishioka T, Kuroishi T, Sugawara Y, Yu Z, Sasano T, Endo Y, Sugawara S. Induction of serum IL-18 withPropionibacterium acnesand lipopolysaccharide in phagocytic macrophage-inactivated mice. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:327-34. [PMID: 17522234 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1006598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-18, an important regulator of immune responses, is expressed in activated macrophages and also in nonimmune cells, such as keratinocytes and epithelial cells. Increased levels of serum IL-18 are reported in patients with a wide variety of diseases, but it is unclear which type of cell is the major source of serum IL-18. Here, we showed that the administration of liposomes encapsulating clodronate (Clo-lip) in mice selectively depleted F4/80(+) phagocytic macrophages in the liver and spleen. Serum levels of mature IL-18 with 18 kDa were increased markedly in mice treated with Propionibacterium acnes and LPS, whereas administration of Clo-lip and gadolinium chloride, another widely used macrophage inactivator, showed no obvious effect on serum IL-18 levels, which were marginal in the liver, lung, and spleen and more pronounced in the intestines, especially in the duodenum. Treatment with P. acnes alone induced IL-18 more than twofold in each organ, and P. acnes and LPS induced a marked increase in IL-18 levels in the liver and spleen but decreased in the intestines. The administration of Clo-lip showed only a marginal effect on the IL-18 levels in these organs. Furthermore, serum levels of liver enzymes and TNF-alpha and liver injury (necrotic change and granuloma formation) induced by P. acnes and LPS were reduced moderately by Clo-lip. These results suggest that phagocytic macrophages do not actively contribute to the induction of serum IL-18 and liver injury in mice treated with P. acnes and LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishioka
- Division of Oral Immunology, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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39
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Abstract
CD4 T-cell help is required for optimal memory CD8 T-cell responses. We have found that engaging preexisting CD4 Th1, but not Th2, memory cells at the time of CD8 T-cell priming results in increased CD8 effector responses to both bacterial and viral pathogens. The enhanced responses are characterized by increased numbers of cytokine-producing, antigen-specific cells. These findings suggest that engaging endogenous memory Th1 cells may increase cellular responses in an immunotherapy or vaccination setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Krawczyk
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Room 318 Hill Pavilion, 380 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA
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Lodes MJ, Secrist H, Benson DR, Jen S, Shanebeck KD, Guderian J, Maisonneuve JF, Bhatia A, Persing D, Patrick S, Skeiky YAW. Variable expression of immunoreactive surface proteins of Propionibacterium acnes. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 152:3667-3681. [PMID: 17159220 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.29219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite accumulating data implicating Propionibacterium acnes in a variety of diseases, its precise role in infection remains to be determined. P. acnes antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells are present in early inflamed acne lesions and may be involved in the inflammatory response; however, little is known about the specific antigens involved. In this study, B cell and T cell antigens from P. acnes expression libraries were cloned and evaluated and the four predominant proteins identified were investigated. Two of these antigens share some homology with an M-like protein of Streptococcus equi and have dermatan-sulphate-binding activity (PA-25957 and 5541). The remaining two antigens, PA-21693 and 4687, are similar to the product of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae htaA gene from the hmu ABC transport locus, although only one of these (PA-21693) is encoded within an hmu-like operon and conserved amongst a range of clinical isolates. All four proteins contain an LPXTG motif, although only PA-21693 contains a characteristic sortase-sorting signal. Variation in the expression of PA-4687, 25957 and 5541 is evident amongst clinical isolates and is generated both by frameshifts associated with the putative signal peptide and by variable numbers of repeat regions toward the carboxy-terminus, potentially generating heterogeneity of molecular mass and antigenic variation. In addition, in the case of PA-25957, a frameshift in a C-rich region at the extreme carboxy-terminus eliminates the LPXTG motif in some isolates. For the dermatan-sulphate-binding PA-25957, IgG1 antibody in serum from acne-positive donors was shown to be specific for the amino-terminal region of the protein, which also contains a CD4(+) T cell epitope. In contrast, serum from acne-negative donors shows an IgG2 and IgG3 antibody subclass response to the carboxy-terminal region. These data have implications for the potential role of P. acnes in inflammatory acne and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lodes
- Corixa Corporation, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Heather Secrist
- Corixa Corporation, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Darin R Benson
- Corixa Corporation, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Shyian Jen
- Corixa Corporation, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kurt D Shanebeck
- Corixa Corporation, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jeffrey Guderian
- Corixa Corporation, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | - Ajay Bhatia
- Corixa Corporation, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - David Persing
- Corixa Corporation, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Sheila Patrick
- Microbiology Building, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BN, UK
| | - Yasir A W Skeiky
- Corixa Corporation, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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41
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Wilcox HE, Farrar MD, Cunliffe WJ, Holland KT, Ingham E. Resolution of inflammatory acne vulgaris may involve regulation of CD4+ T-cell responses to Propionibacterium acnes. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:460-5. [PMID: 17300234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propionibacterium acnes has been strongly implicated in inflammatory acne. However, its role in the disease is unclear. It has been hypothesized that an immune response to P. acnes and/or P. acnes heat shock proteins (HSPs) may play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory acne. OBJECTIVES To compare the cell-mediated immune response to P. acnes and HSPs in acne patients, nonacne controls and individuals with resolved acne. METHODS The proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from acne patients, resolved acne donors and healthy controls to P. acnes, P. acnes HSP60 and HSP70, and mycobacterial HSPs was assessed by lymphocyte transformation assay (LTA). The proliferative response of purified CD4+ T cells was further analysed by limiting dilution analysis (LDA). Contingency tables (G-test) were used to analyse the proportion of individuals in each group showing a positive proliferative response for LTA or data fitting single-hit kinetics for LDA. RESULTS Analysis of stimulation of PBMC with P. acnes, P. acnes HSP60 and HSP70 in the LTA showed the proportion of positive responders to be independent of subject group. However, the proportion of acne patients with a positive response to mycobacterial HSPs was significantly higher than those for the other subject groups. Analysis of LDA data showed the proportion of resolved donors with responses to P. acnes fitting the single-hit kinetics model to be significantly lower than those of the other groups. There were no significant differences in responses to other antigens. CONCLUSIONS The significantly lower proportion of resolved donors demonstrating a single-hit kinetics response to P. acnes by LDA may represent negative regulation of the CD4+ T-cell response to P. acnes in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Wilcox
- Skin Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Garstang Building, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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42
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Sawaki J, Tsutsui H, Hayashi N, Yasuda K, Akira S, Tanizawa T, Nakanishi K. Type 1 cytokine/chemokine production by mouse NK cells following activation of their TLR/MyD88-mediated pathways. Int Immunol 2007; 19:311-20. [PMID: 17289654 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that IL-18R- and toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signalings share a common signal pathway mediated by signal adaptor, MyD88, and that IL-18 synergizes with IL-12 for IFN-gamma production by NK cells. Here, we investigated whether TLR agonists can replace IL-18 for production of IFN-gamma by NK cells. Freshly isolated NK cells possessed functional LPS receptor composed of TLR4/MD2 complex and of CD14, and also expressed other various tlrs. Hepatic CD3(-)DX5(+) NK cells produced IFN-gamma in response to TLR2 or TLR7 agonists only when co-stimulated with IL-12, indicating that TLR agonists synergize with IL-12 for IFN-gamma. The tlr2(-/-) or tlr7(-/-) NK cells could not produce IFN-gamma in response to IL-12 plus TLR2 or TLR7 ligands, respectively, indicating requirement of the corresponding TLRs. Furthermore, upon stimulation with these combinations, wild-type NK cells produced type 1 chemokines, such as CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 as well. NK cells from bacterium (e.g. Propionibacterium acnes)-inoculated rag2(-/-) mice, when compared with those from naive mice, exhibited significantly enhanced capacity to produce these CC chemokines and IFN-gamma, suggesting that microbial infection enhances responsiveness of NK cells to TLR agonists. These results indicate that upon microbial infection, macrophages produce IL-12 that renders NK cells highly responsive to TLR agonists to produce IFN-gamma and chemokines, which might in turn recruit and fully activate macrophages, leading to the development of inflammatory foci presumably necessary for efficient microbial eradication. Thus, NK cells, like T cells, induce orchestrated immune responses in collaboration with macrophages to show potent host defense effects during early infectious phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Sawaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
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43
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Megid J, Appolinario CM, Mazzini AM, Almeida MF. Evaluation of cytokines concentration and percentage of survival of rabies virus-infected mice submitted to anti-rabies Vero-cell propagated vaccine and P. acnes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:192-6. [PMID: 16930720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, survival of rabies infection was shown to correlate with low IL-6 serum concentration in mice subjected to post-exposure treatment with the Fuenzalida Palacios rabies vaccine in conjunction with the immunomodulator Propionibacterium acnes, previously Corynebacterium parvum. Considering the substitution of the Fuenzalida Palacios rabies vaccine by the Vero cell raised anti-rabies vaccine in almost all countries, the objective of this work was to evaluate the survival and cytokine serum concentration of rabies virus-infected mice treated with P. acnes in conjunction with or the anti-rabies-VERO vaccine. For this, Swiss mice were experimentally infected with street rabies virus and subjected to vaccine and/or P. acnes following infection. Animals were killed at different times and serum was collected to evaluate cytokines. The greatest survival was observed in animals given one or two does of P. acnes in the absence of vaccination. Animals given anti-rabies VERO vaccine alone or with three doses of P. acnes had the second highest survival rate. The group that had the highest percentage of mortality also had the highest IL-6 concentration on the 10th day, a time correlating with clinical symptoms of the animals. The results reinforce the inefficacy of anti-rabies vaccine in only one dose as a post-exposure treatment irrespective of the type of vaccine used, the immunomodulation activity of P. acnes in rabies post-exposure treatment and suggest a role for IL-6 in rabies virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Megid
- UNESP-School of Veterinary Medice and Animal Production, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Botucatu-SP, Brazil.
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44
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Ohta K, Yokoyama T, Abe T, Kurakawa E, Park J, Izumi M, Eishi Y, Ohyashiki K, Setoguchi Y. [Identification of propionibacterium acnes in a case with stage III pulmonary sarcoidosis involving hepatosplenic disease]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2006; 44:625-30. [PMID: 17037406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A 35-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of an abnormal chest radiograph. Chest X-ray on admission showed multiple small nodular shadows in both lung fields but no bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL). Moreover, abdominal CT showed some nodules in the liver and spleen, and serum ACE was slightly increased to 23.3U/L (normal range: 8.3-21.4U/L). Transbronchial lung biopsy and liver biopsy resulted in a diagnosis of stage III pulmonary sarcoidosis with hepatosplenic disease. Histopathological findings demonstrated non-caseating epithelioid cell granulomas with giant cells in both specimens. Interestingly, propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), the possible pathogen of sarcoidosis, was detected in giant cells in the lung and epitheliod cell granuloma of liver tissue. This case was of interest considering P. acnes might have been the causative pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ohta
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University
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45
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Mussalem JS, Vasconcelos JRC, Squaiella CC, Ananias RZ, Braga EG, Rodrigues MM, Longo-Maugéri IM. Adjuvant effect of the Propionibacterium acnes and its purified soluble polysaccharide on the immunization with plasmidial DNA containing a Trypanosoma cruzi gene. Microbiol Immunol 2006; 50:253-63. [PMID: 16625047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we investigated the role of killed Propionibacterium acnes or a soluble polysaccharide extracted from bacterium cell wall in modulated experimental immunization with plasmidial DNA. We used a plasmid, p154/13, containing a gene-encoding catalytic domain of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) trans-sialidase. As previously described, immunization of BALB/c mice with p154/13 elicited humoral, cell-mediated and protective immune responses against T. cruzi infection. In this study we describe that both P. acnes and its soluble polysaccharide fraction have the ability to modulate the immune response elicited by p154/13. Treatment with these adjuvants enhanced specific trans-sialidase Th1 immune response, as revealed by a lower IgG1/IgG2a ratio and stronger in vitro IFN-gamma synthesis by CD4+ T cells. The most important fact was that treatment with P. acnes or its soluble polysaccharide fraction in the presence of p154/13 significantly reduced the peak of parasitemia observed 7 to 8 days after T. cruzi challenge. These data suggest that P. acnes or its soluble polysaccharide fraction may improve the protective potential of a DNA vaccine against experimental T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Sekeres Mussalem
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo -Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brasil
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46
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Nagy I, Pivarcsi A, Kis K, Koreck A, Bodai L, McDowell A, Seltmann H, Patrick S, Zouboulis CC, Kemény L. Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in human sebocytes. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2195-205. [PMID: 16797202 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acne is a common skin disorder of the pilosebaceous unit. In addition to genetic, hormonal and environmental factors, abnormal colonization by Propionibacterium acnes has been implicated in the occurrence of acne via the induction of inflammatory mediators. To gain more insight into the role that sebocytes play in the innate immune response of the skin, particularly in acne, we compared the antimicrobial peptide and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression at mRNA and protein levels, as well as the viability and differentiation of SZ95 sebocytes in response to co-culture with representative isolates of P. acnes type IA and type IB as well as Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that, in vitro, P. acnes type IA and IB isolates and LPS induced human beta-defensin-2 and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression, and influenced sebocyte viability and differentiation. Our results provide evidence that sebocytes are capable of producing proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and antimicrobial peptides, which may have a role in acne pathogenesis. Furthermore, since P. acnes types IA and IB differentially affect both the differentiation and viability of sebocytes, our data demonstrate that different strains of P. acnes vary in their capacity to stimulate an inflammatory response within the pilosebaceous follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Nagy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Abstract
In various immunopathologic conditions, bacterial flora induce an immune response which results in inflammatory manifestations, e.g. periapical granuloma. Dendritic cells provide the main orchestration of specific immune responses. The aim of our study was to test the capacity of distinct oral bacterial antigens (prepared from Streptococcus mitis, Propionibacterium acnes, and Bacteroides spp.) to prime human dendritic cells for stimulation of the T-lymphocyte response. To assess the T-lymphocyte response, the expression of CD25, CD69, intracellular interferon gamma (cIFN-gamma), and intracellular interleukin 4 (cIL-4) was determined. Dendritic cells were prepared from leukocyte buffy coat from healthy blood donors. Monocytes were stimulated with IL-4 and GM-CSF and dendritic cells activated with bacterial lysates. Cell suspensions contained up to 90% dendritic cells, which represented 2-12% of the initial number of mononuclear cells. Lymphocyte subsets that developed in lymphocyte cultures after 1 week of stimulation were analyzed by flow cytometry. Dendritic cells, primed with antigens of Bacteroides fragilis have shown significantly higher activation and expression of intercellular IFN-gamma by T lymphocytes compared to negative controls. The dendritic cells primed with antigens of P. acnes had no effect on T-lymphocyte activation or cytokine production; instead they induced differentiation of T lymphocytes into CD25bright cells (regulatory T cells) with a potentially inhibitory effect on immune response. Dendritic cells primed with antigens of S. mitis induced increased expression of cIL-4. We conclude that commensal oral bacteria antigens prepared from B. fragilis, S. mitis, and P. acnes prime human dendritic cells to induce Th1, Th2, and T(reg) differentiation, respectively. This may advance our understanding of immunopathologic manifestations in the oral cavity and offer new possibilities for redirecting immune responses in mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Kopitar
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty Ljubljana, Slovenia
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48
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Kim J. Review of the innate immune response in acne vulgaris: activation of Toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses. Dermatology 2006; 211:193-8. [PMID: 16205063 DOI: 10.1159/000087011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common disorder that affects 40-50 million people in the USA alone. The pathogenesis of acne is multifactorial, including hormonal, microbiological and immunological mechanisms. One of the factors that contributes to the pathogenesis of acne is Propionibacterium acnes; yet, the molecular mechanism by which P. acnes induces inflammation is not known. Recent studies have demonstrated that microbial agents trigger cytokine responses via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns conserved among microorganisms and elicit immune responses. We investigated whether TLR2 mediates P. acnes-induced cytokine production in acne. Using transfectant cells we found that TLR2 was sufficient for NF-kappaB activation in response to P. acnes. In addition, peritoneal macrophages from wild-type, TLR6 knockout and TLR1 knockout mice, but not TLR2 knockout mice, produced IL-6 in response to P. acnes.P. acnes induced activation of IL-12 and IL-8 production by primary human monocytes, and this cytokine production was inhibited by anti-TLR2-blocking antibody. Finally, in acne lesions, TLR2 was expressed on the cell surface of macrophages surrounding pilosebaceous follicles. These data suggest that P. acnes triggers inflammatory cytokine responses in acne by activation of TLR2. As such, TLR2 may provide a novel target for the treatment of this common skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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49
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Fivenson DP. The mechanisms of action of nicotinamide and zinc in inflammatory skin disease. Cutis 2006; 77:5-10. [PMID: 16871773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide (niacinamide), a physiologically active form of niacin (nicotinic acid), in combination with zinc is being assessed in clinical studies for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as acne vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. The basis for these investigations is the variety of potential mechanisms of action of nicotinamide and zinc, including an anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of leukocyte chemotaxis, lysosomal enzyme release, lymphocytic transformation, mast cell degranulation, bacteriostatic effect against Propionibacterium acnes, inhibition of vasoactive amines, preservation of intracellular coenzyme homeostasis, and decreased sebum production. Other possible mechanisms involve suppression of vascular permeability and inflammatory cell accumulation, as well as protection against DNA damage. The goal of this paper is to review the pathophysiology of inflammatory skin diseases and discuss the role, mechanisms of action, and safety of nicotinamide and zinc as therapeutic options for these disorders.
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50
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Namazi MR. Treatment of acne could lead to the better control of cellular autoimmune disorders. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66:446-7. [PMID: 16253429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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