1
|
Horvath L, Puschmann C, Scheiber A, Martowicz A, Sturm G, Trajanoski Z, Wolf D, Pircher A, Salcher S. Beyond binary: bridging neutrophil diversity to new therapeutic approaches in NSCLC. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:457-474. [PMID: 38360439 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils represent the most abundant myeloid cell subtype in the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor microenvironment (TME). By anti- or protumor polarization, they impact multiple aspects of tumor biology and affect sensitivity to conventional therapies and immunotherapies. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses have unraveled an extensive neutrophil heterogeneity, helping our understanding of their pleiotropic role. In this review we summarize recent data and models on tumor-associated neutrophil (TAN) biology, focusing on the diversity that evolves in response to tumor-intrinsic cues. We categorize available transcriptomic profiles from different cancer entities into a defined set of neutrophil subclusters with distinct phenotypic properties, to step beyond the traditional binary N1/2 classification. Finally, we discuss potential ways to exploit these neutrophil states in the setting of anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Horvath
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine V, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Constanze Puschmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine V, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Scheiber
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine V, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Martowicz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine V, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Sturm
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Boehringer Ingelheim International Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine V, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine V, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Salcher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine V, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lichtor T, Tang B, Roy EJ. Cytokine Gene Vaccine Therapy for Treatment of a Brain Tumor. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1505. [PMID: 38002466 PMCID: PMC10669932 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A glioma is a malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Attempts at the surgical removal of the tumor are the first approach, but additional treatment strategies, including radiation therapy and systemic or local chemotherapy, are necessary. Furthermore, the treatments are often associated with significant adverse side effects. Normal and malignant cells generally have antigenic differences, and this is the rationale for clinical immunotherapeutic strategies. Cytokines such as IL-15 or IL-2, which stimulate an anti-tumor immune response, have been shown to have a particularly high potential for use in immunotherapy against various tumors. In this review, treatments with either a poxvirus, genetically engineered to secrete IL-15, or allogeneic fibroblasts, transfected with tumor DNA and engineered to secrete IL-2, are shown to be effective strategies in extending the survival of mice with malignant brain tumors upon intracerebral injection of the treatment cells. Future studies with these treatment strategies in patients with intracerebral tumors are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lichtor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bingtao Tang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.T.); (E.J.R.)
| | - Edward J. Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.T.); (E.J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu S, Wu W, Du Y, Yin H, Chen Q, Yu W, Wang W, Yu J, Liu L, Lou W, Pu N. The evolution and heterogeneity of neutrophils in cancers: origins, subsets, functions, orchestrations and clinical applications. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:148. [PMID: 37679744 PMCID: PMC10483725 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most prevalent innate immune cells in humans, have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their involvement in cancer progression. This comprehensive review aimed to elucidate the important roles and underlying mechanisms of neutrophils in cancer from the perspective of their whole life cycle, tracking them from development in the bone marrow to circulation and finally to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Based on an understanding of their heterogeneity, we described the relationship between abnormal neutrophils and clinical manifestations in cancer. Specifically, we explored the function, origin, and polarization of neutrophils within the TME. Furthermore, we also undertook an extensive analysis of the intricate relationship between neutrophils and clinical management, including neutrophil-based clinical treatment strategies. In conclusion, we firmly assert that directing future research endeavors towards comprehending the remarkable heterogeneity exhibited by neutrophils is of paramount importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenchuan Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yueshan Du
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hanlin Yin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiangda Chen
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weisheng Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Wenhui Lou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ning Pu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tumor-associated neutrophils and neutrophil-targeted cancer therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188762. [PMID: 35853517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the frontline cells in response to microbial infections and are involved in a range of inflammatory disorders in the body. In recent years, neutrophils have gained considerable attention in their involvement of complex roles in tumor development and progression. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) that accumulate in local region could be triggered by external stimuli from tumor microenvironment (TME) and switch between anti- and pro-tumor phenotypes. The anti-tumor neutrophils kill tumor cells through direct cytotoxic effects as well as indirect effects by activating adaptive immune responses. In contrast, the pro-tumor phenotype of neutrophils might be associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression in TME. More recently, neutrophils have been proposed as a potential target in cancer therapy for their ability to diminish the pro-tumor pathways, such as by immune checkpoint blockade. This review discusses the complex roles of neutrophils in TME and highlights the strategies in neutrophil targeting in cancer treatment with a particular focus on the progresses of ongoing clinical trials involving neutrophil-targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gruijs M, Sewnath CAN, Egmond MV. Therapeutic exploitation of neutrophils to fight cancer. Semin Immunol 2021; 57:101581. [PMID: 34922817 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based immunotherapy is a promising strategy in cancer treatment. Antibodies can directly inhibit tumor growth, induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity and induce Fc receptor-mediated elimination of tumor cells by macrophages and natural killer cells. Until now, however, neutrophils have been largely overlooked as potential effector cells, even though they are the most abundant type of immune cells in the circulation. Neutrophils display heterogeneity, especially in the context of cancer. Therefore, their role in cancer is debated. Nevertheless, neutrophils possess natural anti-tumor properties and appropriate stimulation, i.e. specific targeting via antibody therapy, induces potent tumor cell killing, especially via targeting of the immunoglobulin A Fc receptor (FcαRI, CD89). In this review we address the mechanisms of tumor cell killing by neutrophils and the role of neutrophils in induction of anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, possibilities for therapeutic targeting are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Gruijs
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam - Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Celine A N Sewnath
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam - Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Egmond
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam - Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Long W, Chen J, Gao C, Lin Z, Xie X, Dai H. Brief review on the roles of neutrophils in cancer development. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:407-413. [PMID: 32970873 PMCID: PMC7891660 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0820-011r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, which are traditionally regarded as a hallmark of inflammation, are also a member of the intratumoral immune cells. The roles of neutrophils in cancer development are diverse and undefined. So far, they are known to be involved in tumor initiation and tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. They show heterogeneity in both phenotypes and functions during early versus late stage of cancer development. Because they are also associated with the clinical outcomes of various types of solid tumors, cancer treatments that target neutrophils might be highly effective. In this review, we briefly cover the latest findings on the multiple roles of neutrophils in cancer development and point out the future directions as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Long
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xubiao Xie
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Helong Dai
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jaillon S, Ponzetta A, Di Mitri D, Santoni A, Bonecchi R, Mantovani A. Neutrophil diversity and plasticity in tumour progression and therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:485-503. [PMID: 32694624 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a key role in defence against infection and in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. In cancer, tumour-associated neutrophils (TANs) have emerged as an important component of the tumour microenvironment. Here, they can exert dual functions. TANs can be part of tumour-promoting inflammation by driving angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodelling, metastasis and immunosuppression. Conversely, neutrophils can also mediate antitumour responses by direct killing of tumour cells and by participating in cellular networks that mediate antitumour resistance. Neutrophil diversity and plasticity underlie the dual potential of TANs in the tumour microenvironment. Myeloid checkpoints as well as the tumour and tissue contexture shape neutrophil function in response to conventional therapies and immunotherapy. We surmise that neutrophils can provide tools to tailor current immunotherapy strategies and pave the way to myeloid cell-centred therapeutic strategies, which would be complementary to current approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Jaillon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (MI), Italy.
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy.
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (MI), Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Diletta Di Mitri
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (MI), Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (MI), Italy.
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy.
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Sousa-Pereira P, Woof JM. IgA: Structure, Function, and Developability. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040057. [PMID: 31817406 PMCID: PMC6963396 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a key role in defending mucosal surfaces against attack by infectious microorganisms. Such sites present a major site of susceptibility due to their vast surface area and their constant exposure to ingested and inhaled material. The importance of IgA to effective immune defence is signalled by the fact that more IgA is produced than all the other immunoglobulin classes combined. Indeed, IgA is not just the most prevalent antibody class at mucosal sites, but is also present at significant concentrations in serum. The unique structural features of the IgA heavy chain allow IgA to polymerise, resulting in mainly dimeric forms, along with some higher polymers, in secretions. Both serum IgA, which is principally monomeric, and secretory forms of IgA are capable of neutralising and removing pathogens through a range of mechanisms, including triggering the IgA Fc receptor known as FcαRI or CD89 on phagocytes. The effectiveness of these elimination processes is highlighted by the fact that various pathogens have evolved mechanisms to thwart such IgA-mediated clearance. As the structure–function relationships governing the varied capabilities of this immunoglobulin class come into increasingly clear focus, and means to circumvent any inherent limitations are developed, IgA-based monoclonal antibodies are set to emerge as new and potent options in the therapeutic arena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- CIBIO-InBIO, Campus Agrário de Vairão, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Jenny M. Woof
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382-383389
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ponzetta A, Carriero R, Carnevale S, Barbagallo M, Molgora M, Perucchini C, Magrini E, Gianni F, Kunderfranco P, Polentarutti N, Pasqualini F, Di Marco S, Supino D, Peano C, Cananzi F, Colombo P, Pilotti S, Alomar SY, Bonavita E, Galdiero MR, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Jaillon S. Neutrophils Driving Unconventional T Cells Mediate Resistance against Murine Sarcomas and Selected Human Tumors. Cell 2019; 178:346-360.e24. [PMID: 31257026 PMCID: PMC6630709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are a component of the tumor microenvironment and have been predominantly associated with cancer progression. Using a genetic approach complemented by adoptive transfer, we found that neutrophils are essential for resistance against primary 3-methylcholantrene-induced carcinogenesis. Neutrophils were essential for the activation of an interferon-γ-dependent pathway of immune resistance, associated with polarization of a subset of CD4- CD8- unconventional αβ T cells (UTCαβ). Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses unveiled the innate-like features and diversity of UTCαβ associated with neutrophil-dependent anti-sarcoma immunity. In selected human tumors, including undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, CSF3R expression, a neutrophil signature and neutrophil infiltration were associated with a type 1 immune response and better clinical outcome. Thus, neutrophils driving UTCαβ polarization and type 1 immunity are essential for resistance against murine sarcomas and selected human tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ponzetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Carnevale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | | | - Martina Molgora
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | | | - Elena Magrini
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Gianni
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Nadia Polentarutti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabio Pasqualini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Sabrina Di Marco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Domenico Supino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, UoS Milan, National Research Council, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Cananzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Surgical Oncology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Pilotti
- Pathology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Suliman Yousef Alomar
- Zoology Department College of Science, King Saud University, 12372 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eduardo Bonavita
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4GT, UK
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Sebastien Jaillon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heemskerk N, van Egmond M. Monoclonal antibody-mediated killing of tumour cells by neutrophils. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48 Suppl 2:e12962. [PMID: 29855035 PMCID: PMC6282585 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils represent the most abundant population of circulating cytotoxic effector cells. Moreover, their number can be easily increased by treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor or granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, without the need for ex vivo expansion. Because neutrophils express Fc receptors, they have the potential to act as effector cells during monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Additionally, as neutrophils play a role in the regulation of adaptive immune responses, exploiting neutrophils in mAb therapy may result in long-term antitumour immunity. There is limited evidence that neutrophils play a prominent role in current immunoglobulin G-based immunotherapy. However, as IgA induces neutrophil recruitment, novel therapeutic strategies that aim to target the IgA Fc receptor FcαRI may fully unleash the potential of enlisting neutrophils as cytotoxic effector cells in antibody therapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Heemskerk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The identification of critical genes that encode for regulatory proteins has helped elucidate the molecular mechanisms that govern cell proliferation and malignant transformation. Several approaches to gene therapy for cancer have been described. These include the use of fibroblasts expressing suicide genes, restoration of expression of tumor suppressor genes, cytokine gene therapy, genetic modification of T lymphocytes, and protection of normal hemopoiesis in cancer patients. Clinical trials are underway in all these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Y. Djeu
- Immunology Program at H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Fla
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lotze MT. Transplantation and Adoptive Cellular Therapy of Cancer: The Role of T-Cell Growth Factors. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/096368979300200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to transfer cultured lymphocytes required the availability and the understanding of the use of the T-cell growth factors IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-12. Application of these cytokines in vitro and in vivo has allowed the modern development of adoptive transfer of tumor reactive lymphocytes to the modern immunotherapy of patients with cancer. In a randomized prospective study of IL-2 administration compared with IL-2 and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, no increase in response rate was observed. In a total of 90 patients randomized to receive LAK and IL-2 and 91 patients randomized to receive IL-2 alone, there were a total of 24 responses in patients receiving cells and IL-2 and 16 responses in those receiving IL-2 alone (no significant difference). There was some suggestion that complete responses were observed more often in melanoma patients treated with LAK and IL-2. The most interesting aspect of this study is the prolonged duration of responses, lasting for many months or years. Unfortunately, given the large numbers of variables that were examined, it became very difficult to demonstrate a clear-cut association between clinical outcome (response) and any variable that was routinely measured. Significant antitumor responses have been observed greater than expected with IL-2 alone, with the administration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to patients with melanoma. We currently use hollow fiber devices (Cellco, Germantown, MD) to expand cells up through the many doublings required to generate approximately 1-2 × 1011 cells over a period of 6 wk in culture. In a recent review of the results in patients with melanoma treated on such regimens in combination with high-dose IL-2, an approximately 20-50% response rate has been observed. The factors associated with response are still unclear. Although we initially felt that it was associated with specific lysis, subsequent studies from our group suggest that the relevant factor is specific cytokine (INF-γ, GM-CSF, TNF) production upon tumor stimulation. Additional studies will need to be done to clarify these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Eruslanov EB, Singhal S, Albelda SM. Mouse versus Human Neutrophils in Cancer: A Major Knowledge Gap. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:149-160. [PMID: 28718445 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many types of cancer recruit neutrophils that could have protumor or antitumor effects on tumor development. Numerous findings in murine models suggest a predominantly protumoral role for neutrophils in cancer development. However, there are fundamental differences between mouse and human tumors in the evolution of tumors, genetic diversity, immune response, and also in the intrinsic biology of neutrophils that might have a profound impact on tumor development and the function of these cells. A crucial difference is that the majority of mouse tumor models lack the prolonged initial phases of multistage tumor evolution present in humans when antitumoral mechanisms are activated. In this review, we discuss the challenges specific to cross-species extrapolation of neutrophil function during mouse versus human tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy B Eruslanov
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Droeser RA, Mechera R, Däster S, Weixler B, Kraljević M, Delko T, Güth U, Stadlmann S, Terracciano L, Singer G. MPO density in primary cancer biopsies of ovarian carcinoma enhances the indicative value of IL-17 for chemosensitivity. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:639. [PMID: 27531373 PMCID: PMC4988007 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer of the ovary is mostly discovered at a late stage and cannot be removed by surgery alone. Therefore surgery is usually followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, few reliable biomarkers exist to predict response to chemotherapy of ovarian cancer. Previously, we could demonstrate that IL-17 density is indicative for chemosensitivity. This study focuses on the predictive value of myeloperoxidase (MPO) concerning response to chemotherapy of ovarian cancer. METHODS Biopsies of mostly high-grade primary serous ovarian carcinomas and their matched recurrences were stained with MPO after fixation in formalin and embedding in paraffin. For this staining the technique of tissue-microarray was used. Recurrence within 6 months of the completion of platinum-based chemotherapy was defined as chemoresistance as previously publised. Data for MPO could be analyzed in 92 biopsies. RESULTS MPO and IL-17 positive immune cells correlated significantly in biopsies of primary and recurrent carcinomas (r s = 0.41; p = 0.004 and r s = 0.40; p = 0.007, respectively). MPO expression alone did not predict response to chemotherapy, but in multivariate cox regression analysis including age, residual disease, number of chemotherapy cycles, FIGO classification and combined categorized MPO and IL-17 cell densities of primary cancer biopsies, the combination of both immune markers was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival (p = 0.013, HR = .23, 95CI = 0.07-0.73). There was no chemoresistant patient in the subgroup of MPO + IL-17+, neither in primary nor in recurrent cancer biopsies. CONCLUSIONS High MPO positive cell density enhances the indicative value of IL-17 for response to chemotherapy in ovarian carcinoma. Although, these results have to be validated in a larger cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raoul A Droeser
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Institute for Surgical Research and Hospital Management ICFS, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Robert Mechera
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Däster
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weixler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marko Kraljević
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tarik Delko
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Güth
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, 8400, Winterthur, Switzerland.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Stadlmann
- Institute of Pathology, Kantonsspital Baden AG, Im Ergel 1, 5404, Baden, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gad Singer
- Institute of Pathology, Kantonsspital Baden AG, Im Ergel 1, 5404, Baden, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Interplay between Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory Mediators in Lung Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3494608. [PMID: 26941482 PMCID: PMC4749813 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3494608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a component of the tumor microenvironment and represents the 7th hallmark of cancer. Chronic inflammation plays a critical role in tumorigenesis. Tumor infiltrating inflammatory cells mediate processes associated with progression, immune suppression, promotion of neoangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, remodeling of extracellular matrix, invasion and metastasis, and, lastly, the inhibition of vaccine-induced antitumor T cell response. Accumulating evidence indicates a critical role of myeloid cells in the pathophysiology of human cancers. In contrast to the well-characterized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the significance of granulocytes in cancer has only recently begun to emerge with the characterization of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs). Recent studies show the importance of CD47 in the interaction with macrophages inhibiting phagocytosis and promoting the migration of neutrophils, increasing inflammation which can lead to recurrence and progression in lung cancer. Currently, therapies are targeted towards blocking CD47 and enhancing macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. However, antibody-based therapies may have adverse effects that limit its use.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Däster S, Eppenberger-Castori S, Hirt C, Soysal SD, Delko T, Nebiker CA, Weixler B, Amicarella F, Iezzi G, Governa V, Padovan E, Mele V, Sconocchia G, Heberer M, Terracciano L, Kettelhack C, Oertli D, Spagnoli GC, von Holzen U, Tornillo L, Droeser RA. Absence of myeloperoxidase and CD8 positive cells in colorectal cancer infiltrates identifies patients with severe prognosis. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1050574. [PMID: 26587320 PMCID: PMC4635694 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) infiltration by cells expressing myeloperoxidase (MPO) or CD8 positive T lymphocytes has been shown to be independently associated with favorable prognosis. We explored the relationship occurring between CD8+ and MPO+ cell CRC infiltration, its impact on clinical-pathological features and its prognostic significance in a tissue microarray (TMA) including 1,162 CRC. We observed that CRC showing high MPO+ cell infiltration are characterized by a prognosis as favorable as that of cancers with high CD8+ T cell infiltration. However, MPO+ and CD8+ CRC infiltrating cells did not synergize in determining a more favorable outcome, as compared with cancers showing MPOhigh/CD8low or MPOlow/CD8high infiltrates. Most importantly, we identified a subgroup of CRC with MPOlow/CD8low tumor infiltration characterized by a particularly severe prognosis. Intriguingly, although MPO+ and CD8+ cells did not co-localize in CRC infiltrates, an increased expression of TIA-1 and granzyme-B was detectable in T cells infiltrating CRC with high MPO+ cell density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Däster
- Department of Surgery; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Hirt
- Department of Surgery; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Savas D Soysal
- Department of Surgery; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tarik Delko
- Department of Surgery; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian A Nebiker
- Department of Surgery; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weixler
- Department of Surgery; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Amicarella
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giandomenica Iezzi
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Governa
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Padovan
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Mele
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Sconocchia
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine; National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Heberer
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Oertli
- Department of Surgery; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio C Spagnoli
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Holzen
- Department of Surgery; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
- Indiana University School of Medicine South Bend, Indiana University Health Goshen Center for Cancer Care, Goshen, IN, USA
| | - Luigi Tornillo
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul A Droeser
- Department of Surgery; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Eruslanov EB, Bhojnagarwala PS, Quatromoni JG, Stephen TL, Ranganathan A, Deshpande C, Akimova T, Vachani A, Litzky L, Hancock WW, Conejo-Garcia JR, Feldman M, Albelda SM, Singhal S. Tumor-associated neutrophils stimulate T cell responses in early-stage human lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5466-80. [PMID: 25384214 DOI: 10.1172/jci77053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating inflammatory cells are highly prevalent within the tumor microenvironment and mediate many processes associated with tumor progression; however, the contribution of specific populations remains unclear. For example, the nature and function of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in the cancer microenvironment is largely unknown. The goal of this study was to provide a phenotypic and functional characterization of TANs in surgically resected lung cancer patients. We found that TANs constituted 5%-25% of cells isolated from the digested human lung tumors. Compared with blood neutrophils, TANs displayed an activated phenotype (CD62L(lo)CD54(hi)) with a distinct repertoire of chemokine receptors that included CCR5, CCR7, CXCR3, and CXCR4. TANs produced substantial quantities of the proinflammatory factors MCP-1, IL-8, MIP-1α, and IL-6, as well as the antiinflammatory IL-1R antagonist. Functionally, both TANs and neutrophils isolated from distant nonmalignant lung tissue were able to stimulate T cell proliferation and IFN-γ release. Cross-talk between TANs and activated T cells led to substantial upregulation of CD54, CD86, OX40L, and 4-1BBL costimulatory molecules on the neutrophil surface, which bolstered T cell proliferation in a positive-feedback loop. Together our results demonstrate that in the earliest stages of lung cancer, TANs are not immunosuppressive, but rather stimulate T cell responses.
Collapse
|
20
|
Interleukin-17 is a favorable prognostic marker for colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 17:50-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
21
|
Derer S, Glorius P, Schlaeth M, Lohse S, Klausz K, Muchhal U, Desjarlais JR, Humpe A, Valerius T, Peipp M. Increasing FcγRIIa affinity of an FcγRIII-optimized anti-EGFR antibody restores neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity. MAbs 2014; 6:409-21. [PMID: 24492248 PMCID: PMC3984330 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been suggested as an essential mechanism for the in vivo activity of cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting therapeutic antibody. Thus, enhancing the affinity of human IgG1 antibodies to natural killer (NK) cell-expressed FcγRIIIa by glyco- or protein-engineering of their Fc portion has been demonstrated to improve NK cell-mediated ADCC and to represent a promising strategy to improve antibody therapy. However, human polymorphonuclear (PMN) effector cells express the highly homologous FcγRIIIb isoform, which is described to be ineffective in triggering ADCC. Here, non-fucosylated or protein-engineered anti-EGFR antibodies with optimized FcγRIIIa affinities demonstrated the expected benefit in NK cell-mediated ADCC, but did not mediate ADCC by PMN, which could be restored by FcγRIIIb blockade. Furthermore, eosinophils and PMN from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients that expressed no or low levels of FcγRIIIb mediated effective ADCC with FcγRIII-optimized anti-EGFR antibody. Additional experiments with double FcγRIIa/FcγRIII-optimized constructs demonstrated enhanced PMN-mediated ADCC compared with single FcγRIII-optimized antibody. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that FcγRIIIb engagement impairs PMN-mediated ADCC activity of FcγRIII-optimized anti-EGFR antibodies, while further optimization of FcγRIIa binding significantly restores PMN recruitment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity/genetics
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cetuximab
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Eosinophils/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Glycosylation
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/immunology
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/therapy
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Derer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Pia Glorius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Schlaeth
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Lohse
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Humpe
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Braster R, O’Toole T, van Egmond M. Myeloid cells as effector cells for monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Methods 2014; 65:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
23
|
Galdiero MR, Garlanda C, Jaillon S, Marone G, Mantovani A. Tumor associated macrophages and neutrophils in tumor progression. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1404-12. [PMID: 23065796 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a key component of the tumor microenvironment and orchestrate various aspects of cancer. Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. In response to distinct signals macrophages undergo M1 (classical) or M2 (alternative) activation, which represent extremes of a continuum in a spectrum of activation states. Metabolic adaptation is a key component of macrophage plasticity and polarization, instrumental to their function in homeostasis, immunity and inflammation. Generally, TAMs acquire an M2-like phenotype that plays important roles in many aspects of tumor growth and progression. There is now evidence that also neutrophils can be driven towards distinct phenotypes in response to microenvironmental signals. The identification of mechanisms and molecules associated with macrophage and neutrophil plasticity and polarized activation provides a basis for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Galdiero
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hao S, Andersen M, Yu H. Detection of immune suppressive neutrophils in peripheral blood samples of cancer patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2013; 3:239-245. [PMID: 23997986 PMCID: PMC3755524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils provide first-line defense against infections and are potent effectors in innate and adaptive immunity. Recently neutrophils have been shown to play important roles in multiple antitumor reactions. A subset of mature neutrophils in human systemic inflammation has been identified as a unique circulating population of myeloid cells, which is capable of inhibiting T cell responses. These neutrophils show unique immunophenotype (CD11c bright/CD62L dim/CD11b bright/CD16 bright). This study reports detection of mature neutrophils with similar immunophenotype in the peripheral blood samples of cancer patients using flow cytometry analysis. This population of neutrophils is not detected in peripheral blood samples of normal controls. Thus this finding suggests the involvement of mature neutrophils in antitumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suyang Hao
- Department of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center and University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
van Egmond M, Bakema JE. Neutrophils as effector cells for antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:190-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
26
|
Droeser RA, Hirt C, Eppenberger-Castori S, Zlobec I, Viehl CT, Frey DM, Nebiker CA, Rosso R, Zuber M, Amicarella F, Iezzi G, Sconocchia G, Heberer M, Lugli A, Tornillo L, Oertli D, Terracciano L, Spagnoli GC. High myeloperoxidase positive cell infiltration in colorectal cancer is an independent favorable prognostic factor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64814. [PMID: 23734221 PMCID: PMC3667167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) infiltration by adaptive immune system cells correlates with favorable prognosis. The role of the innate immune system is still debated. Here we addressed the prognostic impact of CRC infiltration by neutrophil granulocytes (NG). Methods A TMA including healthy mucosa and clinically annotated CRC specimens (n = 1491) was stained with MPO and CD15 specific antibodies. MPO+ and CD15+ positive immune cells were counted by three independent observers. Phenotypic profiles of CRC infiltrating MPO+ and CD15+ cells were validated by flow cytometry on cell suspensions derived from enzymatically digested surgical specimens. Survival analysis was performed by splitting randomized data in training and validation subsets. Results MPO+ and CD15+ cell infiltration were significantly correlated (p<0.0001; r = 0.76). However, only high density of MPO+ cell infiltration was associated with significantly improved survival in training (P = 0.038) and validation (P = 0.002) sets. In multivariate analysis including T and N stage, vascular invasion, tumor border configuration and microsatellite instability status, MPO+ cell infiltration proved an independent prognostic marker overall (P = 0.004; HR = 0.65; CI:±0.15) and in both training (P = 0.048) and validation (P = 0.036) sets. Flow-cytometry analysis of CRC cell suspensions derived from clinical specimens showed that while MPO+ cells were largely CD15+/CD66b+, sizeable percentages of CD15+ and CD66b+ cells were MPO−. Conclusions High density MPO+ cell infiltration is a novel independent favorable prognostic factor in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raoul A Droeser
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lichtor T, Glick RP. Immunogene therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 746:151-65. [PMID: 22639166 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3146-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic differences between normal and malignant cells of the cancer patient form the rationale for clinical immunotherapeutic strategies. Because the antigenic phenotype of neoplastic cells varies widely among different cells within the same malignant cell-population, immunization with a vaccine that stimulates immunity to the broad array of tumor antigens expressed by the cancer cells is likely to be more efficacious than immunization with a vaccine for a single antigen. A vaccine prepared by transfer of DNA from the tumor into a highly immunogenic cell line can encompass the array of tumor antigens that characterize the patient's neoplasm. Poorly immunogenic tumor antigens, characteristic of malignant cells, can become strongly antigenic if they are expressed by highly immunogenic cells. A DNA-based vaccine was prepared by transfer of genomic DNA from a breast cancer that arose spontaneously in a C3H/He mouse into a highly immunogenic mouse fibroblast cell line, where genes specifying tumor-antigens were expressed. The fibroblasts were modified in advance of DNA-transfer to secrete an immune augmenting cytokine and to express allogeneic MHC Class I-determinants. In an animal model of breast cancer metastatic to the brain, introduction of the vaccine directly into the tumor bed stimulated a systemic cellular antitumor immune response measured by two independent in vitro assays and prolonged the lives of the tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, using antibodies against the various T-cell subsets, it was determined that the systemic cellular antitumor immunity was mediated by CD8+, CD4+ and NK/LAK cells. In addition an enrichment strategy has also been developed to increase the proportion of immunotherapeutic cells in the vaccine which has resulted in the development of enhanced antitumor immunity. Finally regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Fox p3+-positive) were found to be relatively deficient in the spleen cells from the tumor-bearing mice injected intracerebrally with the enriched vaccine. The application of DNA-based genomic vaccines for the treatment of a variety of brain tumors is being explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lichtor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Devitalized tumor cells either autologous or allogeneic have been used as anti-cancer vaccines with the purpose of facilitating the induction of an immune response able to destroy growing tumor cells since the identification of tumor antigens was deemed not to be necessary, particularly in the autologous system. Such vaccines were tested first in animal models and then in the clinics as unmodified tumor cells or after insertion of genes coding for factors known to increase the immune response against tumors. These vaccines were usually given by subcutaneous injections along with different immunological adjuvants. Such immunization approaches were found to be effective in mice when carried out in a tumor preventive setting but significantly less in the therapeutic context, that is, in the presence of an established tumor. By analyzing several clinical trials of vaccination using either autologous or allogeneic unmodified and gene-modified tumor cells published in the last 10 to 15 years, we conclude for a lack of sufficient evidence for efficacy of this strategy in inducing both a strong immune response and a therapeutic response. A potential variant of this strategy is the direct intratumoral injection of immunostimulatory genes delivered by vectors in vivo. But even this approach failed to provide a statistically significant clinical benefit for the cancer patients.We also point out the inherent drawbacks of the tumor cell-based vaccine strategy that include (a) a limited frequency by which human tumor lines can be obtained from clinical samples, (b) the low number of available cells for vaccination, (c) the release of immune-suppressive factors by tumor cells, and (d) the cost and time necessary for standardization and collecting/expanding a number of cells according to the approved regulatory requirements. Thus, taking into consideration the new developments in cancer vaccines, we believe that tumor cell-based vaccines should be dismissed as anti-cancer vaccines unless a clear benefit could be demonstrated by the few ongoing trials of combination with new immunomodulating reagents (eg, anti-CTLA4, PD-1, chemotherapy).
Collapse
|
29
|
Souto JC, Vila L, Brú A. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils and cancer: intense and sustained neutrophilia as a treatment against solid tumors. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:311-63. [PMID: 19967776 DOI: 10.1002/med.20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant circulating immune cells and represent the first line of immune defense against infection. This review of the biomedical literature of the last 40 years shows that they also have a powerful antitumoral effect under certain circumstances. Typically, the microenvironment surrounding a solid tumor possesses many of the characteristics of chronic inflammation, a condition considered very favorable for tumor growth and spread. However, there are many circumstances that shift the chronic inflammatory state toward an acute inflammatory response around a tumor. This shift seems to convert PMN into very efficient anticancer effector cells. Clinical reports of unexpected antitumoral effects linked to the prolonged use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which stimulates an intense and sustained neutrophilia, suggest that an easy way to fight solid tumors would be to encourage the development of intense peritumoral PMN infiltrates. Specifically designed clinical trials are urgently needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of such drug-induced neutrophilia in patients with solid tumors. This antitumoral role of neutrophils may provide new avenues for the clinical treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Souto
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2011. [PMID: 21785456 DOI: 10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils have long been viewed as the final effector cells of an acute inflammatory response, with a primary role in the clearance of extracellular pathogens. However, more recent evidence has extended the functions of these cells. The newly discovered repertoire of effector molecules in the neutrophil armamentarium includes a broad array of cytokines, extracellular traps and effector molecules of the humoral arm of the innate immune system. In addition, neutrophils are involved in the activation, regulation and effector functions of innate and adaptive immune cells. Accordingly, neutrophils have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a broad range of diseases, including infections caused by intracellular pathogens, autoimmunity, chronic inflammation and cancer.
Collapse
|
31
|
Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:519-31. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1831] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
32
|
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of endothelial cells inhibits neutrophil recruitment through an interleukin-6-dependent mechanism: a new paradigm for viral immune evasion. J Virol 2011; 85:7321-32. [PMID: 21543487 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00021-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an endothelial cell (EC) neoplasm characterized by dysregulated angiogenesis and inflammation. KSHV infection of EC causes production of proinflammatory mediators, regarded as possible initiators of the substantial mononuclear leukocyte recruitment seen in KS. Conversely, KSHV immune evasion strategies exist, such as degradation of EC leukocyte adhesion receptors by viral proteins. Here, we report the effects of KSHV infection of primary EC on recruitment of flowing leukocytes. Infection did not initiate adhesion of any leukocyte subset per se. However, on cytokine-stimulated EC, KSHV specifically inhibited neutrophil, but not PBL or monocyte, transmigration, an observation consistent with the inflammatory cell profile found in KS lesions in vivo. This inhibition could be recapitulated on uninfected EC using supernatant from infected cultures. These supernatants contained elevated levels of human interleukin 6 (hIL-6), and both the KSHV- and the supernatant-induced inhibitions of neutrophil transmigration were abrogated in the presence of a hIL-6 neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, preconditioning of EC with hIL-6 mimicked the effect of KSHV. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we show that upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) was necessary for this effect of hIL-6. These studies reveal a novel paracrine mode of KSHV immune evasion, resulting in reduced recruitment of neutrophils, a cell type whose antiviral and antitumor roles are becoming increasingly appreciated. Moreover, the findings have implications for our understanding of the contribution of hIL-6 to the pathogenesis of other inflammatory disorders and tumors in which this cytokine is abundant.
Collapse
|
33
|
Nwokediuko SC, Ijoma U, Okafor O. Esophageal Intraepithelial Neutrophil Infiltration is Common in Nigerian Patients With Non-Erosive Reflux Disease. Gastroenterology Res 2011; 4:20-25. [PMID: 27957008 PMCID: PMC5139796 DOI: 10.4021/gr284e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) is a variant of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in which patients with typical reflux symptoms have no evidence of erosive esophagitis at endoscopy. An objective diagnostic tool for NERD remains an unmet need for clinicians and researchers. This study was designed to determine the types of histological alterations seen in Nigerian patients with NERD. Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional study in which mucosal biopsy was taken from the lower esophagus in patients with NERD. Similar biopsy was also taken from patients with nonulcer dyspepsia who served as controls. The materials were processed and examined histologically. Results There were 68 patients with NERD and 60 patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. Intraepithelial neutrophil infiltration was significantly more frequent in patients with NERD compared to those with nonulcer dyspepsia (47.1% vs 13.3%, P = 0.0326). Epithelial proliferative chnges in the form of basal cell hyperplasia and papilla elongation were minimal (11.8% and 3.3% respectively). Conclusions Nigerian patients with NERD have a high degree of esophageal intraepithelial neutrophil infiltration and a low prevalence of epithelial proliferative changes. This may be related to the relative rarity of Barrett’s esophagus in Nigerians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Uchenna Ijoma
- Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku/Ozalla, PMB 01129 Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Okechukwu Okafor
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku/Ozalla, PMB 01129 Enugu, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hofman PM. Pathobiology of the neutrophil-intestinal epithelial cell interaction: Role in carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:5790-800. [PMID: 21154999 PMCID: PMC3001969 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i46.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of chronic inflammation, acting as an independent factor, on the onset of gastrointestinal carcinogenesis is now well accepted. However, even if there is an increase in the number of elements directly involving polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), as a major actor in digestive carcinogenesis, the different cellular and molecular events occurring in this process are still not completely understood. The transepithelial migration of PMNL, which is the ultimate step of the afflux of PMNL into the digestive mucosa, is a complex phenomenon involving sequential interaction of molecules expressed both on PMNL and on digestive epithelial cells. Chronic inflammatory areas rich in PMNL [so-called (chronic active inflammation)] and iterative transepithelial migration of PMNL certainly evoke intracellular signals, which lead toward progressive transformation of epithelia. Among these different signals, the mutagenic effect of reactive oxygen species and nitrates, the activation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway, and the modulation of expression of certain microRNA are key actors. Following the initiation of carcinogenesis, PMNL are involved in the progression and invasion of digestive carcinomas, with which they interact. It is noteworthy that different subpopulations of PMNL, which can have some opposite effects on tumor growth, in association with different levels of transforming growth factor-β and with the number of CD8 positive T lymphocytes, could be present during the development of digestive carcinoma. Other factors that involve PMNL, such as massive elastase release, and the production of angiogenic factors, can participate in the progression of neoplastic cells through tissues. PMNL may play a major role in the onset of metastases, since they allow the tumor cells to cross the endothelial barrier and to migrate into the blood stream. Finally, PMNL play a role, alone or in association with other cell parameters, in the initiation, promotion, progression and dissemination of digestive carcinomas. This review focuses on the main currently accepted cellular and molecular mechanisms that involve PMNL as key actors in digestive carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
35
|
Harmenberg J, Höglund M, Hellström-Lindberg E. G- and GM-CSF in oncology and oncological haematology. Eur J Haematol Suppl 2009; 55:1-28. [PMID: 7518779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1994.tb01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Administration of G- and GM-CSF increases the neutrophil counts in a number of clinical situations. GM-CSF shows the additional effect of increasing the number of monocytes and eosinophil granulocytes. Both G- and GM-CSF affect of neutrophil functions, in the case of GM-CSF there are some potentially negative effects on neutrophil migration and adhesiveness. The clinical relevance of the various effects on mature haematopoietic cells is not fully understood. Clinical data with G-CSF treatment indicate that increased levels of neutrophil granulocytes following cytotoxic chemotherapy may translate into clinical benefit such as a decreased rate of neutropenic infection and an increased cytotoxic chemotherapy dose even though the data are conflicting and the risk of "laboratory cosmetics" is apparent. Regarding treatment with GM-CSF following chemotherapy, the clinical benefit is unclear. The clinical benefit of GM-CSF-induced monocytes and eosinophils is unknown. G- and GM-CSF accelerates neutrophil recovery following autologous or allogeneic BMT. The influence on neutropenic infections is, however, less impressive. Pretreatment with G- or GM-CSF increases the yield of peripheral stem cell harvest, thereby reducing the number of leukaphereses needed. Transplantation of G- and GM-CSF primed autologous peripheral stem cells tends to reduce the period of post-transplant cytopenia, particularly thrombocytopenia, in comparison with traditional ABMT. In patients with MDS, G- and GM-CSF appear to increase the number of neutrophil granulocytes and there is some evidence that patients with severe infectious problems will benefit from this treatment. However, little influence was seen on the main clinical problems with these patients, which are anaemia and thrombocytopenia. In conclusion, G- and GM-CSF are two different proteins with different properties in vivo and in vitro. GM-CSF has, compared with G-CSF, more complex pharmacological effects and a more trouble-some side-effect profile. Early clinical development indicates that both compounds have a substantial influence on the levels of certain blood cells. Whether the increases in different blood cells translate into long-term clinical benefit for greater patient groups is the focus of ongoing research. The effects of G- and GM-CSF may be potentiated by other cytokines, an area which is presently being explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Harmenberg
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ho MY, Sun GH, Leu SJJ, Ka SM, Tang SJ, Sun KH. Combination of Fasl and GM-CSF confers synergistic antitumor immunity in an in vivo model of the murine Lewis lung carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:123-33. [PMID: 18386791 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer of Fas ligand (FasL) to tumor cells has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth in vivo, and neutrophils are primarily responsible for this immunoprotection. The granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secreted by tumor vaccine can recruit dendritic cells (DCs) for efficient antigen presentation to T cells that generate the tumor-specific response. To investigate whether the combination of FasL and GM-CSF can efficiently suppress tumor growth, we have established Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-1) cells that are transduced with GM-CSF (LLC/GM-CSF), FasL (LLC/FasL) or both genes (LLC/FasL/GM-CSF) to test their tumorigenic potential in vivo. Mice inoculated with LLC/GM-CSF display high survival rates along with reduction of tumor growth. In contrast, none of the mice injected with LLC/FasL or LLC/FasL/GM-CSF develop tumors. Specific memory immune response and delayed LLC-1 tumor growth are found in mice immunized with LLC-1/FasL or LLC-1/FasL/GM-CSF. Furthermore, therapeutic effects are observed only when LLC-1/FasL/GM-CSF tumor vaccine is employed to retard growth of preexisting LLC-1 tumors. Tumor growth is also completely suppressed in mice injected with a mixture of LLC-1 and LLC-1/FasL/GM-CSF. In addition, IL-12 production, cytotoxic T-cell activity and IgG against LLC-1 are manifested in mice injected with LLC/FasL/GM-CSF. Our data show that FasL-induced pathway triggers expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 beta, IL-6, MIP-2 and MCP-1, while GM-CSF-dependent pathway promotes functional maturation and activation of DCs. Taken together, the results indicate that dual gene-based delivery with FasL and GM-CSF may serve as a more effective tumor vaccine to suppress lung cancer cell growth in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Ho
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are presently considered key therapeutic drugs for the treatment of malignancies. They can be designed to specifically target tumour-associated antigens and initiate several effector mechanisms, which potentially leads to elimination of the tumour. Through their Fc tail mAbs interact with Fc receptors (FcR) that are expressed on immune cells. Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating FcR-expressing white blood cells with potent cytotoxic ability that is enhanced in the presence of antitumour mAbs. They furthermore play a role in regulating adaptive immunity, which may lead to the initiation of antitumour immune responses. Yet, neutrophils receive surprisingly little attention as potential effector cell population. This article reviews the scientific data that supports the possibility of exploiting neutrophils for mAb-based immunotherapy of cancer. An increasing awareness and understanding of this topic may allow for future development of new anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein van Egmond
- VU University Medical Center, Departments of Surgical Oncology, and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lichtor T, Glick RP, Feldman LA, Osawa G, Hardman J, Sullivan IO, Cohen EP. Enhanced Immunity to Intracerebral Breast Cancer in Mice Immunized With a cDNA-based Vaccine Enriched for Immunotherapeutic Cells. J Immunother 2008; 31:18-27. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318157c64e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
39
|
DuPré SA, Redelman D, Hunter KW. The mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1: characterization of the cellular landscape of primary tumours and metastatic tumour foci. Int J Exp Pathol 2007; 88:351-60. [PMID: 17877537 PMCID: PMC2517332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2007.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine mammary carcinoma 4T1 causes a leukemoid reaction with profound granulocytosis coincident with the production of tumour-derived growth factors. Here, we study the evolving cellular landscape of primary tumours and metastatic tumour foci and correlate haematopoietic cell infiltration with the production of tumour-derived chemokines. Flow cytometric analysis of enzyme digested primary tumours at different times after transplantation revealed a progressively increasing CD45(+) haematopoietic cell infiltrate consisting predominantly of CD11b(+) myeloid cells. Most of these cells had an F4/80(+)/CD11c(+) phenotype, many of which also stained Gr-1(+). Smaller numbers of Gr-1(+)CD11b(+) granulocytes and lymphoid cells were also identified. Progressive increases in Gr-1(+) granulocytes were observed in enzymatic digests of livers and lungs with metastatic tumour foci. Cultured 4T1 tumour cells expressed mRNA transcripts for the myeloid cell chemokines RANTES, MCP-1 and KC, and enzymatically digested cells from primary 4T1 tumours partially depleted of CD45(+) cells expressed transcripts for these chemokines and also MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta. These data demonstrate that 4T1 tumour-bearing mice have mixed myeloid cell infiltrates of primary tumours and granulocytic infiltrates of metastatic organs. This pathologic presentation correlated with the expression of tumour-derived chemokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally A DuPré
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ng SSM, Gao Y, Chau DHW, Li GHY, Lai LH, Huang PT, Huang CF, Huang JJ, Chen YC, Kung HF, Lin MCM. A novel glioblastoma cancer gene therapy using AAV-mediated long-term expression of human TERT C-terminal polypeptide. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 14:561-72. [PMID: 17384579 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive form of human brain tumor, which has no effective cure. Previously, we have demonstrated that overexpression of the C-terminal fragment of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERTC27) inhibits the growth and tumorigenicity of human cervical cancer HeLa cells. In this study, the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanisms of hTERTC27-mediated cancer gene therapy were further explored in vivo in established human glioblastoma xenografts in nude mice. We showed that intratumoral injection of adeno-associated virus carrying hTERTC27 (rAAV-hTERTC27) is highly effective in reducing the growth of the subcutaneously transplanted glioblastoma tumors. Histological analyses showed that rAAV-hTERTC27 treatment leads to profound necrosis, apoptosis, infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and reduced microvessel density in the tumor samples. To study the molecular mechanism of rAAV-hTERTC27-mediated antitumor effects, we analyzed the global gene expression profiles of the rAAV-hTERTC27-treated tumor tissues and cell line as compared with that of the control rAAV-green fluorescent protein-treated samples by DNA microarray. Our results suggest that hTERTC27 exerts its effect through complex mechanisms, which involve genes regulating apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell cycle, immune responses, metabolism, signal transduction, transport, transcription and telomere maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S M Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lichtor T, Glick RP, O-Sullivan I, Cohen EP. Antigenic Differences Between Normal and Malignant Cells as a Basis for Treatment of Intracerebral Neoplasms Using a DNA-Based Vaccine. Curr Genomics 2006; 7:253-261. [PMID: 17160140 PMCID: PMC1646255 DOI: 10.2174/138920206778426951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic differences between normal and malignant cells of the cancer patient form the rationale for clinical immunotherapeutic strategies. Because the antigenic phenotype of neoplastic cells varies widely among different cells within the same malignant cell-population, immunization with a vaccine that stimulates immunity to the broad array of tumor antigens expressed by the cancer cells is likely to be more efficacious than immunization with a vaccine for a single antigen. A vaccine prepared by transfer of DNA from the tumor into a highly immunogenic cell line can encompass the array of tumor antigens that characterize the patient's neoplasm. Poorly immunogenic tumor antigens, characteristic of malignant cells, can become strongly antigenic if they are expressed by highly immunogenic cells. A DNA-based vaccine was prepared by transfer of genomic DNA from a breast cancer that arose spontaneously in a C3H/He mouse into a highly immunogenic mouse fibroblast cell line, where genes specifying tumor-antigens were expressed. The fibroblasts were modified in advance of DNA-transfer to secrete an immune augmenting cytokine and to express allogeneic MHC class I-determinants. In an animal model of breast cancer metastatic to the brain, introduction of the vaccine directly into the tumor bed stimulated a systemic cellular anti-tumor immune response measured by two independent in vitro assays and prolonged the lives of the tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, using antibodies against the various T-cell subsets, it was determined that the systemic cellular anti-tumor immunity was mediated by CD8(+), CD4(+) and NK/LAK cells. The application of DNA-based genomic vaccines for the treatment of a variety of brain tumors is being explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lichtor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center and John H Stroger Hospital of Cook County
- Corresponding Author: Terry Lichtor, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, 1900 West Polk Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, Telelphone: 312-864-5120, Fax: 312-864-9606, E-Mail:
| | - Roberta P Glick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center and John H Stroger Hospital of Cook County
| | - InSug O-Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edward P Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
DuPre' SA, Hunter KW. Murine mammary carcinoma 4T1 induces a leukemoid reaction with splenomegaly: association with tumor-derived growth factors. Exp Mol Pathol 2006; 82:12-24. [PMID: 16919266 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A leukemoid reaction with granulocytosis and splenomegaly has been observed in animals and humans with a variety of tumors. We have employed four color flow cytometry to characterize the leukemoid reaction induced by the transplantable mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1 in female BALB/c mice. Gr-1(+) myeloid cells with the morphology of granulocytes increased in peripheral blood from <15% pre-transplant to nearly 80% of total CD45(+) leukocytes at four weeks post-transplant. Though the granulocyte:lymphocyte ratio increased markedly, the absolute numbers of CD19(+) B lymphocytes, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes, and the CD4/CD8 ratio in peripheral blood did not change significantly. Femurs from tumor-bearing mice showed myeloid hyperplasia of the fatty marrow. There was a notable increase in cells with a Gr-1(dim)/CD11b(bright) immature granulocyte phenotype, and these cells were also found in peripheral blood and spleen. Spleen weights had increased 8.5-fold by four weeks post-tumor transplant, mainly due to granulocytic hyperplasia. Cultured 4T1 tumor cells constitutively expressed mRNA for the myeloid colony-stimulating factors G-CSF and GM-CSF, and IFN-gamma-inducible M-CSF transcripts were also detected. Tumors excised from mice had transcripts for G-CSF and GM-CSF, but only G-CSF protein was found in high levels in serum of tumor-bearing mice. These data demonstrate that 4T1 tumor-bearing mice exhibit a leukemoid reaction that apparently is caused by the production of colony-stimulating factors produced by the tumor. The 4T1 tumor may serve as an excellent model for the study of this reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally A DuPre'
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chen JC, Chen Y, Wu JM, Su YH, Tai KF, Tseng SH. Effects of irradiated tumor vaccine and infusion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-12 on established gliomas in rats. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:873-83. [PMID: 16133106 PMCID: PMC11031042 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) infused into the injection site of irradiated tumor vaccine (TV) as therapy for gliomas. METHODS Rats with subcutaneous RT-2 gliomas were treated with irradiated TV and/or subcutaneous infusion of GM-CSF and/or IL-12 via osmotic minipump 5 days after tumor-cell inoculation. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell activity were analyzed to investigate immune responses. Rats with intracerebral gliomas were treated with irradiated TV and infused GM-CSF/IL-12 3 days after tumor-cell inoculation. Tumor growth rates and animal survival were followed. Survivors were re-challenged with wild-type RT-2 cells subcutaneously or intracerebrally to study long-term anti-tumor immunity. RESULTS Rats with subcutaneous gliomas treated with GM-CSF and IL-12 or TV plus GM-CSF or IL-12 did not have increased survival rate (P>0.2), but did have prolonged survival time (P<0.05); in contrast, rats treated with TV plus GM-CSF/IL-12 had increased survival rate (P<0.05) and prolonged survival time (P<0.05) compared with controls. These treatment strategies showed enhanced CTL and NK cell activities. Rats with intra-cerebral gliomas treated with TV plus GM-CSF/IL-12 did not have increased survival rate (P=0.11), but did have prolonged survival time (P<0.0001). Survivors in each group were re-challenged with wild-type RT-2 cells, and all had long-term survival. CONCLUSIONS Irradiated TV plus continuous localized infusion of GM-CSF/IL-12 may induce a tumor-specific anti-tumor immune response on established subcutaneous or intra-cerebral gliomas, and such a treatment strategy deserves consideration as adjuvant treatment for glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cherng Chen
- Department of Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi Dalin General Hospital, 2, Ming Shen Road, Dalin, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Ming Wu
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hao Su
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung-Shan S. Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Tai
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi College of Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hong Tseng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung-Shan S. Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
GVAX is a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transfected tumor cell vaccine. Original work with GM-CSF as a recombinant DNA protein (Leukine) involved proliferative stimulation of macrophages and neutrophils for the purpose of reducing hematopoietic toxicity related to dose-intensive chemotherapy. Following US Food and Drug Administration approval of Leukine several years ago, extensive preclinical results have demonstrated an immunostimulatory effect related to GM-CSF gene when transfected into tumor cells and used as a vaccine (GVAX). Tumor regression and prolonged survival was demonstrated in animal models. Toxicology with GVAX indicated no adverse effects, which enabled further testing in cancer patients. A small number of responses were demonstrated in Phase I trials in immunosensitive cancer patients (renal cell carcinoma and melanoma). However, a series of dramatic complete and durable responses in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients, demonstrated in recent clinical trials, have generated interest in further development of this vaccine in nontraditional cancer disease types. The rationale of GVAX development and a summary of clinical results are reviewed.
Collapse
|
45
|
Tirapu I, Huarte E, Guiducci C, Arina A, Zaratiegui M, Murillo O, Gonzalez A, Berasain C, Berraondo P, Fortes P, Prieto J, Colombo MP, Chen L, Melero I. Low surface expression of B7-1 (CD80) is an immunoescape mechanism of colon carcinoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:2442-50. [PMID: 16489051 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Artificially enforced expression of CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) on tumor cells renders them more immunogenic by triggering the CD28 receptor on T cells. The enigma is that such B7s interact with much higher affinity with CTLA-4 (CD152), an inhibitory receptor expressed by activated T cells. We show that unmutated CD80 is spontaneously expressed at low levels by mouse colon carcinoma cell lines and other transplantable tumor cell lines of various tissue origins. Silencing of CD80 by interfering RNA led to loss of tumorigenicity of CT26 colon carcinoma in immunocompetent mice, but not in immunodeficient Rag-/- mice. CT26 tumor cells bind CTLA-4Ig, but much more faintly with a similar CD28Ig chimeric protein, thus providing an explanation for the dominant inhibitory effects on tumor immunity displayed by CD80 at that expression level. Interestingly, CD80-negative tumor cell lines such as MC38 colon carcinoma and B16 melanoma express CD80 at dim levels during in vivo growth in syngeneic mice. Therefore, low CD80 surface expression seems to give an advantage to cancer cells against the immune system. Our findings are similar with the inhibitory role described for the dim CD80 expression on immature dendritic cells, providing an explanation for the low levels of CD80 expression described in various human malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Tirapu
- Gene Therapy Unit, Department of Medicine, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada and Clínica Universitaria, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hikosaka S, Hara I, Miyake H, Hara S, Kamidono S. Antitumor effect of simultaneous transfer of interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 genes and its mechanism in a mouse bladder cancer model. Int J Urol 2005; 11:647-52. [PMID: 15285756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antitumor effects of the simultaneous introduction of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and IL-18 genes into a mouse bladder cancer cell line (MBT2). We intended to compare these with those of either gene alone and to investigate the mechanism of the effects induced by the transfer of IL-12 and/or IL-18 genes in this model system. METHODS We transfected the IL-12 and/or IL-18 genes into MBT2 cells by the liposome-mediated gene transfer method. We confirmed the secretion of IL-12 and/or IL-18 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Parental (MBT2/P), IL-12-transfected (MBT2/IL-12), IL-18-transfected (MBT2/IL-18) or both IL-12- and IL-18-transfected (MBT2/Both) cells were subcutaneously or intravenously injected into syngeneic C3H mice. To analyze the mechanism of tumor rejection, these clones were subcutaneously injected into naive nude mice and those depleted with natural killer (NK) cells by antibody. RESULTS MBT2/IL-12, MBT2/IL-18 and MBT2/Both were completely rejected when they were injected subcutaneously or intravenously into syngeneic mice. However, MBT2/IL-12, but not MBT2/IL-18, could grow in nude mice. Moreover, the antitumor effect of MBT2/IL-18 was partially abrogated when injected into nude mice of which NK cells were depleted by antibody treatment. MBT2/Both was completely rejected in both nude mice with and without NK cells. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that T cells and NK cells seem to play important roles in the antitumor effects by the secretion of IL-12 and IL-18, respectively, and MBT2/Both possesses both mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Hikosaka
- Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Patel J. Cytokine targeted treatments for lung cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2005; 126:289-311. [PMID: 16209071 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-24361-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Patel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The idea of enhancing or establishing effective immune response against endogenously developed tumor cells is not novel. More than a hundred years ago, bacterial components were used to develop antitumor immune response. Later, when a number of immune system-effecting cytokines had been discovered, they were used for systemic treatment of cancer patients. However, systemic treatment often resulted in even negative outcome. Recent developments of genetic approaches of cell modifications allowed developing of modern techniques of targeted tumor cell elimination. In the present paper, we review modern trends of the antitumor response enhancement based on immunoregulatory gene transfer into different cell types both in vivo and in vitro. Almost all these approaches are based on the activation of the adaptive arm of the immune system in response to tumor cells. However, recent studies indicate that the innate arm of the immune system, as well as adaptive arm, is involved in tumor suppression. The innate immune system uses nonrearranging germline receptors, which could trigger cellular effector responses that are conditional (or instructive) to the subsequent adaptive immune response. Last years' viewpoints on 'self' and 'non-self' recognition and primary induction of the immune response have changed. The key role of lymphocytes is pathogen recognition and, following immune response induction, switched on the central role of dendritic cells in 'non-self' recognition and induction of both innate and adaptive responses. Moreover, innate response is supposed to be an essential starting point in induction of successful and effective acquired response. Most cancer vaccines do not have 'non-self' marks presentation due to their endogenous origin, thus lacking their effectiveness in the induction of the specific long-lasting immune response. Taking this point into consideration, we can conclude that to make cancer vaccine more effective we have to present tumor antigens, together with the molecules that can potentially activate downstream 'non-self' recognition events not in parallel, but as a consequence of tumor antigen processing and presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Larin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chang SY, Lee KC, Ko SY, Ko HJ, Kang CY. Enhanced efficacy of DNA vaccination against Her-2/neu tumor antigen by genetic adjuvants. Int J Cancer 2004; 111:86-95. [PMID: 15185348 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Certain types of malignant tumors overexpress Her-2/neu, a transmembrane glycoprotein of the class I receptor tyrosine kinase erbB family. To develop an effective Her-2/neu vaccine for selective immunotherapy of these malignancies, we prepared Her-2/neu DNA plasmid encoding the transmembrane and extracellular domain (pHM) and tested the ability of this construct to induce antitumor immunity in animal models. In addition, we investigated the effects of cytokine used as a genetic adjuvant. Modulation by factors that affect T-cell function or hematopoiesis, including interleukin-12, interleukin-15, interleukin-18, interleukin-23, Eta-1, Flt3L and GM-CSF, was studied in the forms of monocistronic and bicistronic plasmid. Our results demonstrated that vaccination of pHM could induce successful antitumor immunity against Her-2/neu-expressing murine tumor cells in BALB/c mice. We also showed that the antitumor activity of pHM was augmented by coadministration and coexpression of different cytokines. Despite the similar levels of gene expression, the antitumor effects of bicistronic plasmids coexpressing Her-2/neu antigen and cytokine were improved in comparison with coadministration of separate monocistronic plasmid. In particular, coexpression of interleukin-18 or GM-CSF with Her-2/neu increased antitumor activity in both preventive and therapeutic experiments. These findings can help in the decision concerning which of the various cytokine adjuvants should be used for the development of a Her-2/neu DNA vaccine. In addition, our results from a large panel of cytokine adjuvants in the various tumor models may provide an insight into the important immune components of antitumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Chang
- Laboratory of Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Melani C, Stoppacciaro A, Foroni C, Felicetti F, Caré A, Colombo MP. Angiopoietin decoy secreted at tumor site impairs tumor growth and metastases by inducing local inflammation and altering neoangiogenesis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:600-8. [PMID: 14985859 PMCID: PMC11034325 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2003] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular domain of the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2/TEK (exTEK) has been used as an angiopoietin decoy to study the role of angiopoietins in the tumor-host interactions, using a syngeneic model of experimental metastases and subcutaneous tumor. Soluble exTEK secreted by transfected tumor cells inhibited HUVECs from forming tubes in Matrigel. ExTEK-transfected C26 colon carcinoma and TS/A mammary tumor cells displayed reduced growth rate when injected subcutaneously, and reduced ability to form experimental metastases when injected intravenously. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors and metastases showed increased leukocytes infiltration and signs of inflammation in exTEK-secreting compared to parental tumor, as well as impairment in neo-vessel growth and organization. However, while neoangiogenesis eventually rescued in the subcutis, it failed to organize in the experimental metastases of exTEK-secreting tumor, contributing to the hampering of metastatic growth and to increased mice survival. The reactive infiltrate of C26TEK contained a different percentage of leukocytes and was responsible for the tumor inhibition. In fact, leukopenia induced by gamma-irradiation of recipient mice or injection into interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) gene knockout (GKO) mice resulted in reduced mouse survival and an increased number of lung metastases. On the other hand, interleukin (IL)-12 treatment prolonged the survival of mice bearing subcutaneous C26TEK but not of those bearing lung metastases, suggesting that IL-12 could exert further antiangiogenic effects at the site where the tumor can restore neoangiogenesis. These results show in vivo that reduced angiopoietin availability at the tumor site induces a local inflammatory response and impairment of neoangiogenesis which act synergistically to limit tumor growth and metastasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiopoietin-1/metabolism
- Animals
- Colonic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation/etiology
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Leukopenia/etiology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Receptor, TIE-2/genetics
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Melani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|