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Abstract
T cells employ a cell surface heterodimeric molecule, the T cell receptor (TCR), to recognize specific antigens (Ags) presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and carry out adaptive immune responses. Most T cells possess a TCR with an α and a β chain. However, a TCR constituted by a γ and a δ chain has been described, defining a novel subset of T cells. γδ TCRs specific for a wide variety of ligands, including bacterial phosphoantigens, nonclassical MHC-I molecules and unprocessed proteins, have been found, greatly expanding the horizons of T cell immune recognition. This review aims to provide background in γδ T cell history and function in mouse and man, as well as to provide a critical view of some of the latest developments on this still enigmatic class of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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2
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Qi Q, Kannan AK, August A. Tec family kinases: Itk signaling and the development of NKT αβ and γδ T cells. FEBS J 2011; 278:1970-9. [PMID: 21362141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinase interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) is predominantly expressed in T cells and has been shown to be critical for the development, function and differentiation of conventional αβ T cells. However, less is known about its role in nonconventional T cells such as NKT and γδ T cells. In this minireview, we discuss evidence for a role for Itk in the development of invariant NKT αβ cells, as well as a smaller population NKT-like γδ T cells. We discuss how these cells take what could be the same signaling pathway regulated by Itk, and interpret it to give different outcomes with regards to development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qi
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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3
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Abstract
Two main lineages of T cells develop in the thymus: those that express the alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) and those that express the gammadelta TCR. Whereas the development, selection, and peripheral localization of newly differentiated alphabeta T cells are understood in some detail, these processes are less well characterized in gammadelta T cells. This review describes research carried out in this laboratory and others, which addresses several key aspects of gammadelta T-cell development, including the decision of precursor cells to differentiate into the gammadelta versus alphabeta lineage, the ordered differentiation over the course of ontogeny of functional gammadelta T-cell subsets expressing distinct TCR structures, programming of ordered Vgamma gene rearrangement in the thymus, including a molecular switch that ensures appropriate Vgamma rearrangements at the appropriate stage of development, positive selection in the thymus of gammadelta T cells destined for the epidermis, and the acquisition by developing gammadelta T cells of cues that determine their correct localization in the periphery. This research suggests a coordination of molecularly programmed events and cellular selection, which enables specialization of the thymus for production of distinct T-cell subsets at different stages of development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xiong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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4
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Bosc N, Lefranc MP. The mouse (Mus musculus) T cell receptor alpha (TRA) and delta (TRD) variable genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 27:465-497. [PMID: 12697305 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(03)00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
'The Mouse (Mus musculus) T cell receptor alpha (TRA) and delta (TRD) variable genes' 'IMGT Locus in Focus' report provides the first complete list of the mouse TRAV and TRDV genes which span 1550 kb on chromosome 14 at 19.7 cM. The total number of TRAV genes per haploid genome is 98 belonging to 23 subgroups. This includes 10 TRAV/DV genes which belong to seven subgroups. The functional TRAV genomic repertoire comprises 72-82 TRAV (including 9-10 TRAV/DV) belonging to 19 subgroups. The total number of TRDV genes per haploid genome is 16 (including the 10 TRAV/DV) belonging to 12 subgroups. The functional TRDV genomic repertoire comprises 14-15 genes (5 TRDV and 9-10 TRAV/DV) belonging to 11-12 subgroups. The eight tables and three figures of this report are available at the IMGT Marie-Paule page of IMGT. The international ImMunoGeneTics information system (http://imgt.cines.fr) created by Marie-Paule Lefranc, Université Montpellier II, CNRS, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bosc
- IMGT, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), Université Montpellier II, Institut de Génétique Humaine, UPR CNRS 1142, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 5, Montpellier Cedex, France
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5
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Abstract
Alpha beta and gamma delta T cells are distinguished by the clonotypic subunits contained within their TCRs. Although the alpha beta TCR has been well characterized, much less is known about the gamma delta TCR. Here, we report that, unlike alpha beta T CRs, most gamma delta TCRs expressed on ex vivo gamma delta T cells lack CD3 delta. Despite this structural difference, signal transduction by the gamma delta TCR is superior to that of the alpha beta TCR, as measured by its ability to induce calcium mobilization, ERK activation, and cellular proliferation. Additionally, the TCR complexes expressed on primary gamma delta T cells contain only zeta zeta homodimers; however, following activation and expansion, Fc epsilon R1 gamma is expressed and is included in the gamma delta TCR complex. These results reveal fundamental differences in the primary structure and signaling potential of the alpha beta- and gamma delta TCR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Gallagher M, Obeïd P, Marche PN, Jouvin-Marche E. Both TCR alpha and TCR delta chain diversity are regulated during thymic ontogeny. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1447-53. [PMID: 11466364 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCRalpha and TCRdelta chains are coded by a common genetic locus using a single set of V gene segments (ADV segments). This article addresses the question of regulation of the use of the ADV segments by the TCRalpha and TCRdelta chains. Using both qualitative and quantitative analyses we have studied the use of 23 ADV gene families as part of TCRalpha and TCRdelta transcripts. A number of previously undetected rearrangement and transcription events are described, indicating that the intrathymic TCRdelta repertoire is much more diverse than previously supposed. Repertoire analysis at several developmental time points allowed the description of regulated waves of ADV gene use, not only for TCRdelta chains, but also for TCRalpha chains, during thymic ontogeny. Control of these waves appears to be linked directly to the ADV segments and their local chromatin environment, which may change over the course of T cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Gene Frequency/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/isolation & purification
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gallagher
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 548, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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7
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Terrence K, Pavlovich CP, Matechak EO, Fowlkes B. Premature expression of T cell receptor (TCR)alphabeta suppresses TCRgammadelta gene rearrangement but permits development of gammadelta lineage T cells. J Exp Med 2000; 192:537-48. [PMID: 10952723 PMCID: PMC2193230 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.4.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR)gammadelta and the pre-TCR promote survival and maturation of early thymocyte precursors. Whether these receptors also influence gammadelta versus alphabeta lineage determination is less clear. We show here that TCRgammadelta gene rearrangements are suppressed in TCRalphabeta transgenic mice when the TCRalphabeta is expressed early in T cell development. This situation offers the opportunity to examine the outcome of gammadelta versus alphabeta T lineage commitment when only the TCRalphabeta is expressed. We find that precursor thymocytes expressing TCRalphabeta not only mature in the alphabeta pathway as expected, but also as CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells with properties of gammadelta lineage cells. In TCRalphabeta transgenic mice, in which the transgenic receptor is expressed relatively late, TCRgammadelta rearrangements occur normally such that TCRalphabeta(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) cells co-express TCRgammadelta. The results support the notion that TCRalphabeta can substitute for TCRgammadelta to permit a gammadelta lineage choice and maturation in the gammadelta lineage. The findings could fit a model in which lineage commitment is determined before or independent of TCR gene rearrangement. However, these results could be compatible with a model in which distinct signals bias lineage choice and these signaling differences are not absolute or intrinsic to the specific TCR structure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Immunomagnetic Separation
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Terrence
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420
| | - Christian P. Pavlovich
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420
| | - Errin O. Matechak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420
| | - B.J. Fowlkes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420
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8
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Weber-Arden J, Wilbert OM, Kabelitz D, Arden B. V delta repertoire during thymic ontogeny suggests three novel waves of gamma delta TCR expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1002-12. [PMID: 10623850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of a PCR technique that allows amplification of all variable region genes with equal efficiency, we defined three novel waves of TCR delta-chain transcription during thymic ontogeny. The canonical DV101-D2-J2 rearrangement was confined to a narrow window from days 14 to 18 of gestation, indicating that the postulated two consecutive gamma delta precursor waves bearing this canonical DV101 rearrangement will coincide on day 16. Neonatal delta-chain transcripts used a second wave of diverse V alpha gene segments that are exclusively located in the delta locus-proximal gene cluster of intermingled single members of different V alpha subfamilies. In the adult, only expression of a clan of three homologous subfamilies, ADV7, DV104, and ADV17, persists. The members of the ADV7 subfamily are also scattered across the alpha locus, but their usage does not show the position-dependent bias of the other V alpha-to-delta rearrangements.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/genetics
- Animals, Newborn/growth & development
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Fetus/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gestational Age
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weber-Arden
- Department of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
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9
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Capone M, Hockett RD, Zlotnik A. Kinetics of T cell receptor beta, gamma, and delta rearrangements during adult thymic development: T cell receptor rearrangements are present in CD44(+)CD25(+) Pro-T thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:12522-7. [PMID: 9770518 PMCID: PMC22863 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a comprehensive analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) gamma rearrangements in T cell precursors of the mouse adult thymus. Using a sensitive quantitative PCR method, we show that TCRgamma rearrangements are present in CD44(+)CD25(+) Pro-T thymocytes much earlier than expected. TCRgamma rearrangements increase significantly from the Pro-T to the CD44(-)CD25(+) Pre-T cell transition, and follow different patterns depending on each Vgamma gene segment, suggesting that ordered waves of TCRgamma rearrangement exist in the adult mouse thymus as has been described in the fetal mouse thymus. Recombinations of TCRgamma genes occur concurrently with TCRdelta and D-Jbeta rearrangements, but before Vbeta gene assembly. Productive TCRgamma rearrangements do not increase significantly before the Pre-T cell stage and are depleted in CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive cells from normal mice. In contrast, double-positive thymocytes from TCRdelta-/- mice display random proportions of TCRgamma rearranged alleles, supporting a role for functional TCRgamma/delta rearrangements in the gammadelta divergence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Capone
- DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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10
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Krangel MS, Hernandez-Munain C, Lauzurica P, McMurry M, Roberts JL, Zhong XP. Developmental regulation of V(D)J recombination at the TCR alpha/delta locus. Immunol Rev 1998; 165:131-47. [PMID: 9850858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha/delta locus includes a large number of V, D, J and C gene segments that are used to produce functional TCR delta and TCR alpha chains expressed by distinct subsets of T lymphocytes. V(D)J recombination events within the locus are regulated as a function of developmental stage and cell lineage during T-lymphocyte differentiation in the thymus. The process of V(D)J recombination is regulated by cis-acting elements that modulate the accessibility of chromosomal substrates to the recombinase. Here we evaluate how the assembly of transcription factor complexes onto enhancers, promoters and other regulatory elements within the TCR alpha/delta locus imparts developmental control to VDJ delta and VJ alpha rearrangement events. Furthermore, we develop the notion that within a complex locus such as the TCR alpha/delta locus, highly localized and region-specific control is likely to require an interplay between positive regulatory elements and blocking or boundary elements that restrict the influence of the positive elements to defined regions of the locus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Krangel
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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11
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Nakajima PB, Bosma MJ. Characterization of excised DNA intermediates associated with V(D)J recombination at the T-cell receptor delta locus. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:2631-41. [PMID: 9111333 PMCID: PMC232113 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.5.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte development requires the assembly of antigen receptor genes through the specialized process of V(D)J recombination. This process is initiated by cleavage at the junction between coding segments (V, D, and J) and the recombination signal sequences that border these segments, resulting in generation of double-strand break intermediates. We have used a two-dimensional gel system to characterize broken molecules arising from V(D)J recombination at the T-cell receptor (TCR) delta locus and have identified linear species excised by Ddelta1-Ddelta2 and V-Ddelta2 rearrangement in thymus DNA. Relatively few (approximately 10) V-Ddelta2-excised linear species were detected in DNA from fetal thymocytes. The sizes of these species corresponded to the estimated distances between Ddelta2 and the V gene segments utilized by gammadelta T cells and indicated that both Ddelta2-proximal and -distal V gene segments are targeted for V-Ddelta2 rearrangement. Similar-sized species were observed in DNA from thymocytes of scid mice in which T-cell development is arrested prior to TCR expression. Since previous studies suggest that the TCR alpha/delta locus encodes more than 100 V gene segments, our results indicate that a few select V gene segments are predominantly targeted for rearrangement to Ddelta2, and this primarily accounts for the restricted Vdelta gene repertoire of gammadelta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Nakajima
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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12
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Arden B, Clark SP, Kabelitz D, Mak TW. Mouse T-cell receptor variable gene segment families. Immunogenetics 1995; 42:501-30. [PMID: 8550093 DOI: 10.1007/bf00172177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
All mouse T-cell receptor alpha/delta, beta, and gamma variable (Tcra/d-, b-, and g-V) gene segments were aligned to compare the sequences with one another, to group them into subfamilies, and to derive a name which complies with the standard nomenclature. It was necessary to change the names of some V gene segments because they conflicted with those of other segments. The traditional classification into subfamilies was re-evaluated using a much larger pool of sequences. In the mouse, most V gene segments can be grouped into subfamilies of closely related genes with significantly less similarity between different subfamilies.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Terminology as Topic
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Affiliation(s)
- B Arden
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
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13
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Ishimi Y, Huang YY, Ohta S, Hamano F, Nagai K, Takagaki Y. Promoter region of mouse Tcrg genes. Immunogenetics 1995; 43:68-71. [PMID: 8537125 DOI: 10.1007/bf00186606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishimi
- Dept. of Immunology, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Goldman JP, Spencer DM, Raulet DH. Ordered rearrangement of variable region genes of the T cell receptor gamma locus correlates with transcription of the unrearranged genes. J Exp Med 1993; 177:729-39. [PMID: 8382255 PMCID: PMC2190937 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.3.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor V gamma genes rearrange to the J gamma 1 gene segment in a highly ordered fashion during development. We demonstrate a striking correlation between the pattern of expression of unrearranged V gamma genes and the timing of their rearrangement. Thus, the increases in V gamma 2 rearrangements, and decreases in V gamma 3 and V gamma 4 rearrangements observed during development are paralleled by increasing or decreasing levels of the corresponding unrearranged V gene transcript. We also provide evidence that both the V gamma 3 and V gamma 4 genes are accessible in mature V gamma 3+ cells, but that the V gamma 4 gene may be inaccessible in the progenitors of V gamma 3 cells. The results suggest that regulated local accessibility of the chromatin surrounding V gamma genes is responsible for ordered V gamma gene rearrangement during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Goldman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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15
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Itohara S, Mombaerts P, Lafaille J, Iacomini J, Nelson A, Clarke AR, Hooper ML, Farr A, Tonegawa S. T cell receptor delta gene mutant mice: independent generation of alpha beta T cells and programmed rearrangements of gamma delta TCR genes. Cell 1993; 72:337-48. [PMID: 8381716 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
T cells bearing T cell receptor (TCR) gamma and delta chain heterodimers are first generated early in ontogeny. They form distinct subsets that differ in their TCR repertoires and tissue distribution. Disruption of the mouse TCR C delta gene segment by a gene targeting method caused the complete loss of T cells bearing TCR gamma delta chains, but had little or no effect on the development of T cells bearing TCR alpha beta chains. The analyses of TCR gamma and delta genes in the mutant mice suggest that intracellular mechanisms acting at the level of DNA rearrangement play key roles in the differential gamma and delta gene rearrangements and in the generation of the highly restricted junctional sequences during fetal thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Itohara
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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16
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Roger T, Pépin LF, Jouvin-Marche E, Cazenave PA, Seman M. New T-cell receptor gamma haplotypes in wild mice and evidence for limited Tcrg-V gene polymorphism. Immunogenetics 1993; 37:161-9. [PMID: 8420824 DOI: 10.1007/bf00191880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tcrg gene polymorphism was investigated by Southern blot analysis on a panel of laboratory and wild mouse strains using a set of probes which identify all known Tcrg-V and -C genes. Only three haplotypes are found in laboratory mice: gA, gB, and gC which are represented by BALB/c, AKR, and DBA/2 prototypes respectively. gA and gC haplotypes are the most frequent among laboratory mice whereas gB is poorly represented. Seven new haplotypes are described among 23 wild mice corresponding to four Mus musculus subspecies (Mus mus domesticus, castaneus, musculus, and molossinus). However, only a few new alleles of individual genes are observed. Tcrg-V genes located at the 5' end of the Tcrg locus (V7 and V4) appear to be nonpolymorphic whereas two Tcrg-V3, -V5, -V6, -C4 and three Tcrg-V1, -V2, -C1, -C2, and -C3 specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms are detected. These results indicate a relatively high degree of conservation of Tcrg genes as compared to other members of the immunoglogulin (Ig) gene family and might be related to the specifity and function of gamma delta T cells. Several of the new haplotypes described here result from point mutations in noncoding Tcrg-V or -C gene-flanking regions. Recombinations may have also participated in the evolution of the Tcrg locus. Finally, these new Tcrg haplotypes are unequally distributed among the four M. m. subspecies and support the idea that the gA and gC haplotypes found in laboratory mice are inherited from M. m. domesticus whereas gB might originate from asian subspecies (castaneus, musculus or molossinus).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Roger
- Laboratoire d'Immunodifférenciation, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS-Université Paris 7, France
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17
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Spiess S, Kuhröber A, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Bone marrow cells of athymic nude mice express functional T cell receptor alpha chain transcripts rearranged to V delta 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 genes. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:1939-42. [PMID: 1385577 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
From bone marrow cells (BMC) of athymic nude mice, T cell receptor (TcR) alpha chain transcripts were selectively amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using V delta 2-, V delta 3-, V delta 4-, V delta 5-, V delta 6- and C alpha-specific primers. Amplified DNA fragments were cloned, and 32 randomly selected clones from 5 PCR were sequenced. Twenty-three distinct rearrangement events were detected, of which 87% (20/23) were in-frame. All five tested V delta genes (V delta 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) rearranged in-frame to J alpha-C alpha. N-region diversity in V delta-J alpha junctions present in most clones was limited to two to five nucleotides. P-nucleotide additions in this region were also detected. The V delta 5 gene located 3' of C delta in reversed transcriptional orientation was rearranged to J alpha by inversion. The J alpha usage pattern of the sequenced clones was strongly biased towards rearrangement of the most 5' genes (located nearest to C delta) of the J alpha cluster: the most 5' J alpha (J alpha TA1) was used by 30% of all clones, and 78% of all J alpha rearranged to V delta were located in the 5' 12 kb of the 60-kb J alpha cluster. As distinct V delta/C delta and V alpha/C alpha TcR usage patterns are prevalent in peripheral T cell populations, our data suggest that these TcR usage patterns results from repertoire selections operating in alpha beta and gamma delta T cell lineages, but not from preferential V delta-C delta and V alpha-C alpha rearrangement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Spiess
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Ulm, FRG
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18
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O'Brien RL, Fu YX, Cranfill R, Dallas A, Ellis C, Reardon C, Lang J, Carding SR, Kubo R, Born W. Heat shock protein Hsp60-reactive gamma delta cells: a large, diversified T-lymphocyte subset with highly focused specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:4348-52. [PMID: 1584768 PMCID: PMC49079 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we detected a subset of gamma delta T cells in the newborn mouse thymus that responded to the mycobacterial heat shock protein Hsp60, as well as with what seemed to be a self-antigen. All of these cells expressed V gamma 1, most often in association with V delta 6+. It was not clear, however, whether similar, mature gamma delta cells with Hsp60 reactivity are common outside of the thymus, or rather, whether they are largely eliminated during development. From the data presented here, we estimate that gamma delta cells responding to Hsp60 comprise 10-20% of normal splenic and lymph node gamma delta T cells. Such cells, derived from adult spleen, always express a V gamma 1-J gamma 4-C gamma 4 gamma chain, although not all cells with this gamma chain show Hsp60 reactivity. Many of these V gamma 1+ cells also express V delta 6-J delta 1-C delta, though fewer than in V gamma 1+ cells from the newborn thymus. Extensive diversity is evident in both the gamma and delta chain junctional amino acids of the receptors of these cells, indicating that they may largely develop in the thymus of older animals or undergo peripheral expansion. Finally, we found that all such cells responding to both a putative self-antigen and to mycobacterial Hsp60 respond to a 17-amino acid synthetic peptide representing amino acids 180-196 of the Mycobacterium leprae Hsp60 sequence. This report demonstrates that a large subset of Hsp60-reactive peripheral lymphoid gamma delta T cells preexists in normal adult mice, all members of which respond to a single segment of this common heat shock protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
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19
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Arden B. Diversity of novel recombining elements suggests developmentally programmed expression of the T cell receptor alpha/delta locus. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:1287-91. [PMID: 1533592 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During fetal ontogeny, the first wave of gamma delta T lymphocytes appears in the thymus at day 14 of gestation assembling predominantly T cell receptors (TcR) with V gamma 3 and V delta 1. To identify V delta gene segments that are transcribed at day 16, subsequent to the first wave of V delta 1 expression, delta chain cDNA was amplified by the anchored polymerase chain reaction with single-sided specificity for C delta. Unexpectedly, most of the cDNA clones do not contain V gene segments. In some cDNA clones an alternative splice from the leader exon to the C delta exon has deleted the whole variable region exon. In other cDNA clones, multiple non-V-like elements are juxtaposed to the D delta 2 and J delta 1 gene segments. A large number of these diverse elements appear to be rearranged in fetal thymocytes, bringing V alpha gene segments located upstream of the recombining element into proximity to the J alpha locus. It is proposed that these rearrangements make irreversible the commitment to the TcR alpha beta lineage and determine a programmed read out of different clusters of V alpha gene segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Arden
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, FRG
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20
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Abstract
The gamma delta T-cell population, a subpopulation of T cells formed through cell lineages that are independent of the alpha beta T-cell lineage, consists of multiple subsets with distinct receptor repertoires and homing properties. While the cell sublineage is a critical factor in the determination of homing specificity, both cell sublineage and receptor-dependent selection are instrumental in the determination of the functional repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Haas
- Hoffman-LaRoche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lefrançois
- Department of Cell Biology, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Mich 49001
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22
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Pircher H, Rebaï N, Groettrup M, Grégoire C, Speiser DE, Happ MP, Palmer E, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H, Malissen B. Preferential positive selection of V alpha 2+ CD8+ T cells in mouse strains expressing both H-2k and T cell receptor V alpha a haplotypes: determination with a V alpha 2-specific monoclonal antibody. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:399-404. [PMID: 1311260 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody, B20.1, was generated by fusing spleen cells from a Lou rat immunized with a soluble alpha/beta T cell receptor (TcR; V alpha 2/V beta 2) to mouse myeloma cells. Analysis of a panel of V alpha 2 mRNA-expressing T cell lines, hybridomas and transfectants revealed that the B20.1 antibody was specific for murine TcR V alpha 2 chains. The V alpha 2+ T cell population was examined in various inbred strains by two-color immunofluorescence using B20.1 and CD4- and CD8-specific antibodies with the following results: (a) the B20.1 antibody detected most members of the TcR V alpha 2 subfamily in the four TcR V alpha haplotypes tested; (b) in most strains examined, TcR V alpha 2 expression was biased to the CD4 subset (7.4%-17.4% V alpha 2+ T cells) as compared to the CD8 compartment (3.8%-13.3%); (c) TcR V alpha 2 expression was not influenced by Mls gene products and (d) increased positive selection of V alpha 2+ CD8+ T cells by H-2k major histocompatibility complex molecules occurred in all murine strains tested of the TcR V alpha a, but not in those bearing the TcR V alpha b haplotype.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, MHC Class I
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- Haplotypes
- Hybridomas
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pircher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Ezquerra A, Wilde DB, McConnell TJ, Sturmhöfel K, Valas RB, Shevach EM, Coligan JE. Mouse autoreactive gamma/delta T cells. II. Molecular characterization of the T cell receptor. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:491-8. [PMID: 1311262 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A panel of dendritic epidermal T cell (DETC) lines, and hybridomas derived from them, has been shown to spontaneously secrete lymphokines in the absence of added stimuli, which suggests that these cells are autoreactive. These cell lines are characterized by the expression of a V gamma 1.1C gamma 4/V delta 6 type T cell receptor (TcR), but several of the DETC lines also express a second TcR. Sequence analyses of these gamma/delta TcR revealed that the gamma chains were identical and that the delta chains, while not identical, were quite restricted in diversity, indicating that these receptors may recognize a common or closely related group of antigens. Analysis of hybridomas derived from newborn thymocytes identified six hybridomas that spontaneously secrete lymphokines. Five hybrids expressed a V gamma 1.1C gamma 4/V delta 6 receptor and one hybrid a V gamma 1.1C gamma 4/V delta 4 receptor that had a close structural relationship to the DETC gamma/delta TcR associated with spontaneous lymphokine secretion. gamma/delta TcR of the C gamma 4 type expressed by splenic hybridomas that did not spontaneously secrete lymphokines revealed no such relationship. Curiously, like the DETC, several of the thymocyte hybridomas that spontaneously secreted lymphokines expressed a second TcR, V gamma 2C gamma 1 or V gamma 3C gamma 1, apparently in association with the same delta chain that paired with the C gamma 4 chain. The presence of spontaneous lymphokine-secreting gamma/delta T cells with such highly homologous TcR in both the thymus and skin suggests a thymic origin for the autoreactive DETC and that these cells recognize a common or closely related group of self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ezquerra
- Biological Resources Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Instiutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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24
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Holman PO, Lacy MJ, Roth ME, Kranz DM. Mechanisms that generate junctional diversity in alpha and delta chains that use the Tcrd-V3 gene product. Immunogenetics 1992; 35:33-40. [PMID: 1309508 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The signals that dictate whether a thymocyte will express the alpha beta or gamma delta T-cell receptors are unknown. Although it is also not known if these two different cell types use identical recombinational machinery during rearrangement, the same variable (V) region genes can be used by both alpha and delta chains. By examining the products of rearrangements in alpha beta or gamma delta thymocytes that express identical V genes, we hoped to determine whether these cell types might differ in particular aspects of their recombinational activity. The polymerase chain reaction was used to show that the Tcrd-V2, Tcrd-V3, and Tcra-V3 genes are expressed as both Tcra and Tcrd transcripts in fetal and adult BALB/c mice. Sequencing of V delta 3 isolates was performed in order to compare the contribution of various mechanisms to the generation of junctional diversity. Extensive junctional diversity was present at all stages of development examined (fetal, newborn, and adult). During early development both alpha and delta chain junctional diversity is generated primarily by variability in the position of joining two gene segments (i.e., Tcrd-V3 to Tcra-J in alpha chains; Tcrd-V3 to Tcrd-D2 and Tcrd-D2 to Tcrd-J1 in delta chains). The pattern of base pair deletion from the end of the Tcrd-V3 gene was identical in alpha and delta chains and deletions occurred in fetal as well as adult T cells. In later development T cells use not only this mechanism for alpha and delta chains but also the addition of bases at gene segment junctions, presumably through the action of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Finally, a comparison of the variable domains of these alpha and delta chains shows that a notable difference is the variability in length of the CDR 3 region which can be significantly longer in delta-chains than in alpha-chains.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Holman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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25
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Casanova JL, Romero P, Widmann C, Kourilsky P, Maryanski JL. T cell receptor genes in a series of class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones specific for a Plasmodium berghei nonapeptide: implications for T cell allelic exclusion and antigen-specific repertoire. J Exp Med 1991; 174:1371-83. [PMID: 1836010 PMCID: PMC2119045 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.6.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the first extensive study of a T cell repertoire for a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. We have found that the T cell receptors (TCRs) carried by 28 H-2Kd-restricted CTL clones specific for a single Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite nonapeptide are highly diverse in terms of V alpha, J alpha, and J beta segments and aminoacid composition of the junctional regions. However, despite this extensive diversity, a high proportion of the TCRs contain the same V beta segment. These results are in contrast to most previously reported T cell responses towards class II MHC-peptide complexes, where the TCR repertoires appeared to be much more limited. In our study, the finding of a dominant V beta in the midst of otherwise highly diverse TCRs suggests the importance of the V beta segment in shaping the T cell repertoire specific for a given MHC-peptide complex. As an additional finding, we observed that nearly all clones have rearranged both TCR alpha loci. Moreover, as many as one-third of the CTL clones that we analyzed apparently display two productive alpha rearrangements. This argues against a regulated model of sequential recombination at the alpha locus and consequently raises the question of whether allelic exclusion of the TCR alpha chain is achieved at all.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Clone Cells
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plasmodium berghei/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Casanova
- Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, Paris
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26
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Carroll AM, Bosma MJ. T-lymphocyte development in scid mice is arrested shortly after the initiation of T-cell receptor delta gene recombination. Genes Dev 1991; 5:1357-66. [PMID: 1869046 DOI: 10.1101/gad.5.8.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Scid mice lack functional lymphocytes because they carry a mutation that impairs rearrangement of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes. Rearrangement of TCR delta, but not gamma and beta genes, was routinely observed in DNA of scid thymocytes and thymocyte hybridomas. TCR delta gene rearrangements appeared to involve D delta 1, D delta 2, and J delta 1 elements only; rearrangement of elements upstream of D delta 1 (e.g., V delta 1) was not observed, and transcripts corresponding to fully assembled TCR delta genes (VDJ delta or VDDJ delta) were not detected in RNA from scid thymocytes. These findings suggest that D delta 1, D delta 2, and J delta 1 may be among the first TCR gene elements to undergo recombination and that scid T-lineage cells are developmentally arrested during or shortly after this stage of differentiation. One class of TCR delta recombination fragments (D delta 2-J delta 1) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned, and the recombination junctions were sequenced. Most fragments showed normal coding joints. Interestingly, five of seven coding joints that lacked N insertions showed evidence of recombination between short stretches (2-3 bp) of homologous sequence. As discussed, the general absence of V delta-, J gamma-, and J beta-associated rearrangements, despite the occurrence of normal D delta 2-J delta 1 rearrangements, raises the possibility that the scid mutation may cause premature cessation of TCR gene recombination and thereby arrest early T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Carroll
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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27
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Havran WL, Chien YH, Allison JP. Recognition of self antigens by skin-derived T cells with invariant gamma delta antigen receptors. Science 1991; 252:1430-2. [PMID: 1828619 DOI: 10.1126/science.1828619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal T cells (dECs) express invariant gamma delta antigen receptors and are found in intimate contact with keratinocytes in murine epidermis--thus raising the possibility that keratinocytes express a ligand for the antigen receptor of these T cells. Thy-1+ dECs were stimulated to produce lymphokines by interaction with keratinocytes in vitro. This stimulation was mediated through the dEC antigen receptor and did not appear to be restricted by the major histocompatibility complex. Thus, dECs can recognize self antigens and may participate in immune surveillance for cellular damage rather than for foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Havran
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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28
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Bluestone JA, Cron RQ, Barrett TA, Houlden B, Sperling AI, Dent A, Hedrick S, Rellahan B, Matis LA. Repertoire development and ligand specificity of murine TCR gamma delta cells. Immunol Rev 1991; 120:5-33. [PMID: 1650760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During the past several years, we have been studying the circulating TCR gamma delta cells expressed in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the TCR gamma delta heterodimers present on these TCR gamma delta cells identified 3 TCR gamma proteins, V gamma 2-C gamma 1, V gamma 1.2-C gamma 2, and V gamma 1.1-C gamma 4. In addition, at least 6 different V delta gene products (V delta 2,4,5,6,V alpha 10, V alpha 11) are expressed in peripheral lymphoid tissue. Nucleotide sequence analysis has revealed a great deal of junctional diversity present among the different V gamma and V delta proteins. Thus, compared to other nonlymphoid tissues (e.g., skin), this population of TCR gamma delta cells appears quite extensive. The development and specificity of TCR gamma delta cells has been pursued by two approaches. First, different TCR gamma delta cells clones were generated which recognize MHC-encoded gene products. One clone recognizes an unconventional TL-encoded antigen, whereas others have been shown to recognize either classical MHC class I or class II antigens. The TCR gamma delta receptor genes have been cloned from the TL-specific TCR gamma delta cell and used to construct transgenic mice to examine the development of TCR gamma delta cells. Although the Tg+ TCR gamma delta cells are tolerized by thymic clonal tolerance similar to TCR alpha beta cells, the epithelial Tg+ TCR gamma delta cells are subjected to non-deletional tolerance (anergy). A second approach towards examining the development of TCR gamma delta cells has been to compare the repertoire of TCR gamma delta splenocytes in a variety of inbred and MHC-congenic strains of mice using subset-specific anti-murine TCR gamma delta mAb. The percentage of individual subsets of splenic TCR gamma delta cells differ widely between different inbred strains of mice due to both MHC- and TCR-encoded genetic differences. In summary, these studies provides a basis for understanding and determining the ligand(s) of the TCR gamma delta heterodimer and the factors which shape the peripheral TCR gamma delta repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
- Base Sequence
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Immune Tolerance
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics
- Mice, Inbred Strains/immunology
- Mice, Nude/immunology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Bluestone
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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29
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Raulet DH, Spencer DM, Hsiang YH, Goldman JP, Bix M, Liao NS, Zijstra M, Jaenisch R, Correa I. Control of gamma delta T-cell development. Immunol Rev 1991; 120:185-204. [PMID: 1650759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Mycobacterium/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Raulet
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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30
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Miossec C, Caignard A, Ferradini L, Roman-Roman S, Faure F, Michalaki H, Triebel F, Hercend T. Molecular characterization of human T cell receptor alpha chains including a V delta 1-encoded variable segment. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:1061-4. [PMID: 1826885 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that a small fraction of human peripheral T cells expresses a surface receptor recognized both by the BMA031 mAb, specific for a TcR alpha/beta framework epitope, and by the A13 mAb, putatively specific for an epitope encoded by the V delta 1 gene segment. An interleukin 2-dependent polyclonal cell line (termed T2) was derived from such A13+BMA031+ circulating lymphocytes. The molecular characterization of the TcR chains expressed by T2 cells demonstrated indeed that the V delta 1 gene (one of the two major V delta genes) was transcribed with the C alpha gene segment. In the T2 polyclonal cell line, distinct V delta 1/C alpha transcripts were all found to include the same J alpha segment suggesting the existence of "hybrid" TcR alpha/delta chains encoded by unique V delta 1/J alpha rearrangements. The present study was designed to characterize further the V delta 1/J alpha rearranged genes expressed in A13+BMA031+ cells. Three additional cell lines were generated from peripheral blood of distinct adult healthy donors. Using the anchored polymerase chain reaction, it was found that 17 different J alpha segments were used in the 20 V delta 1J alpha C alpha transcripts which have been studied. Together, these data indicate that V delta 1 is a "mixed" (i.e. alpha/delta) TcR V segment which can join with most (if not all) J segments in the alpha/delta locus. In addition, it can be definitely concluded that the A13 mAb recognizes a V delta 1-encoded antigenic determinant and not a V delta 1J epitope (i.e. it can be defined and used as an anti-V delta 1 mAb, as opposed to reagents such as for example delta-TCS-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Miossec
- Laboratoire d'Hémato-Immunologie, INSERM U 333, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
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31
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Identification of a T-cell-specific transcriptional enhancer located 3' of C gamma 1 in the murine T-cell receptor gamma locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:800-4. [PMID: 1992471 PMCID: PMC50901 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.3.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptional enhancer element has been localized 3 kilobases 3' of the murine T-cell receptor C gamma 1 locus using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene construct. As a monomer the enhancer functions only in PEER gamma delta cells and Jurkat alpha beta cells of the T-cell lines tested. However, a tetramer of the enhancer functions in virtually all T-cell lines tested, including alpha beta T-cell lines, but not in other cell types. These results suggest that elements other than the enhancer are responsible for the failure of rearranged C gamma 1 genes to be expressed in alpha beta T cells. The enhancer has been localized to a 200-base-pair Rsa I restriction fragment, which contains sequence motifs similar to those found in the other T-cell receptor enhancers but not in the immunoglobulin enhancers.
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32
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Tonegawa S, Berns A, Bonneville M, Farr AG, Ishida I, Ito K, Itohara S, Janeway CA, Kanagawa O, Kubo R. Diversity, development, ligands, and probable functions of gamma delta T cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 292:53-61. [PMID: 1835263 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5943-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Tonegawa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
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33
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Krangel MS, Yssel H, Brocklehurst C, Spits H. A distinct wave of human T cell receptor gamma/delta lymphocytes in the early fetal thymus: evidence for controlled gene rearrangement and cytokine production. J Exp Med 1990; 172:847-59. [PMID: 2167345 PMCID: PMC2188534 DOI: 10.1084/jem.172.3.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rearrangement and expression of human T cell receptor (TCR)-gamma and -delta gene segments in clonal and polyclonal populations of early fetal and postnatal human TCR-gamma/delta thymocytes were examined. The data suggest that the TCR-gamma and -delta loci rearrange in an ordered and coordinated fashion. Initial rearrangements at the TCR-delta locus join V delta 2 to D delta 3, and initial rearrangements at the TCR-gamma locus join downstream V gamma gene segments (V gamma 1.8 and V gamma 2) to upstream J gamma gene segments associated with C gamma 1. These rearrangements are characterized by minimal junctional diversity. At later times there is a switch at the TCR-delta locus such that V delta 1 is joined to upstream D delta gene segments, and a switch at the TCR-gamma locus such that upstream V gamma gene segments are joined to downstream J gamma gene segments associated with C gamma 2. These rearrangements are characterized by extensive junctional diversity. Programmed rearrangement explains in part the origin of discrete subpopulations of peripheral blood TCR-gamma/delta lymphocytes that have been defined in previous studies. In addition, cytokine production by early fetal and postnatal TCR-gamma/delta thymocyte clones was examined. Fetal thymocyte clones produced significant levels of IL-4 and IL-5 following stimulation, whereas postnatal thymocyte clones did not produce these cytokines. Thus, these cell populations may represent functionally distinct subsets as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Krangel
- Division of Tumor Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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34
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Ishida I, Verbeek S, Bonneville M, Itohara S, Berns A, Tonegawa S. T-cell receptor gamma delta and gamma transgenic mice suggest a role of a gamma gene silencer in the generation of alpha beta T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:3067-71. [PMID: 2326267 PMCID: PMC53835 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.8.3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A T lymphocyte expresses on its surface one of two types of antigen receptor, T-cell receptor alpha beta or T-cell receptor gamma delta, encoded by a pair of somatically rearranged alpha and beta or gamma and delta genes. It has been suggested that alpha beta T cells are generated only from precursor T cells that failed to rearrange gamma and delta genes in a functional form. However, we found that transgenic mice constructed with functionally rearranged gamma and delta genes produce a normal number of alpha beta T cells. The transgene gamma present in these alpha beta T cells is repressed apparently through an associated cis DNA element (silencer). We propose that some T-cell precursors are committed to generate alpha beta T cells independent of the rearrangement status of their gamma gene and that this commitment involves activation of a factor(s) that interacts with the gamma gene-associated silencer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ishida
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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35
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Miossec C, Faure F, Ferradini L, Roman-Roman S, Jitsukawa S, Ferrini S, Moretta A, Triebel F, Hercend T. Further analysis of the T cell receptor gamma/delta+ peripheral lymphocyte subset. The V delta 1 gene segment is expressed with either C alpha or C delta. J Exp Med 1990; 171:1171-88. [PMID: 2182762 PMCID: PMC2187822 DOI: 10.1084/jem.171.4.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have characterized the reactivity of two mAbs that are directed at the human TCR-gamma/delta. These reagents, designated anti-A13 and anti-TiV delta 2, were found to recognize antigenic determinants encoded by the TCR V delta 1 and V delta 2 gene segments, respectively. Immunofluorescence analyses performed with the antibodies confirmed that, in the TCR-gamma/delta+ cell subpopulation, the expression of V delta 2+ delta chains is largely predominant, as compared with the V delta 1+ counterparts. However, these experiments led to an apparently discrepant finding. Indeed, the total number of cells recognized by the anti-A13 plus the anti-TiV delta 2 antibodies was often greater than that detected with anti-TCR-delta 1, a reagent specific for a constant epitope of the human delta chain. Further investigation showed that the presence of a sizeable peripheral lymphocyte subset coexpressing the BMA031 and the A13 epitopes. Because the former antibody is known to recognize an invariant antigenic determinant of the TCR-alpha/beta dimer, these results suggested that the V delta 1 gene segment may be expressed with either C delta or C alpha. This hypothesis was confirmed using T2, an IL-2-dependent BMA031+ A13+ polyclonal cell line developed from peripheral blood of a healthy adult donor. Indeed, T2 cells were found to have productively rearranged the V delta 1 gene. Together, results of Northern blot analysis and cDNA cloning indicated that V delta 1 was expressed in these cells as part of a 1.6-kb full-length message including J alpha-C alpha segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Miossec
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
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36
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Miescher GC, Liao NS, Lees RK, MacDonald HR, Raulet DH. Selective expression of V delta 6 genes by B2A2- CD4- CD8- T cell receptor gamma/delta thymocytes. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:41-5. [PMID: 2137782 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most CD4-CD8- adult murine thymocytes characterized by absence of the B2A2 (J11d) antigen express T cell receptors (TcR) alpha/beta and utilize preferentially V beta 8.2 segments. To a much lesser extent, B2A2-CD4-CD8- thymocytes also express TcR gamma/delta, as evidenced by biochemical and Northern blot analysis. We have now been able to exclude the possibility that these cells might co-express both types of TcR: V beta 8+ B2A2- CD4-CD8- thymocytes expressed no TcR delta mRNA whereas the corresponding V beta 8- subset transcribed full-length TcR gamma as well as delta mRNA. Furthermore, the TcR gamma/delta expressing B2A2- thymocytes were found to use preferentially V delta 6 genes. Conversely, they did not express V delta 5 genes which are most frequently used by other TcR gamma/delta-bearing populations such as B2A2+ CD4-CD8- thymocytes or CD4-CD8- peripheral lymph node cells. RNase protection experiments showed that two particular V delta 6 transcripts predominate in these gamma/delta populations, the most prominent V delta 6 sequence being highly homologous if not identical to V alpha 7.1. Our observations extend previous information on overlapping V alpha and V delta gene repertoires, particularly in the cross-hybridizing V alpha 7/V delta 6 gene family. Moreover, our data suggest that B2A2-CD4-CD8- thymocytes represent a developmentally unique subset in which both V delta and V beta segments are nonrandomly expressed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Blotting, Northern
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Lymph Nodes/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- Ribonucleases/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Thymus Gland/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Miescher
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
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37
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Happ MP, Kubo RT, Palmer E, Born WK, O'Brien RL. Limited receptor repertoire in a mycobacteria-reactive subset of gamma delta T lymphocytes. Nature 1989; 342:696-8. [PMID: 2594068 DOI: 10.1038/342696a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of lymphocytes bearing the gamma delta T-cell receptor (TCR) is still unclear. A function for a subset of these cells, however, is inferred from the finding that certain gamma delta chain-bearing lymphocytes are stimulated in a receptor-dependent fashion by mycobacterial antigens. We found that hybridomas derived from such cells in newborn murine thymus not only responded to mycobacterial purified protein derivative (PPD), but also exhibited an apparent autoreactivity. In neither response was haplotype-specific major histocompatibility (MHC) restriction demonstrable. To investigate the nature of antigen recognition by these gamma delta+ cells, we sequenced the gamma- and delta-chains from 28 PPD-reactive hybridomas, and found that a specific gamma-chain, together with one of a limited set of delta-chains, was needed to generate the PPD specificity. The reactive gamma delta pairs exhibited considerable junctional diversity, which may act to produce differences in the fine specificities of the responding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Happ
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206
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38
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Lafaille JJ, DeCloux A, Bonneville M, Takagaki Y, Tonegawa S. Junctional sequences of T cell receptor gamma delta genes: implications for gamma delta T cell lineages and for a novel intermediate of V-(D)-J joining. Cell 1989; 59:859-70. [PMID: 2590942 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences of a large number of V-(D)-J junctions of T cell receptor (TCR) gamma and delta genes show that most fetal thymocytes express on their surface one of just two gamma delta TCRs known to be expressed by epidermal gamma delta T cells (s-IEL) or intraepithelial gamma delta T cells associated with female reproductive organs (r-IEL). In contrast, gamma delta TCRs expressed on adult thymocytes are highly diverse as a result of multiple combinations of gene segments as well as junctional deletions and insertions, indicating that developmental time-and cell lineage-dependent mechanisms exist that control the extent of gamma delta TCR diversity. In addition, this study revealed a new type of junctional insertion (P nucleotides), which led to a new model of V-(D)-J joining generally applicable to immunoglobulin and TCR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lafaille
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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39
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Asarnow DM, Goodman T, LeFrancois L, Allison JP. Distinct antigen receptor repertoires of two classes of murine epithelium-associated T cells. Nature 1989; 341:60-2. [PMID: 2528075 DOI: 10.1038/341060a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are found not only as recirculating cells in the lymphoid system, but also as immobile cells in certain epithelia. T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) of both alpha/beta and gamma/delta-heterodimer subtypes can exhibit an extremely high degree of diversity. The diversity of alpha/beta TCRs derives from the use of a large number of variable (V) gene segments, as well as junctional diversity generated during rearrangement of these segments, whereas the diversity of gamma/delta TCRs derives largely from junctional elements, with a smaller contribution from a limited number of V gene segments. Many T cells in the epidermal and intestinal epithelia of mice express TCR composed of gamma/delta heterodimers. We demonstrate here that gamma/delta TCRs of T cells in both these tissues are restricted in V gene usage, with different elements predominating. The TCR junctional diversity of epidermal T cells, however, is extremely limited, whereas that of intestinal T cells is extremely diverse. The distinctive features of these two populations suggest that they develop or are selected differently for particular tissue-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Asarnow
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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40
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Vidović D, Roglić M, McKune K, Guerder S, MacKay C, Dembić Z. Qa-1 restricted recognition of foreign antigen by a gamma delta T-cell hybridoma. Nature 1989; 340:646-50. [PMID: 2528072 DOI: 10.1038/340646a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Distinct T-lymphocyte subsets recognize antigens in conjunction with different classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins using the T-cell receptor (TCR), a disulphide-linked heterodimer associated with the CD3 complex on the cell surface. In general, class I and class II MHC products provide a context for the recognition of foreign antigens by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. This recognition seems to be largely dependent on alpha beta TCR heterodimers, whereas the function of the second gamma delta TCR, present on a minor subpopulation of cells, is still unknown. In the mouse, the existence of six cell-surface MHC class I products (K, D, L, Qa-1, Qa-2 and Tla) has been firmly established by serological, biochemical and genetic evidence. So far, only the most polymorphic of them, K, D and L ('classical' class I) have been reported as restriction elements for T-cell recognition of foreign antigens. The function of the relatively invariant Qa and Tla molecules remains unknown. We have made a T-helper cell hybridoma clone (DGT3) that recognizes synthetic copolymer poly(Glu50Tyr50) in the context of Qa-1 cell surface product, and has a CD4-CD8- phenotype. Our studies indicate that DGT3 cells express the gamma delta TCR on the cell surface, implicating its role in Qa-1-restricted antigen recognition. This is the first evidence that T cells can recognize foreign antigen in association with self Qa product, confirming that Qa molecules not only topologically, but also functionally, belong to the MHC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antigens/immunology
- Blotting, Northern
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Peptides/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vidović
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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41
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Matis LA, Fry AM, Cron RQ, Cotterman MM, Dick RF, Bluestone JA. Structure and specificity of a class II MHC alloreactive gamma delta T cell receptor heterodimer. Science 1989; 245:746-9. [PMID: 2528206 DOI: 10.1126/science.2528206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct CD3-associated T cell receptors (TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta) are expressed in a mutually exclusive fashion on separate subsets of T lymphocytes. While the specificity of the TCR alpha beta repertoire for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens is well established, the diversity of expressed gamma delta receptors and the ligands they recognize are less well understood. An alloreactive CD3+CD4-CD8- T cell line specific for murine class II MHC (Ia) antigens encoded in the I-E subregion of the H-2 gene complex was identified, and the primary structure of its gamma delta receptor heterodimer was characterized. In contrast to a TCR alpha beta-expressing alloreactive T cell line selected for similar specificity, the TCR gamma delta line displayed broad cross-reactivity for multiple distinct I-E-encoded allogeneic Ia molecules.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Base Sequence
- CD3 Complex
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunosorbent Techniques
- Macromolecular Substances
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Matis
- Division of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
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42
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Jouvin-Marche E, Morgado MG, Trede N, Marche PN, Couez D, Hue I, Gris C, Malissen M, Cazenave PA. Complexity, polymorphism, and recombination of mouse T-cell receptor alpha gene families. Immunogenetics 1989; 30:99-104. [PMID: 2527198 DOI: 10.1007/bf02421537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genomic DNA from a large panel of inbred strains of mice were hybridized sequentially with 15 V alpha, 2 V delta, 1 C alpha, and 1 C delta probes. Most of the V alpha probes detected a high degree of polymorphism and have allowed the definition of five mouse T-cell receptor alpha (Tcr alpha) haplotypes. One of these haplotypes (Tcre alpha) appears to arise from a recombination between the Tcrb alpha and Tcra alpha haplotypes, the latter being the most frequently found in the conventional inbred strains. This recombination event clearly indicates that the members of at least 11 V alpha sub-families are not closely linked but highly interspersed with one another on chromosome 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jouvin-Marche
- Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS 359, Paris, France
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43
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Griesinger F, Greenberg JM, Kersey JH. T cell receptor gamma and delta rearrangements in hematologic malignancies. Relationship to lymphoid differentiation. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:506-16. [PMID: 2547833 PMCID: PMC548910 DOI: 10.1172/jci114193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied recombinatorial events of the T cell receptor delta and gamma chain genes in hematopoietic malignancies and related these to normal stages of lymphoid differentiation. T cell receptor delta gene recombinatorial events were found in 91% of acute T cell lymphoblastic leukemia, 68% of non-T, non-B lymphoid precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 80% of mixed lineage acute leukemias. Mature B-lineage leukemias and acute nonlymphocytic leukemias retained the T-cell receptor delta gene in the germline configuration. The incidence of T cell receptor gamma and delta was particularly high in CD10+CD19+ non-T, non-B lymphoid precursor ALL. In lymphoid precursor ALL, T cell receptor delta was frequently rearranged while T cell receptor gamma was in the germline configuration. This suggests that TCR delta rearrangements may precede TCR gamma rearrangements in lymphoid ontogeny. In T-ALL, only concordant T cell receptor delta and gamma rearrangements were observed. Several distinct rearrangements were defined using a panel of restriction enzymes. Most of the rearrangements observed in T-ALL represented joining events of J delta 1 to upstream regions. In contrast, the majority of rearrangements in lymphoid precursor ALL most likely represented D-D or V-D rearrangements, which have been found to be early recombinatorial events of the TCR delta locus. We next analyzed TCR delta rearrangements in five CD3+TCR gamma/delta+ ALL and cell lines. One T-ALL, which demonstrated a different staining pattern with monoclonal antibodies against the products of the TCR gamma/delta genes than the PEER cell line, rearranges J delta 1 to a currently unidentified variable region.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Griesinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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44
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Sturm E, Braakman E, Bontrop RE, Chuchana P, Van de Griend RJ, Koning F, Lefranc MP, Bolhuis RL. Coordinated V gamma and V delta gene segment rearrangements in human T cell receptor gamma/delta+ lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19:1261-5. [PMID: 2547624 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830190717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were used to characterize a panel (n = 46) of T cell receptor (TcR) gamma/delta+ T cell clones. Three of these antibodies have been described to react with specific variable region-encoded protein products and can therefore be used to detect functional gene rearrangements. The majority of peripheral blood-derived clones (43 out of 45) expressed the epitopes recognized by mAb BB3, encoded by the V delta 2 gene segment and mAb Ti gamma A, encoded by the V gamma 9 gene segment. These clones lacked the antigenic determinant recognized by mAb delta-TCS-1, encoded by the V delta 1 gene segment. The other two peripheral blood-derived clones and an ascites-derived clone were Ti gamma A-, BB3- and delta-TCS-1+. Biochemical analysis revealed that all Ti gamma A+, BB3+ T cell clones expressed the disulfide-linked form of the receptor. The two peripheral blood-derived delta-TCS-1+ T cell clones expressed the nondisulfide-linked form whereas the ascites-derived delta-TCS-1+ clone, AK119 expressed the disulfide-linked form of the TcR gamma/delta heterodimer. This indicates that V delta 1-encoded delta chains can be associated either with a C gamma 1- or a C gamma 2-encoded gamma chain. The preferential use of certain V gamma and V delta gene segments suggests the existence of a limited combinatorial diversity in TcR gamma/delta heterodimers, i.e. Ti gamma A+ (V gamma 9), BB3+ (V delta 2) and delta-TCS-1- disulfide-linked heterodimers and Ti gamma A-, BB3- and delta-TCS-1+ (V delta 1) disulfide- or non disulfide-linked forms.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Blotting, Southern
- Disulfides
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Precipitin Tests
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sturm
- Department of Immunology, Dr. Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Korman AJ, Maruyama J, Raulet DH. Rearrangement by inversion of a T-cell receptor delta variable region gene located 3' of the delta constant region gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:267-71. [PMID: 2789518 PMCID: PMC286445 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.1.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have located a T-cell receptor variable (V) delta gene segment immediately 3' of the delta constant (C) region gene and 5' to the known joining (J) alpha gene segments. This V delta gene is in the opposite transcriptional polarity to C delta and has rearranged to C delta by inversion in a gamma/delta-expressing hybridoma, DN7.3. This V delta gene is commonly rearranged in adult but not fetal gamma/delta-expressing thymocytes and has not been observed among alpha gene rearrangements reported to date. The reciprocal joining sequence isolated from this cell line contains N region nucleotides between the recombination signal sequences, in contrast to previously analyzed reciprocal joints. The results are discussed in the context of models accounting for ordered V gene usage during lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Korman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, MA 02142
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46
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Asarnow DM, Kuziel WA, Bonyhadi M, Tigelaar RE, Tucker PW, Allison JP. Limited diversity of gamma delta antigen receptor genes of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells. Cell 1988; 55:837-47. [PMID: 2847872 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
T cells bearing gamma delta antigen receptors constitute minor populations in most peripheral lymphoid tissues but represent the major populations of T cells in certain epithelia, including the epidermis. We show that murine dendritic epidermal cell (dEC) clones express V gamma and V delta gene segments, which are rare in adult T cells but predominate in fetal thymocytes. Analysis of the junctions of the rearranged gamma and delta genes shows a striking homogeneity among the receptors of five dEC clones. Our data support a model in which dECs represent one of perhaps several waves of emigrants from the early fetal thymus, and imply a role for dECs in immune surveillance that is distinct from that of alpha beta- and other gamma delta-bearing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Asarnow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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47
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