1
|
Kimura Y, Iwanaga E, Iwanaga K, Endo S, Inoue Y, Tokunaga K, Nagahata Y, Masuda K, Kawamoto H, Matsuoka M. A regulatory element in the 3'-untranslated region of CEBPA is associated with myeloid/NK/T-cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2020; 106:327-339. [PMID: 33197296 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (CEBPA) is an essential transcription factor for myeloid differentiation. Not only mutation of the CEBPA gene, but also promoter methylation, which results in silencing of CEBPA, contributes to the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We sought for another differentially methylated region (DMR) that associates with the CEBPA silencing and disease phenotype. METHODS Using databases, we identified a conserved DMR in the CEBPA 3'-untranslated region (UTR). RESULTS Methylation-specific PCR analysis of 231 AML cases showed that hypermethylation of the 3'-UTR was associated with AML that had a myeloid/NK/T-cell phenotype and downregulated CEBPA. Most of these cases were of an immature phenotype with CD7/CD56 positivity. These cases were significantly associated with lower hemoglobin levels than the others. Furthermore, we discovered that the CEBPA 3'-UTR DMR can enhance transcription from the CEBPA native promoter. In vitro experiments identified IKZF1-binding sites in the 3'-UTR that are responsible for this increased transcription of CEBPA. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the CEBPA 3'-UTR DMR is a novel regulatory element of CEBPA related to myeloid/NK/T-cell lineage leukemogenesis. Transcriptional regulation of CEBPA by IKZF1 may provide a clue for understanding the fate determination of myeloid vs. NK/T-lymphoid progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kimura
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eisaku Iwanaga
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kouta Iwanaga
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Endo
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Inoue
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Tokunaga
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yousuke Nagahata
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Masuda
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kurtzberg J. A History of Cord Blood Banking and Transplantation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 6:1309-1311. [PMID: 28456005 PMCID: PMC5442723 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
3
|
|
4
|
Sandberg Y, Verhaaf B, van Gastel-Mol EJ, Wolvers-Tettero ILM, de Vos J, Macleod RAF, Noordzij JG, Dik WA, van Dongen JJM, Langerak AW. Human T-cell lines with well-defined T-cell receptor gene rearrangements as controls for the BIOMED-2 multiplex polymerase chain reaction tubes. Leukemia 2006; 21:230-7. [PMID: 17170727 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The BIOMED-2 multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tubes for analysis of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements have recently been introduced as a reliable and easy tool for clonality diagnostics in suspected lymphoproliferations. Quality and performance assessment of PCR-based clonality diagnostics is generally performed using human leukemia/lymphoma cell lines as controls. We evaluated the utility of 30 well-defined human T-cell lines for quality performance testing of the BIOMED-2 PCR primers and protocols. The PCR analyses of the TCR loci were backed up by Southern blot analysis. The clonal TCRB, TCRG and TCRD gene rearrangements were analyzed for gene segment usage and for the size and composition of their junctional regions. In 29 out of 30 cell lines, unique clonal TCR gene rearrangements could be easily detected. Besides their usefulness in molecular clonality diagnostics, these cell lines can now be authenticated based on their TCR gene rearrangement profile. This enables their correct use in molecular clonality diagnostics and in other cancer research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sandberg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Delabesse E, Ogilvy S, Chapman MA, Piltz SG, Gottgens B, Green AR. Transcriptional regulation of the SCL locus: identification of an enhancer that targets the primitive erythroid lineage in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:5215-25. [PMID: 15923636 PMCID: PMC1140604 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.12.5215-5225.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 01/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell leukemia (SCL) gene, also known as TAL-1, encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein that is essential for the formation of all hematopoietic lineages, including primitive erythropoiesis. Appropriate transcriptional regulation is essential for the biological functions of SCL, and we have previously identified five distinct enhancers which target different subdomains of the normal SCL expression pattern. However, it is not known whether these SCL enhancers also regulate neighboring genes within the SCL locus, and the erythroid expression of SCL remains unexplained. Here, we have quantitated transcripts from SCL and neighboring genes in multiple hematopoietic cell types. Our results show striking coexpression of SCL and its immediate downstream neighbor, MAP17, suggesting that they share regulatory elements. A systematic survey of histone H3 and H4 acetylation throughout the SCL locus in different hematopoietic cell types identified several peaks of histone acetylation between SIL and MAP17, all of which corresponded to previously characterized SCL enhancers or to the MAP17 promoter. Downstream of MAP17 (and 40 kb downstream of SCL exon 1a), an additional peak of acetylation was identified in hematopoietic cells and was found to correlate with expression of SCL but not other neighboring genes. This +40 region is conserved in human-dog-mouse-rat sequence comparisons, functions as an erythroid cell-restricted enhancer in vitro, and directs beta-galactosidase expression to primitive, but not definitive, erythroblasts in transgenic mice. The SCL +40 enhancer provides a powerful tool for studying the molecular and cellular biology of the primitive erythroid lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Delabesse
- University of Cambridge, Department of Hematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Haas DL, Lutzko C, Logan AC, Cho GJ, Skelton D, Jin Yu X, Pepper KA, Kohn DB. The Moloney murine leukemia virus repressor binding site represses expression in murine and human hematopoietic stem cells. J Virol 2003; 77:9439-50. [PMID: 12915559 PMCID: PMC187403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.17.9439-9450.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) repressor binding site (RBS) is a major determinant of restricted expression of MLV in undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) lines. We show here that the RBS repressed expression when placed outside of its normal MLV genome context in a self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector. In the lentiviral vector genome context, the RBS repressed expression of a modified MLV long terminal repeat (MNDU3) promoter, a simian virus 40 promoter, and three cellular promoters: ubiquitin C, mPGK, and hEF-1a. In addition to repressing expression in undifferentiated ES and EC cell lines, we show that the RBS substantially repressed expression in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts, primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells, whole mouse bone marrow and its differentiated progeny after bone marrow transplant, and several mouse hematopoietic cell lines. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we show that binding factor A, the trans-acting factor proposed to convey repression by its interaction with the RBS, is present in the nuclear extracts of all mouse cells we analyzed where expression was repressed by the RBS. In addition, we show that the RBS partially repressed expression in the human hematopoietic cell line DU.528 and primary human CD34(+) CD38(-) hematopoietic cells isolated from umbilical cord blood. These findings suggest that retroviral vectors carrying the RBS are subjected to high rates of repression in murine and human cells and that MLV vectors with primer binding site substitutions that remove the RBS may yield more-effective gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Haas
- Division of Research Immunology/BMT, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suzuki S, Uozumi K, Hanada S, Lin XY, Ohno N, Takatsuka Y, Takeuchi S, Owatari S, Takeshita T, Arima T. A novel c-kit positive biphenotypic acute leukemia cell line, TMBL-1, carrying a p53 point mutation. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44:849-57. [PMID: 12802925 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000068061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We established and characterized a c-kit positive cell line from the bone marrow of a patient with biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL). The cell line, designated TMBL-1, carried a His-175 mutant p53. The immunophenotype of the primary leukemia cells at diagnosis was cytoplasmic CD3+, CD7+, CD13+, CD33-, interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptor+ and c-kit -. However, leukemia cells in relapse and TMBL-1 cells were CD33+ and c-kit +. Immunophenotypically, TMBL-1 is a BAL cell line that coexpresses T-lymphoid and myeloid markers which fulfill the criteria of the European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemia. Stem cell factor (SCF), a key regulator of hematopoiesis signaling through c-kit, enhanced the proliferation of TMBL-1 cells. Direct sequencing revealed the conversion at codon 175 of the p53 gene in the TMBL-1 cells. Primary leukemia cells in relapse also carried the same point mutation but not at diagnosis. Moreover, TMBL-1 cells are sensitive to paclitaxel, which could induce p53-independent apoptosis. The biphenotypic features and p53 mutation may be associated with progression to a more malignant type. This cell line may provide new information on the role of SCF in the overlapping area between early T-lymphoid/myeloid cells, and help in the design of new therapies targeted towards p53 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Suzuki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, National Hospital, Kyushu Cardiovascular Center, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Toba K, Hanawa H, Sakaue M, Yoshida K, Itoh H, Tsuchiyama J, Maruyama S, Narita M, Takahashi M, Watanabe K, Aizawa Y. Fc epsilon RI and CD22 mRNA are expressed in early B-lineage and myeloid leukemia cell lines. Leuk Res 2003; 27:173-82. [PMID: 12526923 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(02)00086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CD22, one of the important markers for diagnosing B-lineage acute leukemia, was expressed in mature basophil granulocytes. We then investigated the expression of CD22 and other B cell- and basophil-related molecules in 25 human acute leukemia cell lines to find the phenotype of the virtual common progenitor of B and myeloid lineage. Surface and cytoplasmic expressions of antigens were analyzed using a flow cytometer and an essential antibody panel used for diagnosing acute leukemia as well as cytokine receptors and basophil-related enzymes. Messenger RNA expression of Fc epsilon R1 and CD22 was also analyzed. Peroxidase-positive and -negative myeloid leukemias showed eosinophil- and basophil-type expression of enzymes, respectively. Early myeloid and B-lineage cells expressed basically similar combinations of cytokine receptors and various combinations of mRNA listed above, while T-lineage cells did not. The virtual common progenitor of B and myeloid lineage cells may be defined as immature cells simultaneously expressing B and basophil phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Toba
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Medical Hospital, Niigata City, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Philippoussis F, Arguin C, Mateo V, Steff AM, Hugo P. Monoglycerides induce apoptosis in human leukemic cells while sparing normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood 2003; 101:292-4. [PMID: 12393726 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major drawback of the current antineoplastic treatments is their lack of specificity toward cancer cells, because they are most often cytotoxic to normal cells, thus creating related side effects. Hence, the identification of new apoptosis-inducing agents, specifically targeting malignant cells while sparing their normal counterparts, is of crucial interest. We show here that monoglycerides, a family of lipids consisting of a single fatty acid attached to a glycerol backbone, induce cell death in several human leukemic cell lines. Importantly, treatment of primary leukemic cells, obtained from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, resulted in rapid apoptosis. In striking contrast, resting or activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals were resistant to the same treatment. Therefore, these compounds could represent potential antileukemic drugs or could allow for the design of novel therapeutic agents applied to leukemia.
Collapse
|
10
|
van der Burg M, Smit B, Brinkhof B, Barendregt BH, Verschuren MCM, Dib M, Beverloo HB, van Dongen JJM, Langerak AW. A single split-signal FISH probe set allows detection of TAL1 translocations as well as SIL-TAL1 fusion genes in a single test. Leukemia 2002; 16:755-61. [PMID: 11960364 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2001] [Accepted: 12/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
About 30% of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL) carry TAL1 gene aberrations. In the majority of cases (approximately 25%), this concerns a submicroscopic deletion of approximately 90 kb in chromosome region 1p32, which deletes the coding regions of the SIL gene and the untranslated region of the TAL1 gene, thereby placing the TAL1 gene under control of the SIL promoter region. Translocation (1;14)(p32;q11) involving the TAL1 gene occurs at a much lower frequency (3%), whereas some other rare variant translocations have been described as well. In this study we developed a set of TAL1 FISH probes based on the split-signal FISH principle that enables detection of both types of TAL1 gene aberrations in single test. For this purpose, one probe was designed downstream of the TAL1 gene (TAL1-D) and the second probe in the region upstream of the TAL1 gene, partly covering the SIL gene (SIL-U). We show that this split-signal FISH probe set allows reliable detection of the unaffected SIL-TAL1 gene region with a fusion signal, SIL-TAL1 fusion genes with loss of the SIL-U signal, and TAL1 gene translocations with a split-signal, independent of the involved partner gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M van der Burg
- Dept of Immunology, Erasmus University Rotterdam/University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cherry AM, Bangs CD, Jones P, Hall S, Natkunam Y. A unique AML1 (CBF2A) rearrangement, t(1;21)(p32;q22), observed in a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 129:155-60. [PMID: 11566347 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The AML1 (CBFA2) gene is the most frequent target of chromosomal rearrangements observed in human acute leukemia. These rearrangements include the commonly reported t(8;21)(q22;q22) or AML1/ETO fusion in AML-M2, the t(3;21)(q26;q22) or AML1 fusion with one of three genes, MDS1, EAP or EVI1, in therapy-related AML and MDS, as well as in blast crisis in CML and the t(12;21)(p13;q22) or TEL/AML1 fusion in B-cell ALL. In addition to the t(3;21), other AML1 translocations have also been reported in therapy-related MDS and AML, particularly after treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors. AML1 gene rearrangements have also been observed less frequently with numerous other chromosomal partners. Here, we describe a patient with AML-M4 and a previously unreported rearrangement involving the AML1 locus and an unknown locus on the short arm of chromosome 1 at 1p32.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Bone Marrow Examination
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/genetics
- Male
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Cherry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
|
14
|
Tokunaga Y, Miyamoto T, Okamura T, Eto T, Gondo H, Kamimura T, Okamura S, Niho Y. Effect of thrombopoietin on proliferation of blasts from CD7-positive acute myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1998; 102:1232-40. [PMID: 9753051 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of thrombopoietin (TPO) on the growth of leukaemic blasts from 30 acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) patients according to the surface expression of CD7 and CD34: 10 patients were CD7 positive (CD7+), nine were CD7 negative/CD34+ (CD7-/CD34+) and the remaining 11 were CD7-/CD34-. Significant growth response of leukaemic blasts to TPO was observed in 10/10 CD7+, 5/9 CD7-/CD34+ and 2/11 CD7-/CD34- AML cases using 3H-thymidine incorporation. Synergistic stimulatory effects of TPO with stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were observed in both TPO-responding cases (9/17) and TPO-non-responding cases (8/13). In a leukaemic blast colony assay. significant growth response to TPO was observed in 5/6 CD7+ and 4/17 CD7-AML cases examined. However, the effect of TPO on the growth of CD7+ leukaemic blasts was not so potent as that of IL-3 and SCF, both of which support the proliferation of primitive haemopoietic progenitors. Expression of c-mpl (TPO receptor) was significantly higher in CD7+ AML cases than in CD7- cases, suggesting a relationship between expression of c-mpl and proliferative response to TPO. These data indicate that CD7+ leukaemic blasts express functional TPO receptors and proliferate in response to TPO. These observations also imply that CD7 expression on AML blasts may indicate involvement of leukaemic progenitors at an early stage of multipotent haemopoietic stem cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Antigens, CD7/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Division/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Female
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interleukin-3/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine
- Receptors, Thrombopoietin
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Stem Cell Factor/pharmacology
- Thrombopoietin/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tokunaga
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Elefanty AG, Robb L, Begley CG. Factors involved in leukaemogenesis and haemopoiesis. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1997; 10:589-614. [PMID: 9421618 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(97)80028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the chromosomal abnormalities in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) which result in the over-expression of the gene SCL, which encodes a helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Also described are how gene targeting studies have revealed a key role for SCL in normal haemopoiesis. Next, the BCR-ABL fusion protein, seen in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and in some patients with ALL, is discussed. Finally, the involvement of members of the core-binding factor (CBF) gene family in leukaemogenesis are described. Members of this gene family are involved in the generation of fusion proteins as a result of t(8;21) and inv(16), the most common translocations associated with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). They provide a useful model of the way in which aberrant transcriptional function, brought about through genetic alterations, can modify haemopoietic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Elefanty
- Division of Cancer and Haematology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Cells coexpressing lymphoid and myeloid cell surface markers have been described for various leukemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. It is unclear whether these mixed lineage characteristics are due to malignancies of early progenitor cells or alternatively to malignant cells with lineage infidelity. Recently, it has been shown that cells coexpressing lymphoid and myeloid markers can be generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal individuals as well. In this review, consequences of this surprising fact are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Lefterova
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schmidt-Wolf IG, Grimm B, Lefterova P, Johnston V, Scheffold C, Huhn D, Serke S. Propagation of large numbers of cells of a human mixed-lineage T-lymphoid/myeloid. Br J Haematol 1995; 90:512-7. [PMID: 7646987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previously, a subset of T cells co-expressing the myeloid antigen CD33 has been described in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia. However, normal lymphocytes have been viewed as not expressing the CD33 antigen. We have developed culture conditions which allow for the rapid expansion of CD3+CD33+ cells from patients with myeloid leukaemia as well as normal individuals. The protocol for cellular expansion includes the addition of interferon-gamma on day 0, interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and a monoclonal antibody against CD3 on day 1 to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Using this protocol, total cell number increased more than 600-fold within 16 d of culture. Cells could be kept in culture for more than 6 months. Cells of the CD3+CD33+ phenotype increased to 15.2 +/- 4.6% using this protocol after 16 d in culture. These cells have been characterized by flow cytometry and have been found to express the alpha, beta T-cell receptor, co-express the CD2, CD5, CD7 and HLA-DR antigens and did not express CD14 or CD15 antigens. Cells of the CD3+CD33+ phenotype were unable to lyse tumour cells as determined in a 51Cr release assay. In patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. CD3+CD33+ cells seem to be negative for expression of bcr/abl transcript in contrast to CD33- cells. Our data suggest that CD3+CD33+ cells do exist in peripheral blood from normal individuals.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hashimoto Y, Yasukawa M, Takada K, Hato T, Fujita S. Acquired expression of myeloid lineage-associated antigens in T-cell malignant lymphoma showing bone marrow relapse. Am J Hematol 1994; 46:156. [PMID: 8172188 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830460223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
19
|
Hashimoto Y, Yasukawa M, Takada K, Hato T, Fujita S. Malignant lymphoma originating from the earliest T-lineage precursor cell. Am J Hematol 1993; 43:319-21. [PMID: 7690521 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830430420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The earliest T-lineage precursor cells with a CD3-CD4+CD8- phenotype and germline-state T-cell receptor (TCR) genes have recently been identified in the murine thymus. We report a case of malignant lymphoma that was considered to originate from the human counterpart of this newly defined murine T-cell population. The surface phenotype of the lymphoma cells was CD2+CD3-CD4+CD8-CD25-CD34-CD44+HLA-DR+. TCR-beta, -gamma, -delta chain genes and immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes were all in a germline state. These characteristics were markedly similar to those of the murine earliest T-lineage precursor cells. The present case thus strongly suggests the presence of the human counterpart of this novel murine T-cell population.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD34
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/analysis
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/analysis
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics
- Lymphoma/etiology
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Male
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/analysis
- Stem Cells/chemistry
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Hashimoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yeargin J, Cheng J, Yu AL, Gjerset R, Bogart M, Haas M. P53 mutation in acute T cell lymphoblastic leukemia is of somatic origin and is stable during establishment of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:2111-7. [PMID: 8486778 PMCID: PMC288211 DOI: 10.1172/jci116435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Samples donated by patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) were screened for mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Peripheral blood cells of T-ALL relapse patient H.A. were found to possess a heterozygous point mutation at codon 175 of the p53 gene. To determine whether this was an inherited mutation, a B cell line (HABL) was established. Leukemic T cell lines (HATL) were concurrently established by growing peripheral blood leukemic T cells at low oxygen tension in medium supplemented with IGF-I. Previously we had shown that > 60% of leukemic T cell lines possessed mutations in the p53 gene (Cheng, J., and M. Hass. 1990. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5502), mutations that might have originated with the donor's leukemic cells, or might have been induced during establishment of the cell lines. To answer whether establishment of the HATL lines was associated with the induction of p53 mutations, cDNAs of the HATL and HABL lines were sequenced. The HATL lines retained the same heterozygous p53 mutation that was present in the patient's leukemic cells. The HABL line lacked p53 mutations. Immunoprecipitation with specific anti-p53 antibodies showed that HATL cells produced p53 proteins of mutant and wild type immunophenotype, while the HABL line synthesized only wild-type p53 protein. The HATL cells had an abnormal karyotype, while the HABL cells possessed a normal diploid karyotype. These experiments suggest that (a) p53 mutation occurred in the leukemic cells of relapse T-ALL patient HA; (b) the mutation was of somatic rather than hereditary origin; (c) the mutation was leukemia associated; and (d) establishment of human leukemia cell lines needs not be associated with in vitro induction of p53 mutations. It may be significant that patient HA belonged to a category of relapse T-ALL patients in whom a second remission could not be induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Yeargin
- University of California San Diego Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, La Jolla 92093-0063
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lelias JM, Adra CN, Wulf GM, Guillemot JC, Khagad M, Caput D, Lim B. cDNA cloning of a human mRNA preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells and with homology to a GDP-dissociation inhibitor for the rho GTP-binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:1479-83. [PMID: 8434008 PMCID: PMC45897 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.4.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified the mRNA for a human gene, denoted D4, which is expressed at very high levels in hematopoietic cell lines and in normal cells of lymphoid and myeloid origin. The 1.5-kb transcript is absent or detectable only at low levels in nonhematopoietic tissues. D4 encodes a 201-amino acid protein with homology to rhoGDI, an inhibitor of GDP dissociation for the ras-homologous protein rho. D4 might function also as a regulator of guanine nucleotide exchange for small GTP-binding proteins. A homologous transcript of similar size is also preferentially expressed in murine hematopoietic tissues. When totipotent murine embryonic stem cells develop in vitro into hematopoietic cells, the gene is activated with the onset of hematopoiesis. When hematopoietic cell lines are induced to differentiate, the expression of D4 is modulated. Thus, D4 appears to be a developmentally regulated gene. Its preferential expression in hematopoietic cells indicates that D4 likely plays some significant role in the growth and differentiation processes of hematopoietic cells. This significance is underscored by increasing evidence for the involvement of regulators of G proteins in clinical diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Lelias
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Goldfarb AN, Wolf ML, Greenberg JM. Expression of a chimeric helix-loop-helix gene, Id-SCL, in K562 human leukemic cells is associated with nuclear segmentation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1992; 141:1125-37. [PMID: 1443047 PMCID: PMC1886670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a chimeric gene, Id-SCL, in which the 3' helix-loop-helix encoding portion of the presumptive oncogene SCL/tal is joined to the 5' coding portion of Id, an inhibitory helix-loop-helix gene. The predicted protein product of this chimeric gene contains the helix-loop-helix dimerization domain of SCL/tal, but, lacking a basic DNA binding domain, is predicted to have the inhibitory function of the Id product. Expression of the Id-SCL fusion gene in stably transfected K562 cells reproducibly resulted in nuclear segmentation and depressed growth rates; both of these phenotypic effects demonstrated a dosage dependence on the levels of Id-SCL mRNA and protein expressed in the various clones. Electron microscopy of cells expressing high levels of Id-SCL mRNA showed a significant increase in cytoplasmic perinuclear thin filaments and diminution of marginal heterochromatin in the nuclei. No other changes in hematopoietic differentiation status were observed in association with Id-SCL expression. Expression of intact Id and SCL/tal genes, as well as deletion mutants of Id and SCL/tal, independently transfected into K562 cells, indicated that the nuclear segmentation effect is dependent on the presence of a protein possessing a helix-loop-helix domain but lacking a basic domain. Our studies suggest that the balance of transcriptional inhibitory and stimulatory helix-loop-helix proteins in cells may be important determinants of proliferation and of structural organization within cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Goldfarb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mohamed AN, Smith MR, al-Katib A, Wolman SR. Emergence of myeloid stem cell line from T-lymphoid blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia in culture. Leuk Res 1992; 16:521-7. [PMID: 1625478 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(92)90179-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new cell line designated JA-CML was derived from the peripheral blood of a patient with blastic phase CML. Sequential evolution of phenotypic and genetic markers was demonstrated during adaptation from primary to continuous culture in vitro. In the primary sample the majority of blast cells displayed the early T-cell markers, CD7, HLA-DR, and TdT, but were negative for the common ALL antigen (CALLA), CD4 and CD8. Simultaneously, unstimulated metaphase cells showed great karyotypic variation with a range of 43-46 chromosomes per cell. Clonal changes included the Ph chromosome t(9;22), loss of the Y and gain of several altered chromosomes. The cells grew slowly in suspension during the first 10 weeks of culture. During that time, cells still expressed the CD7 and HLA-DR antigens. Karyotypic analysis at ten weeks showed a pattern of 46,X,-Y,t(9;22),+8 in more than 90% of metaphases with disappearance of all other abnormal chromosomes noted in the original sample. A tetraploid subline exhibiting duplication of most chromosomes, including the Ph, comprised the remaining metaphases. Upon further cultivation in vitro, the cells transformed spontaneously over a period of several weeks, from T-lymphoid into myeloid cells. Expression of CD7 was lost, but reactivities with monoclonal antibodies to CD34, CD33 and CD13 were newly acquired. The karyotype was hypertriploid and all cells carried two copies of t(9;22) and lacked normal copies of No. 9 or Y. The cells have since maintained stable cytogenetic and phenotypic profiles. Molecular rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region was identified in the primary blasts and the established line and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements were not found. These observations suggest that the leukemic blast arose from primitive stem cells, not irreversibly committed T cells, and that these stem cells retained the capacity to differentiate along the myeloid pathway.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phenotype
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Mohamed
- Department of Genetics-Cytogenetics Laboratory Michigan Cancer Foundation, Detroit
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Begley CG, Visvader J, Green AR, Aplan PD, Metcalf D, Kirsch IR, Gough NM. Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of the murine homolog of the human helix-loop-helix gene SCL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:869-73. [PMID: 1704135 PMCID: PMC50915 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.3.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human SCL gene is a member of the family of genes that encode the helix-loop-helix (HLH) class of DNA-binding proteins. A murine SCL cDNA was isolated from a normal macrophage cDNA library by using HLH-specific oligonucleotides as hybridization probes. The coding region is 987 base pairs and encodes a predicted protein of 34 kDa. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region shows 88% identity to the human SCL gene, and the amino acid sequence is 94% identical. The HLH motif and upstream hydrophilic region are entirely conserved in the murine and human proteins. The identity between the mouse and human sequences was less marked in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions. Two murine SCL transcripts that differ in the 3' noncoding region have been detected in fetal liver and various cell lines. Variation was also observed in the 5' untranslated region. Interestingly, immediately downstream of the protein-termination codon, both the human SCL sequence and the murine homolog share an E-box element--the suggested target site for DNA binding of HLH proteins. The murine SCL homolog was mapped to the central part of chromosome 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Begley
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schanberg LE, Fleenor DE, Kurtzberg J, Haynes BF, Kaufman RE. Isolation and characterization of the genomic human CD7 gene: structural similarity with the murine Thy-1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:603-7. [PMID: 1703303 PMCID: PMC50860 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.2.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human CD7 molecule is a 40-kDa member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily that is expressed on T-lymphoid and myeloid precursors in fetal liver and bone marrow. CD7 is also expressed on T lymphocytes in multiple stages of T-cell development, including a major subset of mature peripheral T cells. In this paper we report the isolation and characterization of the human CD7 gene and 5' flanking region. Sequence analysis revealed that the CD7 gene comprises four exons that span 3.5 kilobases. The 5' flanking region (506 base pairs) has a high G + C content and no "TATA" or "CCAAT" elements. DNase I sensitivity analysis of chromatin from the CD7+ progenitor cell leukemia line, DU528, and the CD7-, CD4+, CD8+, TCR alpha beta + T-cell line, DU980 (where TCR is the T-cell receptor), revealed two distinct hypersensitive sites 5' of the CD7 gene. Hypersensitive site 1, present in the DU980 T-cell line, was located 4.5 kilobases upstream of the presumed CD7 transcription initiation site. Only DNase I hypersensitive site 2, which mapped to the promoter region, was found in the DU528 line. Comparison of the organization of the CD7 gene with that of other members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily revealed that the human CD7 gene most closely resembles the murine Thy-1 gene. Both CD7 and Thy-1 are encoded by small genes with four exons, contain TATA-less promoters, and have a similar functional organization. These structural similarities suggest that human CD7 and murine Thy-1 may be functional homologues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L E Schanberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
We describe the structural organization of the human SCL gene, a helix-loop-helix family member which we believe plays a fundamental role in hematopoietic differentiation. The SCL locus is composed of eight exons distributed over 16 kb. SCL shows a pattern of expression quite restricted to early hematopoietic tissues, although in malignant states expression of the gene may be somewhat extended into later developmental stages. A detailed analysis of the transcript(s) arising from the SCL locus revealed that (i) the 5' noncoding portion of the SCL transcript, which resides within a CpG island, has a complex pattern of alternative exon utilization as well as two distinct transcription initiation sites; (ii) the 5' portions of the SCL transcript contain features that suggest a possible regulatory role for these segments; (iii) the pattern of utilization of the 5' exons is cell lineage dependent; and (iv) all of the currently studied chromosomal aberrations that affect the SCL locus either structurally or functionally eliminate the normal 5' transcription initiation sites. These data suggest that the SCL gene, and specifically its 5' region, may be a target for regulatory interactions during early hematopoietic development.
Collapse
|
27
|
Aplan PD, Begley CG, Bertness V, Nussmeier M, Ezquerra A, Coligan J, Kirsch IR. The SCL gene is formed from a transcriptionally complex locus. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:6426-35. [PMID: 2247063 PMCID: PMC362919 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.12.6426-6435.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the structural organization of the human SCL gene, a helix-loop-helix family member which we believe plays a fundamental role in hematopoietic differentiation. The SCL locus is composed of eight exons distributed over 16 kb. SCL shows a pattern of expression quite restricted to early hematopoietic tissues, although in malignant states expression of the gene may be somewhat extended into later developmental stages. A detailed analysis of the transcript(s) arising from the SCL locus revealed that (i) the 5' noncoding portion of the SCL transcript, which resides within a CpG island, has a complex pattern of alternative exon utilization as well as two distinct transcription initiation sites; (ii) the 5' portions of the SCL transcript contain features that suggest a possible regulatory role for these segments; (iii) the pattern of utilization of the 5' exons is cell lineage dependent; and (iv) all of the currently studied chromosomal aberrations that affect the SCL locus either structurally or functionally eliminate the normal 5' transcription initiation sites. These data suggest that the SCL gene, and specifically its 5' region, may be a target for regulatory interactions during early hematopoietic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Aplan
- Navy Medical Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines were studied for alterations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Southern blot analysis of 10 leukemic T-cell lines revealed no gross genomic deletions or rearrangements. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of p53 mRNA indicated that all 10 lines produced p53 mRNA of normal size. By direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified cDNA, we detected 11 missense and nonsense point mutations in 5 of the 10 leukemic T-cell lines studied. The mutations are primarily located in the evolutionarily highly conserved regions of the p53 gene. One of the five cell lines in which a mutation was detected possesses a homozygous point mutation in both p53 alleles, while the other four cell lines harbor from two to four different point mutations. An allelic study of two of the lines (CEM, A3/Kawa) shows that the two missense mutations found in each line are located on separate alleles, thus both alleles of the p53 gene may have been functionally inactivated by two different point mutations. Since cultured leukemic T-cell lines represent a late, fully tumorigenic stage of leukemic T cells, mutation of both (or more) alleles of the p53 gene may reflect the selection of cells possessing an increasingly tumorigenic phenotype, whether the selection took place in vivo or in vitro. Previously, we have shown that the HSB-2 T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line had lost both alleles of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. Taken together, our data show that at least 6 of 10 leukemic T-cell lines examined may have lost the normal function of a known tumor suppressor gene, suggesting that this class of genes serves a critical role in the generation of fully tumorigenic leukemic T cells.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines were studied for alterations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Southern blot analysis of 10 leukemic T-cell lines revealed no gross genomic deletions or rearrangements. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of p53 mRNA indicated that all 10 lines produced p53 mRNA of normal size. By direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified cDNA, we detected 11 missense and nonsense point mutations in 5 of the 10 leukemic T-cell lines studied. The mutations are primarily located in the evolutionarily highly conserved regions of the p53 gene. One of the five cell lines in which a mutation was detected possesses a homozygous point mutation in both p53 alleles, while the other four cell lines harbor from two to four different point mutations. An allelic study of two of the lines (CEM, A3/Kawa) shows that the two missense mutations found in each line are located on separate alleles, thus both alleles of the p53 gene may have been functionally inactivated by two different point mutations. Since cultured leukemic T-cell lines represent a late, fully tumorigenic stage of leukemic T cells, mutation of both (or more) alleles of the p53 gene may reflect the selection of cells possessing an increasingly tumorigenic phenotype, whether the selection took place in vivo or in vitro. Previously, we have shown that the HSB-2 T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line had lost both alleles of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. Taken together, our data show that at least 6 of 10 leukemic T-cell lines examined may have lost the normal function of a known tumor suppressor gene, suggesting that this class of genes serves a critical role in the generation of fully tumorigenic leukemic T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cheng
- UCSD Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, La Jolla 92093
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schnittman SM, Denning SM, Greenhouse JJ, Justement JS, Baseler M, Kurtzberg J, Haynes BF, Fauci AS. Evidence for susceptibility of intrathymic T-cell precursors and their progeny carrying T-cell antigen receptor phenotypes TCR alpha beta + and TCR gamma delta + to human immunodeficiency virus infection: a mechanism for CD4+ (T4) lymphocyte depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:7727-31. [PMID: 2217206 PMCID: PMC54821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals infected by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) demonstrate progressive depletion and qualitative dysfunction of the helper T4 (CD4+) cell population. Mechanisms proposed for attrition of CD4+ T cells include direct cytopathicity of these mature cells following infection as well as infection of early T-lymphocyte progenitors. The latter mechanism could lead to failure to regenerate mature functioning CD4+ T cells. The present study determines the susceptibility of thymocytes at various stages of maturity to infection with HIV-1. Various normal thymocyte populations were inoculated with HIV-1, including unfractionated (UF), CD3- CD4- CD8- ["triple negative" (TN)], CD4+ CD8+ ["double positive" (DP)] thymocytes, and thymocyte populations obtained by limited dilution cloning. Cultures were studied for the presence of HIV-1 DNA by polymerase chain reaction in addition to examination for reverse transcriptase activity. We determined that transformed T-cell and thymocyte cell lines completely lacking CD4 were not susceptible to infection by HIV-1, whereas all of the following lines were: UF thymocytes (70-90% CD4hi+); DP thymocytes (99% CD4hi+); TN thymocytes (0% CD4hi+); and TCR alpha beta +, TCR gamma delta +, or CD16+ CD3- (natural killer) thymocyte clones expressing variable levels of CD4 and representing the progeny of TN thymocytes. [TCR alpha beta + and TCR gamma delta + refer to the chains of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), and CD4hi refers to a strong rightward shift (greater than 30 linear channels) of the CD4 curve on flow cytometric analysis compared with control.] Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD4 (T4a epitope) but not to CD3 (T3) were capable of blocking infection of mature and immature CD4hi+ thymocytes. Moreover, anti-CD4(T4a) mAbs also inhibited infection of CD4hi- TN thymocytes, indicating that these T-cell precursors--despite their apparent "triple negativity" (CD3- CD4hi- CD8-)--expressed sufficient CD4 molecules to become infected. Cell sorter analysis with a panel of CD4 mAbs demonstrated a mean shift of the mean fluorescence channel (MFC) with CD4 mAbs on TN thymocytes of 6 +/- 4 MFC units. Thus, intrathymic T-cell precursors and their progeny representing many stages of T-cell ontogeny are susceptible to infection by HIV-1, including early TN thymocytes, which express very low levels of CD4. Infection of multiple stages and multiple subsets of the T-cell lineage in man, mediated via the CD4 molecule, may explain the inability of the T-cell pool to regenerate in the setting of progressive HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Schnittman
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Arredondo-Vega FX, Kurtzberg J, Chaffee S, Santisteban I, Reisner E, Povey MS, Hershfield MS. Paradoxical expression of adenosine deaminase in T cells cultured from a patient with adenosine deaminase deficiency and combine immunodeficiency. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:444-52. [PMID: 1974554 PMCID: PMC296746 DOI: 10.1172/jci114730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes cultured from a patient (T.D.) with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency expressed ADA activity in the normal range, inconsistent with her severe immunodeficiency, metabolic abnormalities, and with the absence of ADA activity in her B lymphocytes and other nucleated hematopoietic cells. ADA from T.D. T cells had normal Km, heat stability, and sensitivity to ADA inhibitors. Examination of HLA phenotype and polymorphic DNA loci indicated that T.D. was neither chimeric nor a genetic mosaic. Amplified and subcloned ADA cDNA from ADA+ T.D. T cells was shown by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization to possess the same mutations (Arg101----Trp, Arg211----His) previously found in the ADA-T.D. B cell line GM 2606 (Akeson, A. L., D. A. Wiginton, M. R. Dusing, J. C. States, and J. J. Hutton. 1988. J. Biol. Chem. 263:16291-16296). Our findings suggest that one of these mutant alleles can be expressed selectively in IL-2-dependent T cells as stable, active enzyme. Cultured T cells from other patients with the Arg211----His mutation did not express significant ADA activity, while some B cell lines from a patient with an Arg101----Gln mutation have been found to express normal ADA activity. We speculate that Arg101 may be at a site that determines degradation of ADA by a protease that is under negative control by IL-2 in T cells, and is variably expressed in B cells. Il-2 might increase ADA expression in T cells of patients who possess mutations of Arg101.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F X Arredondo-Vega
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bernard O, Guglielmi P, Jonveaux P, Cherif D, Gisselbrecht S, Mauchauffe M, Berger R, Larsen CJ, Mathieu-Mahul D. Two distinct mechanisms for the SCL gene activation in the t(1;14) translocation of T-cell leukemias. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1990; 1:194-208. [PMID: 1964581 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular study of a t(1;14)(p32;q11) translocation found in an acute T-cell leukemia (Kd cells) with a relatively mature phenotype is reported. Complex DNA rearrangements were characterized in the TCR alpha/delta locus. Besides a productive V alpha/J alpha assembly found on the normal allele, two deletions within the J alpha cluster were identified in the translocated allele. The translocation breakpoints involved the TCR delta gene on chromosome 14 and the SCL locus on chromosome band Ip32 that was recently shown to be activated by the t(1;14) translocation of the DU 528 leukemic cell line. Significantly, both Kd and DU 528 translocation breakpoints were located at the boundaries of D delta or J delta segments and were clustered in a 10 kb genomic fragment of the SCL gene. The presence of recombination signal motifs (heptamer-12/23 bp spacer-nonamer) on both normal chromosome partners, and N nucleotide addition on both derivative chromosomes involved the recombinase system in the translocation event. The SCL locus was highly expressed as a 5 kb transcript in Kd cells and, as already reported, as a 2 kb transcript in DU 528 cells. Importantly, a 5 kb SCL transcript was also detected in immature nonlymphoid hematopoietic cells but not in normal mature T cells, suggesting that it might correspond to the normal SCL transcript. Taken together, our data support the notion that the involvement of the SCL gene in the leukemogenic process may occur through overexpression of an apparently normal transcript (Kd cells) or expression of a truncated RNA (DU 528 cells).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/ultrastructure
- DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Integrases
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogenes
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Proto-Oncogenes
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Recombinases
- T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Protein 1
- Transcription Factors
- Transcriptional Activation
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Bernard
- U301 INSERM CNRS, Institute de Génétique Moléculaire, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Begley CG, Aplan PD, Denning SM, Haynes BF, Waldmann TA, Kirsch IR. The gene SCL is expressed during early hematopoiesis and encodes a differentiation-related DNA-binding motif. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:10128-32. [PMID: 2602361 PMCID: PMC298658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.10128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified the human gene, SCL. We discovered this gene because of its involvement in a chromosomal translocation associated with the occurrence of a stem cell leukemia manifesting myeloid and lymphoid differentiation capabilities. Here we report the sequence of a cDNA for the normal SCL transcript, as well as for an aberrant fusion transcript produced in the leukemic cells. Although different at their 3' untranslated regions, both cDNAs predict a protein with primary amino acid sequence homology to the previously described amphipathic helix-loop-helix DNA binding and dimerization motif of the Ly1-1, myc, MyoD, immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, and achaete-scute families of genes. For these cDNAs, at least two different 5' ends are predicted, both of which retain this putative DNA binding domain and predict proteins in the range of 20-30 kDa. SCL mRNA is observed in "early" hematopoietic tissues. Taken together, these studies lead to the speculation that SCL plays a role in differentiation and/or commitment events during hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Begley
- Navy-Medical Oncology Branch, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kurtzberg J, Denning SM, Nycum LM, Singer KH, Haynes BF. Immature human thymocytes can be driven to differentiate into nonlymphoid lineages by cytokines from thymic epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:7575-9. [PMID: 2678108 PMCID: PMC298108 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.19.7575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The signals and cellular interactions required for hematopoietic stem-cell commitment to the T lineage are unknown, yet are central to understanding the early stages of normal T-cell development. To study the differentiative capacity of T-cell precursors, we isolated CD4-, CD8-, surface(s) CD3- thymocytes from postnatal human thymuses and determined their capacity to differentiate into lymphoid and nonlymphoid lineages in vitro. We found that CD4-, CD8-, sCD3- thymocytes, which differentiated in the presence of T-cell conditioned medium plus interleukin 2 into T cells expressing the gamma delta receptor for antigen, were capable of differentiating into myeloid or erythroid lineages in the presence of either 5637 bladder carcinoma cell line conditioned medium plus recombinant human erythropoietin or human thymic epithelial cell conditioned medium. Thymic epithelial cell conditioned medium was as effective as 5637 supernatant plus erythropoietin in inducing myeloerythroid differentiation in the CD4-, CD8-, sCD3- thymocytes. Sixty-eight +/- 14% of CD4-, CD8-, sCD3- thymocytes underwent nonlymphoid differentiation within 4 days in culture with 5637 supernatant plus erythropoietin. Twenty-six +/- 4% of freshly isolated CD4-, CD8-, sCD3- cells were CD34+, and clonal granulocyte/macrophage, granulocyte/erythrocyte/monocyte/megakaryocyte, and T-cell progenitors were found in both CD34+ and CD34- subsets of CD4-, CD8-, sCD3- thymocytes. Thus, cells within the human CD4-, CD8-, sCD3- thymocyte subset can give rise to gamma delta+ T cells as well as to cells of myeloerythroid lineages. Moreover, CD34+, CD4-, CD8-, sCD3- cells can give rise to clonal T-cell progenitors as well as to clonal myeloid progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kurtzberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Griesinger F, Greenberg JM, Kersey JH. T cell receptor gamma and delta rearrangements in hematologic malignancies. Relationship to lymphoid differentiation. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:506-16. [PMID: 2547833 PMCID: PMC548910 DOI: 10.1172/jci114193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied recombinatorial events of the T cell receptor delta and gamma chain genes in hematopoietic malignancies and related these to normal stages of lymphoid differentiation. T cell receptor delta gene recombinatorial events were found in 91% of acute T cell lymphoblastic leukemia, 68% of non-T, non-B lymphoid precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 80% of mixed lineage acute leukemias. Mature B-lineage leukemias and acute nonlymphocytic leukemias retained the T-cell receptor delta gene in the germline configuration. The incidence of T cell receptor gamma and delta was particularly high in CD10+CD19+ non-T, non-B lymphoid precursor ALL. In lymphoid precursor ALL, T cell receptor delta was frequently rearranged while T cell receptor gamma was in the germline configuration. This suggests that TCR delta rearrangements may precede TCR gamma rearrangements in lymphoid ontogeny. In T-ALL, only concordant T cell receptor delta and gamma rearrangements were observed. Several distinct rearrangements were defined using a panel of restriction enzymes. Most of the rearrangements observed in T-ALL represented joining events of J delta 1 to upstream regions. In contrast, the majority of rearrangements in lymphoid precursor ALL most likely represented D-D or V-D rearrangements, which have been found to be early recombinatorial events of the TCR delta locus. We next analyzed TCR delta rearrangements in five CD3+TCR gamma/delta+ ALL and cell lines. One T-ALL, which demonstrated a different staining pattern with monoclonal antibodies against the products of the TCR gamma/delta genes than the PEER cell line, rearranges J delta 1 to a currently unidentified variable region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Griesinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Begley CG, Aplan PD, Davey MP, de Villartay JP, Cohen DI, Waldmann TA, Kirsch IR. Demonstration of delta rec-pseudo J alpha rearrangement with deletion of the delta locus in a human stem-cell leukemia. J Exp Med 1989; 170:339-42. [PMID: 2746162 PMCID: PMC2189371 DOI: 10.1084/jem.170.1.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that a rearrangement between the delta recombining element (delta Rec) and a pseudo J alpha gene serves to delete the TCR-delta locus before rearrangement of the TCR-alpha genes. We have now sequenced a direct, site-specific rearrangement between the delta Rec element and a pseudo J alpha gene in a human leukemic stem-cell line. Putative "N-sequence" addition was noted at the site of recombination, suggesting that this event occurred at a time when the enzyme(s) involved in N-region addition were active in this cell. This provides support for the view that deletion of the TCR-delta locus is required before rearrangement of the TCR-alpha chain genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Begley
- Navy Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Finger LR, Kagan J, Christopher G, Kurtzberg J, Hershfield MS, Nowell PC, Croce CM. Involvement of the TCL5 gene on human chromosome 1 in T-cell leukemia and melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:5039-43. [PMID: 2740341 PMCID: PMC297552 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed a t(1;14)(p32;q11) chromosomal translocation in a human lymphohemopoietic stem cell line derived from a patient with acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia. The chromosomal joining on the 1p+ chromosome occurred at the T-cell receptor delta diversity (D delta 2) segment, and the reciprocal chromosomal joining on the 14q- chromosome occurred at the T-cell delta diversity segment D delta 1. The involvement of delta diversity segments at the translocation junctions suggests that the translocation occurred during an attempt at D delta 1-D delta 2 joining in a stem cell. The segment of chromosome 1 at band p32, adjacent to the chromosomal breakpoint, encodes a transcriptional unit designated TCL5 (T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 5). The differential expression of the TCL5 RNA transcripts in this lymphohemopoietic stem cell line relative to several other T- and B-cell lines suggests that TCL5 gene expression is an integral event in the pathogenesis of the T-cell leukemia. Rearrangement of the TCL5 locus in a human melanoma cell line carrying a del(1p32) further implies that the TCL5 gene may play a role in malignant transformation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Line
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Leukemia, T-Cell/genetics
- Melanoma/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Restriction Mapping
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Finger
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
T cell receptors are the antigen-recognizing elements found on the effector cells of the immune system. Two isotypes have been discovered, TCR-gamma delta and TCR-alpha beta, which appear in that order during ontogeny. The maturation of prothymocytes that colonize the thymic rudiment at defined gestational stages occurs principally within the thymus, although some evidence for extrathymic maturation also exists. The maturation process includes the rearrangement and expression of the T cell receptor genes. Determination of these mechanisms, the lineages of the cells, and the subsequent thymic selection that results in self-tolerance is the central problem in developmental immunology and is important for the understanding of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Strominger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Griesinger F, Arthur DC, Brunning R, Parkin JL, Ochoa AC, Miller WJ, Wilkowski CW, Greenberg JM, Hurvitz C, Kersey JH. Mature T-lineage leukemia with growth factor-induced multilineage differentiation. J Exp Med 1989; 169:1101-20. [PMID: 2538542 PMCID: PMC2189262 DOI: 10.1084/jem.169.3.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia with a predominantly mature CD3+ CD7+ WT31+ phenotype that was induced to differentiate into different cell lineages by various recombinant human growth factors. In the presence of IL-3 or GM-CSF, the leukemic cells gave rise to myeloid and monocytic cells including terminally differentiated, partially functional, segmented neutrophilic granulocytes as assessed by morphologic, cytochemical, immunophenotypic, and functional criteria. In the presence of IL-2, leukemic granulated lymphoid cells exhibiting MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity and expressing a CD2+ CD3+ CD5+ CD7+ CD8+ CD33+ WT31+ Leu19+ phenotype arose. Leukemic cell cultures initiated with IL-3 yielded growth factor-independent cells with a mixed lineage phenotype and morphologic and cytochemical evidence of immature blasts. These were T lymphocyte and myeloid surface antigen (CD2,CD3,CD5,CD7,CD13,CD33,WT31) positive. Identical rearrangements of the constant region of the TCR-delta gene and of the joining regions of the TCR-beta, -gamma, and -delta genes were observed in the fresh and all cultured leukemic cells, indicating that they were derived from the same malignant clone. Consistent with the molecular genetic data, the cytogenetic analyses of the GM-CSF-, IL-3-cultured and the growth factor-independent leukemic cells showed the presence of multiple, closely related abnormal clones, all of which had an interstitial deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 6 and a complex 1;10;12 translocation. In conclusion, these data demonstrate the involvement of a multipotent leukemic precursor cell in this predominantly mature CD2+ CD3+ CD5+ CD7+ WT31+ T-ALL. This multipotent leukemic precursor may be susceptible to various growth factors and respond with ordered differentiation and maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Griesinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Begley CG, Aplan PD, Davey MP, Nakahara K, Tchorz K, Kurtzberg J, Hershfield MS, Haynes BF, Cohen DI, Waldmann TA. Chromosomal translocation in a human leukemic stem-cell line disrupts the T-cell antigen receptor delta-chain diversity region and results in a previously unreported fusion transcript. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:2031-5. [PMID: 2467296 PMCID: PMC286840 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.6.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied a leukemic stem-cell line, DU.528, that is able to differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid cells. The leukemic cells have a translocation between chromosomes 1 and 14, t(1;14)(p33;q11), which we have molecularly cloned and sequenced. Initial screening used joining (J)-segment probes from the T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha- and delta-chain loci. In apparent concert with the translocation, a deletion has occurred between delta-chain diversity (D)-region genes D delta 1 and D delta 2. D delta 2 was observed on derivative chromosome 1 [der(1)] and D delta 1 on der(14) with a deletion of the intervening 10 kilobases of germ-line DNA. The nature of the D delta 1-D delta 2 deletional event implicates a lymphoid recombinase in the mechanism of the translocation. As a consequence of the translocation, an unusual fusion transcript was generated. Probes from chromosome 1 detected a previously unreported transcript in RNA from both the cell line and the patient. A chromosome 14 probe identified the same transcript, thus confirming a fusion transcript derived from both chromosomes 1 and 14. This translocation may identify a gene for which we propose the name SCL (stem-cell leukemia) that is important for hemopoietic development and oncogenesis and that has been disrupted or altered in this stem-cell line.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow/analysis
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/genetics
- DNA Probes
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- RNA/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Begley
- Navy Medical Oncology, Branche National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Reis MD, Griesser H, Mak TW. T cell receptor and immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in lymphoproliferative disorders. Adv Cancer Res 1989; 52:45-80. [PMID: 2662715 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Reis
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Haynes BF, Martin ME, Kay HH, Kurtzberg J. Early events in human T cell ontogeny. Phenotypic characterization and immunohistologic localization of T cell precursors in early human fetal tissues. J Exp Med 1988; 168:1061-80. [PMID: 2459287 PMCID: PMC2189036 DOI: 10.1084/jem.168.3.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During early fetal development, T cell precursors home from fetal yolk sac and liver to the epithelial thymic rudiment. From cells that initially colonize the thymus arise mature T cells that populate T cell zones of the peripheral lymphoid system. Whereas colonization of the thymus occurs late in the final third of gestation in the mouse, in birds and humans the thymus is colonized by hematopoietic stem cell precursors during the first third of gestation. Using a large series of early human fetal tissues and a panel of monoclonal antibodies that includes markers of early T cells (CD7, CD45), we have studied the immunohistologic location and differentiation capacity of CD45+, CD7+ cells in human fetal tissues. We found that before T cell precursor colonization of the thymus (7-8 wk of gestation), CD7+ cells were present in yolk sac, neck, upper thorax, and fetal liver, and were concentrated in mesenchyme throughout the upper thorax and neck areas. By 9.5 wk of gestation, CD7+ cells were no longer present in upper thorax mesenchyme but rather were localized in the lymphoid thymus and scattered throughout fetal liver. CD7+, CD2-, CD3-, CD8-, CD4-, WT31- cells in thorax and fetal liver, when stimulated for 10-15 d with T cell-conditioned media and rIL-2, expressed CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, and WT31 markers of the T cell lineage. Moreover, CD7+ cells isolated from fetal liver contained all cells in this tissue capable of forming CFU-T colonies in vitro. These data demonstrate that T cell precursors in early human fetal tissues can be identified using a mAb against the CD7 antigen. Moreover, the localization of CD7+ T cell precursors to fetal upper thorax and neck areas at 7-8.5 wk of fetal gestation provides strong evidence for a developmentally regulated period in man in which T cell precursors migrate to the epithelial thymic rudiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Denning SM, Kurtzberg J, Le PT, Tuck DT, Singer KH, Haynes BF. Human thymic epithelial cells directly induce activation of autologous immature thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:3125-9. [PMID: 3129728 PMCID: PMC280156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.9.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the role that epithelial cells of the thymic microenvironment play in promoting activation of immature CD7+, CD2+, CD4-, CD8- (double-negative) human thymocytes, we have isolated thymocyte subsets from normal postnatal thymus and have cocultured autologous double-negative thymocytes with pure populations of thymic epithelial (TE) cells. We report that TE cells directly activate double-negative thymocytes to proliferate and that TE cells enhance the ability of double-negative thymocytes to proliferate in response to stimulation with exogenous interleukin 2. Activated double-negative thymocytes that proliferated in vitro in the presence of TE cells and interleukin 2 remained double-negative after 23 days in culture. Moreover, TE-cell culture supernatants in the absence of intact TE cells contain interleukin 1, interleukin 3, and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor activity for human bone marrow cells and can activate double-negative thymocytes to proliferate. Antibodies against interleukin 1 and against granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor inhibited TE-cell-induced thymocyte activation. These data indicate that one role of TE cells in vivo may be to activate double-negative thymocytes to proliferate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Denning
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Eva A, Pierce JH, Aaronson SA. Interactions of retroviral and cellular transforming genes with hematopoietic cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 511:148-70. [PMID: 3326463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb36245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Eva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Schiff SE, Kurtzberg J, Buckley RH. Studies of human bone marrow treated with soybean lectin and sheep erythrocytes: stepwise analysis of cell morphology, phenotype and function. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 68:685-93. [PMID: 3498584 PMCID: PMC1542765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological, phenotypic and functional analyses were made of cells obtained at each step after successive treatments of 23 separate human bone marrow suspensions with soybean lectin and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). The average total number of nucleated cells harvested was 1.9 X 10(10) and the final cell suspensions contained a mean of 1.9 X 10(9) nucleated cells or 9.2 +/- 4.8% of the initial counts. Monoclonal antibody analyses revealed that both T and B lymphocytes were present in every cell fraction in percentages similar to those found initially until after the first SRBC rosette-depletion. Moreover, both soy lectin agglutinated and non-agglutinated cells exhibited vigorous proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin and allogeneic cells. Following the SRBC depletions, no cells having T lymphocyte phenotypes or functions could be detected, whereas 5% of the cells reacted with a monoclonal antibody to B lymphocytes. The final fraction was composed predominantly of immature myeloid cells and blasts and was depleted of erythroid elements, lymphocytes and essentially all mature cells. It contained cells reactive with monoclonal antibodies recognizing undifferentiated T cell precursors (3A1), the transferrin receptor (5E9), and a human progenitor cell antigen (My-10). The final fraction was also enriched 10-100-fold for CFU-C and 5-10-fold for CFU-GEMN colonies. These studies fail to demonstrate selective removal of T lymphocytes from human bone marrow cells by soybean lectin agglutination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Schiff
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The genes coding for the T-cell antigen receptor have recently been cloned. They have proven to be invaluable tools for the study of the molecular mechanisms governing T-cell recognition of foreign antigens associated with histocompatibility antigens. In addition, they have also provided sensitive means of detecting clonal cell populations and determining cell lineage. In this review we describe the general organisation of these genes, the results of their utilization in the analysis of hematological pathologies, and discuss the possible implications of the involvement of these genes in translocations observed in certain T-cell malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Reis
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Baumgarten H, Beulshausen H, Bätzing-Feigenbaum J, Bieber F, Zierz R, Götze O. Determination of the T3-3A1 antigen in PHA-induced human T-cells by standardized cell-ELISA. J Immunol Methods 1987; 96:201-9. [PMID: 3492562 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(87)90315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) with lectins induces marked changes in the cell's morphology, physiology and the composition of the cell surface. We used an immunoassay to monitor the PHA-induced expression of the T-lymphocyte-specific antigen T3-3A1 in fixed MNL with a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) specific for this antigen. This assay permits the detection and quantitation of the T3-3A1 antigen in a few thousand cells without the use of a FACS. The test was calibrated with isolated plasma membranes and, combined with a total protein determination, the relative content of T3-3A1 antigen in each sample could be calculated. Maximal T3-3A1 synthesis required a 10-fold lower concentration of PHA than was necessary for optimal DNA synthesis. The test may be used to screen for PHA stimulation.
Collapse
|
49
|
Shimizu J, Hamashima Y, Tsuda H, Akiyama Y, Mikawa H, Ikehara S. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapsing as acute myelomonocytic leukemia and terminating possibly as chronic myelocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 1987; 24:199-205. [PMID: 3492913 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830240211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A 9-year-old boy suffering from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) with a mediastinal mass had a complete remission as a result of treatment. Ten months later, he developed a typical acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMMoL) pattern. Two months after a second relapse, he showed a clinical picture that was indistinguishable from chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). At autopsy, massive infiltration of CML-like cells was observed even in the thymus (190 g). These observations suggest that the leukemia in this child arose in a pluripotent stem cell capable of differentiation into both T-lymphocytic and myelomonocytic lineages.
Collapse
|
50
|
Kees UR, Ford J, Price PJ, Meyer BF, Herrmann RP. PER-117: a new human ALL cell line with an immature thymic phenotype. Leuk Res 1987; 11:489-98. [PMID: 3472019 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(87)90082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new cell line, PER-117, was established from bone marrow cells of an eighteen months old boy with an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The leukaemic origin of cell line PER-117 is indicated by its cytochemical, immunological and cytogenetic similarity to the patient's fresh leukaemic cells. PER-117 carries a marker chromosome which was identified as a translocation between chromosomes 1 and 11. The surface marker analysis revealed that the phenotype of PER-117 is RFB-1+, RFT-1+ (CD5), 3A1+ (CD7), OKT 9+, OKT 10+ and HLA-DR-. Thus, this cell line appears to represent a prothymocyte or stage I thymocyte and preliminary data suggest that it can be induced in vitro to further differentiate.
Collapse
|